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PROJECT REPORT
on

PLANNING AND DESIGN OF NET ZERO ENERGY


RESIDENTIAL BUILDING
Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree
of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in

CIVIL ENGINEERING
by

KARTHIK V
SASIDHAR K.V
NEERAJ PORWAL
ABHINAV N

(1010910090)
(1010910092)
(1010910118)
(1010910119)

Under the guidance of

Mrs. VASANTHI.P
Assistant Professor (O.G)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING


FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

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SRM UNIVERSITY
(Under section 3 of UGC Act, 1956)

SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur- 603203


Kancheepuram District
MAY 2013

PROJECT REPORT
on

PLANNING AND DESIGN OF NET ZERO ENERGY


RESIDENTAL BUILDING
Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree
of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in

CIVIL ENGINEERING
by

KARTHIK V
SASIDHAR K.V
NEERAJ PORWAL
ABHINAV N

(1010910090)
(1010910092)
(1010910118)
(1010910119)

Under the guidance of

Mrs. VASANTHI.P
Assistant Professor (O.G)

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING


FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
SRM UNIVERSITY
(Under section 3 of UGC Act, 1956)

SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur- 603203


Kancheepuram District
MAY 2013

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this project report titled PLANNING AND DESIGN OF
NET ZERO ENERGY RESIDENTAL BUILDING is the bonafide
work

of

KARTHIK.V(1010910090),

REDDY.K.V(1010910092),

NEERAJ

PORWAL

SASIDHAR
(1010910118),

ABHINAV. N (1010910119) who carried out the research under my


supervision. Certified further, that to the best of my knowledge the work
reported herein does not form part of any other project report or dissertation
on the basis of which a degree or award was conferred on an earlier
occasion or any other candidate.

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Signature of the Guide

Signature of the HOD

Mrs. VASANTHI .P
Assitant Professor (O.G)
Department of Civil Engineering
Engineering
SRM University
Kattankulathur- 603203

Dr. R. ANNADURAI
Professor & Head
Department
of
Civil
SRM University
Kattankulathur- 603203

INTERNAL EXAMINER
EXAMINER

EXTERNAL

DATE:

ABSTRACT
The proposed Net zero residential building is located at
Urapakkam. The NZERB has G+1 floor. The total land surface covered by
the Net zero energy residential building is 99 square meters. A complete
design shall be done for the proposed NZERB using Indian standard
codes. There are three main phases in a construction project which are
planning, designing and estimation. The first stage in a project is planning,
in which preparation of layout of plot has to be done. To conclude the
project a detailed estimate of the residential building has also been
prepared.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to alma mater for congenial
cooperation and granting me permission to accomplish a work on PLANNING AND
DESIGN OF NET ZERO ENERGY RESIDENTIAL BUILDING
The author is grateful

and

records

his sincere thanks to

Dr. T. P.

GANESAN
Pro Vice Chancellor (P&D) and Dr. C. MUTHAMIZHCHELVAN, Director, (E&T),
SRM UNIVERSITY for providing all the necessary facilities for carrying out this work.
The author expresses his sincere thanks and Gratitude to HOD Dr. R.
ANNADURAI, Department of Civil Engineering, for his valuable suggestions and
advice in carrying out this thesis work.
The author expresses his sincere thanks to Department Coordinator/Civil
Dr.K.GUNASEKARAN, Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, for initiative and
motivation during the course of this work.
The author hereby acknowledges with deep sense of gratitude the valuable
guidance given by the Guide Mrs.VASANTHI P, Assistant Professor, Department of
Civil Engineering, for initiative and motivation during the course of this work.

The author is extremely grateful to the valuble advices given by the class
incharge Mr.K.PRASANNA, Assistant professor,Department of Civil Engineering, for
constant support.

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The author is grandly indebted to all the Faculty Members of Department of


Civil Engineering, for their valuable help rendered during the course of study.
Finally, the author expresses his hearty thanks to Friends for their kind help and
encouragement throughout the course of this thesis work.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER

TITLE

PAGE

ABSTRACT

iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

LIST OF TABLES

ix

LIST OF FIGURES

ABBREVATIONS

xi

OVERVIEW

1.1

OBJECTIVE

1.2

NECESSITY

1.3

SCOPE

1.4

METHODOLOGY

1.5

MAJOR DESIGN EXPERIENCE

1.6

REALISTIC DESIGN CONSTRAINTS

1.7

REFERENCE TO CODES AND STANDARS

1.8

APPLICATION OF EARLIER COURSE WORKS

1.9

MULTIDISCIPLINARY AND TEAM WORK

1.10

SOFTWARE USED

1.11

CONCLUSION

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1.12
2

FUTURE SCOPE

INTRODUCTION

2.1

GENERAL

2.2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.3

DEVELOPMENT CONTROL RULES FOR CHENNAI

2.4

METROPOLITAN AREA, 2004

2.3.1

Primary Residential Use Zone

CONFORMATION TO NATIONAL BUILDING


CODE OF INDIA
2.4.1
2.4.2

Fire Safety, Detection And Extinguishing


System

10

Security Deposits

10

OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE

11

3.1

OBJECTIVE

11

3.2

SCOPE

12

3.3

MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY

12

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

13

4.1

PLANNING

13

4.1.1

Selection of Site

13

4.1.2

Plot Layout

14

4.1.3

Plan of the Building

15

4.2

DESIGNS

16

4.2.1

16

Design of Hall
4.2.2

Design of Bedroom

20
4.2.3

Design of Bedroom

23

4.2.4

Design of Bathroom

27

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4.3

4.2.5

Design of Portico

30

4.2.6

Design of Kitchen

33

4.2.7

Design of Dining Room

37

4.2.8

Design of Wall

40

4.2.9

Design of Footing

44

4.2.10

Design of Hollow Brick Wall

44

4.2.11 Design of Footing (Hollow Brick)

49

4.2.12

51

Design of Stair Case

DESIGN OF SOLAR PANEL AND ITS COMPONENTS


4.3.1

54

54

Solar power system components


4.3.2

Working of Solar Panel

55
4.3.3

Description of Individual Solar Panel components

55

4.3.3.1

Solar Panels

55

4.3.3.2

Solar Regulator

55

4.3.3.3

Power Inverter

56

4.3.3.4

Solar Batteries

56

Designing of Solar Panel

57

4.4

RATE ANALYSIS OF SOLAR PANELS

59

4.5

INFRARED THERMOMETER

60

4.6

HOLLOW BRICK

62

4.6.1

Parameters of Hollow Brick

62

4.6.2

Advantages of Hollow Bricks

64

4.3.4

4.7

ESTIMATION

65

4.7.1

65

Abstract Estimate of Conventional Building


4.7.2 Abstract Estimate of NZERB

67
4.7.3
5

Rate Analysis

70

CONCLUSION

72
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5.1

CONCLUSION

72

5.2

FUTURE SCOPE

72

REFERENCES

73

LIST OF TABLES
TABLE
PAGE

TITLE
1.1

Codes Used
3

1.2

Earlier Course Work Used

4
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2.1

Front Setback

8
2.2

Rear Setback

9
2.3

Side Setback

9
4.1

Values of slenderness ratio

48
4.2

Stress reduction factor for slenderness ratio

48
4.3

Calculation of permissible stress

49
4.4

Safe allowable load

49
4.5

Calculations of loads

57
4.6

Abstract Estimate of Conventional Building

65
4.7

Abstract Estimate of NZERB

67
4.8

Rate Analysis of Proposed Conventional Building

70
4.9

Rate Analysis of Proposed NZERB

71

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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE

TITLE

PAGE

4.1

Plot Layout

13

4.2

Ground Floor Plan

14

4.3

First Floor Plan

15

4.4

Footing Design

51

4.5

Working of Solar Panels

54

4.6

Infrared Thermometer

60

4.7

U- Values

63

ABBREVIATIONS
deff

Effective depth

c.c

Clear cover

Total depth

Width

Mu,lim

Ultimate limiting moment of resistance

fck

Characteristic compressive strength of concrete

Mu

Ultimate moment

Pt

Percentage of tension reinforcement

Pc

Percentage of compression reinforcement

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Ast

Area of steel in tension zone

Asc

Area of steel in compression zone

Sv

Spacing of stirrups

fy

Yield stress of steel

Asv

Total cross sectional area of stirrup legs

kt

Modification factor for tension reinforcement

kc

Modification factor for compression reinforcement

kf

Reduction factors for flanged beams

Pu

Ultimate load

Permissible shear stress

Ag

Gross area of cross section

Ly

Length in y direction

Lx

Length in x direction

Wu

Ultimate load

Bending moment coefficient for short span

Bending moment coefficient for long span

Mx

Moment in short span direction

My

Moment in long span direction

dreq

Required depth

dprov

Provided depth

Mu,max

Maximum ultimate moment

Ast( reqd)

Area of steel required

Ast (min)

Area of minimum steel required

ast

Area of 1 bar

D.L

Dead Load

L.L

Live Load

Angle of internal friction

NC , NY, Nq

Bearing capacity factors

CMDA

Chennai metropolitian development authority

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PWD

Public works department

NBC

National Building Code

KKNP

Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant

W.h

Watt hour

A.h

Ampere hour

CHAPTER 1

OVERVIEW
1.1

OBJECTIVE

i.

Design a building with Net zero energy concept.

ii.

To eliminate the necessity of active energy loads on the building.

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iii.
1.2

Comparing the net zero energy building with conventional building.

NECESSITY
The basic necessities of such a building are:
i.

As the country is developing day by day the consumption of power is also

ii.

very high.
Now if we are going for NZERB building we can save energy locally

iii.

which mean to save energy in global level.


The use of this technology used in residential buildings has shown huge

iv.

amount savings in the electricity bill.


The proper design and alignment of the building can make the building

v.

cheaper than that of the conventional type of buildings.


Usage of hollow bricks and avoidance of columns and beams will result

vi.

1.3

in lowering of temperature inside the building


To achieve sustainability.

SCOPE
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.

Functional planning of G+1 Residential building


Design of load bearing structure using hollow bricks
Design of solar panels
Comparison of room temperature between NZERB and conventional

v.

building
Comparison of energy consumption between NZERB and conventional
building.

1.4

METHODOLOGY
This entire project is a planning and design in nature and the methodology
followed in this project is listed as below.
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1.5

i.

Selection of site where renewable energy is available

ii.

Study the climate conditions of area

iii.

Aligning the building to utilize maximum amount of renewable resources

iv.

Planning and design of proposed NZERB building

v.

Comparison of the NZERB building with other conventional building

MAJOR DESIGN EXPERIENCE


Design experience in the following areas has been gained during the course of
the project

1.6

i.

Design of slabs

ii.

Design of footings

iii.

Design of wall using Hollow bricks

iv.

