Esperanto Learning And Using The International Language

David Richardson
Esperanto League for North America, Inc.
3rd Edition, Copyright 1988
Index
RevA: 2016-06-08
Complied by: Murray H. Merner
Edited by: Paige D. Miles, Christopher Johnson, Chuck Mays
a
a and an indefinite articles not used in Esperanto p 70
a suffix, indicates contempt p 277
accents (supersigns) p 68, 221
accusative ending "n" p 77, 85, 92, 166
accusative ending p 288 (in text)
ad suffix, recurrence of event p 143
adia goodbye p 187
adjective agreement with plural noun p 91
adjectives p 73
adverbs from nouns p 81
adverb participles p 147
a suffix, to make a word a concrete entity p 154
ajn after a correlative ending in "i" or "neni" adds "at all" p 164
ajn with kio, kie, kiu adds the word "ever" p 164
alphabet, Esperanto p 221
an suffix, associate a person with a place or group p 94
anka placement in a sentence p 106
ant suffix, for participles, verb, adverb, noun p 141
anta, inta, onta participles (active) tenses p 147
anta ol before p 203
aperi to make an appearance p 220
appearance, how one is perceived "aspekti" p 220
appearance, to make "aperi" p 220
ar suffix, makes a collection of things p 132
aspekti to appear (look) in a certain way p 220
at, it, ot passive participles p 159
ata, ita suffix participles p 162
aa either or p 267
b
bleki a verb for the sound an animal makes p 302
bo prefix, relationship by marriage p 193
body parts p 279
bonan tagon good morning p 180
bonvoli please p 180
both and p 267
c
certera the rest of them p 184
certere additionally p 184
ci "thou", cia "thine", cin "thee" p 302
combining words p 118
comparative with "pli" p 111
compound sentences p 100, 113, 130
compound tenses p 163
compound verbs p 149, 152, 160, 163
conditional verb use of "us" ending p 131, 139, 140, 151
consonants p 67, 68
consonants, pronounce - r and l p 68
contraction removal of letters in words (elusion) p 169
conversational (formula) phrases p 248
copies p 285
correlatives p 126
correlatives, table of p 127

pronumciation of p 68
e a close relationhip in place or time p 236
i with "tie" and "tio" for "here, there, this, that" p 116
j suffix, to make male names nicknames p 168
u used to ask a question p 74
u linking sentences p 130
d
da use in quantity p 123
danki to thank p 181
days of week Index Addendum
de possessive or use with "piece" p 90, 124

de use with locations p 191

de of, from, apart from p 293
diacritic marks (circumflex for: c, g, h, j, s & u breve) p 68, 221
diphthong pronounciation Index Appendix
directions Index Appendix
dis prefix, separation into parts p 179
disde apart from p 293
e
e adverbal ending for something that usually happens p 166
e when no noun or pronoun is used p 167
eg suffix, to make a word more intense p 104
eitheror p 267
ej suffix, to change a word to a place p 83
ek prefix, verb start an action p 93
ek prefix, abrupt action p 211
eks suffix, former p 220
ekzemplero one of a number of similar objects, p 285
el to specify something out of a group of things p 111, 124
el prefix, thoroughness, do it all p 253
elision removal of letters in words (contraction) p 169
elspezo expenditures p 228
em suffix, a tendency or inclination p 197
end suffix, something that must be done p 245
enspezo income p 228
er suffix, makes something a smaller amount p 154
esperanto slang p 302
estas (present tense of verb "to be") multiple meanings p 70
esti use in compound verbs with participles p 149
estimata esteemed, formal show of respect p 182
estr suffix, person in charge p 212
et suffix, to make smaller p 104
et cetera (etc.) kaj tiel plu (ktp) Index Appendix
f
false friends - English words that look like Esperanto words but aren't p 214
fare de by, done by p 293
fi prefix, indicates shame p 277
formula phrases p 248
fractions formed with "on" p 115
g
gambo entire leg p 278
ardeno a place where things are grown p 239
ge prefix, makes word for both genders p 167
gender p 83
gerund phrases are not used in Esperanto p 259
good bye p 187
gusti intransitive verb of how something (food) tastes p 228
gustumi transitive verb of the action to taste something p 228

pronunciation of p 68
is la revido goodbye p 187

pronunciation of p 68
i
id name of offspring of persons & animals p 212
ig suffix, to cause p 103
ig suffix, intransitive verb made transitive p 201
i suffix, a change of condition, becoming p 117
i suffix, becoming done p 163
i transitive verbs made intransitive p 208
il suffix, names a thing by which an action can be performed p 117
imperative using "u" p 92, 114
in suffix, to make a word feminine p 82, 83, 278
ind suffix, "to be worthy" p 154
indefinite preposition "je" p 152
indefinite pronoun "oni" p 99
interesi transitive verb, p 287
interest, express p 287
interogative participle "u" p 74
intransitive verbs P 201, 208
io suffix, use in country names p 221
ism suffix, a collection of people p 208
ist suffix, a person habitually occupied p 83
it when not used in Esperanto p 99

