- exchange missions like this: contributed to

Sulus growth as hub of intl trade

A History of Philippine-China Relations

Reviewer Part 1

Other Filipino leaders

- from Pangasinan and Luzon also organize
tribute and trade missions
- though their gifts were not also fab as those of
Sulus
Butuan Missions
- tribunary missions viewed as diplomatic
- beginning of official relations between Ph-China

Divide and Rule Tactics

- by the Spanish colonial government in dealing
with ethnic groups and other inhabitants of the
Philippines.
- one ethnic group: Chinese immigrants and
residents

Mai-I, Sulu and Butuan Missions

- separate attempts of differents for trade and
commerce
- alsot o established theselves as new centers of
international trade
- Sulu missions convinced Chinese of viewing
Sulu as an equal of Malacca
Spanish Colonial Period
Chinese impression
- Spanish arrival is an opportunity for new
commercial possibilities
- May 8, 1570: Clash of Spanish reconnaissance
fleet with Chinese Trading fleet, Spaniards won
Limahong
- Chinese privateer who attacked barely
established Manila (as New Kingdom of Castilla)
- could have taken Manila if not for Juan de
Salcedo
- escaped to Pangasinan
Omocon
- an emissary sent by viceroy of Fujian, to
establish peaceful relations with Spanish colonial
government
- Gov. Levezares honoured him ( 2 friars and 2
officers)
- no agreements were made
- he returned to Manila in October 1575 and
demanded Limahongs relinquishments
- but Levezares was no longer the Governor but
Sande. Omocon did not give the gifts he brought
with him.
- huhu ayun tuloy insulted si Sande
Henceanti Chinese policy and planned armed
invasion in China.

There in our history is

- a clear anti-Chinese sentiment
- pervasive in American colonial period,
intensified in Japanese and in the Cold War
Our relations with China
- have been shaped and directed by external
interests
- nurtured by colonial rulers
- but prior to western domination, it was of friendly
trade and cultural exchanges
Pre Colonial Period
Chinese records
- show that it was Filipinos who travelled to China
before Chinese made their voyages to Ph
- Ph-China: regular and active trade mainly
transacted through Champa coast (Vietnam)
Mai traders
- Mindoro, decide to circumvent the country of
Vietnam and sail directly to Canton
- a century after, direct trade route was
established
Sulu
- since Yuan dynasty
- Tao I Chih Lio, vivid depiction of Sulu and
inhabitants
- Ming Emperor launched expeditions, increase
trade and commerce
Paduka Suli
- most impressive mission was led by him
- a seven-ounce pearl, received praise
- stayed in Techow for two years and brought
back Bataras concubine back to Sulu

- Spanish civil administrators are corrupt

- imposition of discriminatory and arbitrary
taxes
- they became beneficiaries of Chinese
money
- They were unable to properly limit the
number of Chinese in Ph because of this
2) Chinese trade was not confined in Manila
- Pre colonial trades were still continued
- Sulu sultans placed Chinese under their
protection
Christianization/ Hispanization
- Spaniards hope that religion and culture would
tae rebellious disposition
- Friars have found conversion difficult
- hence those who embraced Christiany has:
1) exemption to pay 10-year tribute (I volunteer!)
2) been encourage to farm and all that
Independence of Mexico, 1821
- colonial government in Ph lost subsidy from
mexico
- new strategies for sources of revenues:
1) production of cash
2) liberation of commerce
3) ecounragement of Chinese immigration
4) promotion of Manila-China junk trade
By 1857, medyo maayos na yung relations.
Chinese allowed entry of Spanish ships at ports.
Spain granted Chinese merchants in Ph. But
Chinese did not ask for a consular office.
1870s
- Ph-China trade was constant
- but if to compare with Great Britain and US,
there was a decline
- this decline in trade led to shift of Chinese
commercial strategy
- by 1890s, they began to emulate Western
practices
Spanish authorities were able to get away with
their maltreatment, discrimination to Chinese
before because:
1) Chinese imperial government impotent in
safeguarding
2) CIG Hostile to immigrants