Design of solar panels

REALISTIC DESIGN CONSTRAINTS


i. Economic: Building shall be designed such that the entire energy requirements
are met by solar energy only due to shortage of conventional energy.
ii. Sustainability Constraints: The design shall be such that the requirement of
cooling do not fluctuate throughout the year.
iii. Economic Constraint: The materials adopted for construction are economical
compared to conventional materials.

1.7

REFERENCE TO CODES AND STANDARDS


The codes for design of buildings and structures, Design co-efficient, Limit
state design method and Fixing of dimensions are shown in Table 1.1
Table 1.1 Reference to codes and standards

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1.8

Codes /Standards

Context

IS 875 :1987 -1,2

Design loads for buildings and structures


(Dead load , Imposed load )

IS 456 :2000

Design co-efficient, Limit state design method


used for slab and footing

IS 2572-1963(R 1997)

Design of Hollow bricks

IS 1905 :1987

Structural use of Unreinforced Masonry

SP 20 :1991

Handbook of Masonry design and


Construction

APPLICATION OF EARLIER COURSE WORK


The codes for Computer aided building drawing, layout and planning and
Byelaws, Setbacks, Open space, Floor area ratio are shown in Table 1.2
Table 1.2 Application of earlier course work
Course Code and Name
CE 0104- Computer aided building
drawing
CE0102- Elements of building science
and Architecture

Context
Computer aided building drawing
layout and planning
Byelaws, Setbacks, Open space, Floor
area ratio
R.C.C Design

CE0209- Building technology


CE0303-Structural Design II

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CE0304-Structural Design III

1.9

R.C.C Design

MULTIDISCIPLINARY COMPONENT AND TEAM WORK


i.

This project involves in multidisciplinary team work and helps


interacting with the builders who deal with the non conventional building
methods and use of waste and cost effective building materials.
It also involves interaction with software people to learn about the

ii.

function and operation of the softwares used in this project for the design,
analyse and estimation of the parts of the structure.
1.10

SOFTWARE USED
i.
ii.
iii.

1.11

Auto CAD
MS EXCEL
MS WORD

CONCLUSION
The two types of buildings are analyzed with respect to cost, time,
availability of skilled labour and ease in construction.
ELECTRICIT
COST
NORMAL
CONVENTIONA
L BUILDING

Low

It requires an
active source

17

AVAILABILITY
OF
RESOURSES

Easily Available

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NZERB

1.12

High

Produced on its
own

Difficult

FUTURE SCOPE OF THE PROJECT


The building is designed as a NET ZERO ENERGY BUILDING which
produces its own electricity, thus we can save a huge amount in electricity bill.

CHAPTER 2

INTRODUCTION
2.1 GENERAL

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Fast rate of urbanization and increase in the consumption of electricity has


become a major problem in Tamil Nadu. Due to increase in consumption of electricity
the Tamil Nadu electricity board is unable to fulfill the requirements of the public and
industrial sectors .In Tamil Nadu, This is the major problem faced. Officials were
banking on a number of projects, which would generate 14,000 MW of power, from
thermal, nuclear and other power projects. Most of these should have been completed by
2012. But the projects have got delayed, with the KKNP turning out to be a big
challenge .Hence requirement has brought in new building technologies by utilizing the
renewable energy resources.
In housing aspects it is necessary to design the material adopted structurally in a
proportion with reference standard codes. Designing of building is the most essential
work to be proposed in any projects. Before starting the project it is necessary to prepare
layout and plan in a plot as per the Government Rules and Regulation for getting an
approval without any delay and to execute the project. Overall cost of the project should
be economical so estimation of building is very important. As a whole we have
incorporated all the needs for a building to be built with efficient, eco-friendly and
economic, also abiding by the Government Rules.

This project envisages the preparation of a Residential layout by incorporating the


Tamil Nadu Government rules and the preparation of a plan for a residential building in
a plot by using software AutoCAD. Finally this project will end up with the preparation
of an estimation of the prepared plan (Ref 1).

2.2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Anna Joanna,
Aalborg University, Department of Civil Engineering,
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According to ANNA, With energy conservation arrangements, such as highinsulated constructions, solar heating system. Extra Energy supply for the electric
installations in the house is taken from the municipal mains (Ref 2).
Saitoh, (1988) (JAPAN)
According to SAITOH, a multi-purpose natural energy autonomous
house will meet almost all the energy demands for solar panel and cooling as well as
supply of hot water. For this purpose, solar energy, the natural underground coldness and
sky radiation cooling are utilized.
i.
ii.

Solar panels are designed to harness.


Solar energy in buildings include systems that capture heat (such as Solar water

iii.

heating systems and passive heating).


It converts solar energy into electrical energy, its done with the help of
photovoltic (PV) systems (Ref 3).

2.3

DEVELOPMENT CONTROL RULES FOR CHENNAI METROPOLITAN


AREA, 2004

2.3.1

Primary Residential Use Zone


In this primary residential use zone, buildings shall be permitted only for the

following purposes and accessory uses.


(a) Professional consulting offices of the residents and incidental uses there to occupy a
floor area not exceeding 40 square meters.

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(b) Petty shops dealing with daily essentials including retail sale of provisions, soft
drinks, cigarettes, newspapers, tea stalls, mutton stall and milk kiosks, cycle repair shops
and tailoring shops.
(c) Nursery, primary and high school.
(d) Parks and playgrounds occupying an area not exceeding 2 hectares.
(e) Taxi stands and car parking.
Front setback according to the CMDA code is shown in Table 2.1.
Table 2.1 Front Set Back
Abutting Road Width
Front Set Back
Above 30m

6.0m

Above 15m but less than 30m

4.5m

Above 10m but less than 15m

3.0m

Below 10m

1.5m

Rear setback according to Chennai Metro Development Authority (CMDA) code is


shown in Table 2.2.
Table 2.2 Rear Set Back
Depth of Plot
Rear Set Back
Up to 15m

1.5m

Between 15m to 30m

3.0m

Above 30m

4.5m

Side setback according to CMDA code is shown in Table 2.3.


Table 2.3 Side Set Back
Width of Plot
Not more than 6m

Side Set Back


1.0m on one side

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More than 6m but not more than 9m

1.5m on one side

More than 9m

1.5m on either side

2.4 CONFORMATION TO NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA


In so far as the determination of sufficiency of all aspects of structural designs,
building services, plumbing, fire protections, construction practice and safety are
concerned the specifications, standards and code of practices recommended in the
National Building Code of India (Ref.4), shall be fully confirmed to any breach thereof
shall be deemed to be a breach of the requirements under these rules.
Every multi-storied development erected shall be provided with (i) Lifts as
prescribed in National Building Code; (ii) a stand-by electric generator of adequate
capacity for running lift and water pump, and a room to accommodate the generator; (iii)
a room of not less than 6 meters by 4.5 meters in area with a minimum head room of 3
meters to accommodate electric transformer in the ground floor; and (iv) at least one
meter room of size 2.4 meters by 2.4 meters for every 10 consumers or three floor
whichever is less. The meter room shall be provided in the ground floor.

2.4.1 Fire Safety, Detection and Extinguishing Systems


All building in their design and construction shall be such as to contribute
to and ensure individually and collectively and the safety of life from fire, smoke, fumes
and also panic arising from these or similar other causes.
In building of such size, arrangement or occupancy than a fire may not
itself provide adequate warning to occupants automatic fire detecting and alarming
facilities shall be provided where necessary to warn occupants or the existence of fires, so

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that they may escape, or to facilitate the orderly conduct of fire exit drills. Fire protecting
and extinguishing system shall conform to accepted standards and shall be installed in
accordance with good practice a recommended in the National Building Code of India,
and for the satisfaction of the Director of Fire Services by obtaining a no objection
certificate from him (Ref.4).
2.4.2

Security Deposits
The applicant shall deposit a sum at the rate of Rs.100 per square meters

of floor area as a refundable non-interest earning security and earnest deposit. The deposit
shall be refunded on completion of development as per the approved plan as certified by
CMDA, if not, it would be forfeited.

CHAPTER 3
OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE
3.1

OBJECTIVE
i.

Design a building with Net zero energy concept.

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Net-zero energy buildings start with energy-conscious design A zero-energy


residential building is a building with zero net energy consumption A net-zero energy
(NZE) building is one that relies on renewable sources to produce as much energy as it
uses, usually as measured over the course of a year.
ii.

To eliminate the necessity of active energy loads on the building.


Solar panels is one of the technologies used to achieve net-zero status. To

eliminate the necessity of active energy loads solar techniques are used which include
the use of photovoltaic panels and solar thermal collectors to harness the energy.
iii.

Comparing the net zero energy building with conventional building.

The comparison of NZERB and conventional building is shown in Table 3.1


Table 3.1 Comparison of NZERB and Conventional Building
Sl.no
1

Brick Material

NZERB

CONVENTIONAL

Hollow brick

Normal brick
More than NZERB

Temperature

4 to 5 degree less compared


To conventional building

Electricity

Produced on its own

Initial Cost

High

Solar Panels

250 w panels Provided in NZERB

It requires an active
source
Less compared to
NZERB
Not provided

Uses less energy

Uses more energy

6
3.2

Energy Efficient
SCOPE
i
ii
iii
iv
v

3.3

Functional planning of G+1 Residential building.


Design of load bearing structure using hollow bricks.
Design of solar panels.
Comparison of room temperature between NZERB and conventional
building.
Comparison of energy consumption between NZERB and conventional
building.

METHODOLOGY

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This entire project is planning and design in nature and the methodology
followed in this project is listed as below.
i

Selection of site where renewable energy is available


Urappakam has a tropical wet and dry climate. The weather is hot and
humid for most of the year. The hottest part of the year is late May to
early June. Hence solar energy is available on the site which makes the
site suitable to harness solar energy

ii

Study the climate conditions of area


The city lies on the thermal equator and is also on the coast, which
prevents extreme variation in seasonal temperature. The weather is hot
and humid for most of the year. maximum temperatures is around 35
40 C (95104 F). The highest recorded temperature is 45 C (113 F)

iii

Aligning the building to utilize maximum amount of renewable


resources
Elongated east-west and oriented to astronomic south (Ref 5).
South-facing windows harvest solar energy.

iv

Planning and design of proposed NZERB building

Comparison of the NZERB building with other conventional building

CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1

PLANNING
The key plan of the residential building is drawn by considering the alignment of

the building with respect to the CMDA.


The key plan of the site is shown in Figure 4.1

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Fig. 4.1 Key Plan


The ground floor of the building consist of one hall, two bedrooms, one dinning,
one kitchen. The allocations of the rooms in the plan has been done with due
consideration of sun diagram as per the requirement of zero energy building. The plan
has been prepared using Auto CAD software.
The Ground Floor plan is shown in Figure 4.2

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Fig.4.2 Ground Floor Plan

The first floor of the building consist of one hall, two bedrooms, one dinning, one
kitchen. The allocations of the rooms in the plan has been done with due consideration of
sun diagram as per the requirement of zero energy building. The plan has been prepared
using Auto CAD software.