j
j word ending, plural form p 90
ja "indeed", "assuredly" p 184
jam, jam ne already, by now p 180
je at a specific time p 115, 153
je as a preposition, toast, oath, certain phrases p 152
je use to omit preposition p 166
jen to draw attention p 117
joining words to make new words p 118

pronunciation of p 68
k
kajkaj bothand p 267
kara informal show of respect p 182
ke, use to introduce a subordinate clause p 100, 113, 130
ki correlatives beginning with "ki" to link inside sentences p 130
kiom how much, how many p 123
klopodi take steps to do a thing p 255
know, to p 100
konas to know p 100
kopii to copy p 285
korto courtyard p 239
krokodilo/i crocodile, speaking a national language around Esperantists p 339
kruro lower leg p 278
l
la to denote a thing in general or totality p 177
la possessive parts of body or clothing p 239
la ado an action in general p 143
lacking something p 184
leg gambo or kruro p 278
m
mankas lacking something p 184
mem myself, yourself p 94
mi petas please p 180
mis prefix, to change the meaning of the word to being wrong p 168
money transaction p 228
months of the year Index Appendix
moto show of respect p 245
multiple of a number p 246
must be done, something that p 245
n
n word ending, accusative, objective ending p 77, 84, 92
names of countries p 221
name of a counry from the nationality of a person using suffix "ul" p 221
ne placement in a sentence p 86, 106
ne unufoje not even once or not just once p 259
negative sentence by using "ne" before the verb p 86, 106
neither nor p 267
neknek neithernor p 267
nj suffix, to make female names nicknames p 168
nominative, predicate p 288
nothing p 164
nowhere p 164
numbers 1 to 10 in Vortolisto p 95, 96
numbers, 11 to 100 p 102
numbers, to form ordinals (i.e., first, second,) p 102
numbers, how to write them p 209
numbers Index Appendix
nur placement in a sentence p 105
o
obl suffix, a multiple of a number p 246
offering opinion "opinias" p 191
ol comparing one thing with another p 111
on suffix, to indicate a fraction of a number p 115
oni pronoun for people in general p 99
oni thy, one p 163
op suffix, collective sense of numbers p 209
opinias offering an opinion p 191
opposite meaning of a word using "mal" p 82
os verb suffix for future tense p 131
p

p articiples (active) p 141, 147

participles (passive) being acted upon p 159
passive participles p 159
peni to make an effort p 255
pensas proposing a consideration p 191
phrases, conversational p 248
plaas to like something p 179
please p 180
plej el biggest, fastest of all p 111
pli, plej comparitive i.e., bigger, faster p 111
plura lword ending "j" p 90, 92
po prefix, of a number to give a rate p 133
polite request p 139
por before an infinative verb "in order__ " p 188
por looks ahead to some goal p 188
possession of a person - "de" p 90, 124
possessive when there is no noun p 228
possessives out of pronouns p 89, 106, 229
possessive for parts of body or clothing "la" p 239
post kiam after p 203
pra prefix, family relation, "great__" p 211
pre tio plus correlative to provide an object of the preposition p 259
predicate nominative p 288
prefixes as words p 168
prefixes, list of Index Appendix
prepositions, omitting of p 166
prepositions as prefixes p 203
pri prefix, "about", "concerning", can broaden scope of word p 301
pro looks backward for the reason "on account of" p 188
proper names p 278
proposing consideration "pensas" p 191
provi to try a thing out p 225
q
question, ask a p 74
questions, asking and answering p 126
questions using "u" and correlatives p 127
quotation marks p 201
r
radio-amatoroj (amateur radio operator) p 51
re prefix, verb return the action p 93
reflexive pronoun p 137
respect, show of p 182
s
samideano persons who hold a common idea (eg. Esperantistists) p 187
schools, classification of p 258
scias to know p 100
seasons of the year Index Appendix
sentence word order p 77
sian, sia, si reflexive pronoun p 137, 138
sidi figurative (not literal) sense, a place where something is p 271
slang, esperanto p 302
something happens on a certain day p 165
something happens repeatedly p 166
statement of fact p 167
subordinate clauses in place of gerund phrases p 259
suffixes as words p 168
suffixes, list of Index Appendix
sufie enough p 193
superlative formed using "plej" p 111
supersigns (diacritic marks: circumflex & u breve) p 68, 221