1593
- when Chinese rowers mutinied and killed Gov
Gomez Dasmarinas galley
- when other Chinese tried to capture these
pirates, it was misinterpreted as Chinese invasion
Chinese
- are now, suspected of rebellious motive, never
to be trusted and should be watched closely
But Spain, of course, has ambition as well
- to control most of Asia and China. Tada!
- when Diego de Artega planned to survey China
for trade and conquest
- but there is a well trained Battalion
1586
- Santiago de Vera: How about annexation?
King said, nope. Friendship tayo btches.
Spanish governors
- pursued direct trade with China
- also to discourage Chinese threat
- Manila-China trade will give control to Spain
- one problem tho: Portuguse, French and Dutch
had already established factories in Canton and
Macao (haha! loser ng spain dito)
Chinese merchants
- have increased in number
- maintained dominance in Ph economy
Spaniards and Chinese
- coexisted uneasily
- Spain could not manage the colonys economy
without Chinese
- Chinese source of income Spanish colony
- interdependence: led to violence
English
- Chinese sided with the English
- after they left, Chinese who are on Englsih side
were massacred
Decrees were hold in order to lessen Chinese in
Ph
- but Spaniards were able to tolerate Chinese
because:
1) Chinese pay for their presence in Ph

- the group submitted report of excssive taxation,

theft, property damage, extortionate practices of
Spanish officials to Chinese
-Li Hung-chang: Superintendent of Trade for
Northern Ports: ask to investigate and establish
consulate, but was told that Foreign Office will
consult with Spanish Colonial Office
- The treaty did not provide for a Chinese
Consulate in the Ph
Cheng Tsao-ju
- interest in new treaty
- Philippine Colonial office rejected the proposal
- Ph authorites: no need for consular office
1) Chinese enjoy same rights as Spaniards
and Indios
2) the consular office will limit opportunites for
more taxes
3) consulate will take over functions of
governadrcillo and gremio
4) fear that consulate will be opportunity for
Chinese to intervene in colonial governance
Principle of Reciprocity
- when Chinese learned the rejection, they argue
that Article 50 of 1864 Treaty favoured Spaniards
in China. Spain was obliged to givethe same
rights to all Chinese in Spanish territories.
1896 Revolution?
- killings and imprisonement of Chinese
- destruction of business
- sought refuge in Hong Kong
- Chinese authorities think of other means of
persuading Spaniards
- prohibition of sale of Ph lottery tickets in China
- the enormous amount involve would force
SpColGov to reconsider
- also set up a naval fleet that will show its flag in
the Ph to intimidate the ColGov.
Chinas interests
- to establish consular office not for protection
only
- mainly for money reasons
Overseas Chinese Communities
- China: to ensure traditional Chinese values,
Confucius and passing of civil service
examination

3) Chinese migrants were young, poor and

illiterate (Spanish or native language)
4) no formal institution to protect them
As early as 1594,
- Spaniards use Chinese converts to evangelize
in China
- Binondo: land was purchased and given to
Catholic Chinese (for them to be separated to noconverts)
- but Binondo residents have already established
social and economic institutions
- catholics and non-catholics associate with one
another anyway
Gremio de Chinos de Binondo
Gremio de Mestizos de Binondo
- instances in which rivals in commerce
and society were Chinese and Mestizos
In over 200 years, 14 Chinese uprisings
-Spanish did not allow establishment of Chinese
organizations
- instead, cabeza or cabecilla to collect taxes and
impose corvees (??)
- when governadorcillo is not collecting enough
taxes, the position will be auctioned off. Capital
del Chino is wealthy, one to deliver biggest
revenues to Spaniards.
Other Chinese Organizations
- musical and religious
- Simbahan ng mga Intsik
- Long Sia Chinese Musical Association
- but some managed to organize secret societies
- in 1896, Manila Tien Ti Hui or Manila Triad
Society joines Aguinaldos forces in Cavite
Burlingame Treaty (1868)
- China-US, Chinese government recognized
rights of citizens abroad
- obligation to establish consulates
- 1864, Chinese merchants unlimited trade in Ph
- by 1878, China began to establish consulates
and embassies in other countries
Agitation for Consular protection
- only initiated in 1880
- Tan Quien-sien (Carlos Palanca) or Tan Chueyliong, founder and leader of Shan-chiu Kung So

was to normalize commercial

relations with the socialist states

- the influential Chinese elite can hold position in

consular office without these two

More elaborated by Secretary Carlos

P. Romulo

Most significant aspect: negation of

ideology in the conduct of foreign
relations

Later
- founded Chinese organizations, associations,
schools and newspapers
- mostly organized by Chinese business leaders