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The First Floor plan is shown in Figure 4.3

Fig.4.3 First Floor plan

4.2

ANALYSIS AND DESIGNS


SLAB DESIGN (Ref 6)

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The analysis and designs of the slab for Hall, Bedroom, Bathroom,
Dinning, Kitchen, Stair case, Portico are done with proper considerations as per
IS 456:2000.
4.2.1

Design of Hall

Using M 20 Concrete
Fe 415 steel
Live Load = 2

kN
m2

(Ref 7)

1. Effective Span
Lx = 3.26 m
Ly = 5.1 m
L y 5.1
=
Aspect ratio =
= 1.56<2
L x 3.26
Hence Two Way Slab
2. Load Calculation
Assuming Slab Thickness
L x 3260
d=
=
=101.875 mm=100 mm
32
32
Assume 10 bar, Clear Cover 20mm
10
+ 20=125 mm=130 mm
2
Actual Depth (d) = 130-5-20 = 105 mm
D
130
Self Weight of a Slab=
25=
25
1000
1000
kN
3.25
2
m
Assume Floor Finish = 40 mm

D=100+

Weight of Floor Finish = 0.04 24 = 0.96


Imposed Load = 2
Total Load

kN
m2

(Ref 8)

= 6.21

kN
2
m

Factored Load (Wu) = 1.5 6.21 = 9.315


Consider 1m width of slab
29

kN
m2

kN
2
m

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Load per meter Length = 9.127

kN
m

3. Finding Design Bending Moment


Refer Table 26, Page No.91 of IS456
Two adjacent edges are discontinuous
Ly
=1.56 (already found out )
Lx
Refer Table 26
Short Span x = 0.068
Long Span y = 0.037
[Note that Lx only to be taken, where it is long span or short span only
coefficient varies].
Mu
= Wu Co-efficient Lx2

(4.1)

Mu is calculated by equation 4.1


Where,
Mu = Moment in short span direction
Wu= Ultimate load
Lx = Length in x direction
Mu(+) Short = 0.068 9.315 3.262 = 6.731 kN.m (Ref.9)
Mu(+) Long = 0.037 9.315 3.262 = 3.662 kN.m
Take the Highest Moment and check for adequacy of the section.
0.36 X u max 10.42 X u max
f ck b d 2
Mu,lim=
d
d

(4.2)
(or)
= 0.138fckb d2
Mu,lim is calculated by equation 4.2
Where,
Mu,lim = Ultimate limiting moment of resistance
fck = Characteristic compressive strength of concrete
b = Width
d = Effective depth
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= 0.138 20 1000 1052


=30.42 kN.m
(Mu Limit) > (Mu Short)
Hence its ok
4. Calculation of Steel
Ast(+) Short = b d

f ck
[1 - 1-4.598
2f y

R
]
f ck

(4.3) Ast(+) Short is calculated by equation 4.3


Where,
Ast(+) Short = Area of steel required
b = Width
d = Effective depth
fck = Characteristic compressive strength of concrete
R=

fy = Yield stress of steel


Mu
1
= 6.731 10 6
2
105 2 1000
bd

Ast(+) Short = 1000 105 (

20
0.61

) 415 [1 - 1-4.598
2
20

= 184.27 mm2
Minimum Steel = 0.12% D B
0.12
Ast,min = (
) 130 1000 = 156 mm2
100
Ast(+) Short <Ast,min
5. Check for maximum Spacing
i.
ii.

3d = 3 105 = 315 mm
300

Max Spacing = 300 mm


d for long span bars

d = D Clear Cover
= 130 20

10
2

d
2

= 0.6105

- 10 = 95 mm

6. Calculation of Ast for Long Span

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R
f ck
[1 - 1- 4.598
]
f ck
2f y
Same as equation 4.3
Mu 2
R=
d
b
3.662 10 6
=
952
1000
= 0.4057
20
0.4057
Ast(+)Long = 1000 95 (
) 415 [1 4.598
]
2
20
= 109.37 mm2
Ast(+)Long<Ast,min
7. Spacing for all Steel
i.
3d = 3 95 = 285 mm
ii.
300
Spacing = 285 mm
8. Check for Deflection
Short Span Lx = 3260 mm
Ast(+) Short = 116.37 mm2
Basic Value = 20
184.27
N
Fs = 0.58 415
=240.2
184.27
mm2
+

184.27 100
Short
)
Pt
= (
1000 105
A st

= 0.175%
Modification Factor = 1.62
Modified Basic Value = 20 1.62 = 32.8
Span
3260
=
= 31.047
d
105
31.047 < 32.8
Hence its ok
Ast(+)Long b d

4.2.2

Design of Bed Room

Using M20 Concrete


Fe415 steel
Live Load = 2

kN
m2

1. Effective Span
Lx = 3 m
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Ly = 3.5 m

Ly
0.23
+ 0.23=1.154< 2 Hence Two Way Slab
= 3.5+
Lx
3
2. Load Calculation
Lx 3230
d= =
=100 mm
Assuming Slab Thickness
32
32
Assume 10 bar, Clear Cover = 20mm
10
D=100+ + 20=125 mm
2
Actual Depth (d) = 125-5-20 = 100 mm
D
125
kN
25=
25=3.125
Self Weight of a Slab
=
1000
1000
m
Assume 40 mm Floor Finish
Aspect ratio =

Weight of Floor Finish


Imposed Load

= 6.08

= 0.04 X 24 = 0.96
kN
m2

=2

kN
m2

Total Load

kN
2
m

Factored Load (Wu)

= 1.5 6.96 = 9.127

kN
m2

Consider 1m width of slab


Load per meter Length

= 9.127

kN
m2

3. Finding Design Bending Moment


Refer Table 26, Page No.91 of IS456
Two adjacent edges are discontinuous
Ly
=1.154 ( already found out )
Lx
Refer Table 26
Short Span
x = 0.043
Long Span
y = 0.035
[ Note that Lx only to be taken, where it is long span or short span only
coefficient varies ].

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Mu = Wu Co-efficient Lx2
Same as equation 4.1
Mu(+) Short = 0.043 9.13 3.232 = 4.09 kN.m
Mu(+) Long= 0.035 9.13 3.232 = 3.33 kN.m
Take the Highest Moment and check for adequacy of the section.
Mu,lim=

0.36 X u max 10.42 X u max


f ck b d 2
d
d
(or)

Mu,lim = 0.138 fckbd2


Same as equation 4.2
= 0.138 20 1000 1002

Mu,lim

kN
m2
(Mu Limit) > (Mu Short)
Hence its ok
4. Calculation of Steel
Mu,lim

= 27.6

Ast(+) Short = b d

f ck
[1 - 1-4.598
2f y

R
]
f ck

Same as equation 4.3


R=

Mu
1
= 4.1 10 6
1000 = 0.41
2
100
2
bd

Ast(+) Short = 1000 100

20
0.41
415 [1 - 1-4.598
]
2
20

= 116.37 mm2
Minimum Steel = 0.12% D B
Ast,min =

0.12
125 1000 = 150 mm2
100

Ast(+) Short <Ast,min


5. Check for maximum Spacing

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i.
3d = 3 X 100 = 300 mm
ii.
300
Max Spacing = 300 mm
d for long span bars
d
d= D Clear Cover
-
2
d= 125 20 10/2 - 10
d= 90 mm
6. Calculation of Ast for Long Span
R
f ck
Ast(+)Long b d
[1 - 1- 4.598
]
f ck
2f y
Same as equation 4.3
R=

Mu
bd 2

= 3.33

10 6
1000 100 2

= 0.33
Ast(+)Long = 1000 100

20
0.33
415 1 4.598
2
20

= 93.2 mm2
Ast(+)Long<Ast,min
7. Spacing for Steel

Ast
102 = 78.5 mm2
4
78.5
Ast(+)Short =
1000 = 674.5 mm
116.37
78.5
Ast(+)Long =
1000 = 842.27 mm
93.2
8. Check for Deflection
Short Span Lx = 3230 mm
Ast(+) Short = 116.37 mm2
Basic Value = 20
121.32
N
Fs = 0.58 415
=240. 7
121.32
mm2
+

Short
Pt
A st

= (1.22 X 10-3) 100


= 0.122%
Modification Factor = 1.7

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Modified Basic Value = 20 1.7 = 34


Span 3230
=
=32.3
d
100

32.3 < 34

Hence its ok

4.2.3

Design of Bed Room

Using M20 Concrete


Fe415 steel
Live Load = 2

kN
2
m

1. Effective Span
Lx = 3.85 m
Ly = 3.95 m
Ly
3.95
Aspect ratio =
=
= 1.027<2
Lx
3.85
Hence Two Way Slab
2. Load Calculation
Assuming Slab Thickness
L x 3850
=
d
= 120.31mm = 120 mm
32
32
Assume 10 bar, Clear Cover 20 mm
10
D = 120+
+20 = 145mm = 150 mm
2
Actual Depth (d) = 150-5-20 = 125 mm
D
150
Self Weight of a Slab =
25 =
25
1000
1000
kN
= 3.75
m2
Assume 40 mm Floor Finish
Weight of Floor Finish = 0.04 24 = 0.96
Imposed Load = 2

kN
m2

Total Load

= 6.75

kN
2
m

36

kN
m2

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kN
m2

Factored Load (Wu) = 1.5 6.75 = 10.125


Consider 1m width of slab
Load per meter Length = 10.125

kN
m

3. Finding Design Bending Moment


Refer Table 26, Page No.91 of IS456
Two adjacent edges are discontinuous
Ly
= 1.027 (already found out)
Lx
Refer Table 26
Short Span x = 0.048
Long Span y = 0.047
[ Note that Lx only to be taken, where it is long span or short span only
coefficient varies ].
Mu = Wu Co-efficient Lx2
Same as equation 4.1
Mu(+) Short = 0.048 10.125 3.852 = 7.203 kN.m
Mu(+) Long = 0.047 10.125 3.852 = 7.063 kN.m
Take the Highest Moment and check for adequacy of the section.
0.36 X u max 10.42 X u max
f ck b d 2
Mu,lim=
d
d
(or)
= 0.138fckb d2
Same as equation 4.2
= 0.138 20 1000 1252
= 43.125 kN.m
(Mu Limit) > (Mu Short)
Hence its ok
4. Calculation of Steel
R
f ck
Ast(+) Short = b d
[1 - 1-4.598
]
f ck
2f y
Same as equation 4.3
Mu
1
R=
= 7.203 106
= 0.460
2
125
2
1000
bd
20
0.46
Ast(+)Short = 1000 125 (
) 415 [1 - 1-4.598
]
2
20
= 164.08 mm2
Minimum Steel = 0.12% D B

