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Introduction
Concrete
Concrete is a mixture of water, cement, sand, gravel crushed rock, or other aggregates.
The aggregates (sand, gravel, crushed rock) are held together in a rocklike mass with a
paste of cement and water.
REINFORCED CONCRETE
As with most rocklike mass, concrete has very high compressive strength but have a
very low tensile strength. As a structural member, concrete can be made to carry tensile
stresses (as in beam in flexure). In this regard, it is necessary to provide steel bars to
provide the tensile strength lacking in concrete. The composite member is called
reinforced concrete.
AGGREGATES
Aggregates used in concrete may be fine aggregates (usually sand) and coarse
aggregates (usually gravel or crushed stone). Fine aggregates are those that passes
through a No. 4 sieve (about 6 mm in size). Materials retained are coarse aggregates.
The nominal maximum sizes of coarse aggregate are specified in Section 5.3.3 of
NSCP. These are follows: 1/5 the narrowest dimension between sides of forms, 1/3 the
depth of slabs, or 3/4 the minimum clear spacing between individual reinforcing bars or
wires, bundles of bars, or prestressing tendons or ducts. These limitations may not be
applied if, in the judgment the Engineer, workability and methods of consolidation are
such that concrete can be placed without honeycomb or voids.
WATER
According to Section 5.3.4, water used in mixing concrete shall be clean and free from
injurious of oils, acids, alkalis, salts organic materials or other substances that may be
deleterious to concrete or reinforcement. Mixing water for prestressed concrete or for
concrete that will contain aluminum embedments, including that portion of mixing water
contributed in the form of free moisture on aggregates, shall not be used in concrete
unless the following are satisfied: (a) Selection of concrete proportions shall be based
on concrete mixes using water from the same source and (b) mortar test cubes made
with non-portable mixing water shall have 7-days and 28 day strengths equal to at least
90
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
Unlike steel and other materials, concrete has no definite modulus of elasticity. Its value is
dependent on the characteristics of cement and aggregates used, age of concrete and
strengths.
According to NSCP (Section 5.8.5), modulus of elasticity Ec for concrete for values of wc,
between 1500 and 2500 kg/ m3 may be taken as.
Eq. 1-1
Where
is the day 28-day compressive strength of concrete in MPa
is the unit weight
on concrete in
. For normal weight concrete,
Modulus of elasticity Es
for nonprestressed reinforced may be taken as 200,000 MPa.
DETAILS OF REINFORCEMENT
STANDARD HOOKS
Standard hooks refer to one of the following:
1. 180-degree bend plus
extension but not less than 60 mm at free end of bar.
2. 90-degree bed plus
extension at free end of bar.
3. For stirrups and tie hooks:
a) 61 mm diameter bar and smaller, 90-degree bend plus
extension at
free end bar, or
b) 20 and 25 mm diameter bar, 90-degree bend, plus
extension at free
end of bar, or
c) 25mm diameter bar and smaller, 135-degree bend d plus
extension at
free end of bar.
Inside diameter of bend in welded wire fabric /9plain or deformed) for stirrups and ties
shall not be less than
for deformed wire larger than D56 and
for all other wires.
Bends with inside diameter of less than 8db shall not be less than
from nearest
welded intersection.
Table 1.1- Minimum Diameters of Bend
Bar Size
Minimum Diameter
10 mm to25 mm
28 mm, 32 mm, and 36 mm
Tolerance on d
Tolerance on minimum
concrete cover
-10 mm
-12 mm
Except that tolerance for the clear distance to formed soffits shall be minus 6 mm and
tolerance for cover shall not exceed minus 1/3 the minimum concrete cover required in
the design drawings or specifications.
Tolerance for longitudinal location of bends and ends of reinforcement shall be
mm except at discontinuous ends of members where tolerance shall be
mm.
50
Diameter of single bar equivalent to bundled bars according to NSCP to be used for
spacing limitation and concrete cover.
3-25mm
(25)2 x 3
Equivalent diameter, D
D2
(b)
50
40
20
40
20
15
(b)
15
10
Prestressed Concrete
The following minimum concrete cover shall be provided for prestressed and
nonprestressed reinforcement, ducts and end fittings.
Minimum
cover, mm
(a)
75
(b)
25
40
(C)
Bundled Bars
For bundled bars, the minimum concrete cover shall be equal to the equivalent diameter
of the bundle, but need to be greater than 50 mm, except for concrete cast against and
permanently exposed to earth, the minimum cover shall be 75 mm.
LOADS
The most important and most critical task of an engineer is the determination of the
loads that can be applied to a structure during its life, and the worst possible
combination of these loads that might occur simultaneously. Loads on structure may be
classified as dead loads or live loads.
DEAD LOAD
Dead loads are loads of constant magnitude that remain in one position. This consists
mainly of the weight of the structure and other permanent attachments to the frame .
LIVE LOAD
Live loads are loads that may change in magnitude and position. Live loads that move
under their own power called moving loads. Other Live loads are those caused by wind,
rain, earthquakes, soils, and temperature changes. Wind and earthquake loads are
called lateral loads.
ARRENGMENTS OF LIVE LOAD
Live loads may be applied only to the floor or roof under consideration, and the far ends
of columns built integrally with the structure may be considered fixed. It is permitted by
the code to assume the following arrangement of live loads:
(a) Factored dead load on all spans with full factored live load on two adjacent
spans, and
(b) Factored dead load on all spans with full factored live load on alternative
spans.
