Some tips

Chapter 27:

MAGNETIC FIELD
AND MAGNETIC
FORCES

In understanding the concepts of magnetism,

I strongly suggest that you compare,
contrast, or find analogies with the concepts
Chaps. 21 and 22).
of electricity (Chaps.
22
Please review the cross
cross product
product (vector
product) that you learned from Physics 71 !!!

Physics 72 ARCIAGA [Chapter 27]

Physics 72 ARCIAGA [Chapter 27]

Magnetism
History
500 B.C.
lodestones found in Magnesia, Asia Minor (now Manisa, in
western Turkey)
magnetized iron ore (Fe3O4)

magnet
from Greek word magnesia

lodestones are now called magnetite

Physics 72 ARCIAGA [Chapter 27]

Magnetic poles
Poles always appear in pairs
North pole
South pole
Like poles repel; opposite poles attract

Physics 72 ARCIAGA [Chapter 27]

Some magnetic materials

Permanent magnets
Bar magnet, horseshoe magnet

Earth

Compass

Electromagnet
Physics 72 ARCIAGA [Chapter 27]

Magnetic monopole
What happens when you cut a
permanent magnet into two?
Answer: You will have two
magnets, each with a north
pole and a south pole

Is there a magnetic monopole?

Answer: Extensive searches
have been done, but so far
without success
Physics 72 ARCIAGA [Chapter 27]

Earths magnetic poles

Where is the south
magnetic pole of the earth?
Answer: near the NORTH
geographic pole (1,800 km
away or 11.5o away)

North magnetic pole: near south

of Australia
South magnetic pole: near
northern Canada

Take note
of the
compass

Trivia: More than 20

reversals of the earths
magnetic poles have
occurred !
Physics 72 ARCIAGA [Chapter 27]

Physics 72 ARCIAGA [Chapter 27]

Magnetic field
The aura of magnetic objects

Magnetic field lines

Visual representation of the B-field

What is the SI unit of magnetic field?

Answer: tesla (T)

Another common unit is gauss (G)?

1 tesla = 10,000 gauss

How strong is the earths magnetic field?

Answer: ~0.0001 to 0.001 T (~1 to 10 G)

Physics 72 ARCIAGA [Chapter 27]

B-field of a bar magnet

It tells the magnitude of the B-field

The closer the lines are, the stronger the field is
It tells the direction of the B-field
The tangent along the line gives the direction
The north pole of a compass needle points toward
the same direction as the magnetic field at that
position

Physics 72 ARCIAGA [Chapter 27]

B-field of a horseshoe magnet

By convention, magnetic field lines go out of the

north pole; and enter the south pole

Physics 72 ARCIAGA [Chapter 27]

Physics 72 ARCIAGA [Chapter 27]

B-field of the earth

Looks like a bar magnet !

Magnetic flux
Like a flow of magnetic field through a surface
Mathematically:

v
v
v
B = B dA = B n dA = B dA = B dA

SI unit is weber (Wb): 1 Wb = 1 Tm2

Physics 72 ARCIAGA [Chapter 27]

Physics 72 ARCIAGA [Chapter 27]

Example 1

Gausss law for magnetism

Mathematically:

B =

v
v
B

dA
=

v
B
n dA = 0

What is the magnetic flux through the closed

surface Y?
Y
Y

Magnetic flux through any closed surface is zero !!!

Absence of magnetic monopole

Magnetic field lines always form closed loops

Y
Y
Y

Physics 72 ARCIAGA [Chapter 27]

Physics 72 ARCIAGA [Chapter 27]

Example 2
What is the magnetic flux through the closed
surface Y?

Magnetic force on a moving

point charge

v
v v
F = qv B

Physics 72 ARCIAGA [Chapter 27]

Physics 72 ARCIAGA [Chapter 27]

Example 1
A proton (+e) is placed initially at rest in a
magnetic field of 200 gauss. What is the
magnetic force experienced by the proton?

Example 2
An electron (-e) with initial velocity vo is placed in
a uniform magnetic field B as shown below. What
is the magnetic force experienced by the electron?
(magnitude and direction)

zero

Zero
-e

Follow-up question:

the electron.
Physics 72 ARCIAGA [Chapter 27]

Physics 72 ARCIAGA [Chapter 27]

vo

Predict the trajectory of

Example 3

Example 4

A proton (+e) with initial velocity vo is placed in a

uniform magnetic field B as shown below. What is
the magnetic force experienced by the proton?
(magnitude and direction)

An electron (-e) with initial velocity vo is placed in

a uniform magnetic field B as shown below. What
is the magnetic force experienced by the electron?
(magnitude and direction)