December 12, 1970:

recommendation of Sec. Romulo to
President Marcos on the
establishment of preliminary
contacts with selected Socialist
countries

Foreign Policy Council: discuss

matter of establishing relations with
the Soviet Union and Socialist
Countries

July 9-11 1971: Dr. Henry Kissinger,

President Richard Nixons assistant
national security adviser, made a
secret trip to Beijing

July 15 1971: President Nixon went

to China

Sixth Ministerial Meeting: ASEAN

pursue a policy of neutrality

Philippines supported the two-China

proposal of the United States

Executive Order No. 384 on March

11 1972: Establishment of diplomatic
relations with Yugoslavia and
Romania
September 21, 1972: President
Marcos imposed Martial Law (Go
bebe sandro!!)

Martial Law: his only alternative to

save the country from communist
subversion.

Laurel-Langley Trade
Agreement: to expire on July 3
1974, socialist countries to provide

Shan-chu Kang-so
- a charitable association
- intended actually for specific needs of Chinese
in Ph: Manila Chinese cemetery and Manila
Chinese General Hospital
- Kung so had transformed Chinese in Ph into a
well-organized community with braches and
subaffiliations
July 1898
- Spain finally agreed to a temporary consulate
when she was about to turn Pho vet to US
- Spain left the final decision re: relations with
China to the US
United States
- agreed to permanent Chinese consulate
- first consul: Tan Kang

Philippine-China Relations
New Policy
-

January 27, 1969

President Marcos

Asia must strive modus vivendi with

Red China

Prepare to co-exist peaceably with

Communist China

1960s, rift between China and the

Soviet Union

Nixon announced the relaxation of

American forces in Asia and
Americas dtente (cooperation daw
besh) with Soviet Union President
Marcos formed a new policy which

new markets and the relations with

them could also put an end to the
special relations with the United
States.

Resolve the issue of the overstaying

Chinese or the local Chinese
problem: refugees or visitors
between 1947-1953 during the
Chinese Civil War
Diplomatic Relations with China

Instruction No. 270: mass

naturalization of aliens which settled
the status of Chinese in the
Philippines as well as citizens of
other countries

LOI No. 270: repatriation for Filipino

women who had lost their citizenship
through marriage to aliens, and of
natural-born Filipinos who had lost
their citizenship

PD No. 275: Filipino women who

had become citizens of the country
of their husbands to regain their
original citizenship and the right to
transmit the citizenship to their
children.

Solicitor General Estelito

Mendoza: Chairman on the Special
Committee on Naturalization, an
open-arms and humane policy of
integration

11,103 granted Philippine Citizenship

(May 31, 1975 as the first deadline)

Article IV of the Joint Commuique

and the LOI No. 270: removed a key
source of tension and conflict
between the two respective
governments

Diplomatic Relations with China

-

October 4, 1974: National Security

Council and the Foreign Policy
Council approved Marcos proposal to
enter into full diplomatic relations
with China and Soviet Union

Joint Communique: June 7-9, 1975,

to normalize relations with China
Article II: mutual respect for
sovereignty and territorial integrity,
mutual non-aggression, noninterference in each others internal
affairs, the settlement of disputes by
peaceful means and condemnation
of all foreign aggression and
subversion. (may ganito pala tayo
mga besh)
Article III: most important,
recognizes PRC as the sole and legal
government, there is only one-China
and Taiwan is part of the Chinese
territory
Article IV: resolves the citizenship
issue
Article V: collective measures for
the development trade and
economic relations

Roman Catholic church, Taiwanleaning citizens, veterans

organizations, and politicians:
normalization of diplomatic relations
with the PRC was illegal and merely
family diplomacy

Filipino-Chinese Agreement:
inspired by the US rapprochement of
the PRC.

