Eurofluor GD05 160329 1

Comit Technique Europen du Fluor (CTEF)
Working Group on
Storage, Transport and Safety (STS)
Group 5
GENERAL PROPERTIES
OF ANHYDROUS HYDROGEN FLUORIDE (AHF)
AND HYDROFLUORIC ACID SOLUTIONS (HF)
This document can be obtained from:

EUROFLUOR (CTEF)
Avenue E. Van Nieuwenhuyse 4/Box 1
B-1160 BRUXELLES
info@eurofluor.org - www.eurofluor.org
Version 2016.03.29
GENERAL PROPERTIES OF
ANHYDROUS HYDROGEN FLUORIDE (AHF) AND HYDROFLUORIC ACID SOLUTIONS (HF)
PREFACE
Anhydrous hydrogen fluoride/ hydrofluoric acid (AHF/HF) is essential in the chemical
industry and there is a need for HF to be produced, transported, stored and used.
The AHF/HF industry has a very good safety record; nevertheless, the European AHF/HF
producers, acting within Eurofluor (previously CTEF) have drawn up this document to
promote continuous improvement in the standards of safety associated with AHF/HF
handling.
This Recommendation is based on the various measures taken by member companies of
Eurofluor.
It in no way is intended as a substitute for the various national or international regulations,
which should be respected in an integral manner.
It results from the understanding and many years of experience of the AHF/HF producers in
their respective countries at the date of issue of this particular document.
Established in good faith, this recommendation should not be used as a standard or a
comprehensive specification, but rather as a guide, which should, in each particular case, be
adapted and utilised in consultation with an AHF/HF manufacturer, supplier or user, or
other experts in the field.
It has been assumed in the preparation of this publication that the user will ensure that the
contents are relevant to the application selected and are correctly applied by appropriately
qualified and experienced people for whose guidance it has been prepared.
Eurofluor does not, and indeed cannot, make any representation or give any warranty or
guarantee in connection with material published in Eurofluor publications and expressly
disclaims any legal liability or responsibility for damage or loss resulting from the use, or
misuse, of information contained in this document.
The contents of this recommendation are based on the most authoritative information
available at the time of writing and on good engineering practice, but it is essential to take
account of appropriate subsequent technical developments or legislative changes. It is the
intent of Eurofluor that this guideline be periodically reviewed and updated to reflect
developments in industry practices and evolution of technology. Users of this guideline are
urged to use the most recent edition of it, and to consult with an AHF/HF manufacturer
before implementing it in detail.
This edition of the document has been drawn up by a Working Group "Storage, Transport
and Safety" to whom all suggestions concerning possible revision should be addressed
through the offices of Eurofluor. It may not be reproduced in whole or in part without the
authorisation of Eurofluor or members companies.
AHF is acronym for anhydrous hydrogen fluoride.
HF is acronym for hydrofluoric acid solutions of any concentration below 100%.
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Content
1.
INTRODUCTION - GENERAL REMARKS .................................................................................................... 4
2.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF AHF ............................................................................................................... 5

Table of physical properties of AHF .............................................................................................................. 5
Molar mass vs. temperature ........................................................................................................................ 6
Vapour pressure ........................................................................................................................................... 7
Liquid density ............................................................................................................................................... 8
Heat of dilution ............................................................................................................................................. 9
Table 1: Heat of dilution of hydrogen fluoride ........................................................................................... 10
Table 2: Variation of vapour pressure, vapour density and liquid density with temperature ................... 10
Table 3: Variation of density of superheated vapour at 1013 mbar with temperature ............................. 11
3.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS HF .............................................................................................. 12

