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PROJECT REPORT
on
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
CIVIL ENGINEERING
by
KARTHIK V
SASIDHAR K.V
NEERAJ PORWAL
ABHINAV N
(1010910090)
(1010910092)
(1010910118)
(1010910119)
Mrs. VASANTHI.P
Assistant Professor (O.G)
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SRM UNIVERSITY
(Under section 3 of UGC Act, 1956)
PROJECT REPORT
on
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
CIVIL ENGINEERING
by
KARTHIK V
SASIDHAR K.V
NEERAJ PORWAL
ABHINAV N
(1010910090)
(1010910092)
(1010910118)
(1010910119)
Mrs. VASANTHI.P
Assistant Professor (O.G)
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BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this project report titled PLANNING AND DESIGN OF
NET ZERO ENERGY RESIDENTAL BUILDING is the bonafide
work
of
KARTHIK.V(1010910090),
REDDY.K.V(1010910092),
NEERAJ
PORWAL
SASIDHAR
(1010910118),
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Mrs. VASANTHI .P
Assitant Professor (O.G)
Department of Civil Engineering
Engineering
SRM University
Kattankulathur- 603203
Dr. R. ANNADURAI
Professor & Head
Department
of
Civil
SRM University
Kattankulathur- 603203
INTERNAL EXAMINER
EXAMINER
EXTERNAL
DATE:
ABSTRACT
The proposed Net zero residential building is located at
Urapakkam. The NZERB has G+1 floor. The total land surface covered by
the Net zero energy residential building is 99 square meters. A complete
design shall be done for the proposed NZERB using Indian standard
codes. There are three main phases in a construction project which are
planning, designing and estimation. The first stage in a project is planning,
in which preparation of layout of plot has to be done. To conclude the
project a detailed estimate of the residential building has also been
prepared.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to alma mater for congenial
cooperation and granting me permission to accomplish a work on PLANNING AND
DESIGN OF NET ZERO ENERGY RESIDENTIAL BUILDING
The author is grateful
and
records
Dr. T. P.
GANESAN
Pro Vice Chancellor (P&D) and Dr. C. MUTHAMIZHCHELVAN, Director, (E&T),
SRM UNIVERSITY for providing all the necessary facilities for carrying out this work.
The author expresses his sincere thanks and Gratitude to HOD Dr. R.
ANNADURAI, Department of Civil Engineering, for his valuable suggestions and
advice in carrying out this thesis work.
The author expresses his sincere thanks to Department Coordinator/Civil
Dr.K.GUNASEKARAN, Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, for initiative and
motivation during the course of this work.
The author hereby acknowledges with deep sense of gratitude the valuable
guidance given by the Guide Mrs.VASANTHI P, Assistant Professor, Department of
Civil Engineering, for initiative and motivation during the course of this work.
The author is extremely grateful to the valuble advices given by the class
incharge Mr.K.PRASANNA, Assistant professor,Department of Civil Engineering, for
constant support.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
TITLE
PAGE
ABSTRACT
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
LIST OF TABLES
ix
LIST OF FIGURES
ABBREVATIONS
xi
OVERVIEW
1.1
OBJECTIVE
1.2
NECESSITY
1.3
SCOPE
1.4
METHODOLOGY
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.10
SOFTWARE USED
1.11
CONCLUSION
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1.12
2
FUTURE SCOPE
INTRODUCTION
2.1
GENERAL
2.2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.3
2.4
2.3.1
10
Security Deposits
10
11
3.1
OBJECTIVE
11
3.2
SCOPE
12
3.3
12
13
4.1
PLANNING
13
4.1.1
Selection of Site
13
4.1.2
Plot Layout
14
4.1.3
15
4.2
DESIGNS
16
4.2.1
16
Design of Hall
4.2.2
Design of Bedroom
20
4.2.3
Design of Bedroom
23
4.2.4
Design of Bathroom
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4.3
4.2.5
Design of Portico
30
4.2.6
Design of Kitchen
33
4.2.7
37
4.2.8
Design of Wall
40
4.2.9
Design of Footing
44
4.2.10
44
49
4.2.12
51
54
54
55
4.3.3
55
4.3.3.1
Solar Panels
55
4.3.3.2
Solar Regulator
55
4.3.3.3
Power Inverter
56
4.3.3.4
Solar Batteries
56
57
4.4
59
4.5
INFRARED THERMOMETER
60
4.6
HOLLOW BRICK
62
4.6.1
62
4.6.2
64
4.3.4
4.7
ESTIMATION
65
4.7.1
65
67
4.7.3
5
Rate Analysis
70
CONCLUSION
72
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5.1
CONCLUSION
72
5.2
FUTURE SCOPE
72
REFERENCES
73
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE
PAGE
TITLE
1.1
Codes Used
3
1.2
4
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2.1
Front Setback
8
2.2
Rear Setback
9
2.3
Side Setback
9
4.1
48
4.2
48
4.3
49
4.4
49
4.5
Calculations of loads
57
4.6
65
4.7
67
4.8
70
4.9
71
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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE
TITLE
PAGE
4.1
Plot Layout
13
4.2
14
4.3
15
4.4
Footing Design
51
4.5
54
4.6
Infrared Thermometer
60
4.7
U- Values
63
ABBREVIATIONS
deff
Effective depth
c.c
Clear cover
Total depth
Width
Mu,lim
fck
Mu
Ultimate moment
Pt
Pc
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Ast
Asc
Sv
Spacing of stirrups
fy
Asv
kt
kc
kf
Pu
Ultimate load
Ag
Ly
Length in y direction
Lx
Length in x direction
Wu
Ultimate load
Mx
My
dreq
Required depth
dprov
Provided depth
Mu,max
Ast( reqd)
Ast (min)
ast
Area of 1 bar
D.L
Dead Load
L.L
Live Load
NC , NY, Nq
CMDA
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PWD
NBC
KKNP
W.h
Watt hour
A.h
Ampere hour
CHAPTER 1
OVERVIEW
1.1
OBJECTIVE
i.
ii.