After Normalization: Repercussions

-

Federation of Filipino-Chinese
Chamber of Commerce: raised the
question whether they should fly the
PRC flag side by side with the
Philippine Flag

The treaty changed with the

constitution of 1972 which mandated
the nationalization of the schools

Filipinization placed the Chinese

school under the control and
management of Filipino citizens and
followed a Philippine curricular
program.

The consequence of learning

alanguage through teachers who
themselves are inadequately trained,
has led to a situation of the blind
teaching the blind how to see.

Taiwan: the Philippine Flag should be

the only displayed

Beijing followers: Philippine and the

PRC Flags should be displayed

Raise fears that instead of

integrating the Chinese into the
Philippine Community, it would
divide them into two ideological
groups, the Pro-PRC and Pro-KMT
Filipinization of Chinese Schools

PD No. 176, Implementing

Section 8(7) Article XV of the
Philippine Constitution (1973),
on July 21, 1973: precaution against
the use of Chinese schools for
Communist indoctrination, and in
order to hasten the integration of the
Chinese into the larger Philippine
community

Chinese in the Philippines were

forced to establish their own schools
when they were barred from
attending Spanish schools. There
was a desire to educate the children
in Chinese language and culture.

Oriented toward linking career goals

and nationalism.

Chinese children in the schools were

isolated physically and culturally
from their Filipino counterparts

Overseas Chinese concept of a

proper Chinese education that
created serious problems

Chinese schools provide the best

medium for cultural exchange
between Filipino and Chinese
students

Treaty of Amity: April 18, 1947,

between Ph and Taiwan, legitimized
the Chinese schools

Internal Security
-

Major concerns of the Philippines in

forging diplomatic relations with the
PRC was the likelihood of Chinese
support of local communist rebels,
particularly the Maoist faction.

Political analysts: Diplomatic

Relations would only strengthen the
Communist Party of the Philippines.

P. Marcos: attributed the rise of

insurgency to the communist
victories in Indochina

PD No. 885: make Philippine laws

consistent with its new foreign
policy, i.e. diplomatic relation with
the PRC.

Benefits of Diplomatic Relations

with the PRC
-

PRC government demonstrated a

willingness to help ease the
economic difficulties of the
Philippines brought about by the
steep increase of oil prices

China sent relief goods to the

Philippines whenever the Philippines

enthusiasm among many Filipino

leaders

suffered extensive damages from

natural disasters.

Taiwan: Money Diplomacy

Raised a question on whether it will

serve Philippine national interests to
isolate Taiwan in view of its rise as
Asias largest economic tiger next to
Japan

February 5, 1976: Chinas agreement

for the exhibition of their products in
Manila

Ang Pangulo: Presidential Yacht, a

scientific and technical support
between the two countries

P.M. Zhao: China to not intervene in

the internal affairs of the Philippines
or seek to impose policies in Asia

Amendment of the Anti-Subversion

Law

The Chinese Problem was quickly

solved

Tiananmen Incident: student-led

protest movement in China

Manila-Taipei Agricultural and

Fisheries Agreement: signed last
July 16, 1991 by Asst. Exec. Sec.
Rafael Lucilla with Taiwan officials
Beijing protested that it violated the
One-China Policy

Pres. Aquino took no action after a

review

1996 Ph Senate nullified the

agreement

Hu Fao: A Chinese Parliamentarian

working in UN if the Ph would pursue
ties with Taiwan in its effort to solve
economic difficulties, it was only
establishing economic relations with
Taiwan

6 years in power: focused on talks

with Taiwan officials for economic
support and investments little
progress
At the end of her term, Taiwan
withdrew several of their so-called
mega-industrial investment projects
slated in the Philippines

The Aquino Administration

-

Most political prisoners including a

leading member in the Philippine
Communist Party were freed

Was in no position to formulate a

coherent foreign policy much less to
attend to the Republics relationship
with the PRC

