Professional Documents
Culture Documents
A. Properties of Term
1. Comprehension
Comprehension is the understanding and interpretation of what is read. To be able to accurately understand written
material, children need to be able to
(1) Decode what they read;
(2) Make connections between what they read and what they already know; and
(3) think deeply about what they have read.
2. Extension
Universal
it refers to all individuals signified by the term.The following indicates universality:
a. universal affirmative quantifiers such as, all, each, every, any, everything, everyone, anything, anyone,
whatever, whichever, whenever, wherever, whoever, e.g. all countries, every citizen, each blogger, any
amount, anything new, whatever answer
b. universal negative modifiers such as, no, none, no one, nothing, nobody, never, etc., e.g. no American,
nothing small, nobody wise
c. indefinite articles a and an (when taken to refer to all denotations of the term), e.g. A man is a rational
being.
Particular
if it stands for an indefinite part of a whole. In Logic, a term is considered particular if it represents at least
one but not all of the individuals composing a class. The following indicates particularity:
a. indefinite pronouns/adjectives (some, many, several, few, most, certain) e.g. some singers, several songs,
many questions, few answers
b. indefinite articles a and an used in particular contexts, e.g. a helicopter, an airplane
c. number modifiers, e.g. 7 dwarfs, 2 princesses
d. modifiers such as majority, almost all, generally all, nearly all, e.g. majority of the congressmen, almost all
administrators, generally all believers
e. Subject terms in propositions that are true to only some of the denotations of the term, e.g. Belgians are
religious; Men have sense of chivalry.
Singular
if it refers to only one individual or thing. The indicators of singularity are:
a. proper nouns/ proper names, such as Tokyo, Michael Jordan, Air Force One
b. superlatives, such as the best actor, the most corrupt official, the highest scorer
c. demonstrative adjectives/pronouns, such as this book, that room, that teacher, this student
d. personal pronouns, I, he, you, she, her, etc. (as long as they definitely stand for one specific person)
e. the definite article the/specific modifiers such as, the lady in red
2. Exactness of meaning
Univocal
exhibits exactly identical sense and meaning in different incidents.
For example, we say Canines are dogs and Dalmatians are dogs. Theterm dogs is univocal, unless we give
Analogous
it shows partly identical and partly distinct meanings in different occurrences.
. In the phrases head of a man and head of a family, the terms head in some sense are similar but
nonetheless different in some aspects.
Other examples: healthy man healthy diet; leg of man leg of a chair; foot of a man foot of a mountain
3. Relation
Contradictory
are two terms, one of which negates the other. Contradictories are so mutually exclusive that there is no
Relative
terms wherein one cannot be understood without the other. In their meaning, they imply reference to one
another.
e.g. husband wife, interviewer interviewee, parent child, master servant, teacher pupil, leader
follower