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iii.
1.2
NECESSITY
The basic necessities of such a building are:
i.
ii.
very high.
Now if we are going for NZERB building we can save energy locally
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
1.3
SCOPE
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
building
Comparison of energy consumption between NZERB and conventional
building.
1.4
METHODOLOGY
This entire project is a planning and design in nature and the methodology
followed in this project is listed as below.
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1.5
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
1.6
i.
Design of slabs
ii.
Design of footings
iii.
iv.
1.7
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1.8
Codes /Standards
Context
IS 456 :2000
IS 2572-1963(R 1997)
IS 1905 :1987
SP 20 :1991
Context
Computer aided building drawing
layout and planning
Byelaws, Setbacks, Open space, Floor
area ratio
R.C.C Design
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1.9
R.C.C Design
ii.
function and operation of the softwares used in this project for the design,
analyse and estimation of the parts of the structure.
1.10
SOFTWARE USED
i.
ii.
iii.
1.11
Auto CAD
MS EXCEL
MS WORD
CONCLUSION
The two types of buildings are analyzed with respect to cost, time,
availability of skilled labour and ease in construction.
ELECTRICIT
COST
NORMAL
CONVENTIONA
L BUILDING
Low
It requires an
active source
17
AVAILABILITY
OF
RESOURSES
Easily Available
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NZERB
1.12
High
Produced on its
own
Difficult
CHAPTER 2
INTRODUCTION
2.1 GENERAL
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2.2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Anna Joanna,
Aalborg University, Department of Civil Engineering,
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According to ANNA, With energy conservation arrangements, such as highinsulated constructions, solar heating system. Extra Energy supply for the electric
installations in the house is taken from the municipal mains (Ref 2).
Saitoh, (1988) (JAPAN)
According to SAITOH, a multi-purpose natural energy autonomous
house will meet almost all the energy demands for solar panel and cooling as well as
supply of hot water. For this purpose, solar energy, the natural underground coldness and
sky radiation cooling are utilized.
i.
ii.
iii.
2.3
2.3.1
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(b) Petty shops dealing with daily essentials including retail sale of provisions, soft
drinks, cigarettes, newspapers, tea stalls, mutton stall and milk kiosks, cycle repair shops
and tailoring shops.
(c) Nursery, primary and high school.
(d) Parks and playgrounds occupying an area not exceeding 2 hectares.
(e) Taxi stands and car parking.
Front setback according to the CMDA code is shown in Table 2.1.
Table 2.1 Front Set Back
Abutting Road Width
Front Set Back
Above 30m
6.0m
4.5m
3.0m
Below 10m
1.5m
1.5m
3.0m
Above 30m
4.5m
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More than 9m
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that they may escape, or to facilitate the orderly conduct of fire exit drills. Fire protecting
and extinguishing system shall conform to accepted standards and shall be installed in
accordance with good practice a recommended in the National Building Code of India,
and for the satisfaction of the Director of Fire Services by obtaining a no objection
certificate from him (Ref.4).
2.4.2
Security Deposits
The applicant shall deposit a sum at the rate of Rs.100 per square meters
of floor area as a refundable non-interest earning security and earnest deposit. The deposit
shall be refunded on completion of development as per the approved plan as certified by
CMDA, if not, it would be forfeited.
CHAPTER 3
OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE
3.1
OBJECTIVE
i.
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eliminate the necessity of active energy loads solar techniques are used which include
the use of photovoltaic panels and solar thermal collectors to harness the energy.
iii.
Brick Material
NZERB
CONVENTIONAL
Hollow brick
Normal brick
More than NZERB
Temperature
Electricity
Initial Cost
High
Solar Panels
It requires an active
source
Less compared to
NZERB
Not provided
6
3.2
Energy Efficient
SCOPE
i
ii
iii
iv
v
3.3
METHODOLOGY
24
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This entire project is planning and design in nature and the methodology
followed in this project is listed as below.
i
ii
iii
iv
CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1
PLANNING
The key plan of the residential building is drawn by considering the alignment of
25
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26
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The first floor of the building consist of one hall, two bedrooms, one dinning, one
kitchen. The allocations of the rooms in the plan has been done with due consideration of
sun diagram as per the requirement of zero energy building. The plan has been prepared
using Auto CAD software.
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4.2
28
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The analysis and designs of the slab for Hall, Bedroom, Bathroom,
Dinning, Kitchen, Stair case, Portico are done with proper considerations as per
IS 456:2000.
4.2.1
Design of Hall
Using M 20 Concrete
Fe 415 steel
Live Load = 2
kN
m2
(Ref 7)
1. Effective Span
Lx = 3.26 m
Ly = 5.1 m
L y 5.1
=
Aspect ratio =
= 1.56<2
L x 3.26
Hence Two Way Slab
2. Load Calculation
Assuming Slab Thickness
L x 3260
d=
=
=101.875 mm=100 mm
32
32
Assume 10 bar, Clear Cover 20mm
10
+ 20=125 mm=130 mm
2
Actual Depth (d) = 130-5-20 = 105 mm
D
130
Self Weight of a Slab=
25=
25
1000
1000
kN
3.25
2
m
Assume Floor Finish = 40 mm
D=100+
kN
m2
(Ref 8)
= 6.21
kN
2
m
kN
m2
kN
2
m
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kN
m
(4.1)
(4.2)
(or)
= 0.138fckb d2
Mu,lim is calculated by equation 4.2
Where,
Mu,lim = Ultimate limiting moment of resistance
fck = Characteristic compressive strength of concrete
b = Width
d = Effective depth
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f ck
[1 - 1-4.598
2f y
R
]
f ck
20
0.61
) 415 [1 - 1-4.598
2
20
= 184.27 mm2
Minimum Steel = 0.12% D B
0.12
Ast,min = (
) 130 1000 = 156 mm2
100
Ast(+) Short <Ast,min
5. Check for maximum Spacing
i.
ii.