Philippine-China relations came to a

standstill: PRC recognized Aquinos
revolutionary government

August 1988: Aquinos personal visit

to China

Several unofficial trips of Philippine

officials to Taiwan contradicted the
one-China Policy

Occasionally, Philippine officials

would yield to Taiwan pressure at the
risk of slighting the PRC due to
growing business and economic
interests in their relations

A year of massive Taiwan media blitz

and pro-Taiwan lobbying in the
Congress helped spark enormous

The Ramos Administration

-

His presidency coincided with the

easing of tension between global
superpowers, the opening up of
P.R.C. and its full blown attempts at
economic reforms and the lingering

On the Chinese side, relations with

the Philippines were narrowly
confined until the late 1980s when
Prime Minister Deng Xiao-ping
instituted massive economic reforms
Ramos meeting with Lee Teng-hui
aroused suspicion from the PRC that
the Philippine government was
veering towards a two-China policy

euphoria of restored democracy at

home
-

He engineered the countrys

economic recovery, the pursuit of
peace negotiations with the Muslim,
and Communist rebels, and for
neutralizing quarrelling factions
within the military

In his last year of presidency,

problems in restructuring economy
from the Asian economic currency
aroused = pesos value crashed

The existence of numerous bilateral

and international agreements

20 July 1992, the Philippines signed

an agreement with China Concerning
Encouragement and Reciprocal
Protection of Investments

Instrument of Ratification by the

Philippines was signed on 25 July
1995 by Ramos and Foreign
Secretary Domingo Siazon, Jr.

Trade liberalization opened the flood

gates to imports which elbowed out
manufacturers and consumer goods
produced at home

Real estate, resorts, and other

recreational facilities, luxury
condominiums all of which are
funded by high interest loans

His presidency inherited the

Philippines long standing ties with
Taiwan, a relationship it maintains
while it seeks to promote friendly
relations with the P.R.C. and proclaim
official adherence to a One-China
Policy

The chain of RP-Taiwan linkages

intensified as Taiwans economy
surged forward in the 1980s

The RP-PRC relations was hostile so

that when President Marcos reestablished diplomatic relations
in1976, most of our governmental
institutions, specially the military,
were not fully prepared to implement
the new policy

The Philippine government

consented to Chinas reserving the
right to establish a consulate-general
in Davao, with a consular district
comprising Basilan, Sulu, Tawi-Tawi,
Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga
del Sur, Agusan del Norte, Agusan
del Sur, Davao del Norte, Davao del
Sur, Davao Oriental, South Cotabato,
Surigao del Sur, Lanao del Norte,
Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao, North
Cotabato, and Sultan Kudarat

The maintenance of the ConsulateGeneral of the Republic of the

Philippines in Hong Kong as a special
administrative region of the PRC

Most controversial issue: rival claims

on the Spratlys islands west of
Palawan

Abolition of Gremio de Chinos

and of the positions of
cabecillas and
governadorcillos

The law prohibited Chinese

immigration to the Philippines

Abolition of the Gremio and the

institution of new immigration rules
placed a heavy burden on the
Consulate

Inconsistent character of Philippine

protest against Chinese claim to
islands in the South China Sea

Department of Defense does not

have assets to defend the coastal
areas from piracy, smuggling, illegal
entry, and poaching

the Spratlys will be the flash point

in the Asia Pacific region

His administration achieved a

milestone in initiating the Code of
Conduct

The compartmentalized approach to

issues and problems during postCold War years is not a very helpful
guide for pursuing economic
concerns, national security, and
regional cooperation

1904: Americans restored peace and

order in Manila
o

Commerce and Industry

started to flourish

Business organizations, fundraising campaigns and

demands to supervise the
increasing number of
educational and charitable
institutions of the Philippines

Overseas Chinese elite

became unofficial staff of the
Chinese consulate

1905: Edict demanding the return of

the Chinese cemetery

1906: Proprietor of the Chinese

Cemetery and the Chinese General
Hospital has been the Philippines
Chinese Charitable Association