Specific gravity of HF - H2O system ............................................................................................................ 12
Specific heat of aqueous hydrofluoric acid at 27 C ................................................................................... 13
Viscosity of HF - H2O system ....................................................................................................................... 14
Freezing points of aqueous hydrofluoric acid ............................................................................................ 15
Boiling point of aqueous hydrofluoric acid ................................................................................................ 16
Boiling point of HF - H2O system ................................................................................................................ 17
Vapour liquid equilibrium diagram at the normal boiling point ................................................................. 18
Partial vapour pressure of HF over aqueous solutions of HF ..................................................................... 19
Partial pressure of water vapour over aqueous hydrofluoric acid versus temperature ............................ 20
Heat of water solution of anhydrous hydrofluoric acid liquid versus final concentration at 25 C (Heat
Evolved) ...................................................................................................................................................... 21
Enthalpy versus concentration at atmospheric pressure standard state: liquid water at 0 C and HF in
infinitely diluted solutions at 0 C .............................................................................................................. 22
Enthalpy / Concentration diagram for the system HF/H2O ........................................................................ 23
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1. Introduction - general remarks

This guideline has been developed by the Storage, Transport and Safety Group of Eurofluor
(CTEF). It is intended to offer recommendations on General Properties of Anhydrous
Hydrogen Fluoride (from here referred to as AHF within this document) or Hydrofluoric
acid solutions (from here referred to as HF) at ambient temperature (from -20C to +50C)
unless stated otherwise.
This Recommendation summarizes some physical properties of AHF/HF. However, main
source of information on physical properties of HF as well as toxicological data can be found
in the registration dossier of HF (12/2010) under the European Regulation EC/1907/2006
(REACH) or in Safety Data Sheets.
All materials of construction, which are mentioned in this document should be doublechecked and there should be a search for more information on materials, in our
Recommendation on materials of construction for Anhydrous Hydrogen Fluoride and
Hydrofluoric Acid solutions available from Eurofluor publication webpage
www.eurofluor.org.
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2. Physical properties of AHF

Table of physical properties of AHF
Appearance
Colorless liquid, fumes in air
Physical State
Liquid
Molecular Weight
20.01 g/mol (monomeric)
Chemical Formula
HF
Odour
Sharp Pungent Odour
Odour threshold
<1 ppm
Specific Gravity (Water=1.0)
0.97 at 21C
Solubility in Water
100% by weight
pH
Not Applicable
Boiling Point
19.54C at atmospheric pressure
Melting Point
-84C
Vapour Pressure
1.03 bar at 21C // 122 kPa at 25C
Vapour Density (Air=1.0)
2.21 at 21C, 1.76 at 27C
Evaporation Rate
Not Applicable
% Volatiles
100%
Ionization Potential
15.98 eV
Flash Point
Not Flammable
Explosive range
Non Explosive
Critical Temperature
187.9 C
Critical Pressure
64.9 bar
Critical Density
290.0 kg/m
Heat of Vaporization at boiling point
374.5 kJ/kg
Heat of fusion at freezing point
196.9 kJ/kg
Specific heat at constant pressure

Liquid at boiling point
Vapour at 25 C, atmospheric pressure
2.32 kJ/kg C
1.46 kJ/kg C
Viscosity of liquid at 0C
0.25 cP
Surface tension at 0C
10.27 mN/m
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Molar mass vs. temperature
Reference: Hodgman C.D. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics - Chemical Rubber Publishing Company 1951 Allied Chemical
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Page: 6 of 23
Vapour pressure
Partial pressures over HF-water solutions where the numbers represent the quantity of HF in solution
expressed as wt % (a) of HF and (b) of H2O.
P. A. Munter, O. T. Aepli, and R. A. Kossatz, Ind. Eng. Chem. 41, 1504 (1949).
th
Reference: Kirk-Othmer Encyclopaedia of Chemical Technology, Volume 11, 5 edition, Donald Othmer,
Raymond Kirk. Copyright 2015 Eurofluor. Reproduced with permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Page: 7 of 23
Liquid density
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Kcal/Kg
Heat of dilution
200
150
100
50
Heat of solution per gram of AHF in water when mixed to the final concentration shown in wt% of HF
-
Hydrofluoric Acid, AnhydrousTechnical, Properties, Uses, Storage, and Handling, E. I. du Pont de