3d = 3 105 = 315 mm
300
d = D Clear Cover
= 130 20
10
2
d
2
= 0.6105
- 10 = 95 mm
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R
f ck
[1 - 1- 4.598
]
f ck
2f y
Same as equation 4.3
Mu 2
R=
d
b
3.662 10 6
=
952
1000
= 0.4057
20
0.4057
Ast(+)Long = 1000 95 (
) 415 [1 4.598
]
2
20
= 109.37 mm2
Ast(+)Long<Ast,min
7. Spacing for all Steel
i.
3d = 3 95 = 285 mm
ii.
300
Spacing = 285 mm
8. Check for Deflection
Short Span Lx = 3260 mm
Ast(+) Short = 116.37 mm2
Basic Value = 20
184.27
N
Fs = 0.58 415
=240.2
184.27
mm2
+
184.27 100
Short
)
Pt
= (
1000 105
A st
= 0.175%
Modification Factor = 1.62
Modified Basic Value = 20 1.62 = 32.8
Span
3260
=
= 31.047
d
105
31.047 < 32.8
Hence its ok
Ast(+)Long b d
4.2.2
kN
m2
1. Effective Span
Lx = 3 m
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Ly = 3.5 m
Ly
0.23
+ 0.23=1.154< 2 Hence Two Way Slab
= 3.5+
Lx
3
2. Load Calculation
Lx 3230
d= =
=100 mm
Assuming Slab Thickness
32
32
Assume 10 bar, Clear Cover = 20mm
10
D=100+ + 20=125 mm
2
Actual Depth (d) = 125-5-20 = 100 mm
D
125
kN
25=
25=3.125
Self Weight of a Slab
=
1000
1000
m
Assume 40 mm Floor Finish
Aspect ratio =
= 6.08
= 0.04 X 24 = 0.96
kN
m2
=2
kN
m2
Total Load
kN
2
m
kN
m2
= 9.127
kN
m2
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Mu = Wu Co-efficient Lx2
Same as equation 4.1
Mu(+) Short = 0.043 9.13 3.232 = 4.09 kN.m
Mu(+) Long= 0.035 9.13 3.232 = 3.33 kN.m
Take the Highest Moment and check for adequacy of the section.
Mu,lim=
Mu,lim
kN
m2
(Mu Limit) > (Mu Short)
Hence its ok
4. Calculation of Steel
Mu,lim
= 27.6
Ast(+) Short = b d
f ck
[1 - 1-4.598
2f y
R
]
f ck
Mu
1
= 4.1 10 6
1000 = 0.41
2
100
2
bd
20
0.41
415 [1 - 1-4.598
]
2
20
= 116.37 mm2
Minimum Steel = 0.12% D B
Ast,min =
0.12
125 1000 = 150 mm2
100
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i.
3d = 3 X 100 = 300 mm
ii.
300
Max Spacing = 300 mm
d for long span bars
d
d= D Clear Cover
-
2
d= 125 20 10/2 - 10
d= 90 mm
6. Calculation of Ast for Long Span
R
f ck
Ast(+)Long b d
[1 - 1- 4.598
]
f ck
2f y
Same as equation 4.3
R=
Mu
bd 2
= 3.33
10 6
1000 100 2
= 0.33
Ast(+)Long = 1000 100
20
0.33
415 1 4.598
2
20
= 93.2 mm2
Ast(+)Long<Ast,min
7. Spacing for Steel
Ast
102 = 78.5 mm2
4
78.5
Ast(+)Short =
1000 = 674.5 mm
116.37
78.5
Ast(+)Long =
1000 = 842.27 mm
93.2
8. Check for Deflection
Short Span Lx = 3230 mm
Ast(+) Short = 116.37 mm2
Basic Value = 20
121.32
N
Fs = 0.58 415
=240. 7
121.32
mm2
+
Short
Pt
A st
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32.3 < 34
Hence its ok
4.2.3
kN
2
m
1. Effective Span
Lx = 3.85 m
Ly = 3.95 m
Ly
3.95
Aspect ratio =
=
= 1.027<2
Lx
3.85
Hence Two Way Slab
2. Load Calculation
Assuming Slab Thickness
L x 3850
=
d
= 120.31mm = 120 mm
32
32
Assume 10 bar, Clear Cover 20 mm
10
D = 120+
+20 = 145mm = 150 mm
2
Actual Depth (d) = 150-5-20 = 125 mm
D
150
Self Weight of a Slab =
25 =
25
1000
1000
kN
= 3.75
m2
Assume 40 mm Floor Finish
Weight of Floor Finish = 0.04 24 = 0.96
Imposed Load = 2
kN
m2
Total Load
= 6.75
kN
2
m
36
kN
m2
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kN
m2
kN
m
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0.12
) 150 1000
100
= 180 mm2
Ast(+) Short <Ast,min
5. Check for maximum Spacing
i.
3d = 3 125 = 375 mm
ii.
300
Max Spacing = 300 mm
d for long span bars
d
d= D Clear Cover
-
2
10
d= 150 20
- 10
2
d= 115 mm
6. Calculation of Ast for Long Span
R
f ck
Ast(+)Long b d
[1 - 1- 4.598
]
f ck
2f y
Same as equation 4.3
Mu
7.603 10 6
115 2
R=
=
2
1000
bd
= 0.553
20
0.553
Ast(+)Long = 1000 115 (
) 415 [1 4.598
]
2
20
= 181.11 mm2
Ast(+)Long<Ast,min
7. Spacing for all Steel
i.
3d = 3 115 = 345 mm
ii.
