Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Table of Contents
1. The rise of nationalism in Europe ............................................................................................... 2
Technical terms ........................................................................................................................... 5
2. The nationalist movement in indo-china ................................................................................... 6
Technical terms ..........................................................................................................................10
3. Nationalism in India .................................................................................................................. 11
Technical terms .......................................................................................................................... 13
4. The making of a global world..................................................................................................... 14
Technical terms ..........................................................................................................................18
5. The age of industrialization ....................................................................................................... 19
Technical terms ......................................................................................................................... 22
6. Work, life and leisure: Cities in the contemporary world......................................................... 23
Technical terms ......................................................................................................................... 27
7. Print culture and the modern world ......................................................................................... 28
Technical terms ......................................................................................................................... 32
8. Novels, society and history ....................................................................................................... 33
Technical terms ......................................................................................................................... 38
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PRELUDE
1823-92
Headings
French philosopher Ernst Renan.
1848
1882
1.
French Revolution
1790s
1797
1804
1813
1814-1815
2.
1815
1831
A young man, Giuseppe Mazzini, was sent into exile after a failed
revolution in Liguria.
1833
1833
1834
3.
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1824
English poet Lord Byron organized funds who later went to fight in
the war died of fever in 1824.
1830
1830s
1830-1848
1831
1832
1845
1848
1848
1848
1848
21 April 1849
1867
4.
The brothers Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm were bom in the German.
1798
1812
1848
The German middle class tried to unite the different regions of the
German confederation into a nation-state governed by an elected
parliament.
18 May 1848
1866-71
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18 January
1871
......
Italy Unified
1830s
1859
1859-1871
1861
1864-1871
Unification of Italy.
Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of united Italy.
Three was over seven years. With Austria, Denmark and France
ended in Prussian victory.
Strange Case of
Britain
1688
1707
1798
1801
Giuseppe
Garibaldi
1807-82
Giuseppe Garibaldi.
1833
1834
1848
1854
1860
1867
1870
During the war with Prussia, France withdrew its troops from Rome.
5.
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1848
1850
6.
1871
The most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe was the area
called the Balkans.
1905
1914
Technical terms
Absolutist: A government or system of rule that has no restraint on power exercised. In history,
the term refers to a form of monarchical government that was centralized, militarized and
repressive.
Utopian: A vision of society that is so ideal that it is unlikely to actually exist.
Plebiscite: A direct vote by which all the people of a region are asked to accept or reject a
proposal.
Suffrage: The right to vote.
Conservatism: A political philosophy that stressed the importance of tradition, established
institutions and customs. Preferred gradual development to quick change.
Ideology: System of ideas reflecting a particular social and political vision.
Ethnic: Relates to a common racial, tribal or cultural origin or background that a community
identifies with or claims.
Inviolability: Not violated/profane.
Dissemination: Spread widely.
Das Volk: German word meaning common people.
Junkers: Large landowners of Prussia.
Allegory: Symbol representing an abstract idea; an idea represented through a person or thing.
Feminist: Awareness of womens rights and interests based on the belief of social, economic and
political equality of the genders (male and female).
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Year
Events
039-043 CE
Third
Century C.E.
1802
1867
1868
Control of France
over Indo-China
1858
1880
1887
1887
1902
1903
1903
1905
1905
1907
1907
1902
1903
1903
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1905
1905
1907
1907
1902
1903
1903
Larger Exporter
of Rice
1873
1900
1930
1931
1930
1939
1940
1941
Huynh Phu so, founder of Hoa Hao declared Mad Bonze and
exiled him to Laos
HOCHIMINH
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1890-1969
Ho Chi Minh
1910
Learnt baking
1911
1930
1941
1943
1945
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1945
1945
1954
1954
1965
1965 to 1975
Vietnam War
1968
1970
1974
1974
1975
1975
1976
1979
Duration of some
Leaders
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1867-1940
1871-1926
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3. Nationalism in India
Events
S.No.
Year
1870
1905
1909
19141918
1915
1916
1917
1918
1918-19
10
1919
11
1919
March
12
1919
6-Apr
13
1919
10-Apr
14
1919
13-Apr
15
1920-21
16
1920
17
1920
Summer
18
1920
June
19
1920
September
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Date/Month
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12
20
1920
October
21
1920
November
Council elections
22
1920
December
23
19211922
24
1921
25
1921
26
1921
6-Jan
27
1921
January
28
1922
29
1922
30
1924
31
19261930
32
1927
33
1928
34
1928
35
1928
36
1928
37
1929
April
38
1929
October
39
1929
December
40
1930
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February
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13
41
1930
26-Jan
42
1930
31-Jan
43
1930
11-Mar
44
1930
6-Apr
45
1930
April
46
1931
5-Mar
47
1931
23-Mar
48
1931
December
49
1932
Technical terms
Forced Recruitment: A process by which the British colonial state forced people to join the
army.