REQUIRED STRENGHT (FACTIRED LOAD), U
Required strength U to resist dead load (D) and live load (L) shall be at least equal to:
Eq. 1-2
U=1.4D + 1.7L
If resistances to structural effects of a specified wind load W are included in design, the
following combination of D, L, and W shall be investigated to determine the greatest
required strength U:
Eq. 1-3
Where load combinations shall be include both full value and zero value of L to
determine the more severe condition, and
Eq. 1-4
U=0.9D + 1.3W
But for any combination of D, L, and W, required strength U shall not be less than Eq.12
If resistance to specified earthquake loads of forces E is included in design, the
following combinations of D, L and E shall be investigated to determine the greatest
required strength U:
Eq. 1-5
Where load combinations shall included both full value and zero value of L to determine
the more severe condition, and
Eq. 1-6
U=0.9D + 1.1E
But for any combination of D, L, and E, required strength U shall not be less than Eq. 12
If resistance to earth pressure H is included in design, required strength U shall be at
least equal to:
Eq. 1-7
Except where D or L reduces the effect of H, 0.9D shall be substituted for 1.4D and zero
value of L shall be used to determine the greatest required strength U. For any
combination of D, L and H, required strength U shall not be less than.
If resistance to loadings due to weight and pressure of fluids with well defined densities
and controllable maximum heights F is included in design, such loading shall have a
factor of 1.4 and to be added to all loading combinations that include live load.
If resistance to impact effects is taken into account in design, such effects shall be
included with live load L.
Eq. 1-8
U=1.4(D + T)
F
= loads due to weight and pressures of fluids with well-defined densities and
controllable maximum heights, or related internal moments and forces.
h
H = loads due to weight and pressure of soil water in soil, or other materials, or related
internal moments and forces.
L = live loads or related internal moments and forces.
roof live loads or related internal moments and forces.
factored moment at section, N-mm
factored axial force normal to cross section occurring simultaneously with
to be taken as positive for compression and negative for tension, N
R = rain load, or related internal moments and forces.
or
= required strength to resist factored loads or related internal moments and forces,
= nominal shear strength provided by concrete, N
= nominal shear strength.
= nominal shear strength provided by shear reinforcement N
= factored shear force at section, N
= net tensile strain in extreme layer of longitudinal tension steel at nominal strength,
excluding strains due to effective prestress, creep, shrinkage, and temperature
= strength reduction factor
= ratio of
to
U = 1.4 (D+F)
U = 1.2(D+F+T) + 1.6(L+H) + 0.5( or R)
U = 1.2D + 1.6( or R) + (1.0L or 0.8W)
U = 1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L + 0.5( or R)
U = 1.2D + 1.0E+ 1.0L
U = 0.9D + 1.6W+ 1.6H
U = 0.9D + 1.0E+ 1.6H
(9-1)
(9-2)
(9-3)
(9-4)
(9-5)
(9-6)
(9-8)
Except as follows:
a) The load factor on the live load L in Eq. (9-3) to (9-5) shall be permitted to be
reduced to 0.5 except for garages, areas occupied as places of public assembly,
and all where L is greater than 4.8N/ .
b) Where wind load W has not been reduced by a directionality factor, it shall be
permitted to use 1.3 W in Eq. (9-4) and (9-6).
c) Where E, the load effects of earthquake, is based on service-level seismic
forces, 1.4E shall be used in place of 1.0E Eq. (9-5) and (9-7).
d) The load factor on H, loads due to weight and pressure of soil, water in soil or
other materials, shall be set equal to zero in Eq. (9-6) and (9-7) if the structural
action due to H counteracts that due to W or E. Where lateral earth pressure
provides resistance to structural actions from other forces, it shall be not be
included in H but shall be included in the design resistance.
9.2.2 If resistance to impact effects is taken into account id design, such effects
shall be included with L.
CHAPTER 1
Analysis and Design of Beam
NOTAIONS AND SYMBOLS USED
= depth of equivalent stress block, mm
= area of tension reinforcement, mm2
= area of skin reinforcement per unit height in one side face, mm2/ m
bar or wire, mm
=modulus of elasticity of concrete, MPa
reinforcement
=moment of inertia of reinforcement about centroidal axis of member cross
section
below shall
be taken as
for
>
shall be assumed
c) Factor
shall be taken as 0.85 for
30 MPa and
shall be reduced
continuously at rate of 0.008 for each 1 MPa of strength in excess of 30 MPa, but
shall not be taken less than 0.65. i.e
i.
ii.
For
For
30 MPa,
= 0.85
> 30 MPa,
=0.85-0.008( -30) but not shall be less than 0.65
0.85
0.003
d-a/2
NA
T=
Stress Diagram
As
Strain Diagram
Figure 2.1: Stress and strain diagram for singly reinforced and rectangular beam
Eq. 2-1
For
For
Eq. 2-2
C=T
0.85
The term
Eq. 2-3
and
Eq. 2-4
Let
Eq. 2-5
Eq.2-6
Eq.2-7
Coefficient of Resistance
Eq.2-8
Eq.2-9
Solving for an
steel ratio :
Eq.2-10
BALANCE DESIGN
Balance design refers to a design so proportioned that the maximum stresses in concrete
(with strain of 0.003) and steel and (with strain of
OVERREINFORCED DESIGN
Overreinforced design is a design in which the steel reinforcement is more than what is
required for balanced condition. If the beam is overreinforced, the steel will not before failure.
As the load is increased, deflections are not noticeable although the compression concrete is
highly stressed, and failure occurs suddenly without warning to the user of the structure.
Overreinforced as well as balanced design should be avoided in concrete because of its brittle
property, that is why the Code limits the tensile steel percentage (P max=0.75pb) to ensure
underreinforced beam with ductile type of failure to give occupants warning before occurs.
Note:
where
Eq.2-11
But a =
c=c
Eq. 2-12
Note: Eq. 2-12 is for singly reinforced rectangular sections only. Eq. 2-11 is applicable
to nay shape.
MAXIMUM STEEL REINFORCEMENT
Section 410.4.3: For flexural and for subject to combined flexure and compressive axial
load when the design axial load strength
is less than the smaller of
or
,
the ratio of reinforcement
that would produce balance strain condition for the section
under flexure without axial; load. For members with compression reinforcement, the
portion of equalized by compression reinforcement need not be reduced by the0.75
factor.