Population of Chinese increased

because of:
o

1: Colonial governments need

for skilled workers

Illegal entrance of those who

came in as relatives of

A HISTORY OF PHILIPPINECHINA RELATIONS

- BENITO O. LIM (P. 215234)
- (AMERICAN COLONIAL
RELATIONS PRES.
MARCOS)
American Colonial Relations

Immediate policies tighten further

the Spanish discriminatory laws
against Chinese
o

Exclusion Law in the US

Gov. Francis Burton Harrison

Required merchants in the

Philippines to keep account of
his business in English,
Spanish or any Philippine
Dialect

Gov Gen Leonard Wood asked

the Phil Legis to postpone

June 7 1926: Justice W.H.Taft

declared this act is null and
void
Could be done as long
as the party concerned
paid a translation fee to
the government of one
centavo per page but
the effectivity of law is
postponed by Quezon
until 1938

Chinese residents of the

Philippines

Bookkeeping Act of 10 February

1921

Chinese who possessed

two names

Peking government was concerned

with the welfare and well-being of
the overseas Chinese communities

Manchu Government issues an edict

claiming all overseas Chinese as
citizens of China

Tung Meng Hui (group)

revolutionaries would only bring
chaos to China by playing into a civil
war

Dr. Tee Han Kee medical inspector

of the Bureau of Health for the
Chinese

1906: Issued a directive requiring all

overseas Chinese commercial
associations to comply with the rules
and regulations prescribed by its
Department of Commerce

Aside from this act, they passed

more laws to limit or keep the
Chinese out of certain aspects of
Philippine business

Bank of Communications in Manila

financed many of Chinese mercantile
and industrial activities in Manila

They forced the Chinese to

concentrate their activities in trade
and commerce

The Americans did not initiate or

carry out violent attacks against the
Chinese

Chinese Commercial Council of

the Philippines -> Chinese
General Chamber of Commerce

Philippine Chinese General Chamber

of Commerce
o

Most active and influential

organization in the Chinese
community

Unite the Philippine Chinese

into a community but it also
aligned them with China

Remitted a sizeable sum of

money to the relatives in
mainland

November 1946-June 1947:

Philippines banned Chinese
immigration altogether
o

Discriminatory measures
against Chinese residents

Broke off on 19 February 1947

(uiii, birthday ko. Chos
hhahaha)

The Chinese tried to negotiate

for similar rights granted to
American citizen un
circumventing a host of
discriminatory bills against
aliens filed in the Ph Congress

Negotiations resumed upon

US intervention

Americans were unable to settle or

minimize te Chinese problem in the
Philippines.

May 2 1940: Act restricting the

immigration quota of any one
nationality to 500

Many of the Chinese took the side of

the Filipinos against the Japanese

Hwa Chi joined the Hukbalahap in

carrying out guerilla warfare against
the Japanese
o

Only allowed trade but not

given same rights to the
Americans

PH suspended the immigration quota

for Chinese nationals, nationalized
Chinese schools and retail trade, and
denied Chinese suspected as
Communist subversives due
process
Many Chinese who were long time
residents were summarily deported
without undergoing legal procedures

President Elpidio Quirino

Expressed a desire to have more

open and active relations with the
Philippines Asian neighbors

Philippines had diplomatic relations

only with Nationalist China

Linking up with the US armed

forces in liberating the
Philippines

1944 1946: Personal friends of

either Gen Mac Arthur or Osmena
were given amnesty and appointed
to public office
o

Matter of Survival

Relations Under the Republic

President Manuel Roxas
Administration (Anti-Communistic
Policy)

July 4, 1946: Philippine

Independence

October 1946: Treaty of Amity

o

Roxas and Chinese Minister

Plenipotentiary Chen Chi-ping

To renew friendship and to

elucidate the rights and
privileges for the citizens in
each others country

They want PH to be anticommunist because of Cold

War

Americans recommended to
appoint Ramon Magsaysay as
Secretary of Defense

Meeting of Quirino and Chiang

Kai Shek @ the Mansion
House, Baguio City (state visit)

Quirino is reluctant to join the

US in Korean war efforts

Signed the Mutual Defense

Pact

CKS: ignored the plea of

Quirino about overstaying
Chinese; recognize Taipei as
the only legit gov of China and
consider leaders of mainland
as usurpers; Pacific Union

Walang pinatunguhan,
parehas Malabo. friends
nalang. Haha. Chos.