300
Spacing
= 300 mm
8. Check for Deflection
Short Span Lx = 3850 mm
Ast(+)Short
= 181.11 mm2
Basic Value = 20
181.11
N
Fs = 0.58 415
=240.2
181.11
mm2
+
181.11 100
Short
Pt
=
( 1000 125 )
A st
= 0.157%
Modification Factor = 1.8
Modified Basic Value = 20 1.8 = 36
Ast,min = (
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Span
d
4.2.4
3850
= 30.8
125
30.8 < 35.6
Hence its ok
=
Design of Bathroom
kN
m2
1. Effective Span
Lx = 2.38 m
Ly = 4.28 m
Ly
4.28
Aspect ratio =
=
= 1.798<2
Lx
2.38
Hence Two Way Slab
2. Load Calculation
Assuming Slab Thickness
L x 2380
=
d=
= 74.375 mm = 80 mm
32
32
Assume 10 bar, Clear Cover 20 mm
10
D=80+ +20=105mm=110 mm
2
Actual Depth
d = 110-5-20 = 85 mm
D
110
25=
25
Self Weight of a Slab
=
1000
1000
kN
= 2.75
2
m
Assume 40 mm Floor Finish
Weight of Floor Finish = 0.04 24 = 0.96
Imposed Load = 2
kN
m2
kN
2
m
39
kN
m2
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kN
m2
kN
m
Refer Table 26
Short Span x = 0.085
Long Span y = 0.047
[ Note that Lx only to be taken, where it is long span or short span only
coefficient varies ].
Mu = Wu Co-efficient Lx2
Same as equation 4.1
Mu(+) Short = 0.085 8.625 2.382 = 4.127 kN.m
Mu(+) Long = 0.047 8.625 2.382 = 2.29 kN.m
Take the Highest Moment and check for adequacy of the section.
0.36 X u max 10.42 X u max
f ck b d 2
Mu,lim=
d
d
(or)
= 0.138fckb d2
Same as equation 4.2
= 0.138 20 1000 852
=19.94 kN.m
(Mu Limit) > (Mu Short)
Hence its ok
4. Calculation of Steel
R
f ck
Ast(+) Short = b d
[1 - 1-4.598
]
f ck
2f y
Same as equation 4.3
Mu
106
R =
= 4.1527
= 0.574
2
(85 2 1000)
bd
20
0.57
Ast(+) Short = 1000 85 (
) 415 [1 - 1-4.598
]
2
20
40
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= 139.92 mm2
Minimum Steel = 0.12% D B
0.12
Ast,min= (
) 110 1000 = 132 mm2
100
Ast(+) Short <Ast,min
5. Check for maximum Spacing
i.
ii.
3d = 3 855 = 255 mm
300
3d = 3 75 = 225 mm
300
MaxSpacing
= 225 mm
8. Check for Deflection
Short Span Lx = 2380 mm
Ast(+) Short = 139.92 mm2
Basic Value = 20
139.92
Fs = 0.58 415
= 240.2
139.92
+
(139.92 100)
Short
Pt
=
(1000 85)
A st
41
N
mm2
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= 0.1646%
Modification Factor = 1.9
Modified Basic Value = 20 1.9 = 38
Span
2380
=
= 28
d
85
28 < 38
Hence its ok
4.2.5
Design of Portico
kN
m2
1. Effective Span
Lx = 3.78 m
Ly = 6.93 m
L y 6.93
=
Aspect ratio =
= 1.83<2
L x 3.78
Hence Two Way Slab
2. Load Calculation
Assuming Slab Thickness
L x 3780
=
d
= 118.124 mm = 120 mm
32
32
Assume 10 bar, Clear Cover 20 mm
+10
+20 = 150 mm
D = 120
2
Actual Depth (d) = 150-5-20 = 125 mm
D
150
25=
Self Weight of a Slab =
25
1000
1000
kN
= 3.75
m2
Assume 40 mm Floor Finish
Weight of Floor Finish = 0.04 24 = 0.96
Imposed Load = 2
kN
m2
42
kN
m2
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kN
m2
kN
m2
kN
m
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20
2 415
[1 - 1-4.598
0.8
]
20
= 184.27 mm2
Minimum Steel = 0.12% D B
0.12
Ast,min = (
) 130 1000
100
= 156 mm2
Ast(+) Short <Ast,min
5. Check for maximum Spacing
i.
ii.
3d = 3 105 = 315 mm
300
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Short
Pt
A st
184.27 100
(1000 105 )
= 0.175%
Modification Factor = 1.62
Modified Basic Value = 20 1.62
=32
Span
3260
=
= 31.047
d
105
31.047 < 32.8
Hence its ok
4.2.6
Design of Kitchen
kN
m2
1. Effective Span
Lx = 2.23 m
Ly = 3.73 m
Ly
0.23
=3.73+
+ 0.23=1.67<2
Aspect ratio
Lx
2.23
Hence Two Way Slab
2. Load Calculation
Assuming Slab Thickness
L x 2230
=
d=
= 65 mm
32
32
Assume 10 bar, Clear Cover 20 mm
10
D = 65+
+20 = 90 mm
2
Actual Depth (d) = 90-5-20 = 65 mm
D
90
25=
25
Self Weight of a Slab =
1000
1000
kN
= 2.25
m2
Assume Floor Finish = 40 mm
Weight of Floor Finish = 0.04 24 = 0.96
45
kN
m2
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kN
m2
Imposed Load = 2
Total Load
= 5.25
kN
m2
kN
m2
kN
m
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Mu
10 6
= 2.735
= 0.55
2
bd
100 0 602
20
0.55
Ast(+) Short = 1000 65
415 [1 - 1-4.598
]
2
20
= 103.56 mm2
Minimum Steel = 0.12% D B
0.12
Ast,min
90 1000
100
= 108 mm2
Ast(+) Short <Ast,min
4. Check for maximum Spacing
R=
i.
ii.