pronunciation of p 68
t
taste p 228
temas pri the subject, topic, theme p 184
thank you p 181
there, when not used p 99
thou p 302
time of day, telling p 115, Index Appendix
titles of respect p 245
transitive verbs p 201, 208
try, to do something p 255
u

u verb ending, making a verb a request - imparative p 92, 113, 114

u verb ending , replace "let" or to give an indirect or implied command p 114
uj suffix, to make something a container p 132
uj suffix, tree names from their fruit p 187
uj suffix,names a country from the nationality of a person p 221
ul suffix, describes a person in terms of what they are like p 143
um indefinite suffix, to change the meaning of a word p 194
us verb ending for conditional tense, polite request p 131, 139, 140, 151

pronunciation of p 68
v
verb infinitive p 76
verb past, present, futures tenses p 74
vir prefix, to indicate a male animal p 84
vowels a, e, i, o, u p 67
w
wherever p 164
whoever p 164
word endings change meaning of a word p 81
word order p 73, 77, 105, 106
word pronunciation - accents on next to last vowel p 67, 169
Appendix to the Index
Prefixes
bo- relationship by marriage p 193
j- to make male names nicknames p 168
dis- separation into parts p 179
ek- the start of an action p 93
ek- abrupt action p 211
eks- former p 220
el- motion outward, thoroughness, do it all p 253
fi- indicates shame p 277
ge- makes a word for both genders p 167
mal- make a word the opposite of its meaning p 82
mis- make a word to mean wrong p 168
nj- to make female names nicknames p 168
po- at the rate of p 133
pra- family relations, "great" p 211
prefixes as words p 168
prepositions as prefixes p 201
pri- about, concerning p 301
re- verb, go back or again p 93
vir- to denote male animals
Suffixes
-a indicates contempt p 277
-ad recurrence of event p 143
-a to make a thing concrete out of something else p 154
-an associate a person with a place or a group p 94
-ant for participles, verb, adverb, noun A347to add "ing" to the word p 141
-ar to make a collection of things p 132
-ata participle, uncompleted or continuing action p 162
-j to make male names nicknames p 168
-eble "able to be" p 154
-ec "____ness" p 186
-eg to make a word more intense p 104
-ej to make a word a place p 83
-em a tendency or inclination p 197
-end something that must be done p 245
-er makes something a smaller amount p 154
-estr person in charge p 212
-et to make smaller p 104
-id decendants of people or animals p 212
-ig to cause p 103
-ig to make an intransitive verb, transitive p 201
-i a change of condition or to become p 117
-i gives the sense of becoming done p 163
-il names a thing with which an action can be performed p 117
-in to make a word into a feminine form p 82
-ind to be worthy p 154
-in feminine p 83
-ism a collection of people p 208
-ist a person habitually occupied p 83
-ita participle, implies a completed action p 162
-nj to make female names nicknames p 168

-obl a multiple of a number p 246

-on turns a number into a fraction p 115
-op collective sense of numbers p 209
suffixes as words p 168
-u making a verb a request, imperative p 92, 113
-u to tell oneself to do something p 114
-uj to make something a container p 132, 187
-uj to name a tree after its fruit p 187
-ul describes a person p 143
-ul to name a country from a person's nationality p 221
Diphthongs (Vowel Glides) Pronunciation
aj like the "y" in "my"
a like the "ow" in "cow"
ej like the "ay" in "play"
e like" ayw" in "wayward"
oj like "oy" in "boy"
uj like "ooey" in "gooey"
Days of the Week (Note: no caps)
Sunday - dimano
Monday - lundo
Tuesday - mardo
Wednesday - merkredo
Thursday - ado
Friday - vendredo
Saturday - sabato
Months of the Year (Note: no caps)
January - januaro
February - februaro
March - marto
April - aprilo
May - majo
June - junio
July - julio
August - agusto
September - septembro
October - oktobro
November - novembro
December - decembro
Seasons of the Year
Summer - somero
Autumn - atuno
Winter - vintro
Spring - printempo
Directions
north - nordo
south - sudo
east - oriento
west - okcidento
Time of Day p 115
a.m. matene
p.m. posttagmeze
noon - tagmezo
midnight - noktomezo
2:00 a.m. - je la dua horo matene
2:19 p.m. - je la dua kaj dekna minutoj posttagmeze
Numbers
0 thru 10: nulo, unu, du, tri, kvar, kvin, ses, sep, ok, nau, dek p 95, 96
11 to 999: p 102
1,000 & 1,000,000: mil & miliono
etc. (et certa) - k.t.p., "kaj tiel plu"