Eq. 2-13
and
Eq. 2-14
This limitation is to ensure that the steel reinforcement will yield first to ensure ductile
failure.
410.62 For statically determinate T-section with flange in tension, the area
be equal to or greater than the smaller value given either by:
Eq. 2-17
or Eq. 2-15 with
shall
410.6.3 The requirements of Sections 410.6.1 and 410.6.2 need to be applied if at every
section the area of the tensile reinforcement is at least one-third greater than that
required by analysis.
410.6.4 For structural slabs and footings of uniform thickness, the minimum area of
tensile reinforcement in the direction of span shall be the same as that required by
Section 407.13 (Shrinking and Temperature Reinforcement). Maximum spacing of
this reinforcement shall not exceed three times the thickness and 450 mm.
The provision for minimum amount of reinforcement applies to beams, which for
architectural and other reasons are much larger in cross-section than required by
strength consideration. With a very small amount of tensile reinforcement, the computed
moment strength as a reinforced concrete section computed from its modulus of
rapture. Failure in such a case can be quite sudden.
Identify the values of the dead load and live load to be carried by the
beam. (DL & LL)
Approximate the weight of beam (DL) between 20% to 25% of
(DL+LL).This weight is added to the de load.
Compute the factored load and factored moment:
Ex: factored Load =1.4 DL+1.7L
Compute the factored moment to be resisted by the beam,
Try a value of steel ratio from 0.5
but must not be less than
. This
value
will provided enough alloance in the actual value of due to
rounding-off of the number of bars to be used, for it not to exceed the
maximum of 0.05b.
VI.
VII.
Solve for
VIII.
Try ratio
( from d=15b to d=2b), and solve for d, (round-off this value
to reasonable dimension). Check also the minimum thickness of beam
required by the Code a given in Table 2.1 in page 36.
After solving for d, substitute its value to Step VII, and solve for b.
Compute the weight of the beam and compare it to the assumption made
in Step II.
IX.
x number of bars =
if
if
II.
OF A BEM
Solve for
(1-0.59
design as singly reinforced (Step II)
design as doubly reinforced (Step III)
Solve for :
STEPS IN COPUTING
OF A BEAM WITH KNOWN TENSION STEEL AREA
AND OTHER BEAM PROPERTIES:
I.
Solve for :
II.
III.
if
,steel yields, proceed to III
if
,steel does not yield, proceed to step IV.
Note: if
,the given is not adequate for the beam dimension.
IV.
Solve for
=200,000MPa]
Eq. 2-18
T=C
but a=
and a:
or
(
Member
Minimum thickness, h
Simply
One end
Both ends
Cantilever
supported
continuous
continuous
Members not supporting or attached to partitions or other construction
likely to be damaged by large deflections
L/24
L/28
L/10
Beams
or L/16
ribbed one-way
slabs
L/18.5
L/21
L/8
(b)
is
Eq.2-19
+3]
Where
=
= modulus of rapture of concrete, MPa, for normal weight
Concrete
When
for
shall not
(b)
When
is not specified, shall not be multiplied by 0.75 for all lightweight
concrete, and 0.85 for sand-lightweight concrete. Linear interpolation is permitted if
partial sand replacement is used.
Sect. 5.9.5.2.4: For continuous members, effective moment of inertia may be taken as
the average of values obtained from Eq. 2-19 for the critical positive and negative
moment sections. For prismatic members, effective moment of inertia may be taken as
the value obtained from Eq. 2-19 at midspan for simple and continuous spans, and at
the support cantilevers.
Sect.5.9.5.2.5: Unless values are obtained by a more comprehensive analysis,
additional long-term deflection resulting from creep and shrinkage of flexural members
(normal weight or lightweight concrete) shall be determined by multiplying the
immediate caused by the sustained load considered, by the factor.
Eq. 2-10
Where
shall be taken the value of reinforcement ratio for non-prestressed
compression reinforcement at midspan for simple and continuous spans,a nd at support
for cantilevers. It is permitted to assume the time-dependent factor for sustained loads
to be equal to:
5 years or more2.0
12 months...1.4
6 months..1.2
3 months1.0
Deflection computed in accordance with Sec. 5.9.5.2.2 through Sec.5.9.5.2.5 shall not
exceed limits stipulated in Table 2.2.
Type of member
Deflection to be considered
Deflection limitation
When =clear span positive moment or shear and average of adjacent clear spans for
negative moment.
Figure 2.3: Shear and moment for continuous beam or slab with spans and
discontinuous end integral with support
Figure 2.5 Shear and moment for continuous beam or slab with more than two spans
and discontinuous end unrestrained
10.2.7.2 Distance from the fiber of maximum strain to the neutral axis, c ,
shall be measured in direction perpendicular to the neutral axis.
10.2.7.3 For
between 17 and 18 MPa,
above 28 MPa,
shall not be taken less than 0.65
Eq. 2-21
Eq. 2-22
Eq. 2-23
Eq. 2-14
Eq. 2-25
Eq. 2-26
10.3.7 Members subject to compressive axial load shall be designed for the maximum
moment that can accompany the axial load. The factored axial force
at given
eccentricity shall not exceed that given in 10.3.6. The maximum factored moment
shall be magnified for slenderness effects in accordance with 10.10
10.4 Distance between lateral supports of flexural members
10.4.1 Spacing of lateral supports for a beam shall not exceed 50 times b, the
least width of compression flange or face.
10.4.2 Effects of lateral eccentricity of load shall be taken into account in
determining spacing of lateral supports.
(10-3)
IV.
V.
(
(
)
)
VI.
VII.
is directly
c=(assumed factor) x
The assumed factor may range from 0.7 to 0.8 as suggested in
step V.
if
if
VIII.