3d = 3 65 = 195 mm
300
Ast =
102 = 78.5 mm2
4
78.5
Ast(+) Short =
1000 = 758.01 mm
103.56
78.5
Ast(+) Long =
1000 = 1104.8 mm
71.05
7. Check for Deflection
Short Span Lx = 2230 mm
Ast(+) Short = 103.56 mm2
Basic Value = 20
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Fs = 0.58 415
+
Pt Short
A st
= 0.16%
103.56
103.56
= 240.7
N
mm2
103.56
65
1000
Modification Factor
= 1.8
kN
m2
1. Effective Span
Lx = 2.6 m
Ly = 3.73 m
Ly
0.23
=3.73+
+ 0.23=1.43<2
Aspect ratio
Lx
2.6
Hence Two Way Slab
2. Load Calculation
Assuming Slab Thickness
L x 2600
=
=80 mm
d=
32
32
Assume 10 bar, Clear Cover 20 mm
10
D 8 0+ +20=105 mm
2
Actual Depth (d) = 105-5-20 = 80 mm
D
105
25=
25
Self Weight of a Slab=
1000
1000
kN
= 2.625
m2
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= 40 mm
Imposed Load
Total Load
kN
m2
kN
m2
=2
= 5.62
kN
m2
kN
2
m
kN
m
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4. Calculation of Steel
f ck
R
Ast(+) Short = b d
[1 - 1-4.598
]
2f y
f ck
Same as equation 4.3
Mu
106
R=
= 2.79
= 0.435
2
bd
1000 802
20
0.435
Ast(+) Short = 1000 80
415 [1 - 1-4.598
]
2
20
= 99.15 mm2
Minimum Steel = 0.12% D B
0.12
Ast,min=
105 1000
100
= 126 mm2
Ast(+) Short <Ast,min
5. Check for maximum Spacing
i.
3d = 3 80 = 240 mm
ii.
300
Max Spacing = 240 mm
d for long span bars
d= D Clear Cover
d= 105 20
10
2
d
2
- 10
d= 70 mm
6. Calculation of Ast for Long Span
R
f ck
Ast(+)Long b d
[1 - 1- 4.598
]
f
2f y
ck
Same as equation 4.3
Mu
R=
bd 2
10 6
= 1.595
2
1000 70
= 0.325
1
0.325
(+)
20
Ast Long =1000
4.598
]
70 415
20
2
= 64.34 mm2
(+)
Ast Long <Ast,min
7. Spacing for Steel
50
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Short
Pt
A st
99.15
=
1000 70
= 0.14%
Modification Factor = 1.8
Modified Basic Value = 20 1.8 = 36
Span 2600
=
= 32.5
d
80
32.5 < 36
Hence its ok
Ast =
4.2.8
Design of Wall
Design of a wall
1.Calculation of Loads
Maximum short span
= 3.60 m
Width of corridor
= 1.50 m
=3m
Live load
=2
kN
m2
2. Assumptions
Height of the Plinth from ground
= 0.5 m
=1m
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=110 mm
Brick Size
= 230 115 75
kN
m2
H 75
=
=0.652
w 115
Shape Modification Factor = Kp = 1 ( From table 10 of IS: 1905-1987)
52
(4.4)
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= 0.21
N
m
8. Safe Load
Q=
=
( f1c + 6te ) A
0.211000 300
1
= 63
kN
m
9. Wall Area
Outer wall = Total Perimeter x 3(floor height)
= ((11.312) + (8.932))3
= 40.83 m3
Inner wall = (4.873) + (4.873) + (3.523)
= 29.22 + 21 = 50.22 m3
= 91.05 m3
23.81
100
67.25
= 35.4 %
Thickness = 1 Brick thick wall (using nomograms)
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Wu=
Wl x
lx
{3- [( )]
6
ly
(4.5)
Wu is calculated by equation 4.5
Where,
Wu= Factored load
W=Load from the slab
Lx=Short span
Ly=Long span
(3.03+0.23)
Wu = 9.315 }
Wu = 13.11 103
kN
m
Wl x
lx
{3[( )] }
6
ly
= (9.127
(3+0.23)
{3
6
= 11.055 103
3+0.23
2 }
3.5+0.23
kN
m
Wl x
{36
[( )]
lx
ly
(2.37+0.23) 2
(8.43 ( 2.37+ 0.23 ))
{3- [
]}
(3.5+0.23)
6
= 9.81 103
kN
m
kN
m
54
103
kN
m
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4.2.9
Design of Footing
kN
m
Load
SBC
= 150
A =
kN
m
70
150
kN
m2
= 0.47 m2
Area
L
= 0.47
300
2
= 150 mm
55
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4.2.10
= 100 mm
=2
kN
2
m
Step 2: Assumptions
Height of the Plinth from ground
= 0.5 m
=1m
=1m
= 0.120 m
= 0.40 0.20 0. 20 m
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= 0.75 H = 3.15 m
Slenderness ratio
H
t
3.15
0.2
= 15.75
20
20
N
2
mm
=1
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q = 0.39 2 105 = 78
H
t
2.55
0.2
= 12.75
H
W
20
20
58
N
2
mm
kN
m
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N
mm2
Ground floor
First Floor
H
L
S.R
H
L
S.R
A
3.15
3.44
15.75
2.55
3.44
12.75
B
3.15
2.58
12.92
2.55
2.58
12.75
C
3.15
3.33
15.75
2.55
3.33
12.75
D
3.15
2.88
14.4
2.55
2.88
12.75
E
3.15
2.056
10.28
2.55
2.056
10.28
F
3.15
2.52
12.6
2.55
2.52
12.6
G
3.15
3.7
15.75
2.55
3.7
12.75
H
3.15
2.90
14.5
2.55
2.9
12.75
I
3.15
3.44
15.75
2.55
3.44
12.75
J
3.15
3.44
15.75
2.55
3.44
12.75
K
3.15
2.976
14.88
2.55
2.976
12.75
L
3.15
1.935
9.7
2.55
1.935
9.675
M
3.15
5.07
15.75
2.55
5.07
12.75
The values of stress reduction factor for slenderness ratio of the building is given
in Table 4.2
Table 4.2 Stress reduction factor for slenderness ratio
Wall type
Ground floor
First floor
A
0.74
0.81
B
0.81
0.81
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C
0.74
0.81
D
0.75
0.81
E
0.89
0.89
F
0.83
0.83
G
0.74