Boycott: The refusal to deal and associate with people or participate in activities or buy or use
things. It is a form of protest.
Picket: A form of demonstration or protest by which people block the entrance to a shop, factory
or office.
Begar: Labour that villagers were forced to contribute without any payment.
Satyagraha: Following the path of truth and non-violence.
Khadi: Indian handmade cotton cloth.
Swaraj: The word swa means self and raj means rule i.e., self-rule.
Purna swaraj: Complete independence.
Harijan: means men of God. This name was given by Mahatma Gandhi to the untouchables or
dalits.
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Headings
Active coastal trade linked the Indus valley civilization with present day
West Asia.
15th
century
Till 15th century, several silk routes thrived linking Asia with Europe and
North Africa.
1500s
The world shrank in 1500s with discovery of sea route to Asia and
successful crossing of the western ocean to America.
16th
century
17th
century
1634
John Winthrop wrote that smallpox signaled Gods blessing for the
colonists.
1845 to
1849
Until 19th century poverty and hunger was common in Europe. The Great
Irish Potato Famine; around 1,000,000 people died of starvation in
Ireland, and double the number emigrated in search of work, (e.g., USA)
18th
century
Slaves captured from Africa, were growing cotton and sugar in America.
1813
1814-1815
18th
century
19th
century
1890
1820-1914
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Role of Technology
19th
century
Till 1870s
1878
1885
1890s
1880s
1890s
1892
Rinderpest moved west like forest fire and reached Africas Atlantic coast.
1897
1890s
19th
century
1900s
1921
1860s
19th
century
1815
1870s
1812-1871
1820s
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18 January
1871
3
1914
(August).
1914-18
1921
1920s
(Early)
1920s
1914
1920s
1920s
Fordist system of assembly line spread in the US and were widely copied in
Europe.
US prosperity based on housing and consumer boom.
1923
The US resumed exporting capital to the rest of the world and became the
largest overseas lender. Many countries financed then- investments
through loans from the US.
1928
1929
1929
1929-1932
1928
1920s
1933
1935
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1939-1944
1941
1944 (July)
1947
1950-1970
1950s
1950s1960s
Most developing countries did not benefit from the fast growth
experienced by the western economies.
1950-1960
1960s
1970s
1970s
1970s1990s
1970s
1949
Revolution in China.
1949
China cut off from the post-war world economy since the revolution.
1990s
Many new countries (for e.g., China) brought into the fold of the world
economy.
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Headings
INTRODUCTION
1900
A popular music publisher E.T. Pauli produced a music book that had a
picture on the cover page announcing the Dawn of the Century.
1730s
1760
Britain was importing 2.5 million pounds of raw cotton to feed its cotton
industry.
1787
1781
1840s
Cotton and Metals were the most dynamic industries in Britain. Cotton was
the leading sector in the first phase of industrialization.
1840s
1860s
1873
Britain exported iron and steel worth about 77 million, (double the value
of its cotton export).
HAND LABOUR AND STEAM POWER
2.
1830s
1764
1840s
1840s
1850s
3.
Before
1740s
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1740s
Decline of old ports Surat and Hoogly. The gross value of trade that passed
through Surat slumped from ? 16 million in the last years of the 17th
century to ? 3 million in 1740s.
1750s
1780s
Bombay and Calcutta grew as alternate trading ports to Surat and Hoogly. ,
3.2 What Happened to Weavers?
1760s and
1770s
1772
Henry Patullo says that the demand for Indian textiles could never reduce,
since no other nation produced goods of the same quality. But by
beginning of the 19th century there was a long decline of Textile exports
from India.
1811-12
1850-51
1850s
1850
1870s
1861
Break out of the American Civil War. Britain turns to India for its raw
cotton supplies.
1860s
Cotton weavers faced a new problem. They could not get sufficient raw
cotton of good quality.
FACTORIES COME UP
The British in India began exporting opium to China and in exchange took
tea from China to England.
Dwarkanath Tagore set up six joint-stock companies in Bengal. The
enterprises sank in 1840s business crisis but by late 19th century he
became successful industrialists.
1850s
Jeejeebhoy was involved in the China trade and shipping. He owned a large
fleet of ships, but competition from English and American shippers forced
him to sell his ships.