IX.
Solve for
Try a ratio d/b (from d= 1.5b to d=2b), and solve for d. (round-off this value
to reasonable dimension)
Check also the minimum thickness of beam required by the code as given
in Table 2.1 in Page 26.
After solving for d, substitute its value to Step VII, and solve for b.
Compute the weight of the beam and it to the assumption made in Step II.
X.
I.
Solve for
and
:
and
if
if
II.
III.
IV.
if
STEPS IN FINDING
OF A BEAM WITH KNOWN TENSION STEEL AREA
AND OTHER BEAM PROPERTIES:
Given: b, d,
I.
II.
Solve for
Check if steel yields by computing
(
)
if
steel yields, proceed to step III
if
steel dos not yield, proceed to step IV.
Note: if
the given is not adequate for the beam dimension.
III.
Solve for :
;c=
=_________
if
if
IV.
Compression-controlled
b
0.85
a
c=
d
d-a/2
T=C
but a=
c=__________ ;
a=
T=
=__________
or
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
DESIGN PROBLEMS
PROBLEM 2.1
A reinforced concrete rectangular beam 300 mm wide has an effective depth of 460 mm
and is reinforced for tension only. Assuming
and
, determine
the balance steel area in sq.mm.
SOLUTION
PROBLEM 2.2
A rectangular beam has b = 300 mm and d =490 mm. Concrete compressive strength
and steel yield strength
. Calculate the required tension
steel area if the factored moment
is (a) 20 kN-m,(b)140 kN-m,(c) 485 kN-m, and
(d)620 kN-m.
SOLUTION
Solve for
a)
20 x
b)
(singly reinforced)
140 x 1
c)
(singly reinforced)
485 x
]
]
d)
The beam will be doubly reinforced. See Chapter 3.
A reinforced concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and an overall depth of 480 mm.
The beam is simply supported over span of 5 m. Steel strength
MPa and
concrete
. Concrete cover is 70 mm from the centroid of the steel area. Unit
weight concrete is 23.5kN/ .Other than the weight of the beam , the beam carries a
superimposed dead of 18 kN/m and a live load of 14 kN/m. Use the strength design
method.
a) Determine the maximum factored moment on the beam.
b) If the design ultimate moment capacity of the beam is 280 kN-m,
determine the required number of 20 mm tension bars.
c) If the beam will carry a factored load of 240 kN at midsoan, determine the
required number of 20 mm tension bars.
SOLUTION
Given: b=300m
d=480-70=410 mm
Bar diameter ,
Weight of beam,
a) Maximum factored moment on the beam.
Factored load,
Factored load,
Maximum factored moment:
b)
Solve for
Required
<
(singly reinforced)
[
*
3.
(weight of beam)
]
+
2498 =
and
[1-0.59(0.309)
Since
Solve for :
Required strength:
=463.5kN-m
Solve for
c) Number of 25 mm bars:
Number of 25-mm bars=
Number of 25-mm bars=
PROBLEM 2.6 (CE MAY 2009)
A reinforced concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and total depth of 600 mm.
The beam will be design to carry a factored moment of 540kN-m. Concrete
strength
and steel yield strength
. Solve using the
strength design method.
a) Determine the balanced steel ratio in percent.
b) Determine the minimum effective depth of the beam using a steel ratio
equal to 0.5 of balanced steel ratio.
c) Determine the minimum effective depth of the beam using the maximum
allowable steel ratio.
SOLUTION
Given:
b=300 mm
h=600 mm
540 x 1
PROBLEM 2.7
A concrete one-way slab has a total thickness of 120 mm. The slab will be reinforced
with 12-mm-diameter bars with
.Concrete strength
.
Determine the required spacing 12 mm main bar if the total factored moment acting on
1-m width of slab is 23 kN-m width of slab is 23 kN-m. Clear concrete cover is 20 mm.
SOLUTION
Note: Slabs are practically singly reinforced because of its small depths.
12mm bars
cover=20 mm
b = 1000 mm
h=120
mm
Eq. 2-17
PROBLEM 2.8
A 2.8 m square column fooring has a total thickness of 47 mm. The factored moment at
critical section for moment is 640 kN-m. Assume
and
. Clear
concrete cover is 75 mm. Determine the required number of 20 mm tension bars.
SOLUTION
Effective depth, d=470-75-1/2(20)=385 mm
Width, b =2800 mm
Design strength,
Maximum and minimum requirements:
Singly reinforced:
Number of 20 mm bars:
PROBLEM 2.9
Design a rectangular beam reinforced for tension only to carry a dead load moment of
60 kN-m (including its own weight) and a live load moment of 48 kN- m. Use
and
SOLUTION
Required strength:
Try
165.6 x
Try d = 1.75 b
Summary: b = 230 mm
d = 400 mm
PROBLEM 2.10
Design a singly reinforced rectangular beam for a 6-m simple span to support a
superimposed dead load of 29 kN/m and a live load of 44 kN/m. Assume normal weigth
oncrete with
. Use
SOLUTION
Weight of beam: (this is the authors assumption)
Assuming a 300 mm x 600 mm,
.7(44)
.
Assume d = 1.75 b
280 mm
.
6 - #10
PROBLEM 2.11
A propped cantilever beam shown in Figure 2.6 is made of reinforced concrete having a
width of 290 mm overall depth of 490 mm. The beam is loaded with uniform dead load
of 35 kN/m (including its own weight), and a uniform live load of 55 kN/m. Given
Concrete cover is 60 mm from the centroid of the bars.
Determine the required tension steel area for maximum positive moment. Assume
EI=constant.