Friendly relations nalang

between countries

corrupt and mismanaged the

economy
When he ran for re-election, US
supported Magsaysay because ..
o

with genuine admiration and

faith in the United States, has
been outstanding, and its (the
US) advise and assistance its
constantly sought and utilized
by him

President Ramon Magsaysay

10 July 1949: the problems of

overstaying Chinese (expiration
during 1947)

Made known his anti-communist

stance and pro-American foreign
policy
All important PH decisions in foreign
affairs were made between
Magsaysay and his CIA contacts
6 September 1954: Philippine-US
Mutual Defense Pact

John Foster Duelles

Affirmation on the rights of all

peoples

October 1949: President Quirino did

not condemn new government but
kept a neutral stance
o

Surprised by many

as long as they dont bother

us

We are not anti-Communist

We are non-Communist

(MEDYO NAWINDANG AKO DITO KASI

BASAHIN NIYO PAGE 145, ANG
INCONSISTENT NI QUIRINO)

Military Assistance Pact PH-US

Military agreement

Dahil napansin ng US na neutral si

Quirino, nangpressure si President
Truman na magbawas ng American
aid sa Philippines

Some agitation from the House to

remove restrictions on trade and to
open diplomatic relations with China

Philippines be given plain and

unequivocal guarantee of US
in case of 3rd party attack

April 1959: Banned travel to

Communist countries

Problem of 2,700 Overstaying

Chinese

USSR and PRC are the two

countries common sources of
SEATO member states

Taipei refused to accept

PH rejected all visa

applications of Chinese
nationals

Accepted 31 deportees

PH lifted the ban

Government corruption and institute

currency devaluation

Foreign debts were doubled

MAPHILINDO (greater Malayan

Confederation)
o

Asian Way or Mushawarah

Brotherhood,
neighborliness
and common
interest

Domino Theory
Taiwan fall to the hands
of the Communists, the
Philippines and the rest
of Asia would follow

President Magsaysay adhered strictly

to US, initiated trade embargoes
against the communists

Ignored the Bell Trade Agreement

(explore other markets for PH
products)

1954: Act No. 1180

Temporary strain in the

Philippine relations with
Taiwan

Zhou En-Lai: Chinese desire for

peaceful coexistence to Pres
Magsaysay

When Magsaysay died, VP Garcia

assumed presidency

Failure because of PH-Mal

Sabah issue
Mal-IND Territorial Issues

Anti-Beijing policy

Formosa Crisis Magsaysay and

Eisenhower

A Protocol on Trade Relations

between the PH and Taipei

President Diosdado Macapagal

Fight against communism

Carrying out PH commitment

to SEATO and MDT

President Carlos P. Garcia

Non recognition of PRC

Emphasized that the plan to

trade with Socialist countries
was conceived to accelerate
economic development:

trade of developing countries

with the socialist states was
the most dynamic of all the
world trade in the decade of
1955-1966

Advantages and
disadvantages of trading with
socialist countries

Enverga and DFA reports

recommended trade with the
Soviet Union and the
European socialist countries
pending further studies

27 November 1968: Foreign Policy

Council
o

DFA proposal to establish

trade and possible opening of
diplomatic ties with Eastern
European countries
to pursue a new and
courageous Philippine foreign
policy centered on a new
Asian orientation but with a
more relaxed position toward
Socialist states

President Ferdinand E. Marcos

1965: marked a shift away from this

narrow anti-Communist concern
o

Maintaining the Philippines

special relations with US
through trade and military
bases agreement

Study of Asia and other Asian

countries

US on decline

Exploration of socialist and

other markets for Philippine
products as the alternative

Lifted the ban on Philippine citizens

to socialist countries

10 May 1967: Resolution No. 26:Reexamine Philippine Policy Towards

the Communist Countries
o

Re-examination of the
Republics policy towards
communist countries, with the
view in particular opening
economic and cultural
relations