0.81
H
0.75
0.81
I
0.75
0.81
J
0.74
0.81
K
0.75
0.81
L
0.88
0.88
The calculation of permissible stress of the building is given in the Table 4.3
Table 4.3 Calculation of permissible stress
Wall type
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
The values of safe allowable load for the building is given in Table 4.4
Table 4.4 Safe allowable load
Wall type
A
B
C
D
E
q = fc2105 kN/m(ground
floor)
78
85
78
79.2
93
60
q = fc2105 kN/m(first
floor)
85.4
85.4
85.4
85.4
93.8
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F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
4.2.11
87.6
78
79.2
79.2
78
79.2
92
78
87.6
85.4
85.4
85.4
85.4
85.4
92
85.4
kN
m
Load from wall (critical wall M) +10% for the weight of the Building + weight
of slab (hall, bed room & dining) + floor finish
= 78 + 7.8 + 4.6575 + 4.125 + 4.5635 + 1
=100.236
=100
kN
m
kN
m
Load
SBC
kN
m
=
125
50
= 0.833 m2
kN
m2
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Provide = 300 mm
The Projection of P.C.C beyond the brick work should not be more than of the
thickness of P.C.C
=
300
2
= 150 mm
Length
=4m
Live load
=2
kN
m2
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Rise
= 150 mm
Thread
= 250 mm
4000
20
= 200 mm
D = 200 mm
D
1000
Self weight =
R2 +T 2
2 = 5.83
kN
m2
(4.6)
Self weight is calculated by equation 4.6
Where,
D =Diameter
R =Rise
T =Thread
Step 2: Calculation of load on waist slab
1. Assume 40 mm Floor finish
Floor Finish =
2. Weight of steps=
40
1000
1
2
24 = 1
kN
m2
RT
1
T
kN
m2
3. Live load
=3
4. Self weight
= 5.83
Wu = 11.075
kN
m2
kN
m2
kN
m2
63
25 = 1.875
kN
m2
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Step3: Calculation of Mu
Mu
Mu,lim =
17.55 16
8
= 35 kN.m
= 120 mm
R=
35 10
1000 120 120
Ast =
1000 120 20
2 415
Pt =
Ast
bd
= 970.6 mm2
970.6
20 2
4
Number of Bars =
Ast actual = 4
= 2.43
202
1000 =
= 4 bars
= 1256 mm2
1256
1000 120
1000 = 1.04%
Ast reqiired
Ast provided
= 0.58 415
64
970
1256
= 185.89
N
2
mm
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drequired =
4000
1.2 32
= 104.166 mm
dactual = 120 mm
Step 6: Providing distribution steel
Astmin=
0.12bd
100
0.121000 150
100
1000
480
= 480 mm2
82 = 270 mm
= 4No.s 20 bars
4.3
4.3.1
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4.3.2
66
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ii.
iii.
4.3.3
67
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Power rating of each appliance that will be drawing power from the system.
Calculation of Loads
The calculation of loads for the Solar Panels are given below in Table 4.5
68
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BED ROOM
1
BED ROOM
2
KITCHEN
DINING
ROOM
TOILET 1
TOILET 2
UNIT
S
USAG
E IN
HRS
VOLTA
GE W
CONSUM
PTION
INVER
TORS
20
400
80
2
1
5
5
50
80
500
400
100
80
CFL
15
90
30
FAN
10
50
500
50
CFL
15
90
30
FAN
OVEN
CFL
EXHAUS
T
Mixer
AUTOFRIDGE
CFL
FAN
CFL
HEATER
CFL
1
1
3
10
1
4
50
900
15
500
900
180
50
900
45
50
200
50
450
450
450
18
150
2700
195
3
1
1
1
1
4
3
1
1
2
15
50
15
150
15
180
150
15
150
30
45
50
15
150
15
750
750
750
90
180
90
8365
3175
ITEMS
CFL (Ref
13)
FAN
T.V
WATER
PUMP
WASHING
MACHINE
69
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1673
250
=7 PANELS
= 7 x 250 W panels.
Number of Batteries
250W panels produce 4.8Amps, thus 14x 4.8 A = 67.2A x 6 Hrs
= 403.2.Ah
105Ah batteries, should be discharged to no more than 50%, thus we divide total
amps by
404
50 A
For ease of possible 24V or 48V configuration, this would mean 3 in series of 3
batteries.
Size of Regulators
Lets say we had 20A regulators at our disposal.
One 250W panel produces around 4.8Amps.
The regulators are put in series
14 x 4.8A=67.2
So 14 solar panels would need 4 x 20 A solar regulators
.
Complete the solar power system
Well we have the following:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
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4.4
RATE ANALYSIS
Solar panels =Rs.32/W
Regulator
= Rs 1800
Batteries
= Rs 8000/series
Inverter
= Rs 4800
Total Cost
Solar panels =14x250x32=Rs 112000
Regulator = Rs 1800
Batteries = Rs 8000x3=24000=Rs 24000
Inverter
= Rs 4800
Total=112000+1800+24000+4800= Rs. 142600/The total cost of the solar panel is Rs. One lakh forty two thousand six hundred
for our residential building .In these solar panel cost is based on the solar panels,
regulator, batteries and inverter. The output of solar panel can be expected to vary by
0.25% for every 5 degrees variation in temperature.