290mm
490 mm
A
6m
2m
Figure 2.6
SOLUTION
Given:
2m C
x
R
Moment Diagram
Mo Lo +
142.5(2 + x) - 676.875 = 0
x = 2.75 m
Solve for
ANALYSIS OF RECTANGULAR
STEEL YIELDS (
BEAMS
WHERE
]
Answer
Answer
PROBLEM 2.13
A rectangular beam reinforced for tension only has b= 300 m, d = 490 mm. The tension
steel area provided is 4,500 sq. mm. Determine the ultimate moment capcity of the
beam in kN-m. Assume
,
SOLUTION
PROBLEM 2.14
A rectangular beam has b = 300 mm, d = 500 mm,
grade 60 reinforcement (
Calculate the design moment
SOLUTION
PROBLEM 2.15
A 130-mm-thick-one-way slab is reinforced with 12-mm-diameter tension bars spaced at
110 on centers. Concrete cover is 20 mm, concrete strength
MPa and steel
yield strength
. Unit weight of concrete is 23.5 kN/ .
a) What is the ultimate moment capacity of the slab?
b) If the slab is simply supported over a span of 4 m, what safe uniform live
load pressure can the slab carry?
SOLUTION
a) Consider 1 m width of slab, b = 1000 mm
Effective depth: d = h cover- 1/2
d = 130-20-1/2(12)=104 mm
b)
x thickness of concrete.
PROBLEM 2.16
A rectangular beam with b = 250 mm and d = 460 m is reinforced for tension only with
3-25 mm bars. The beam is simply supported over a span of 6 m and carries a uniform
dead load of 680 N/m including its own weight. Calculate the uniform live load that the
beam can carry. Assume
and
.
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
PROBLEM 2.18
A 350 mm x 500 mm rectangular is reinforced for tension only with 5-28 mm
bars. The beam has an effective depth of 446 mm. The beam carries a uniform
dead load of 4.5 kN/m (including its own weight), a uniform live load of 3 kN/m,
and concentrated dead load of P and 2P as shown in Figure 2.7. Assume
. Calculate the following:
a) The ultimate moment capacity of the section in kN-m, and
b) The maximum value of P in kN.
2P
2m
Figure 2.7
SOLUTION
2m
2m
1.4(2P)
1.4P
B
2m
C
2m
D
2m
Set
WHERE
PROBLEM 2.19
A rectangular beam has b = 300 mm, d = 500 mm,
grade 60 reinforcement (
Calculate the ultimate moment capacity of the
beam.
SOLUTION
PROBLEM 2.20
A rectangular beam reinforced for tension only has b=300 mm, d = 490 mm. The
tension steel area provided is 7-25 mm diameter bars with
.
Calculate the ultimate moment capacity of the beam.
SOLUTION
From Eq.2-18:
SOLUTION
Note: This is not a rectangular beam. Some formulas derived above (such
as
, ) may not be applicable. The moment can be computed using the
assumptions in the Code and the conditions of equilibrium.
Since
<
PROBLEM 2.22
Compute the ultimate moment capacity of the beam shown in Figure 2.10. Assume
and
.
SOLUTION
Solve for
Since
solve for c:
0.85
)
*
PROBLEM 2.23
A hallow beam is shown in Figure 2.11. Assume
and
.
a) Calculate the required tension steel area when
.
b) What is the balanced moment capacity of the beam?
c) What is the maximum steel area under singly reinforced condition?
d) What is the maximum design moment strength under singly reinforced condition?
e) Calculate the required tension steel area when
.
SOLUTION
To guide us whether a: will exceed 150 mm or not, let us solve the design
moment when a=150 mm.
d = 800 75 = 725 mm
(
a)
Since the required
Assuming tension steel yields:
)
[
Figure 2.12
c) Maximum steel area,
d) Maximum moment ,
Refer to Figure 2.12:
[
e)
Refer to Figure 2.12
Figure 2.13
Eq. 2-19
) +
Solve for c:
Moment of area above N.A. = Moment of area below N.A.
350 x c x c/2 = 27,208(350-c)
c = 219.7 mm
) +
) +
a) Instantaneous Deflection:
b) Long-term Deflection
Since only 40% of the live load was sustained:
w = 11 + 0.4(15) = 17 kN/m
Instantaneous deflection
Note: Since deflections are directly proportional to the load, the instantaneous deflection
due to sustained load can be found by ratio and proportion using the result in Parta.
Long-term deflection =
Figure 2.14
SOLUTION
) +
) +
Solving for
) +
ONE-WAY SLAB
Reinforced concrete design slabs are large flat plates that are supported at its sides by
reinforced concrete beams, walls, columns, steel beams, or by the ground. If a slab is
supported on two opposite sides only, they are referred to a one-way slabs since the
bending occurs in one direction only. If the slab is supported on all four sides, it is called
two-way slab since the bending occurs in both direction.
If a rectangular slab is supported in all four sides but the long is two or more times the
short side, the slab will, for all practical purposes, act as one way slab, with bending
occurring in the short direction.
Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement may not be spaced not farther apart than 5
times the slab thickness, nor 450 mm (Section 407.13.2.2).
VII.
Solve for
If is less than
and greater than
, use
If is greater than
, increase the depth of slab to ensure ductile failure
If is less than
Compute the required main bar spacing.
Spacing,
Use the smallest of the following for the main bar spacing:
a)
b)
c) 450 mm
VIII.
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
Problem 2.36
Design a one-way slab having a simple span 3 m. The slab is to carry a uniform live
load of 7,500 Pa. Assume
and
for main and temperature
bars. The slab is not exposed to earth or weather. Use unit weight of concrete
.
SOLUTION
Consider 1 m strip of slab, b= 1000 m
Uniform live load,
Effective depth:
Weight of slab:
Check for
and
Spacing =
PROBLEM 2.27
Design a one-way slab to carry a service live load of 4000 Pa. The slab has a length of
4m with both ends continuous. Assume
and
for main bars
and
for temperature bars. Steel cover is 20 mm. Unit weight of concrete
is 23.5 kN/ .