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0.12
) 150 1000
100
= 180 mm2
Ast(+) Short <Ast,min
5. Check for maximum Spacing
i.
3d = 3 125 = 375 mm
ii.
300
Max Spacing = 300 mm
d for long span bars
d
d= D Clear Cover
-
2
10
d= 150 20
- 10
2
d= 115 mm
6. Calculation of Ast for Long Span
R
f ck
Ast(+)Long b d
[1 - 1- 4.598
]
f ck
2f y
Same as equation 4.3
Mu
7.603 10 6
115 2
R=
=
2
1000
bd
= 0.553
20
0.553
Ast(+)Long = 1000 115 (
) 415 [1 4.598
]
2
20
= 181.11 mm2
Ast(+)Long<Ast,min
7. Spacing for all Steel
i.
3d = 3 115 = 345 mm
ii.
300
Spacing
= 300 mm
8. Check for Deflection
Short Span Lx = 3850 mm
Ast(+)Short
= 181.11 mm2
Basic Value = 20
181.11
N
Fs = 0.58 415
=240.2
181.11
mm2
+

181.11 100
Short
Pt
=
( 1000 125 )
A st

= 0.157%
Modification Factor = 1.8
Modified Basic Value = 20 1.8 = 36
Ast,min = (

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Span
d

4.2.4

3850
= 30.8
125
30.8 < 35.6
Hence its ok
=

Design of Bathroom

Using M20 Concrete


Fe415 steel
Live Load = 2

kN
m2

1. Effective Span
Lx = 2.38 m
Ly = 4.28 m
Ly
4.28
Aspect ratio =
=
= 1.798<2
Lx
2.38
Hence Two Way Slab
2. Load Calculation
Assuming Slab Thickness
L x 2380
=
d=
= 74.375 mm = 80 mm
32
32
Assume 10 bar, Clear Cover 20 mm
10
D=80+ +20=105mm=110 mm
2
Actual Depth
d = 110-5-20 = 85 mm
D
110
25=
25
Self Weight of a Slab
=
1000
1000
kN
= 2.75
2
m
Assume 40 mm Floor Finish
Weight of Floor Finish = 0.04 24 = 0.96

Imposed Load = 2

kN
m2

Total Load = 5.75

kN
2
m

39

kN
m2

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Factored Load (Wu) = 1.5 5.75 = 8.625

kN
m2

Consider 1m width of slab


Load per meter Length = 8.625

kN
m

3. Finding Design Bending Moment


Refer Table 26, Page No.91 of IS456
Two adjacent edges are discontinuous
Ly
Lx

= 1.798 (already found out)

Refer Table 26
Short Span x = 0.085
Long Span y = 0.047
[ Note that Lx only to be taken, where it is long span or short span only
coefficient varies ].
Mu = Wu Co-efficient Lx2
Same as equation 4.1
Mu(+) Short = 0.085 8.625 2.382 = 4.127 kN.m
Mu(+) Long = 0.047 8.625 2.382 = 2.29 kN.m
Take the Highest Moment and check for adequacy of the section.
0.36 X u max 10.42 X u max
f ck b d 2
Mu,lim=
d
d
(or)
= 0.138fckb d2
Same as equation 4.2
= 0.138 20 1000 852
=19.94 kN.m
(Mu Limit) > (Mu Short)
Hence its ok
4. Calculation of Steel
R
f ck
Ast(+) Short = b d
[1 - 1-4.598
]
f ck
2f y
Same as equation 4.3
Mu
106
R =
= 4.1527
= 0.574
2
(85 2 1000)
bd
20
0.57
Ast(+) Short = 1000 85 (
) 415 [1 - 1-4.598
]
2
20

40

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= 139.92 mm2
Minimum Steel = 0.12% D B
0.12
Ast,min= (
) 110 1000 = 132 mm2
100
Ast(+) Short <Ast,min
5. Check for maximum Spacing
i.
ii.

3d = 3 855 = 255 mm
300

Max Spacing = 255 mm


d for long span bars
d
d= D Clear Cover
-
2
10
d= 110 20
- 10
2
d= 75 mm
6. Calculation of Ast for Long Span
R
f ck
Ast(+)Long b d
[1 - 1- 4.598
]
f ck
2f y
Same as equation 4.3
Mu
R=
bd 2
2.29 10 6
=
1000 75 2
= 0.4082
20
0.4082
= 86.88
Ast(+) Long = 1000 75 (
) 415 [1 4.598
2
20
mm2
Ast(+) Long <Ast,min
7. Spacing for all Steel
i.
ii.

3d = 3 75 = 225 mm
300

MaxSpacing
= 225 mm
8. Check for Deflection
Short Span Lx = 2380 mm
Ast(+) Short = 139.92 mm2
Basic Value = 20
139.92
Fs = 0.58 415
= 240.2
139.92
+

(139.92 100)
Short
Pt
=
(1000 85)
A st

41

N
mm2

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= 0.1646%
Modification Factor = 1.9
Modified Basic Value = 20 1.9 = 38
Span
2380
=
= 28
d
85
28 < 38
Hence its ok

4.2.5

Design of Portico

Using M20 Concrete


Fe415 steel
Live Load = 2

kN
m2

1. Effective Span
Lx = 3.78 m
Ly = 6.93 m
L y 6.93
=
Aspect ratio =
= 1.83<2
L x 3.78
Hence Two Way Slab
2. Load Calculation
Assuming Slab Thickness
L x 3780
=
d
= 118.124 mm = 120 mm
32
32
Assume 10 bar, Clear Cover 20 mm
+10
+20 = 150 mm
D = 120
2
Actual Depth (d) = 150-5-20 = 125 mm
D
150
25=
Self Weight of a Slab =
25
1000
1000
kN
= 3.75
m2
Assume 40 mm Floor Finish
Weight of Floor Finish = 0.04 24 = 0.96
Imposed Load = 2

kN
m2

42

kN
m2

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kN
m2

Total Load = 6.75

kN
m2

Factored Load (Wu) = 1.5 6.75 = 10.125


Consider 1m width of slab
Load per meter Length = 10.125

kN
m

3. Finding Design Bending Moment


Refer Table 26, Page No.91 of IS456
Two adjacent edges are discontinuous
Ly
=1.83 (already found out)
Lx
Refer Table 26
Short Span x = 0.087
Long Span y = 0.047
[ Note that Lx only to be taken, where it is long span or short span only
coefficient varies ].
Mu = Wu Co-efficient Lx2
Same as equation 4.1
Mu(+) Short = 0.087 10.125 3.782 = 12.58 kN.m
Mu(+) Long = 0.047 10.125 3.782 = 6.79 kN.m
Take the Highest Moment and check for adequacy of the section.
0.36 X u max 10.42 X u max
f ck b d 2
Mu,lim=
d
d
(or)
= 0.138fckb d2
Same as equation 4.2
= 0.138 20 1000 1252
= 43.125 kN.m
(Mu Limit) > (Mu Short)
Hence its ok
4. Calculation of Steel
R
f ck
Ast(+) Short = b d
[1 - 1-4.598
]
f ck
2f y
Same as equation 4.3
Mu
12.58 106
R=
=
= 0.805
2
bd
125 2 1000

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Ast(+) Short = 1000 125

20
2 415

[1 - 1-4.598

0.8
]
20

= 184.27 mm2
Minimum Steel = 0.12% D B
0.12
Ast,min = (
) 130 1000
100
= 156 mm2
Ast(+) Short <Ast,min
5. Check for maximum Spacing
i.
ii.

3d = 3 105 = 315 mm
300

Max Spacing = 300 mm


d for long span bars
d
d= D Clear Cover
-
2
d= 130 20 10/2 - 10
d= 95 mm
6. Calculation of Ast for Long Span
R
f ck
Ast(+)Long b d
[1 - 1- 4.598
]
f ck
2f y
Same as equation 4.3
Mu
R=
2
bd
3.662 10 6
=
9521000
= 0.4057
20
0.4057
Ast(+)Long = 1000 95 (
) 415 [1 4.598
]
2
20
= 109.37 mm2
Ast(+)Long<Ast,min
7. Spacing for all Steel
i.
3d = 3 95 = 285 mm
ii.
300
Spacing = 285 mm
8. Check for Deflection
Short Span Lx = 3260 mm
Ast(+) Short = 116.37 mm2
Basic Value = 20
184.27
N
Fs = 0.58 415
= 240.2
184.27
mm2

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Short
Pt
A st

184.27 100
(1000 105 )

= 0.175%
Modification Factor = 1.62
Modified Basic Value = 20 1.62
=32
Span
3260
=
= 31.047
d
105
31.047 < 32.8
Hence its ok
4.2.6

Design of Kitchen

Using M20 Concrete


Fe415 steel
Live Load = 2

kN
m2

1. Effective Span
Lx = 2.23 m
Ly = 3.73 m
Ly
0.23
=3.73+
+ 0.23=1.67<2
Aspect ratio
Lx
2.23
Hence Two Way Slab
2. Load Calculation
Assuming Slab Thickness
L x 2230
=
d=
= 65 mm
32
32
Assume 10 bar, Clear Cover 20 mm
10
D = 65+
+20 = 90 mm
2
Actual Depth (d) = 90-5-20 = 65 mm
D
90
25=
25
Self Weight of a Slab =
1000
1000
kN
= 2.25
m2
Assume Floor Finish = 40 mm
Weight of Floor Finish = 0.04 24 = 0.96

45

kN
m2

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kN
m2

Imposed Load = 2
Total Load

= 5.25

kN
m2

Factored Load (Wu) = 1.5 5.25 = 7.875

kN
m2

Consider 1m width of slab


Load per meter Length = 7.875

kN
m

Finding Design Bending Moment


Refer Table 26, Page No.91 of IS456
Two adjacent edges are discontinuous
Ly
= 1.67 (already found out)
Lx
Refer Table 26
Short Span x = 0.06
Long Span y = 0.035
[ Note that Lx only to be taken, where it is long span or short span only
coefficient varies ].
Mu
= Wu Co-efficient Lx2
Same as equation 4.1
Mu(+) Short = 0.06 7.88 2.232 = 2.35 kN.m
Mu(+) Long = 0.035 7.88 2.232 = 1.373 kN.m
Take the Highest Moment and check for adequacy of the section.
0.36 X u max 10.42 X u max
f ck b d 2
Mu,lim=
d
d
(or)
Mu,lim = 0.138 fckb d2
Same as equation 4.2
= 0.138 20 1000 652
=11.66 kN.m
(Mu Limit) > (Mu Short)
Hence its ok
3. Calculation of Steel
R
f ck
Ast(+) Short = b d
[1 - 1-4.598
]
f ck
2f y
Same as equation 4.3

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Mu
10 6
= 2.735
= 0.55
2
bd
100 0 602
20
0.55
Ast(+) Short = 1000 65
415 [1 - 1-4.598
]
2
20
= 103.56 mm2
Minimum Steel = 0.12% D B
0.12
Ast,min
90 1000
100
= 108 mm2
Ast(+) Short <Ast,min
4. Check for maximum Spacing
R=

i.
ii.