1854
1862
Four mills were at work with 94,000 spindles and 2,150 looms.
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1860s
1874
1917
Seth Hukumchand, a Marwari set up the first Indian jute mill in Calcutta.
1901
1946
1911
1. Over 50% workers in the Bombay cotton industries came from the
neighbouring district of Ratnagiri.
2. Mills of Kanpur got most of their textile hands from villages within the
district of Kanpur.
1912
J.N. Tata set up the first iron and steel works in India at Jamshedpur.
THE PECULIARITIES OF INDUSTRIAL GROWTH
5
Late 19th
century
1905
1906
Decline in export of Indian yam to China. Indian industries shift from yam
to cloth production.
1900-1912
1914-1918
First World War created a dramatic situation for industrial growth in India
as British mills were engaged in meeting Britains war needs. Manchester
imports into India declined. Indian mills had a vast Indian market plus
they were called upon to meet Britains war needs.
5.1 Small Scale Industries Predominate
1911
1911
1931
1900-1940
1910-1920
1941
Over 35% of handlooms in India were fitted with fly shuttles: in regions
like Travancore, Madras, Mysore and Cochin. In Bengal the proportion was
70 to 80 percent.
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Technical terms
Orient: The countries to the east of the Mediterranean, usually referring to Asia.
Proto: Indicating the first or early form of something
Stapler: A person who staples or sorts wool according to its fibre.
Fuller: A person who fullsthat is, gatherscloth by pleating.
Carding: The process in which fibres, such as cotton or wool, are prepared prior to spinning.
Spinning Jenny: Devised by James Hargreaves in 1764, this machine speeded up the spinning
process and reduced labour demand. By turning one single wheel a worker could set in motion a
number of spindles and spin several threads at the same time.
Sepoy: An Indian soldier in the service of the British.
Fly Shuttle: It is a mechanical device invented for weaving, moved by means of ropes and
pullies. The invention of the fly shuttle made it possible for weavers to operate large looms and
weave wide pieces of cloth.
Vagrant: A person without a settled home or work.
Bourgeoisie: A term used to describe the upper middle class.
Gomasthas: Paid servant of the company to establish direct control over the weavers.
Proto-industrialization: The early phase of industrialization in which large scale production was
carried out for the international markets not in factories but in decentralized units.
Trade Guilds: Association of producers that trained craftsmen, maintained control over
production, regulated competition and prices, and restricted the entry of new people within the
trade.
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Headings
INTRODUCTION
1880
1
1750
One out of every nine people of England and Wales lived in London.
1850s
1851
1861
1870s
1870
1880
1880
1887
The first social survey of low-skilled London workers in the East End
of London was conducted by Charles Booth, a Liverpool ship-owner.
1902
1917
191418
191939
1848
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10th January
1863
1880
2
1810
182425
1833
1870s
3
1852
1852-1870
1860s
1860s
1870
1886
The winter was severe and outdoor work had come to a standstill.
London poor exploded in a riot, demanding relief from the terrible
conditions of poverty.
1887
1889
4
18721941
1862
20th century
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4.1
4.2
1819
1854
1921
1919-1926
1930s
4.3
1800s
1840s
1872
The Bombay Fort area formed the heart of the city. It was divided
between native town where most Indians lived, and a European or
white section.
While every Londoner enjoyed an average space of 155 square yards,
Bombayite had a mere 9.5 square yards.
London had an average of 8 persons per house. The density in
Bombay was as high as 20.
1850s
1860s
1865
1898
1918
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1901
1918
4.4
1784
1864
1870s
19141918
The Back Bay Reclamation Company won the right to reclaim the
western foreshore from the tip of Malabar Hill to the end of Colaba.
Most of the private companies engaged in reclamation closed down
due to the mounting cost. Still the city had expanded to about 32 sq.
miles.
The Bombay Port Trust, built a dry dock and used the excavated
earth to create a 22 acre Ballard Estate.
1965
5
1840s
184753
1855
1863
1920
The rice mills of Tollygunge began to bum rice husk instead of coal.
This was an additional cause of pollution in the city of Calcutta.
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Headings
1.
AD 868
17th century
2.
1295
1430s
1448
Gutenberg perfected the system of casting the metal types for the
letters of the alphabet.
15th century
1450 and 1550
3.
1508
1517
16th century
1558
4.
1791
17th and 18th
century
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18th century
1780s
5.
18th century
19th century
1812
1857
19th century
Series of innovations. .
19th century
20th century
19th century
19th century
1920s
1930s
6.
1579
1674
1710
1713
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1780
18th century
7.