SOLUTION
Consider 1 m strip, b = 1000 mm
Uniform live load,
Use
Spacing, s =
At support:
Use
Spacing,
Spacing, s =
PROBLEM 2.28
A one-way slab having a simple span of 3 m is 160 mm thick. The slab is reinforced with
12 mm tension bars
spaced at 140 mm o.c. Steel covering is 20 mm.
Calculate the uniform live load pressure that a slab can carry. Use
. Unit
weight of concrete is 23.5 kN/ .
SOLUTION
Dead load:
Effective depth:
d = 160 20 1/2(12)
d = 134 mm
Steel area,
= 22.696 kN/m
PROBLEM 2.29
A reinforced concrete beam has width of 310 mm and an effective depth of 490 mm.
,
. Determine the following:
a) The balanced steel area
b) The maximum steel area for singly reinforced condition
c) The maximum design strength if the beam is singly reinforced
d) The required steel area if the beam is subjected to dead load moment of 120 kNm and live load moment of 170 kN-m.
SOLUTION
Since
(
d)
PROBLEM 2.30
Solve for
)
(
=0.8237
Solve for
Since
, effective depth
Live
PROBLEM 2.31
Given the following properties of a rectangular concrete beam: b = 280 mm, d = 480
mm,
,
. The beam is reinforced for tension only.
Determine the design strength under the following conditions.
a) When the beam is reinforced with three 25 mm diameter bars.
b) When the beam is reinforced with four 25 mm diameter bars.
c) When the beam is reinforced with seven 25 mm diameter bars.
SOLUTION
a)
b)
c)
PROBLEM 2.32
SOLUTION
This problem is the same as Problem 2.23.
To guide us whether a will exceed 150 mm or not, let us solve the design moment
when a =150 mm.
a)
Since the required
Stress in steel
b) Balanced condition:
241.27) = 454.37
(114.11)=517.95
d) Maximum moment,
e)
Refer to Figure 2.17
=575-1/2(0.85c-150)
]
]
PROBLEM 2.33
Design a singly reinforced rectangular beam to carry dead load moment of 110 kN-m
(including self weight) and live load moment of180 kN-m. Use steel ratio
and
take
Assume
and
SOLUTION
is directly proportional to c.
Thus,
PROBLEM 2.34
Repeat Problem 2.33 using a steel ratio
SOLUTION
SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS
PROBLEM 2.35
A rectangular beam has
.
Determine (a) the maximum design moment if the beam is singly reinforced and (b) the
required steel area if the beam is required to carry a dead load moment of 50 kN-m and
a live load moment of 30 kN-m. Use the 2001 NSCP.
PROBLEM 2.36
Repeat Problem 2.35 using the 2010 NSCP.
PROBLEM 2.37
Design a rectangular beam reinforced for tension only carry dead load moment of 85
kN-m (including its estimated weight) and a live load of 102 kN-m. Use
and
use d= 1.75b. Assume
and
. Use the 2001 NSCP
PROBLEM 2.38
Repeat Problem 2.37 using the 2010 NSCP.
PROBLEM 2.39
A reinforced concrete beam has the following properties: Use 2001 NSCP)
beam with,
effective depth,
concrete strength,
reinforcing steel,
reinforcing steel modulus,
service dead load moment
a) If the beam is to be designed for a balanced condition, find the required area of
steel area reinforcement, design balanced moment, and the corresponding
service live load moment.
b) Find the maximum steel area, the maximum design moment, and the
PROBLEM 2.40
Repeat Problem 2.39 using the 2010 NSCP.
PROBLEM 2.41
Calculate the ultimate moment capacity of a rectangular beam with
,
,
. Assume
.
. Use 2001 NSCP
PROBLEM 2.42
Repeat Problem 2.41 using the 2010 NSCP.
PROBLEM 2.43
Calculate the ultimate moment capacity of a rectangular beam with
,
,
. Assume
,
. Use 2010 NSCP.
PROBLEM 2.44
PROBLEM 2.45
Calculate the ultimate moment capacity of a rectangular beam with
,
,
. Assume
,
. Use 2010 NSCP
PROBLEM 2.46
Repeat Problem 2.45 using the 2010 NSCP.
CHAPTER 3
T-Beams
Reinforced concrete floors usually consist of slab and beams, which are placed or
poured monolithically. In this effect, the beam will have extra width on top (which is
usually under compression) called flangers, and the resulting section is called a Tbeam. The beam may also be L-shaped if it is located at the end of slab.
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF T-BEAMS
WITH FLANGE IN COMPRESSION
Because of the huge amount of compression concrete when the flange of a T-beams is
compression, the section is usually tension-controlled (extreme tension yields).
The compression block of T-beam may fall within the flange only or partly in the web. If
it falls within the flange as shown in Figure 3.1 (a), the rectangular beam formulas in
Chapter 2 applies since the concrete below neutral axis is assumed to be cracked and
its shape has no effect on the flexure calculations. If however it cover part of the web as
shown in Figure 3.1 (b), the compression concrete no longer consist of a single
rectangle and thus the rectangular formulas do not apply.
and
If a is less than the slab thickness, the formulas for rectangular beam may be used, or
However, if a is greater than the slab thickness, the following formula will be used.
Eq. 3-1
Eq. 3-2
When T-beams are resisting negative moments so that far their flangers are in tension
and the bottom of their stems in compression, the formulas for rectangular beams can
be applied. The following code requirements shall be applied for this case:
410.7.6: Where flangers of T-beam construction are in tension, part of the flexural
tension reinforcement shall be distributed over an effective flange width as defined in
Sec. 408.11, or width equal to 1/10 the span, whichever is smaller. If the effective flange
width exceeds 1/10 the span, some longitudinal reinforcement shall be provided in the
outer portions of the flange.
The intention of this section is to minimize the possibilities of flexural cracks that will
occur at the top face of the flange due to negative moments.