3d = 3 65 = 195 mm
300

Max Spacing = 195 mm


d for long span bars
d
d= D Clear Cover
-
2
10
d= 90 20
- 10
2
d= 55 mm
5. Calculation of Ast for Long Span
R
f ck
Ast(+)Long b d
[1 - 1- 4.598
]
f ck
2f y
Same as equation 4.3
Mu
10 6
R=
= 1.373
2
2
bd
1000 55
= 0.115
20
0.115
Ast(+) Long =1000 55
415 [1 4.598
]
2
20
= 71.05 mm2
Ast(+) Long <Ast,min
6. Spacing for all Steel

Ast =
102 = 78.5 mm2
4
78.5
Ast(+) Short =
1000 = 758.01 mm
103.56
78.5
Ast(+) Long =
1000 = 1104.8 mm
71.05
7. Check for Deflection
Short Span Lx = 2230 mm
Ast(+) Short = 103.56 mm2
Basic Value = 20

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Fs = 0.58 415
+

Pt Short
A st

= 0.16%

103.56
103.56

= 240.7

N
mm2

103.56
65
1000

Modification Factor

= 1.8

Modified Basic Value = 20 1.8 = 36


Span 2230
=
=34.3
d
65
34.3 < 36
Hence its ok
2.4.7

Design of Dinning Room

Using M20 Concrete


Fe415 steel
Live Load = 2

kN
m2

1. Effective Span
Lx = 2.6 m
Ly = 3.73 m
Ly
0.23
=3.73+
+ 0.23=1.43<2
Aspect ratio
Lx
2.6
Hence Two Way Slab
2. Load Calculation
Assuming Slab Thickness
L x 2600
=
=80 mm
d=
32
32
Assume 10 bar, Clear Cover 20 mm
10
D 8 0+ +20=105 mm
2
Actual Depth (d) = 105-5-20 = 80 mm
D
105
25=
25
Self Weight of a Slab=
1000
1000
kN
= 2.625
m2

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Assume Floor Finish

= 40 mm

Weight of Floor Finish = 0.04 24 = 0.96

Imposed Load
Total Load

kN
m2

kN
m2

=2

= 5.62

kN
m2

Factored Load (Wu) = 1.5 5.62 = 8.43

kN
2
m

Consider 1m width of slab


Load per meter Length = 8.43

kN
m

3. Finding Design Bending Moment


Refer Table 26, Page No.91 of IS456
One edge discontinuous
Ly
= 1.43 (already found out)
Lx
Refer Table 26
Short Span x = 0.049
Long Span y = 0.028
[ Note that Lx only to be taken, where it is long span or short span only
coefficient varies ].
Mu = Wu Co-efficient Lx2
Same as equation 4.1
Mu(+) Short = 0.049 8.43 2.62 = 2.79 kN.m
Mu(+) Long = 0.028 8.43 2.62 = 1.595 kN.m
Take the Highest Moment and check for adequacy of the section.
0.36 X u max 10.42 X u max
f ck b d 2
Mu,lim=
d
d
(or)
Mu,lim = 0.138fckb d2
Same as equation 4.2
Mu,lim = 0.138 20 1000 802
Mu,lim =17.66 kN.m
(Mu Limit) > (Mu Short)
Hence its ok

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4. Calculation of Steel
f ck
R
Ast(+) Short = b d
[1 - 1-4.598
]
2f y
f ck
Same as equation 4.3
Mu
106
R=
= 2.79
= 0.435
2
bd
1000 802
20
0.435
Ast(+) Short = 1000 80
415 [1 - 1-4.598
]
2
20
= 99.15 mm2
Minimum Steel = 0.12% D B
0.12
Ast,min=
105 1000
100
= 126 mm2
Ast(+) Short <Ast,min
5. Check for maximum Spacing
i.
3d = 3 80 = 240 mm
ii.
300
Max Spacing = 240 mm
d for long span bars

d= D Clear Cover
d= 105 20

10
2

d
2

- 10

d= 70 mm
6. Calculation of Ast for Long Span
R
f ck
Ast(+)Long b d
[1 - 1- 4.598
]
f
2f y
ck
Same as equation 4.3
Mu
R=
bd 2
10 6
= 1.595
2
1000 70
= 0.325
1
0.325
(+)
20
Ast Long =1000
4.598
]
70 415
20
2
= 64.34 mm2
(+)
Ast Long <Ast,min
7. Spacing for Steel
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102 = 78.5 mm2


4
78.5
1000 = 791.7 mm
Ast(+) Short =
99.15
78.5
Ast(+) Long =
1000 = 1200.08 mm
64.34
8. Check for Deflection
Short Span Lx = 2600 mm
Ast(+) Short = 99.15 mm2
Basic Value = 20
99.15
N
=240.7
Fs = 0. 58 415
99.15
mm 2
+

Short
Pt
A st

99.15
=
1000 70
= 0.14%
Modification Factor = 1.8
Modified Basic Value = 20 1.8 = 36
Span 2600
=
= 32.5
d
80
32.5 < 36
Hence its ok
Ast =

4.2.8

Design of Wall

Design of a wall
1.Calculation of Loads
Maximum short span

= 3.60 m

Width of corridor

= 1.50 m

Height of the storey

=3m

Live load

=2

kN
m2

2. Assumptions
Height of the Plinth from ground

= 0.5 m

Height of the Plinth above Footing = 1 m


Height of the Parapet Wall

=1m
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Thickness of Roof Slab

=110 mm

Brick Size

= 230 115 75

3. Slenderness Ratio and Stress Factor


Ground Floor + First Floor
H = 3+0.115+0.5+3+0.115+1 = 7.73 m
Effective Height (h) = 0.75H = 0.75 7.73 = 5.797 m
h 5.8
=25.21
Slenderness Ratio =
t 0.23
4. Shape modification factor:
Crushing Strength of Modular Brick = 5

kN
m2

H 75
=
=0.652
w 115
Shape Modification Factor = Kp = 1 ( From table 10 of IS: 1905-1987)

5. Area reduction factor:


Area Reduction Factor
Ka = 0.7 + 1.5 A = 0.7 + 1.5X0.3 = 1.15
A > 0.2 m2
Ka = 1 ( From clause 5.4.1.2)

6. Stress Reduction Factor:


ks = 0.46 ( from table 9)
7. Permissble Stress
Fc = Ks Ka Kp Basic compressible stress
Fc is calculated by equation 4.4
Where,
Ks= Stress reduction factor
Ka= Area reduction factor
Kp= Shape modification factor
Fc = 0.44 0.48 1 1

52

(4.4)

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= 0.21

N
m

8. Safe Load
Q=
=

( f1c + 6te ) A
0.211000 300
1

= 63

kN
m

9. Wall Area
Outer wall = Total Perimeter x 3(floor height)
= ((11.312) + (8.932))3
= 40.83 m3
Inner wall = (4.873) + (4.873) + (3.523)
= 29.22 + 21 = 50.22 m3
= 91.05 m3

Total wall volume


10. Deductions:

Outer Deductions = 1.098+1.089+2.226+1.089+1.4884+1.4884+1.4884+


1.4884+1.4884+1.098
= 14.042 m3
Inner Deductions = 1.89+1.89+2.496+1.746+1.746
= 9.768 m3
Total Deduction =23.81 m3
Total wall volume Total Deductions = 91.05 -23.81 = 67.25 m3
% Opening =

23.81
100
67.25

= 35.4 %
Thickness = 1 Brick thick wall (using nomograms)

11. For Hall :

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Wu=

Wl x
lx
{3- [( )]
6
ly

(4.5)
Wu is calculated by equation 4.5
Where,
Wu= Factored load
W=Load from the slab
Lx=Short span
Ly=Long span
(3.03+0.23)
Wu = 9.315 }

Wu = 13.11 103

kN
m

For bed room:


Wu=

Wl x
lx
{3[( )] }
6
ly

= (9.127

(3+0.23)
{3
6

= 11.055 103

3+0.23
2 }
3.5+0.23

kN
m

For dinning room:


Wu=
=

Wl x
{36

[( )]
lx
ly

(2.37+0.23) 2
(8.43 ( 2.37+ 0.23 ))
{3- [
]}
(3.5+0.23)
6

= 9.81 103

kN
m

Total : 13.11 + 11.055 + 9.81 = 33.98


63>33.98

kN
m
54

103

kN
m

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Hence the design is ok

4.2.9

Design of Footing
kN
m

Load from Walls = 126.7

10% for the weight of the Building = 63+6.3 = 70


1. Area of Footing =
Assume SBC

Load
SBC

= 150
A =

kN
m

70
150

kN
m2
= 0.47 m2

Consider 1m Length room


Breadth of the Footing Required =

Area
L

= 0.47

2. Minimum Width = (2w+300)mm


= (2x230+300) = 760 mm
Provide Width of P.C.C= 760 mm
It is customary to provide 150 to 300 mm P.C.C thickness
Provide = 300 mm
The Projection of P.C.C beyond the brick work should not be more than

of the thickness of P.C.C


Projection =

300
2

= 150 mm

Actual work of Brick work = 760 300 = 460 mm


Brick work projection beyond the wall

1.Depth of the Brick work = 115 2 = 230 mm


These depth has to be Provided by means of series steps

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The thickness of each step is given by modular brick = 200 mm


The offset in the brick is also given as modular

4.2.10

= 100 mm

Design of Hollow Brick Wall

Step 1: Calculation of loads


Maximum short span = 3.6 m
Height of the storey = 3 m
Live load

=2

kN
2
m

Step 2: Assumptions
Height of the Plinth from ground

= 0.5 m

Height of the Plinth above Footing

=1m

Height of the Parapet Wall

=1m

Thickness of Roof Slab

= 0.120 m

Hollow Brick Size

= 0.40 0.20 0. 20 m

EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF WALL


(From Table 5 of IS 1905-1987)
Wall A = 3.820.9=3.438 m (continuous on one end & discontinuous on other
end)
Wall B = 3.230.8=2.584 m (continuous on both ends & supported by cross wall)
Wall C = 3.70.9 =3.33 m (continuous on one end & discontinuous on other end)
Wall D = 3.20.9 =2.88 m (continuous on one end & discontinuous on other end)
Wall E = 2.570.8=2.056 m (continuous on both ends & supported by cross wall)
Wall F = 2.80.9 =2.52 m (continuous on one end & discontinuous on other end)
Wall G = 3.7 m (discontinuous on both ends and braced by cross wall)