Nemours & Co., Inc., Wilmington, Del., 1984.
Hydrofluoric Acid, Allied-Signal Corp., Morristown, N.J., 1978.
G. K. Johnson, P. N. Smith, and W. N. Hubbard, J. Chem. Thermodyn. 5, 793 (1973).
Reference: Kirk-Othmer Encyclopaedia of Chemical Technology, Volume 11, 5th edition, Donald Othmer,
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Page: 9 of 23
Table 1: Heat of dilution of hydrogen fluoride

Concentration of HF
% w/w
Heat of Dilution*
KJ/Kg
100
90
217
80
380
70
502
60
623
50
736
40
820
30
874
20
912
10
937
970
(*) Heat evolved when 1 kg of anhydrous liquid HF at 25 C is diluted to the given concentration
Table 2: Variation of vapour pressure, vapour density and liquid density with
temperature
Temperature C
Vapour pressure
Bar Abs
Density Saturated
Vapour
Kg/m
Density Liquid
Kg/m
-10
0.31
1,025
0.49
2.15
1,002
10
0.71
2.52
980
20
1.03
3.17
968
30
1.46
3.98
945
40
2.02
4.98
928
50
2.76
6.19
908
60
3.7
7.65
888
70
4.9
9.39
867
80
6.4
11.44
844
90
8.25
13.85
820
100
10.52
16.64
796
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Table 3: Variation of density of superheated vapour at 1013 mbar with

temperature
Temperature
C
Vapour Density
Kg/m
19.5
2.93
30
1.79
40
1.13
50
0.85
60
0.77
70
0.74
80
0.71
90
0.68
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3. Physical properties of aqueous HF

Specific gravity of HF - H2O system
0C
15.6C
26.7C
37.8C
48.9C
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Specific heat of aqueous hydrofluoric acid at 27 C
Reference:
Research Laboratories iof
Company
General Chemical
Roth at al Zelectrochem 43 350-55 (1937)

Dahmos and Jung Z Physik Chem B 21 317-22
(1933)
Specific heat of liquid AHF

-
J. H. Hu, D. White, and H. L. Johnston, J.

Am. Chem. Soc. 75, 1232 (1953).
Hydrofluoric
Acid,
Anhydrous
Technical, Properties, Uses, Storage, and
Handling, E. I. du Pont de Nemours &
Co., Inc., Wilmington, Del., 1984.
Reference: Kirk-Othmer Encyclopaedia of

Chemical Technology, Volume 11, 5th edition,
Donald Othmer, Raymond Kirk. Copyright 2015
Eurofluor. Reproduced with permission of John
Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Page: 13 of 23
Viscosity of HF - H2O system
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Freezing points of aqueous hydrofluoric acid
Freezing point, HFwater system

G. H. Cady and J. H. Hildebrand, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 52, 3843 (1930).
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Boiling point of aqueous hydrofluoric acid
Reference: Research Laboratories of General Chemical Company

All statements and information are believed to be accurate and reliable; they are presented without guarantee
or warranty of any kind, express or implied. Information provided herein does not relieve the user from the
responsibility of carrying out its own test and experiments, and the user assumes all risks and liability for
results obtained.
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Boiling point of HF - H2O system
Temperature, C
37,8
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Vapour liquid equilibrium diagram at the normal boiling point
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Page: 18 of 23
Partial vapour pressure of HF over aqueous solutions of HF
expressed as wt % (a) of HF and (b) of H2O.
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Page: 19 of 23
Partial pressure of water vapour over aqueous hydrofluoric acid versus

temperature
expressed as wt % of H2O.
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Page: 20 of 23
Kcal/Kg
Heat of water solution of anhydrous hydrofluoric acid liquid versus final

concentration at 25 C (Heat Evolved)
200
150
100
50
Heat of solution per gram of AHF in water when mixed to the final concentration shown in wt% of HF
-
Hydrofluoric Acid, AnhydrousTechnical, Properties, Uses, Storage, and Handling, E. I. du Pont de