Eq. 3-3
Eq. 3-4
In T-beam construction, the flange and web shall be built integrally or otherwise
effectively bonded together.
2.
The width of slab effective as T-beam shall not exceed 1/4 of the span of the
beam, and the effective overhanging flange on each side of th web shall not
exceed:
a) 8 times the slab thickness, and
b) 1/2 the clear distance to the next web.
3.
For beams with slab on one side only, the effective overhanging flange shall not
exceed:
a) 1/12 the span length of the beam,
b) 6 times the slab thickness, and
c) 1/2 the clear distance to the next web.
3.
For End Beam
is the smallest of :
1. L/12 +
2.
3.
For symmetrical interior beam (
is the smallest of:
1. L/4
2.
3. center-to-center spacing of beams
4. Isolated beams in which T-shape are used to provide a flange for additional
compression area shall have a flange thickness not less than 1/2 the width of the
web and an effective flange width not more than four times the width of the web.
5.
Solve for
II.
Solve for
when a = t
if
if
III.
Solve for a:
IV.
STEPS IN FINDING
OF SINGLY REINFORCED T-BEAMS WITH GIVEN
AND OTHER BEAM PROPERTIES:
I.
If
If
.
II.
Compare
If
If
III.
Solve for a:
IV.
Solve for :
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
PROBLEM 3.2
Given the following elements of a T-beam:
Flange width,
Flange thickness,
Width of web,
Effective depth,
If the beam is reinforced for tension only, determine the ultimate moment capacity when
the depth of compression concrete flange equals the flange thickness or
.
SOLUTION
Eq. 3-5
PROBLEM 3.3
Given the following elements of a T-beam:
Flange width,
Flange thickness,
Width of web,
Effective depth,
If the beam is reinforced for tension only, determine the following:
a) The balanced steel area
b) The nominal and ultimate balanced moment capacity
c) The maximum steel area
d) The nominal and ultimate maximum moment capacity
SOLUTION
a) Balanced condition
Figure 3.3
102,466=99,000 + 310(z)
PROBLEM 3.4
A T-beam has the following properties:
SOLUTION
,
and steel area for the following
Balanced condition:
FIGURE 3.4
Maximum condition:
a)
Since
Minimum
Thus,
b)
Since
is more than
is more than t.
PROBLEM 3.5
Design a T-beam for a floor system for which
and
. The
beams are 4.5 m long and spaced at 3 mo.c. The slab thickness is 100 mm.
SOLUTION
L/4 = 1.125 m
center-to center spacing of beams = 3 m
Thus,
Solve for
Solve for
z=23.25 mm
Minimum
Thus,
PROBLEM 3.6
Determine the ultimate moment capacity of reinforced concrete T-beam with the
following properties: Flange width b = 1500 mm, web width
, effective
depth d = 600 mm, slab thickness t = 100 mm. Assume
and
. The beam is reinforced with six 28 mm bars.
SOLUTION
Solve for balanced
72,441 = a (1500)
PROBLEM 3.7
Given the following properties of T-beam:
Flange width,
Flange thickness, t=1200
Width of web,
Effective depth, d = 580 mm
Service deal load,
Determine the safe service live load if the beam is reinforced for tension only with
twelve (12) 28-mm-diameter bars.
SOLUTION
Steel area provided is less than the balanced steel area. Steel yields.
142,813=108,000+
34,813 = 400z
PROBLEM 3.8
The section of a reinforced concrete T-beam is shown in Figure 3.5. The beam is
reinforced with 10 32-mm-diameter tension bars with
. Concrete strength
. If the total service dead load moment on the beam is 330 kN-m,
determine the safe service live load moment.
SOLUTION
Since
mm
SOLUTION
Given:
a) Balanced condition,
Figure 3.6
PROBLEM 3.10
Repeat Problem 3.2 using the 2010 NSCP.
SOLUTION
Given:
Solving for :
PROBLEM 3.11
Repeat Problem 3.4 using the 2010 NSCP.
Additional questions:
c) Find the required steel area if
and
.
d) Find the maximum design moment so that section is tension-controlled if it is
reinforced for tension only.
SOLUTION
Given:
Solve for
Solve for
when
a)
Since
is less than
,a is less than t.
Assume
Minimum
Thus,
b)
Since
is less than t.
Assume
c)
Since
is more than t.
Assume
d)
Note: If
PROBLEM 3.12
Repeat Problem 3.6 using the 2010 NSCP.
SOLUTION
Given:
is less than t
Solve for :
therefore
PROBLEM 3.13
Repeat Problem 3.7 using 2010 NSCP.
SOLUTION
Given the following properties of a T-beam:
Flange width,
Flange thickness,
Width of web,
Effective depth,
Service deal load,
Steel area provided is less than the balanced steel area. Steel yields.
0.85
a >t
Solve for :
Since
Transition region
PROBLEM 3.14
Repeat Problem 3.8 using 2010 NSCP.
SOLUTION
Since
Figure 3.8
Compression reinforcement is provided to ensure ductile failure (i.e. tension steel must
yield). For the reason, therefore, the stress in tension (
is always equal for . On the
other hand, stress of compression steel (
may either be
or below . This stress
must always be checked.
If the compression steel yields, then
, otherwise
, where
the stress of compression steel is given and is given by the following equation.
(see derivation in page 137)
is
Eq. 3-6
According to Section 410.4.3 of NSCP, for members with compression reinforcement,
the portion of equalized by compression reinforcement need not be reduced by the
0.75 factor. Thus, the maximum permissible is:
Eq. 3-7
Solve for
and
OF ADOUBLY REINFORCED
AND OTHER BEAM PROPERTIES
If
If
II.