B
+e

B
-e

vo

30o

o
vo 30

evoB ; out of the page

Physics 72 ARCIAGA [Chapter 27]

evoB ; into the page

Physics 72 ARCIAGA [Chapter 27]

Example 5
An electron (-e) with initial speed vo enters a yellow box
having an unknown magnetic field. It followed a curved
path inside the box (see below) and went out of the
box. What is the speed of the electron upon exit?

vo

vo
-e

Warning !!!
When a situation involves both the electric force and the
magnetic force, be careful on how you use the principle
of superposition.
You can do any of these:

 E1 + E2 + E3 +
 B1 + B2 + B3 +
 FE1 + FB1 + FE2 + FB2 +
You can NOT do this:

 E 1 + B1 + E 2 + B2 +
What is the total work
done by the magnetic force?
Follow-up question:
Physics 72 ARCIAGA [Chapter 27]

Physics 72 ARCIAGA [Chapter 27]

Example 1

Recall your Physics 71

Newtons 2nd law:

v
v
F
=
ma

A charge +q with speed vo is in a region of

uniform magnetic field Bo as shown. Describe
the motion of the point charge.

Circular motion:

v2
aC =
r

Bo
v = r

Physics 72 ARCIAGA [Chapter 27]

Circular motion

2
= 2f
T

Circular motion;
clockwise

+q

vo

Physics 72 ARCIAGA [Chapter 27]

Circular motion
When?
uniform magnetic field, and
velocity has perpendicular component
only
cyclotron radius (or Larmor radius or
gyroradius):

angular speed:

r=

v qB
=
r
m

cyclotron frequency (or Larmor frequency

or gyrofrequency):

Physics 72 ARCIAGA [Chapter 27]

Physics 72 ARCIAGA [Chapter 27]

mv
qB

f=

1 qB
=
2 2 m

Example 2

Example 3

Different point charges with the same velocity and same

magnitude of charge entered a region of uniform
magnetic field. They were all deflected as shown. Which
point charge is heaviest and positively charged?
charged

A charge +q with speed vo is in a region of

non-uniform magnetic field Bo as shown.
Describe the motion of the point charge.

Bo

Bo

vo
+q

Physics 72 ARCIAGA [Chapter 27]

Physics 72 ARCIAGA [Chapter 27]

Example 4

Helical motion

Describe the motion of +q below in the

presence of a uniform magnetic field.

B
+q
o
vo 30

Helical motion
Physics 72 ARCIAGA [Chapter 27]

Physics 72 ARCIAGA [Chapter 27]

Helical motion

Magnetic bottle/mirror

When?
uniform magnetic field, and
velocity has parallel and perpendicular
components
cyclotron radius (or Larmor radius or
gyroradius):
angular speed:

r=

mv
qB

v q B
=
r
m

cyclotron frequency (or Larmor frequency

or gyrofrequency):
pitch:

When?

x P = v T = v 2

m
qB

f=

1 qB
=
2 2 m

Physics 72 ARCIAGA [Chapter 27]

Physics 72 ARCIAGA [Chapter 27]

Example 5

Example 6

A charge +q with initial velocity vo is in a region

(white box) with constant magnetic field Bo and
electric field Eo, which are perpendicular to each
other. What should be the relationship between Bo
and Eo if you do NOT want the charge to deflect?

Bo

Eo = voBo
+q

Physics 72 ARCIAGA [Chapter 27]

A charge +q with initial velocity vo is in a region

(white box) with constant magnetic field Bo and
electric field Eo, which are perpendicular to each
other. If Eo > voBo, predict the trajectory of +q.

vo

Bo

Eo

+q

Physics 72 ARCIAGA [Chapter 27]

vo

Eo

Applications

Velocity selector
 purpose: to select ions moving with the prescribed
velocity
 how: balance the electric force and the magnetic force
 example:

vselect =

E
B

Physics 72 ARCIAGA [Chapter 27]

Physics 72 ARCIAGA [Chapter 27]

Applications

Thomsons e/m experiment

Sir Joseph John Thomson

(1856-1940)

purpose: to determine the value of e/m

how: velocity selector with speed determined from
conservation of mechanical energy
example:

Physics 72 ARCIAGA [Chapter 27]

e
E
=
m 2VB2

Hobby: bungee jumping

1897: discovered the
electron (corpuscle)
1906: Nobel prize
Thomson model of the
atom (raisin-pudding
model)

Physics 72 ARCIAGA [Chapter 27]

Applications

Cathode ray tubes

Physics 72 ARCIAGA [Chapter 27]

Physics 72 ARCIAGA [Chapter 27]

Applications

Mass spectrometer
purpose: to determine the mass (or the species) of ions
assuming |q| is known
how: analyze cyclotron radius due to a uniform
magnetic field
example:

m=

Physics 72 ARCIAGA [Chapter 27]

rqB
v
Physics 72 ARCIAGA [Chapter 27]