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Wall H = 3.230.9 =2.907 m (continuous on one end & discontinuous on other


end)
Wall I = 3.82 0.9=3.438 m (continuous on one end & discontinuous on other
end)
Wall J = 3.438 m (continuous on one end & discontinuous on other end)
Wall K = 3.72 0.8=2.976 m (continuous on both ends & supported by cross
wall)
Wall L = 2.15 0.9 =1.935 m (continuous on one end & discontinuous on other
end)
Wall M = 5.07 m (continuous on one end & discontinuous on other end)

Step 3: Slenderness ratio and stress factor


Ground floor:
H = 2.6+0.6+1= 4.2 m
Effective height

= 0.75 H = 3.15 m

Slenderness ratio

H
t

3.15
0.2

= 15.75

Step 4: Shape modification factor


Crushing Strength of Hollow Brick= 4.1
H
W

20
20

N
2
mm

=1

Shape Modification Factor = Kp =1.2( From table 10 of IS: 1905-1987)


Step 5: Stress Reduction Factor
ks = 0.74( From table 9)

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Step 6: Area reduction factor


Gross area = 200 1000 = 200000 mm2
A = 0.2 m2
Ka= 1( From clause 5.4.1.2)
Step 7: Permissible stress
N
mm2

Fc= 0.74 1.2 1 0.44 = 0.39

Safe allowable load per meter length is

q = 0.39 2 105 = 78

Step 7: Slenderness ratio and stress factor


First floor:
H = 2.6+0.8 = 3.4 m
Effective height = 0.75 H = 2.55 m
Slenderness ratio =

H
t

2.55
0.2

= 12.75

Step 8: Shape modification factor


Crushing Strength of Hollow Brick = 4.1
=

H
W

20
20

Shape Modification Factor = Kp =1.2

Step 9: Stress Reduction Factor


ks = 0.81

Step 10: Area reduction factor

58

N
2
mm

kN
m

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Gross area = 200 1000 = 200000 mm2


A = 0.2 m2
Ka= 1

Step 11: Permissible stress


Fc= 0.81 1.2 1 0.44 = 0.427

N
mm2

Safe allowable load per meter length is q = 0.427 2 105 = 85


The values of slenderness ratio for effective length and height of the building is
given in Table 4.1
Table 4.1 Values of slenderness ratio (Ref 10)
Brickwork

Ground floor
First Floor
H
L
S.R
H
L
S.R
A
3.15
3.44
15.75
2.55
3.44
12.75
B
3.15
2.58
12.92
2.55
2.58
12.75
C
3.15
3.33
15.75
2.55
3.33
12.75
D
3.15
2.88
14.4
2.55
2.88
12.75
E
3.15
2.056
10.28
2.55
2.056
10.28
F
3.15
2.52
12.6
2.55
2.52
12.6
G
3.15
3.7
15.75
2.55
3.7
12.75
H
3.15
2.90
14.5
2.55
2.9
12.75
I
3.15
3.44
15.75
2.55
3.44
12.75
J
3.15
3.44
15.75
2.55
3.44
12.75
K
3.15
2.976
14.88
2.55
2.976
12.75
L
3.15
1.935
9.7
2.55
1.935
9.675
M
3.15
5.07
15.75
2.55
5.07
12.75
The values of stress reduction factor for slenderness ratio of the building is given

in Table 4.2
Table 4.2 Stress reduction factor for slenderness ratio
Wall type
Ground floor
First floor
A
0.74
0.81
B
0.81
0.81

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C
0.74
0.81
D
0.75
0.81
E
0.89
0.89
F
0.83
0.83
G
0.74
0.81
H
0.75
0.81
I
0.75
0.81
J
0.74
0.81
K
0.75
0.81
L
0.88
0.88
The calculation of permissible stress of the building is given in the Table 4.3
Table 4.3 Calculation of permissible stress
Wall type
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M

Fc=kskpka basic compressive stress


Permissible stress- ground
Permissible stress- first
floor(N/mm2)
floor(N/mm2)
0.5280.74=0.390
0.5280.81=0.427
0.5280.81=0.427
0.5280.81=0.427
0.5280.74=0.390
0.5280.81=0.427
0.5280.75=0.396
0.5280.81=0.427
0.5280.89=0.469
0.5280.89=0.469
0.5280.83=0.4382
0.5280.83=0.4382
0.5280.74=0.390
0.5280.81=0.427
0.5280.75=0.396
0.5280.81=0.427
0.5280.75=0.396
0.5280.81=0.427
0.5280.74=0.390
0.5280.81=0.427
0.5280.75=0.396
0.5280.81=0.427
0.5280.88=0.4646
0.5280.88=0.4646
0.5280.75=0.390
0.5280.81=0.427

The values of safe allowable load for the building is given in Table 4.4
Table 4.4 Safe allowable load
Wall type
A
B
C
D
E

q = fc2105 kN/m(ground
floor)
78
85
78
79.2
93
60

q = fc2105 kN/m(first
floor)
85.4
85.4
85.4
85.4
93.8

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F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M

4.2.11

87.6
78
79.2
79.2
78
79.2
92
78

87.6
85.4
85.4
85.4
85.4
85.4
92
85.4

Design of Footing for Hollow Brick wall: (Ref 11)

Load from Wall = 78

kN
m

Load from wall (critical wall M) +10% for the weight of the Building + weight
of slab (hall, bed room & dining) + floor finish
= 78 + 7.8 + 4.6575 + 4.125 + 4.5635 + 1
=100.236
=100

kN
m

kN
m

Factored load= 1.25 100=125


1. Area of Footing =
Assume SBC = 150

Load
SBC

kN
m
=

125
50

= 0.833 m2

kN
m2

Consider 1m Length room


2. Minimum Width = (2w+300) mm
= (2 x 200+300) = 700 mm
Provide Width of P.C.C = 700 mm
It is customary to provide 150 to 300 mm P.C.C thickness

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Provide = 300 mm
The Projection of P.C.C beyond the brick work should not be more than of the
thickness of P.C.C
=

300
2

= 150 mm

Actual work of Brick work = 700 300 = 400 mm


Brick work projection beyond the wall
Depth of the Brick work = 200 x 2 = 400 mm
These depth has to be Provided by means of series steps
The thickness of each step is given by hollow brick = 200 mm
The footing design is shown in the Figure 4.4

Fig.4.4 Footing Design


4.2.12

Design of Stair Case:

Length

=4m

Live load

=2

kN
m2

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Rise

= 150 mm

Thread

= 250 mm

Using M20 Concrete and Fe415


Step1: Calculation of self weight
Assume waist slab thickness =

4000
20

= 200 mm

D = 200 mm
D

1000

Self weight =

R2 +T 2

2 = 5.83

kN
m2

(4.6)
Self weight is calculated by equation 4.6
Where,
D =Diameter
R =Rise
T =Thread
Step 2: Calculation of load on waist slab
1. Assume 40 mm Floor finish
Floor Finish =
2. Weight of steps=

40
1000
1
2

24 = 1

kN
m2

RT

1
T

kN
m2

3. Live load

=3

4. Self weight

= 5.83

Wu = 11.075

kN
m2

kN
m2

Wu=1.5 11.075 =17.55

kN
m2

63

25 = 1.875

kN
m2

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Step3: Calculation of Mu
Mu

Mu,lim =

17.55 16
8

= 35 kN.m

0.36 X u max 10.42 X u max


f ck b d 2
d
d

35 106 = 0.36 0.48(1-0.42 0.48) 1000 d2 20


d=113 mm
Assume Clear cover 20 mm
Diameter of bar = 20 mm
D= 113+20+10 = 143 mm
D= 150mm (approximately)
d= 150-20-10

= 120 mm

Step 4: Calculation of Ast


6

R=

35 10
1000 120 120

Ast =

1000 120 20
2 415

Pt =

Ast
bd

= 970.6 mm2

970.6

20 2
4

Number of Bars =
Ast actual = 4

= 2.43

202

1000 =

= 4 bars
= 1256 mm2

1256
1000 120

1000 = 1.04%

Step 5: Check for deflection


Basic value = 20
Fs = 0.58fy

Ast reqiired
Ast provided

= 0.58 415

64

970
1256

= 185.89

N
2
mm

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For Pt =1.04% , Modification factor = 1.2 (Fig 4 of IS 456-2000)


Ast reqiired
Ast provided

drequired =

4000
1.2 32

= 104.166 mm

dactual = 120 mm
Step 6: Providing distribution steel
Astmin=

0.12bd

100

0.121000 150
100

Spacing of 8mm diameter =


Main steel

1000
480

= 480 mm2

82 = 270 mm

= 4No.s 20 bars

Distribution = 8 mm dia bars @ 270 mm c/c

4.3

DESIGN OF SOLAR PANEL AND ITS COMPONENTS

4.3.1

Solar Power System Components


Brief revision of the major components found in a basic solar power system.

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A basic solar powered system is shown in Figure 4.5

Fig.4.5 Working of solar panels


The solar panel consists of solar regulator it is connected to DC storage battery
and then DC is converted to AC by an inverter. AC can be directly used for the
appliances.

4.3.2

Working of solar panels

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The solar panel converts sunlight into DC power or electricity to


charge the battery.
i.

This DC electricity (charge) is controlled via a solar regulator which


ensures the battery is charged properly and not damaged and that power is
not lost/(discharged).

ii.

DC appliances can then be powered directly from the battery.

iii.

AC appliances need a power inverter to convert the DC electricity into


220 Volt AC power.

4.3.3

Description of individual solar power components

4.3.3.1 Solar Panels


Solar panels are classified according to their rated power output in Watts.
Different geographical locations receive different quantities of average peak sun hours
per day. As an example, in Tamil Nadu, the annual average is around 6am sun hours per
day. This means that an 80W solar panel based on the average figure of 6 sun hours per
day, would produce a yearly average of around 480W.H per day. Solar panel output is
affected by the cell operating temperature. Panels are rated at a nominal temperature of
25 degrees Celcius. The output of a solar panel can be expected to vary by 0.25% for
every 5 degrees variation in temperature.

4.3.3.2 Solar Regulator


The purpose of solar regulators, or charge controllers as they are also
called, is to regulate the current from the solar panels to prevent the batteries from
overcharging. Overcharging causes gassing and loss of electrolyte resulting in damage to
the batteries. A Solar regulator is used to sense when the batteries are fully charged and
to stop, or decrease, the amount of current flowing to the battery. Most solar regulators
also include a Low Voltage Disconnect feature, which will switch off the supply to the
load if the battery voltage falls below the cut-off voltage. This prevents the battery from
permanent damage and reduced life expectancy. Solar regulators are rated by the amount
of current they are able to receive from the solar panel or panels.