Figure 3.9
Solve for
Solve for
III.
and
Eq. 3-8
If
If
proceed to IV
proceed to V
IV.
then use
V.
then use
STEPS IN FINDING
OF A DOUBLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR BEAM
WITH GIVEN ,
AND OTHER BEAM PROPERTIES
There are three possible cases in doubly reinforced beams.
Case 1: Both tension and compression yields (
Case 2: Tension steel yields and compression steel does not (
Case 3: Tension steel does not yield compression steel yields.
(
Note: For doubly reinforced beams with effective depth d=250 mm or more, it is not
possible for both steels not to yield.
I.
II.
Check:
If
III.
If
tension steel; yields, proceed to step III
tension steel does not yield, proceed to step IV
If
If
IV.
proceed to step IV
proceed to step V
Since
)
(
V.
If
Solve for
by equation formula.
Solve for
Solve for a,a=
Solve for
(
VI.
______
)
(
DEEP BEAMS
According to Section 410.8 of the Code, beams with overall depth to clear span ratios
greater than 2/3 for continuous spans, or 4/5 for simple spans, shall be designed as
deep flexural members taking into account nonlinear distribution of strain and lateral
buckling.
Beams with web depth that exceed 900 mm have a tendency to develop excessive wide
cracks in the upper parts of their tension zones. According to Section 410..7 of NSCP, if
the depth of web exceeds 900 mm, longitudinal skin reinforcement shall be uniformly
distributed along both side faces of the member for distance d/2 nearest the flexural
tension. The area of skin reinforcement
per meter of height on each side face shall
be
Eq. 3-9
The maximum spacing of the skin reinforcement shall not exceed the lesser of d/b and
300 mm. Such reinforcement may be included in strength computations if a strain
compatibility analysis is made to determine stresses in the individual bars or wires. The
total area of longitudinal skin reinforcement in both faces need not exceed one-half of
the required flexural tensile reinforcement.
ILLUSATIVE PROBLEMS
DESIGN PROBLEMS
PROBLEM 3.15
a .305-mm wide rectangular beam has an overall depth of 560 mm. The beam is
reinforced with four 25-mm-diameter compression bars. The centroid fiber. Assume
and
. Determine the following:
a) The balanced tension steel area and the nominal and ultimate balanced moment.
b) The maximum tension steel area and the nominal and ultimate maximum
moment.
SOLUTION
a) Balanced condition
yield
)
(
SOLUTION
PROBLEM 3.17
A rectangular beam has b=300 mm and d= 490 mm. Concrete compressive strength
and steel yield strength
. Compressive steel if required
shall have its centroid 60 mm from extreme concrete fiber. Calculate the required
tension steel area if the factored moment
is 620 kN-m.
SOLUTION
This is the same problem in Chapter 2.
Solve for
Since
Note:
Solve for
PROBLEM 3.18
A rectangular beam has b=310 mm and d=460 mm. The beam will be designed to carry
a service dead load of 230 kN-m and service live load of190 kn-m. Compression
reinforcement if necessary will have its centtoid 70 mm from extreme concrete fiber.
Determine the required steel area. Use
and
SOLUTION
Solve for
:
Note : For rectangular beams,
Since
Tension Steel:
205.088 x
Compression steel:
PROBLEM 3.19
A floor system consists of a 100-mm concrete slab supported by continuous T beam
with 9 m span, 1.2 m on centers as shown in Figure 3.10. Web dimensions, as
determined by negative-moment requirements, are
and
Concrete cover is 70 mm from the centroid of the bars. The beam is subjected to a
maximum positive factored moment of 1080 kN-m. Use
.
Unit weight of concrete is 23.5 kN/
a) Calculate the required tension steel area at the point of maximum positive
moment.
b) Using the tributary area method, what is the uniform service dead load acting on
the beam?
c) Calculate the uniform service live load acting on the beam.
SOLUTION
Use
Solve for
to determine if compression steel is required.
Balanced condition:
Maximum condition:
Since
b)
SOLUTION
)
(
)
(
PROBLEM 3.21
A rectangular beam has the following properties:
Width, b=400 mm
Effective depth, d=620 mm
Tension bars, 3 pcs 25-mm-diameter
d=70 mm
Determine the design strength of the beam and the safe service live load if the service
dead load is 320 kN-m.
SOLUTION
)
(
)
PROBLEM 3.22
A 12-m long rectangular reinforced concrete beam is simply supported at its ends. The
beam is provided with an addition support at the mid span. Width of beam is 300 mm
and the overall depth is 450 mm. The beam is reinforced with 25-mm-diameter bars,
four bars at the tension side and 2 bars at the compression side .Concrete protective
By there-moment equation:
an overall depth of 470 mm. The beam is reinforced with 2-28 mm compression bars on
top and 4-28 tension bars at the bottom, each located 70 mm from the extreme concrete
fiber. Concrete strength
, and steel yield strength
Determine the following:
a) Depth of compression blocks assuming both tension and compression steel
yields.
b) What is the ultimate moment capacity of the beam in kN-m?
c) Determine the additional concentrated live load that can be applied at midspan if
the dead load including the weight of the beam is 20 kN/m.
SOLUTION
Given :
)
(
PROBLEM 3.24
A beam section is shown in Figure 3.12. The beam will be subjected to a maximum
service dead load of 215 kN-m. What is the safe service live load moment for this
beam? Use
SOLUTION
Tension steel,
Compression steel,
)
(
PROBLEM 3.25
A beam section is shown in Figure 3.13. The beam will be subjected to a maximum service
dead load of 360 kN-m. What is the safe service live load moment for this beam? Use
Tension steel,
Compression steel,
Solve for d:
)
(
PROBLEM 3.26
Calculate the design flexural strength of the T-beam shown in Figure 3.14. Use
SOLUTION
Flange area,
Assume all steel yields:
)
(
PROBLEM 3.27
Calculate the design flexural strength of the T-beam shown in Figure 3.15. Use
SOLUTION
Flange area,
Assume all steel yields: