Data Communication and Networking Notes

Reason for the Existence of Network Standards: There are differences

in the
o Operating system
o CPU
o Character set
o Speed
o Mass storage
o Network interfaces

Data on a network is not sent in one continuous stream. It is divided up

into smaller, more manageable packets. These packets, or chunks, of
data make timely interaction and communications on a network
possible.

All packets have these basic components:

o source address
o data
o destination address
o instructions
o information with which to reassemble the data package
o error-checking information

Packet components are grouped into three sections:

o A header that contains clock information
o The data
o A trailer that contains the error-checking component

The header includes:

o An alert signal to indicate that the packet is being transmitted.
o The source address.
o The destination address.
o Clock information to synchronize transmission.
ISO (International Standards Organization)
- Developed global standards for communications and information
exchange.

OSI (Open System Interconnection) Model

- Describes how information makes its way from application programs
through a network medium to another application program in another
computer

Application Layer
- Relates to the services that directly support user applications, such as
software for file transfers, database access, and e-mail
- Not responsible for running applications software (MS Office), rather,
it provides interfaces that will enable these applications to
communicate and access the network

Presentation Layer
- Defines the format used to exchange data among networked
computers.
- Think of it as the network's translator. When computers from
dissimilar systemssuch as IBM, Apple, and Sunneed to
communicate, a certain amount of translation and byte reordering
must be done.

Session Layer
- Allows two applications on different computers to open, use, and
close a connection called a session.

Transport
- Ensures that packets are delivered error free, in sequence, and
without losses or duplications

Network layer
- Responsible for addressing messages and
addresses and names into physical addresses

translating

logical

- Determines the route from the source to the destination computer

Data-Link Layer
- Sends data frames from the network layer to the physical layer
- Responsible for providing error-free transfer of these frames from one
computer to another through the physical layer

Physical Layer
- Transmits the unstructured, raw bit stream over a physical medium
(such as the network cable)
- Often referred to as the "hardware layer"

The IEEE 802 Standards are the following:

Name
Description
IEEE 802.1
Higher Layer LAN Protocols
IEEE 802.2
LLC
IEEE 802.3
Ethernet
IEEE 802.4
Token bus
IEEE 802.5
Defines the MAC layer for a Token Ring
IEEE 802.6
MANs (DQDB)
IEEE 802.7
Broadband LAN using Coaxial Cable
IEEE 802.8
Fiber Optic TAG
Integrated Services LAN (ISLAN or
IEEE 802.9
isoEthernet)
IEEE
Interoperable LAN Security
802.10
IEEE
Wireless LAN (WLAN) & Mesh (Wi802.11
Fi certification)
IEEE
100BaseVG
802.12
IEEE
Unused
802.13
IEEE
Cable modems
802.14
IEEE
Wireless PAN
802.15
IEEE
Broadband Wireless
802.16
Access (WiMAX certification)
IEEE
Resilient packet ring
802.17
IEEE
Radio Regulatory TAG
802.18
IEEE
Coexistence TAG
802.19

IEEE
802.20
IEEE
802.21
IEEE
802.22
IEEE
802.23
IEEE
802.24
IEEE
802.25

Mobile Broadband Wireless Access

Media Independent Handoff
Wireless Regional Area Network
Emergency Services Working Group
Smart Grid TAG
Omni-Range Area Network

Protocols
- Set of rules and procedures that govern communication between two
or more devices

Protocol stack or suite

- Combination of protocols (ISO/OSI, TCP/IP)

How Protocols Work

o The Sending Computer
Break the data into smaller sections, called packets that
the protocol can handle.
Add addressing information to the packets so that the
destination computer on the network can determine that
the data belongs to it.
Prepare the data for transmission through the NIC and out
onto the network cable.
o The Receiving Computer
Take the data packets off the cable.
Bring the data packets into the computer through the NIC.
Strip the data packets of all the transmitting information
that was added by the sending computer.
Copy the data from the packets to a buffer for reassembly.
Pass the reassembled data to the application in a usable
form.

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol)

- An industry-based suite of protocols that provide communications in a
heterogeneous environment
- Has become the de facto standard for what's known as
internetworking, the intercommunication in a network that's composed
of smaller networks

Nework
Interphase

TCP/IP Model
Laye Nam
Description
r
e
It corresponds to the Physical and Data-Link Layer of the
OSI Model.
Responsible in putting data to the network media from
the sending computer and pulling data from the network
media to the receiving computer.
It corresponds to the Network Layer of the OSI Model
Responsible for routing and delivering data packets

Application

Transport

Internet

IP address

It uses the following protocols:

a. Internet Protocol (IP)- performs addressing and route
selection
b. Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)- determines
hardware (MAC) address that corresponds to an IP
address
c. Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)- Used by
routers to control the flow/speed of data.
It corresponds to the Transport Layer of the OSI Model.
Responsible in establishing and maintaining end-to-end
communication between two hosts.
It uses the following protocols:
a. Transmission Control Protocols (TCP)- for reliable
transmission of data from one node to another
b. User Datagram Protocol (UDP)- for end-to-end
transmission of data.
It corresponds to the Session, Presentation, and
Application Layers of the OSI Model.
Connects applications to the network then presents them
in a form legible to be read by humans.
It uses the following protocols:
a. HyperText Transfer Protocol
b. Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
c. Simple Network management Protocol
d. File Transfer Protocol

- A numeric identifier assigned to each machine on an IP network. It

designates the specific location of a device on the network
- software address, not a hardware addressthe latter is hard-coded
on a Network Interface Card (NIC) and used for finding hosts on a local
network

IP addressing
- Designed to allow a host on one network to communicate with a host
on a different network, regardless of the type of LANs the hosts is
participating in

Bit
- One digit; either a 1 or a 0.

Byte
- Is 7 or 8 bits, depending on whether parity is used

Network address
- The designation used in routing to send packets to a remote network
for example, 10.0.0.0, 172.16.0.0, and 192.168.10.0.

Broadcast address
- The address used by applications and hosts to send information to all
nodes on a network
Examples:
255.255.255.255, which is all networks, all nodes;
172.16.255.255, which is all subnets and hosts on network
172.16.0.0;
10.255.255.255, which broadcasts to all subnets and hosts on
network 10.0.0.0.