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4.3.3.3 Power Inverter


The power inverter is the main component of any independent power system
which requires AC power. The power inverter will convert the DC power stored in the
batteries and into Ac power to run conventional appliances. There are three waveforms
produced by modern solid state power inverters. The simplest, a square wave power
inverter, used to be all that was available. Today, these are very rare, as many appliances
will not operate on a square wave. True Sine wave inverters provide AC power that is
virtually identical to, and often cleaner than, power from the grid. Power inverters are
generally rated by the amount of AC power they can supply continuously. Manufacturers
generally also provide 5 second and hour surge figures. The surge figures give an idea
of how much power can be supplied by the inverter for 5 seconds and an hour before
the inverters overload protection trips and cuts the power.

4.3.3.4 Solar Batteries


Deep cycle batteries are usually used in solar power systems and are designed to
be discharged over a long period of time (e.g. 100 hours) and recharged hundreds or
thousands of times, unlike conventional car batteries which are designed to provide a
large amount of current for a short amount of time. To maximize battery life, deep cycle
batteries should not be discharged beyond 50% of their capacity. i.e. 50 % capacity
remaining. Discharging beyond this level will significantly reduce the life of the
batteries. Deep cycle batteries are rated in Ampere Hours (Ah). This rating also includes
a discharge rate, usually at 20 hours. This rating specifies the amount of current in Amps
that the battery can supply over the specified number of hours. As an example, a battery
rated at 120A.H at the 100 hour rate can supply a total of 120A.H over a period of 100
hours. This would equate to 1.2A per hour for 100 hours.
4.3.4

Designing of Solar Panel

Power rating of each appliance that will be drawing power from the system.
Calculation of Loads
The calculation of loads for the Solar Panels are given below in Table 4.5

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Table 4.5 Calculation Of Loads (Ref 12)


PARTICULA
RS
HALL

BED ROOM
1
BED ROOM
2
KITCHEN

DINING
ROOM

TOILET 1
TOILET 2

UNIT
S

USAG
E IN
HRS

VOLTA
GE W

CONSUM
PTION

INVER
TORS

20

400

80

2
1

5
5

50
80

500
400

100
80

CFL

15

90

30

FAN

10

50

500

50

CFL

15

90

30

FAN
OVEN
CFL
EXHAUS
T
Mixer
AUTOFRIDGE
CFL
FAN
CFL
HEATER
CFL

1
1
3

10
1
4

50
900
15

500
900
180

50
900
45

50

200

50

450

450

450

18

150

2700

195

3
1
1
1
1

4
3
1
1
2

15
50
15
150
15

180
150
15
150
30

45
50
15
150
15

750

750

750

90

180

90

8365

3175

ITEMS
CFL (Ref
13)
FAN
T.V

WATER
PUMP
WASHING
MACHINE

Power Invertor Sizing


Appliance total power draw = 3175 W
To provide a small buffer or margin your minimum size inverter choice should be
around 3500W.
A modified sine wave inverter with a 3500W continuous power rating will
therefore be your obvious choice in this specific solar system design.

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Determining the Size And Number Of Solar Panels


Divide the total daily power requirement by the number of charge hours for that
geographic region eg. (83651.2)\6=1673 WATTS
250 Watt Solar Panel
Total watt/ 250 watt solar panel =

1673
250

=7 PANELS
= 7 x 250 W panels.
Number of Batteries
250W panels produce 4.8Amps, thus 14x 4.8 A = 67.2A x 6 Hrs
= 403.2.Ah
105Ah batteries, should be discharged to no more than 50%, thus we divide total
amps by

105A x 50% = 50A.h

404
50 A

= 8.08 x 105Ah batteries.

For ease of possible 24V or 48V configuration, this would mean 3 in series of 3
batteries.

Size of Regulators
Lets say we had 20A regulators at our disposal.
One 250W panel produces around 4.8Amps.
The regulators are put in series
14 x 4.8A=67.2
So 14 solar panels would need 4 x 20 A solar regulators
.
Complete the solar power system
Well we have the following:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.

7x2x 250W solar panels


4 x 20A solar regulators
x 105A.H deep cycle batteries( 3 in series)
1 x 3500W modified sine wave power inverter
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4.4

RATE ANALYSIS
Solar panels =Rs.32/W
Regulator

= Rs 1800

Batteries

= Rs 8000/series

Inverter

= Rs 4800

Total Cost
Solar panels =14x250x32=Rs 112000
Regulator = Rs 1800
Batteries = Rs 8000x3=24000=Rs 24000
Inverter

= Rs 4800

Total=112000+1800+24000+4800= Rs. 142600/The total cost of the solar panel is Rs. One lakh forty two thousand six hundred
for our residential building .In these solar panel cost is based on the solar panels,
regulator, batteries and inverter. The output of solar panel can be expected to vary by
0.25% for every 5 degrees variation in temperature.
In NZERB, decrease in temperature for using of hollow bricks and solar panels
produces the electricity. When compared to conventional building, the intial cost is high
but in future the electricity cost is reduced.

4.5

INFRARED THERMOMETER

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Fig.4.6 Infrared Thermometer


The instrument Infrared Thermometer is shown in Figure 4.6
I.

An infrared thermometer is a thermometer which infers temperature from


a portion of the thermal radiation sometimes called blackbody radiation

II.

emitted by the object being measured.


They are sometimes called laser thermometers if a laser is used to help
aim the thermometer, or non-contact thermometers or temperature guns,
to describe the device's ability to measure temperature from a distance

III.

refer Figure.4.6
By knowing the amount of infrared energy emitted by the object and

IV.

its emissivity, the object's temperature can often be determined.


Infrared thermometers are a subset of devices known as "thermal
radiation thermometers".

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V.

The most basic design consists of a lens to focus the infrared thermal
radiation on to a detector, which converts the radiant power to
an electrical signal that can be displayed in units of temperature after
being compensated for ambient temperature. This configuration facilitates
temperature measurement from a distance without contact with the object

VI.

to be measured.
Infrared thermometers can be used to serve a wide variety of temperature

VII.
VIII.

monitoring functions. A few examples provided to this article include:


Detecting clouds for remote telescope operation
Checking mechanical equipment or electrical circuit breaker boxes or

IX.
X.

outlets for hot spots


Checking heater or oven temperature, for calibration and control purposes
Detecting hot spots / performing diagnostics in electrical circuit board

XI.
XII.

manufacturing
Checking for hot spots in fire fighting situations
Monitoring materials in process of heating and cooling, for research and

XIII.

development or manufacturing quality control situations


The distance-to-spot ratio (D:S) is the ratio of the distance to the object
and the diameter of the temperature measurement area. For instance if the
D:S ratio is 12:1, measurement of an object 12 inches (30 cm) away will
average the temperature over a 1-inch-diameter (25 mm) area. The sensor
may have an adjustable emissivity setting, which can be set to measure

XIV.
XV.

the temperature of reflective (shiny) and non-reflective surfaces.


The most common infrared thermometers is the:
Spot Infrared Thermometer or Infrared Pyrometer, which measures the
temperature at a spot on a surface (actually a relatively small area
determined by the D:S ratio).

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4.6

CHARACTERISTICS OF HOLLOW BRICKS


4.6.1 Parameters of Hollow Brick Used In Net Zero Energy Residential

Building
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.

LENGTH : 400 mm
WIDTH : 200 mm
HEIGHT: 200 mm
WEIGHT: 11.1 kg
DENSITY: 694 kg/m

VI.

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH : 4.1

VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.

N
2
mm

WATER ABSORPTION : 15%


U-VALUE : 1.1 W/m
SOUND INSULATION : 46 DB
FIRE RESISTANCE 240 min

Available Sizes
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.

400 X 200 X 200 mm


400 X 150 X 200 mm
400 X 100 X 200 mm
200 X 200 X 200 mm
200X 150 X 200 mm
200 X 100 X 200 mm

Hollow Brick
Bigger Size
I.
II.
III.
IV.

Hollow brick is same in size as that of concrete blocks


1 Hollow brick = 9 Clay Bricks
Less mortar joints, hence less plumb & alignment
Faster construction

Light Weight
I.
II.
III.
IV.

Ease of handling, Transportation


Saves labour
Less dead load, Savings in Structural Cost
(Steel & Concrete) by 10 to 15%

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Thermal Insulation
I.
II.
III.
IV.

Savings on mortar
Low U Values 1.0 W/m
Better Thermal Insulation = less energy loss through walls
Savings on Energy consumption ,Comfortable inside temperature

U-value determines thermal Insulation.Lesser the Value higher the Insulation and
vice versa. U-values are mentioned in Figure 4.7

Fig.4.7 U-VALUES
4.6.2 Advantages Of Hollow Bricks

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i.

Highly Durable: The good concrete compacted by high pressure

ii.

and vibration gives substantial strength to the brick.


Low Maintenance, Colour and brilliance of masonry withstands

iii.
iv.

outdoor elements.
Fire Resistant
Provide thermal and sound insulation: The air in hollow of the
brick, does not allow outside heat or cold in the house. So it keeps

v.

house cool in summer and warm in winter.


Environment Friendly, fly ash used as one of the raw materials.

Constructional Advantages
i.

No additional formwork or any special construction machinery is

ii.
iii.

required for reinforcing the hollow brick masonry.


Only skilled labour is required for this type of construction.
It is a faster and easier construction system, when compared to the

iv.
v.
vi.

other conventional construction systems.


Savings on RCC-Frame structure (steel/concrete).
Faster construction and ease for handling at site.
Hollow brick consist of four elements earth, water, fire, air which

vii.
viii.
ix.
x.

makes easy work of construction.


Less wastage through half bricks.
Excellent thermal insulation.
Reduction in energy consumption.
World class and best walling materials.