In NZERB, decrease in temperature for using of hollow bricks and solar panels
produces the electricity. When compared to conventional building, the intial cost is high
but in future the electricity cost is reduced.
4.5
INFRARED THERMOMETER
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II.
III.
refer Figure.4.6
By knowing the amount of infrared energy emitted by the object and
IV.
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V.
The most basic design consists of a lens to focus the infrared thermal
radiation on to a detector, which converts the radiant power to
an electrical signal that can be displayed in units of temperature after
being compensated for ambient temperature. This configuration facilitates
temperature measurement from a distance without contact with the object
VI.
to be measured.
Infrared thermometers can be used to serve a wide variety of temperature
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.
XII.
manufacturing
Checking for hot spots in fire fighting situations
Monitoring materials in process of heating and cooling, for research and
XIII.
XIV.
XV.
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4.6
Building
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
LENGTH : 400 mm
WIDTH : 200 mm
HEIGHT: 200 mm
WEIGHT: 11.1 kg
DENSITY: 694 kg/m
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
N
2
mm
Available Sizes
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
Hollow Brick
Bigger Size
I.
II.
III.
IV.
Light Weight
I.
II.
III.
IV.
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Thermal Insulation
I.
II.
III.
IV.
Savings on mortar
Low U Values 1.0 W/m
Better Thermal Insulation = less energy loss through walls
Savings on Energy consumption ,Comfortable inside temperature
U-value determines thermal Insulation.Lesser the Value higher the Insulation and
vice versa. U-values are mentioned in Figure 4.7
Fig.4.7 U-VALUES
4.6.2 Advantages Of Hollow Bricks
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i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
outdoor elements.
Fire Resistant
Provide thermal and sound insulation: The air in hollow of the
brick, does not allow outside heat or cold in the house. So it keeps
v.
Constructional Advantages
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
x.
4.7
ESTIMATION
4.7.1
76
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S.No
Description
Nos
77
Lengt
h
(m)
Breadt
h
(m)
Dept
h
(m)
Quantit
y
(m3)
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Excavation
Exterior wall
Interior wall
1
1
39.48
22.51
0.76
0.76
0.53
0.53
15.9
9.06
24.96
P.C.C
Exterior wall
Interior wall
1
1
39.48
22.51
0.76
0.76
0.3
0.3
9
5.13
14.13
1
1
39.48
22.51
0.46
0.46
0.115
0.115
2.08
1.19
1
1
39.48
22.51
0.31
0.31
0.115
0.115
1.4
0.8
1
1
39.48
22.51
0.23
0.23
7.5
7.5
68.1
38.82
112.39
Deductions
Window W
Window W1
Window W2
Door D
Door D1
Door D2
Spacing S1
Spacing S2
12
15
12
12
13
1
1
1
1.22
1.22
0.9
0.84
0.75
0.9
1.2
0.9
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.9
1.22
1.21
2.1
2
2.1
2.08
2.1
0.51
1.71
0.5
0.81
1.035
1.035
0.57
0.43
6.6
Earth Filling
Hall
Water closet
Bed Room1
Bed Room2
Dinning
Kitchen
1
1
1
1
1
1
3.03
3.62
3.62
3.5
3.5
3.5
4.87
2.15
3.72
3
2.37
2.6
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
7.378
3.89
6.73
5.25
4.147
4.55
31.649
Flooring Concrete
Hall
Water closet
1
1
3.03
3.62
4.87
2.15
0.1
0.1
1.48
0.778
Brick work
1st Footing
Exterior wall
Interior wall
2nd Footing
Exterior wall
Interior wall
Wall
Exterior wall
Interior wall
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Bed Room1
Bed Room2
Dinning
Kitchen
6
8
9
1
1
1
1
3.62
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.72
3
2.37
2.6
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
1.346
1.05
0.829
0.91
5.473
12
13
1
1
12
12
15
15
12
12
1.4
1.05
1.2
1.2
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.2
1.2
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.45
0.23
0.45
0.23
0.45
0.23
0.45
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.075
0.15
0.075
0.15
0.075
0.15
0.075
0.078
0.108
0.04
0.04
0.104
0.103
0.2622
0.26
0.083
0.081
1.1592
Roof Slab
Hall, Water Closet, Bed
Room1
Bed Room2,Dinning,Kitchen
1
1
6.65
3.5
4.87
7.97
0.1
0.1
3.24
2.79
6.8496
Plastering
Exterior wall
Interior wall
1
1
39.48
22.51
7.5
7.5
296.1
168.8
464.92
Deductions
Window W1
Window W2
Window W3
Door D
Door D1
Door D2
Spacing S
Spacing S1
12
15
12
12
13
1
1
1
1.22
1.22
0.9
0.84
0.75
0.9
1.2
0.9
0.9
1.22
1.21
2.1
2
2.1
2.08
2.1
2.196
7.442
2.178
3.528
4.5
1.89
2.496
1.89
26.12
438.8
438.8
R.C.C
Lintel & Sun shades
Door D
Door D1
Door D2
Sun Shade
Window W
Sun Shade
Window W1
Sun Shade
Window W2
Sun Shade
White Washing
Colour Washing
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S.No
1
NoS
Lengt
h
(m)
Breadt
h
(m)
Dept
h
(m)
Quantit
y
(m3)
Excavation
Exterior wall
Interior wall
1
1
39.24
22.51
0.7
0.7
0.5
0.5
13.734
7.87
21.604
P.C.C
Exterior wall
Interior wall
1
1
39.24
22.51
0.7
0.7
0.3
0.3
8.24
4.72
12.96
1
1
39.24
22.51
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
3.13
1.8
1