Applications

Applications

Magnetic trapping

van Allen radiation belt

James Alfred van
Allen
composed of
energetic charged
particles (i.e. a
plasma) around
Earth, trapped by
Earth's magnetic field

Physics 72 ARCIAGA [Chapter 27]

Physics 72 ARCIAGA [Chapter 27]

Applications

Aurora borealis and australis

glow observed in the night sky, usually in the
polar zone, caused by collision of electrons
with the atmosphere

Physics 72 ARCIAGA [Chapter 27]

Magnetic force on a currentcarrying wire (straight)

straight

v v v
F = IL B
Physics 72 ARCIAGA [Chapter 27]

Example 1

Example 2

What is the magnetic force on this wire

(length L) carrying a current I and
placed in a uniform magnetic field Bo
going into the page as shown?

What is the magnetic force on this wire

(length L) carrying a current I and
placed in a uniform magnetic field Bo as
shown?

Bo

30o

ILBo , upward

ILBo , into the page

Physics 72 ARCIAGA [Chapter 27]

Physics 72 ARCIAGA [Chapter 27]

Magnetic force on a currentcarrying wire (in general)

general

Example 3
What is the magnetic force on this wire
(length L) carrying a current I and
placed in a uniform magnetic field Bo as
shown?

Bo
I
zero
Physics 72 ARCIAGA [Chapter 27]

v
v v
F = I dL B
Question: Want a short-cut?

v
v
v
F = IL eff B

Physics 72 ARCIAGA [Chapter 27]

Bo
I

Example 1

Example 2

What is the magnetic force on the wire drawn

below, carrying a current 3 A, placed in a
uniform magnetic field 2 T?

What is the magnetic force on the wire drawn

below, carrying a current 3 A, placed in a
uniform magnetic field 2 T?

3m
2m

3m

1m

Leff

1m

Leff

12 N , into the page

Physics 72 ARCIAGA [Chapter 27]

12 N , into the page

Physics 72 ARCIAGA [Chapter 27]

Current loop

Example 3
What is the magnetic force on the wire drawn
below, carrying a current 3 A, placed in a
uniform magnetic field 2 T?

a conductor that forms a loop and has a

current flowing through it
it is a magnetic dipole
dipole

zero

Leff
Physics 72 ARCIAGA [Chapter 27]

Physics 72 ARCIAGA [Chapter 27]

Magnetic dipole moment

Magnetic dipole moment

property of a magnetic dipole

also called magnetic moment

v
v
= IA
Use the right-hand rule to determine its direction!
Curl along the current.
Physics 72 ARCIAGA [Chapter 27]

Physics 72 ARCIAGA [Chapter 27]

Torque on a magnetic dipole

Potential energy of a
magnetic dipole

v v v
= B

v v
U = B

Physics 72 ARCIAGA [Chapter 27]

Physics 72 ARCIAGA [Chapter 27]

Remark:

Recall these conditions:

For multiple loops, multiply with a

factor of N (i.e. number of loops).

v
v
= NIA

Not in equilibrium
(F0 and/or 0)
Stable equilibrium
(U is minimum)
Equilibrium
(F=0 and =0)
Unstable equilibrium
(U is maximum)

Physics 72 ARCIAGA [Chapter 27]

Physics 72 ARCIAGA [Chapter 27]

Example 1

Example 2

A circular current loop has

radius 2 m and current 3 A.
It is in a region of uniform
magnetic field 5 T as shown.
Find:

A circular current loop has

What2 if
current3 A.
radius
m the
and current
loop
of 5
It is inisa composed
region of uniform
magnetic
field loops?
5 T as shown.
identical
Find:

Magnetic moment

12 Am2 , upwards

Magnetic moment

30o

12 Am2 , 30o to the right

Magnetic torque

60 Nm, into the wall

Magnetic torque

303 Nm, into the wall

Potential energy

zero

Potential energy

-30 J

Magnetic force

zero

Magnetic force

Type of equilibrium
Physics 72 ARCIAGA [Chapter 27]

Not in equilibrium

Type of equilibrium
Physics 72 ARCIAGA [Chapter 27]

zero
Not in equilibrium

Application

Example 3

Electric motor

A square current loop has side 5 m,

counterclockwise current 3 A, and
lies flat on a plane. A uniform
magnetic field 4 T goes down into
the plane. Find:
Magnetic moment

75 Am2 , out of the plane

Magnetic torque

zero

Potential energy

+300 J

Magnetic force
Type of equilibrium
Physics 72 ARCIAGA [Chapter 27]

Device that produces mechanical

energy from electrical energy

zero
Unstable equilibrium
Physics 72 ARCIAGA [Chapter 27]