4.7

ESTIMATION

4.7.1

Abstract estimate of conventional building


The quantities of the various materials in conventional building are calculated as

shown in the Table 4.6


The abstract estimate of conventional building is given in Table 4.6
Table 4.6 Abstract estimate of conventional building

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S.No

Description

Nos

77

Lengt
h
(m)

Breadt
h
(m)

Dept
h
(m)

Quantit
y
(m3)

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Excavation
Exterior wall
Interior wall

1
1

39.48
22.51

0.76
0.76

0.53
0.53

15.9
9.06
24.96

P.C.C
Exterior wall
Interior wall

1
1

39.48
22.51

0.76
0.76

0.3
0.3

9
5.13
14.13

1
1

39.48
22.51

0.46
0.46

0.115
0.115

2.08
1.19

1
1

39.48
22.51

0.31
0.31

0.115
0.115

1.4
0.8

1
1

39.48
22.51

0.23
0.23

7.5
7.5

68.1
38.82
112.39

Deductions
Window W
Window W1
Window W2
Door D
Door D1
Door D2
Spacing S1
Spacing S2

12
15
12
12
13
1
1
1

1.22
1.22
0.9
0.84
0.75
0.9
1.2
0.9

0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23

0.9
1.22
1.21
2.1
2
2.1
2.08
2.1

0.51
1.71
0.5
0.81
1.035
1.035
0.57
0.43
6.6

Earth Filling
Hall
Water closet
Bed Room1
Bed Room2
Dinning
Kitchen

1
1
1
1
1
1

3.03
3.62
3.62
3.5
3.5
3.5

4.87
2.15
3.72
3
2.37
2.6

0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5

7.378
3.89
6.73
5.25
4.147
4.55
31.649

Flooring Concrete
Hall
Water closet

1
1

3.03
3.62

4.87
2.15

0.1
0.1

1.48
0.778

Brick work
1st Footing
Exterior wall
Interior wall
2nd Footing
Exterior wall
Interior wall
Wall
Exterior wall
Interior wall

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Bed Room1
Bed Room2
Dinning
Kitchen
6

8
9

1
1
1
1

3.62
3.5
3.5
3.5

3.72
3
2.37
2.6

0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1

1.346
1.05
0.829
0.91
5.473

12
13
1
1
12
12
15
15
12
12

1.4
1.05
1.2
1.2
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.2
1.2

0.23
0.23
0.23
0.45
0.23
0.45
0.23
0.45
0.23
0.45

0.15
0.15
0.15
0.075
0.15
0.075
0.15
0.075
0.15
0.075

0.078
0.108
0.04
0.04
0.104
0.103
0.2622
0.26
0.083
0.081
1.1592

Roof Slab
Hall, Water Closet, Bed
Room1
Bed Room2,Dinning,Kitchen

1
1

6.65
3.5

4.87
7.97

0.1
0.1

3.24
2.79
6.8496

Plastering
Exterior wall
Interior wall

1
1

39.48
22.51

7.5
7.5

296.1
168.8
464.92

Deductions
Window W1
Window W2
Window W3
Door D
Door D1
Door D2
Spacing S
Spacing S1

12
15
12
12
13
1
1
1

1.22
1.22
0.9
0.84
0.75
0.9
1.2
0.9

0.9
1.22
1.21
2.1
2
2.1
2.08
2.1

2.196
7.442
2.178
3.528
4.5
1.89
2.496
1.89
26.12
438.8
438.8

R.C.C
Lintel & Sun shades
Door D
Door D1
Door D2
Sun Shade
Window W
Sun Shade
Window W1
Sun Shade
Window W2
Sun Shade

White Washing
Colour Washing

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The abstract estimate of NZERB is given in Table 4.7


Table 4.7 Abstract Estimate of NZERB

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S.No
1

NoS

Lengt
h
(m)

Breadt
h
(m)

Dept
h
(m)

Quantit
y
(m3)

Excavation
Exterior wall
Interior wall

1
1

39.24
22.51

0.7
0.7

0.5
0.5

13.734
7.87
21.604

P.C.C
Exterior wall
Interior wall

1
1

39.24
22.51

0.7
0.7

0.3
0.3

8.24
4.72
12.96

1
1

39.24
22.51

0.4
0.4

0.2
0.2

3.13
1.8

1
1

39.24
22.51

0.25
0.25

0.2
0.2

1.96
1.12

Description

Brick work
1st Footing
Exterior wall
Interior wall
2nd Footing
Exterior wall
Interior wall
Wall
Exterior wall
Interior wall
Deductions
Window W
Window W1
Window W2
Door D
Door D1
Door D2
Spacing S1
Spacing S2

1
1

39.24
22.51

0.2
0.2

7.5
7.5

58.86
33.76

12
15
12
12
13
1
1
1

1.22
1.22
0.9
0.84
0.75
0.9
1.2
0.9

0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2

0.9
1.22
1.21
2.1
2
2.1
2.08
2.1

0.4392
1.4884
0.432
0.705
0.9
0.378
0.504
0.378
95.02

Earth Filling
Hall
Water closet
Bed Room1
Bed Room2
Dinning
Kitchen

1
1
1
1
1
1

3.03
3.62
3.62
3.5
3.5
3.5

4.87
2.15
3.72
3
2.37
2.6

0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5

7.378
3.89
6.73
5.25
4.147
4.55
31.649

Flooring Concrete

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Hall
Water closet
Bed Room1
Bed Room2
Dinning
Kitchen
6

1
1
1
1
1
1

3.03
3.62
3.62
3.5
3.5
3.5

4.87
2.15
3.72
3
2.37
2.6

0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1

1.48
0.778
1.346
1.05
0.829
0.91
5.473

12
13
1
1
12
12
15
15
12
12

1.4
1.05
1.2
1.2
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.2
1.2

0.23
0.23
0.23
0.45
0.23
0.45
0.23
0.45
0.23
0.45

0.15
0.15
0.15
0.075
0.15
0.075
0.15
0.075
0.15
0.075

0.0684
0.0945
0.036
0.0405
0.07512
0.1026
0.228
0.0256
0.072
0.081
0.8237

Roof Slab
Hall, Water Closet, Bed
Room1
Bed Room2,Dinning,Kitchen

1
1

6.65
3.5

4.87
7.97

0.1
0.1

3.24
2.79
6.8496

Plastering
Exterior wall
Interior wall

1
1

39.24
22.51

7.5
7.5

294.3
168.82
463.12

Deductions
Window W1
Window W2
Window W3
Door D
Door D1
Door D2
Spacing S
Spacing S1

12
15
12
12
13
1
1
1

1.22
1.22
0.9
0.84
0.75
0.9
1.2
0.9

0.9
1.22
1.21
2.1
2
2.1
2.08
2.1

2.196
7.442
2.178
3.528
4.5
1.89
2.496
1.89
26.12
437

R.C.C
Lintel & Sun shades
Door D
Door D1
Door D2
Sun Shade
Window W
Sun Shade
Window W1
Sun Shade
Window W2
Sun Shade

White Washing

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Colour Washing

83

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4.7.3

Rate Analysis
The rate analysis for various description of work are calculated based on the
PWD.
The rate analysis proposed for conventional building is given in the Table 4.8
Table 4.8 Rates Proposed Conventional Building

S.N
O

QTY in
m

DESCRIPTION OF WORK

QTY in
cft

RATE

PE
R

AMOUNT

Earth Work Excavation

24.96

882.33

9.50

Cft

8382.00

Sand Filling with good river sand

31.65

1118.82

35.00

Cft

39158.00

PCC 1:5:10,

14.13

499.51

90.00

Cft

44955.00

Brick Work in C.M. 1:5, using country


brick For Basement level

112.39

3973.00

90.00

Cft

357570.00

Flooring Work
PCC 1:4:8

5.50

194.23

90.00

Cft

17480.00

R.C.C (LINTEL,SUNSHADES & ROOF


SLAB)

7.19

253.91

350.00

Cft

88868.50

Plastering in C.M 1:4, Inside and outside


wall surface

439.00

15518.6
0

30.00

Sft

465559.00

439.00

15518.6
0

3.00

Sft

46555.80

Colour washing

439.00

15518.6
0

5.00

Sft

77593.00

Steel

501kg

60.00

kg

30060.00

8
9
10

White washing

TOTAL

84

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The rate analysis proposed for NZERB building is given in the Table 4.9
Table 4.9 Proposed NZERB Building
S.N
O

DESCRIPTION OF WORK

QTY in
m

QTY in cft

RATE

PE
R

AMOUNT

Earth Work Excavation

21.60

763.56

9.50

Cft

7253.82

Sand Filling with good river


sand

31.65

1118.80

35.00

Cft

39158.00

PCC 1:5:10,

12.96

458.10

90.00

Cft

41229.00

Brick Work in C.M. 1:5, using


country brick For Basement
level

95.50

3376.00

125.00

Cft

422000.00

Flooring Work
PCC 1:4:8

5.50

194.23

90.00

Cft

17480.50

R.C.C (LINTEL,SUNSHADES
& ROOF SLAB)

6.84

241.55

350.00

Cft

84542.50

Plastering in C.M 1:4, Inside


and outside wall surface

463.12

16371.29

30.00

Sft

491139.00

White washing

437.00

15448.00

3.00

Sft

46344.00

Colour washing

437.00

15448.00

5.00

Sft

77240.00

Steel

501.00

60.00

kg

30060.00

8
9
10
11

Solar Panel System

142600.00
TOTA
L

86

1399046.82

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CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION
5.1

CONCLUSION
In this project we has completed the design of the Conventional building by

using modular bricks and Net Zero Energy Residential Building by using Hollow
Brick .The plan of the building was prepared by Auto-Cad software. IS 456:2000 code
book was used to design Slab and Footing. Design of wall was done by using IS
1905:1987.
The Comparison of the Conventional Building and NZERB was completed by
using the parameters such as the temperature by using instrument infrared thermometer
which was found to be 4oC less in NZERB compared to conventional building under
same condition.
Hence by using the renewable resources the impact on the active energy loads
can be reduced, Thus we can conserve electricity locally and globally.
5.2

FUTURE SCOPE OF THE PROJECT


The building designed as a NET ZERO ENERGY BUILDING produces its own

electricity, thus it can save a huge amount in electricity bill. These kind of buildings are
environmental friendly reducing the environmental hazards (eg. It would release zero
carbon content that would help in controlling global warming).The design for the

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building should be such that the requirement of temperature regulation does not fluctuate
throughout the year.

REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
4.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-energy_building
http://energy.gov/energysaver/articles/annajohanna
http://zeb.buildinggreen.com/saitoh
National Building Code of India (NBC) and Chennai Metropolitan

Development Authority (CMDA).


5. S.P. Arora and S.P Bindra .(2010), Building Construction , Fifth edition,
Dhanpat Rai publishing company limited, New Delhi.
6. IS: 456 : 2000, Indian Standard Code of practice for plain and reinforced
concrete (Fourth Revision ), Bureau if Indian Standards, New Delhi
7. IS: 1905 (1987), Code of Practice for Structural use of unreinforced
masonry.
8. IS 875 : Part 2 : 1987 Code of practice for design loads (other than
earthquake) for buildings and structures: Part 2 Imposed loads
9. IS 875 : Part 1 : 1987 Code of practice for design loads (other than
earthquake)for buildings and structures Part 1 Dead loads - Unit weights
of building material and stored materials (Incorporating IS:1911-1967)
10. SP 20 (S & T):1991 Handbook on masonry design and construction.
11. IS 2572:1963(R 1997) Code of practice for design of Hollow bricks
12.
http://www.solarpanel.co.za/solar-power-calculator.htm

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89

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