1
39.24
22.51
0.25
0.25
0.2
0.2
1.96
1.12
Description
Brick work
1st Footing
Exterior wall
Interior wall
2nd Footing
Exterior wall
Interior wall
Wall
Exterior wall
Interior wall
Deductions
Window W
Window W1
Window W2
Door D
Door D1
Door D2
Spacing S1
Spacing S2
1
1
39.24
22.51
0.2
0.2
7.5
7.5
58.86
33.76
12
15
12
12
13
1
1
1
1.22
1.22
0.9
0.84
0.75
0.9
1.2
0.9
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.9
1.22
1.21
2.1
2
2.1
2.08
2.1
0.4392
1.4884
0.432
0.705
0.9
0.378
0.504
0.378
95.02
Earth Filling
Hall
Water closet
Bed Room1
Bed Room2
Dinning
Kitchen
1
1
1
1
1
1
3.03
3.62
3.62
3.5
3.5
3.5
4.87
2.15
3.72
3
2.37
2.6
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
7.378
3.89
6.73
5.25
4.147
4.55
31.649
Flooring Concrete
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Hall
Water closet
Bed Room1
Bed Room2
Dinning
Kitchen
6
1
1
1
1
1
1
3.03
3.62
3.62
3.5
3.5
3.5
4.87
2.15
3.72
3
2.37
2.6
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
1.48
0.778
1.346
1.05
0.829
0.91
5.473
12
13
1
1
12
12
15
15
12
12
1.4
1.05
1.2
1.2
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.2
1.2
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.45
0.23
0.45
0.23
0.45
0.23
0.45
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.075
0.15
0.075
0.15
0.075
0.15
0.075
0.0684
0.0945
0.036
0.0405
0.07512
0.1026
0.228
0.0256
0.072
0.081
0.8237
Roof Slab
Hall, Water Closet, Bed
Room1
Bed Room2,Dinning,Kitchen
1
1
6.65
3.5
4.87
7.97
0.1
0.1
3.24
2.79
6.8496
Plastering
Exterior wall
Interior wall
1
1
39.24
22.51
7.5
7.5
294.3
168.82
463.12
Deductions
Window W1
Window W2
Window W3
Door D
Door D1
Door D2
Spacing S
Spacing S1
12
15
12
12
13
1
1
1
1.22
1.22
0.9
0.84
0.75
0.9
1.2
0.9
0.9
1.22
1.21
2.1
2
2.1
2.08
2.1
2.196
7.442
2.178
3.528
4.5
1.89
2.496
1.89
26.12
437
R.C.C
Lintel & Sun shades
Door D
Door D1
Door D2
Sun Shade
Window W
Sun Shade
Window W1
Sun Shade
Window W2
Sun Shade
White Washing
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Colour Washing
83
437
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4.7.3
Rate Analysis
The rate analysis for various description of work are calculated based on the
PWD.
The rate analysis proposed for conventional building is given in the Table 4.8
Table 4.8 Rates Proposed Conventional Building
S.N
O
QTY in
m
DESCRIPTION OF WORK
QTY in
cft
RATE
PE
R
AMOUNT
24.96
882.33
9.50
Cft
8382.00
31.65
1118.82
35.00
Cft
39158.00
PCC 1:5:10,
14.13
499.51
90.00
Cft
44955.00
112.39
3973.00
90.00
Cft
357570.00
Flooring Work
PCC 1:4:8
5.50
194.23
90.00
Cft
17480.00
7.19
253.91
350.00
Cft
88868.50
439.00
15518.6
0
30.00
Sft
465559.00
439.00
15518.6
0
3.00
Sft
46555.80
Colour washing
439.00
15518.6
0
5.00
Sft
77593.00
Steel
501kg
60.00
kg
30060.00
8
9
10
White washing
TOTAL
84
1176181.30
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The rate analysis proposed for NZERB building is given in the Table 4.9
Table 4.9 Proposed NZERB Building
S.N
O
DESCRIPTION OF WORK
QTY in
m
QTY in cft
RATE
PE
R
AMOUNT
21.60
763.56
9.50
Cft
7253.82
31.65
1118.80
35.00
Cft
39158.00
PCC 1:5:10,
12.96
458.10
90.00
Cft
41229.00
95.50
3376.00
125.00
Cft
422000.00
Flooring Work
PCC 1:4:8
5.50
194.23
90.00
Cft
17480.50
R.C.C (LINTEL,SUNSHADES
& ROOF SLAB)
6.84
241.55
350.00
Cft
84542.50
463.12
16371.29
30.00
Sft
491139.00
White washing
437.00
15448.00
3.00
Sft
46344.00
Colour washing
437.00
15448.00
5.00
Sft
77240.00
Steel
501.00
60.00
kg
30060.00
8
9
10
11
142600.00
TOTA
L
86
1399046.82
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CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
5.1
CONCLUSION
In this project we has completed the design of the Conventional building by
using modular bricks and Net Zero Energy Residential Building by using Hollow
Brick .The plan of the building was prepared by Auto-Cad software. IS 456:2000 code
book was used to design Slab and Footing. Design of wall was done by using IS
1905:1987.
The Comparison of the Conventional Building and NZERB was completed by
using the parameters such as the temperature by using instrument infrared thermometer
which was found to be 4oC less in NZERB compared to conventional building under
same condition.
Hence by using the renewable resources the impact on the active energy loads
can be reduced, Thus we can conserve electricity locally and globally.
5.2
electricity, thus it can save a huge amount in electricity bill. These kind of buildings are
environmental friendly reducing the environmental hazards (eg. It would release zero
carbon content that would help in controlling global warming).The design for the
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building should be such that the requirement of temperature regulation does not fluctuate
throughout the year.
REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
4.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-energy_building
http://energy.gov/energysaver/articles/annajohanna
http://zeb.buildinggreen.com/saitoh
National Building Code of India (NBC) and Chennai Metropolitan
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89