19th century
19th century
1810
1821
1822
1849
1867
1880s
8.
8.1
1860s
1870s
1876
1880s
1926
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20th century
8.2
19th century
1871
1930s
1938
1935 to 1955
20th century
9.
1798 (Before)
The colonial state under the East India Company was not too
concerned with censorship.
1820s
1835
1857
1877
1878
The Vernacular Press Act was passed. It was modeled on the Irish
Press Laws.
1907
1908
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1919
1922
Gandhi also spoke about liberty of speech, liberty of the press and
the freedom of association.
1942
Technical terms
Calligraphy: The art of beautiful and stylised writing.
Vellum: A parchment made from the skin of animals.
Platen: In letterpress printing, platen is a board which is pressed onto the back of the paper to
get the impression from the type. At one time it used to be a wooden board; later it was made of
steel.
Compositor: The person who composes the text for printing.
Galley: Metal frame in which types are laid and the text composed.
Ballad: A historical account or folk tale in verse, usually sung or recited.
Taverns: Places where people gathered to drink alcohol, to be served food and to meet friends
and exchange news.
Protestant Reformation: A sixteenth-century movement to reform the Catholic Church
dominated by Rome. Martin Luther was one of the main Protestant reformers. Several traditions
of anti-Catholic Christianity developed out of the movement.
Satiety: The state of being fulfilled much beyond the point of satisfaction.
Seditious: Action, speech or writing that is seen as opposing the government.
Denominations: Sub-groups within a religion.
Almanac: An annual publication giving astronomical data, information about movements of the
sun, moon, eclipses etc.
Chapbook: A term used to describe pocket-size books that were sold by travelling peddlers called
chapmen.
Bibliotheque Bleue: Low priced small books printed in France. These were printed on poor
quality paper and bound in cheap blue cover.
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SI.No
Headings
1.
1.1
Novels began to be written from the 17th Century in England and France.
1740
1749
Henry Fieldings Tom Jones was issued in six volumes. It was priced at
three shillings each.
1828-1910
1836
Leo Tolstoy a famous Russian novelist wrote extensively on rural life and
peasantry.
Charles Dickenss Pickwick Papers was serialized.
1.2
Charles Dickens
1838
1854
1885
Emile Zolas Germinal was published. It was on the life of a young miner
in France and the harsh conditions of miners lives.
1.3
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Thomas Hardy
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1886
1.4
18th
Century
Involvement of women
1775-1817
1816-1855
Charlotte Bronte
Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre was published in 1847.
1819-1880
1.5
1883
1872
1883
1884
1894
1.6
2.
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1861
1868
2.1
1889
1848-1919
1878
2.2
1882
Srinivas Dass novel Pariksha-Guru (The Master Examiner) was the first
modem novel in Hindi. It reflects on the inner and outer world of the
newly emerging middle classes.
1888
1916
1899
2.3
Novels in Bengal
1838-1894
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1865
1876-1938
Novels in
Assam
First novels were written by missionaries.
Translations of Bengali novels PhulmonV and Karuna.
1888
1900
Novels in
Oriya
Saudamini first Oriya novel.
1877-78
1843-1918
1902
3.
3.1
1951
3.3
Pleasures of Reading
1929
4.
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1852
1880-1932
Rokeya Hossein, a reformer, after she was widowed, started a girls school
in Calcutta.
1905
1927
A Tamil essay Why women should not read novels, was published.
4.1
1889
1892
1908-94
1848-1906
1920s
Novels that depicted the lives of peasants and low castes emerged in
Bengal.
1956
Advaita Malla Burmans (1914-1951) Titash Ekti Nadir Noam was an epic
on Mallas, a community of fisherfolk, who liveoff fishing in river Titash.
5.
1882
1956
5.1
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1861-1941
1916
1919
The novel Ghare Baire was translated as The Home and the World.
1930
1880-1936
1936
Premchand
Godan (The Gift of Cow) became Premchands best known work. Others
were Ranghbhoomi (The Arena) and Sevasadan (The Abode of Service)
Technical terms
Gentlemanly Classes: People who claimed noble birth and high social position. The standard
setters for proper behaviour.
Epistolary: Written in the form of a series of letters.
Serialised: A format in which the story is published in installments, each part in a new issue of a
journal.
Vernacular: The normal, spoken form of a language rather than the formal, literary form.
Satire: A form of representation through writing, drawing, painting etc. that provides a criticism
of society in a manner that is witty and clever.
Kissa-goi: Art of storytelling.
Dastan: The long tradition of prose tales of adventure and heroism in Persian and Urdu was
known as distant.
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