Nemours & Co., Inc., Wilmington, Del., 1984.
G. K. Johnson, P. N. Smith, and W. N. Hubbard, J. Chem. Thermodyn. 5, 793 (1973).
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Page: 21 of 23
Enthalpy versus concentration at atmospheric pressure standard state: liquid

water at 0 C and HF in infinitely diluted solutions at 0 C
Vapour-phase enthalpy of anhydrous HF where the numbers represent the partial pressure of HF in kPa. The
critical point occurs at 1888C. To convert kPa to psi, multiply by 0.145. To convert kJ/kg to Btu/lb, multiply by
-4
4.302 x 10 .
-
C. E. Vanderzee and W. W. Rodenburg, J. Chem. Thermodyn. 2, 461 (1970).
E. U. Franck and F. Meyer, Z. Electrochem. 63, 571 (1959).
W. Spalthoff and E. U. Franck, Z. Electrochem 61(8), 993 (1957).
R. M. Yabroff, J. C. Smith, and E. H. Lightcap J. Chem. Eng. Data 9(2), 178 (1964).
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Page: 22 of 23
Enthalpy / Concentration diagram for the system HF/H2O
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Page: 23 of 23

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Comit Technique Europen du Fluor (CTEF)

Storage, Transport and Safety (STS)

This document can be obtained from:

INTRODUCTION - GENERAL REMARKS .................................................................................................... 4

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF AHF ............................................................................................................... 5

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS HF .............................................................................................. 12

1. Introduction - general remarks

2. Physical properties of AHF

Colorless liquid, fumes in air

20.01 g/mol (monomeric)

Sharp Pungent Odour

Specific Gravity (Water=1.0)

19.54C at atmospheric pressure

1.03 bar at 21C // 122 kPa at 25C

Vapour Density (Air=1.0)

2.21 at 21C, 1.76 at 27C

Heat of Vaporization at boiling point

Heat of fusion at freezing point

Specific heat at constant pressure

Molar mass vs. temperature

Hydrofluoric Acid, AnhydrousTechnical, Properties, Uses, Storage, and Handling, E. I. du Pont de

Hydrofluoric Acid, Allied-Signal Corp., Morristown, N.J., 1978.

G. K. Johnson, P. N. Smith, and W. N. Hubbard, J. Chem. Thermodyn. 5, 793 (1973).

Table 1: Heat of dilution of hydrogen fluoride

Table 3: Variation of density of superheated vapour at 1013 mbar with

3. Physical properties of aqueous HF

Specific heat of aqueous hydrofluoric acid at 27 C

Roth at al Zelectrochem 43 350-55 (1937)

Specific heat of liquid AHF

J. H. Hu, D. White, and H. L. Johnston, J.

Reference: Kirk-Othmer Encyclopaedia of

Viscosity of HF - H2O system

Freezing points of aqueous hydrofluoric acid

Freezing point, HFwater system

Boiling point of aqueous hydrofluoric acid

Reference: Research Laboratories of General Chemical Company

Boiling point of HF - H2O system

Vapour liquid equilibrium diagram at the normal boiling point

Partial vapour pressure of HF over aqueous solutions of HF

Partial pressure of water vapour over aqueous hydrofluoric acid versus

Heat of water solution of anhydrous hydrofluoric acid liquid versus final

Hydrofluoric Acid, AnhydrousTechnical, Properties, Uses, Storage, and Handling, E. I. du Pont de

Hydrofluoric Acid, Allied-Signal Corp., Morristown, N.J., 1978.

G. K. Johnson, P. N. Smith, and W. N. Hubbard, J. Chem. Thermodyn. 5, 793 (1973).

Enthalpy versus concentration at atmospheric pressure standard state: liquid

C. E. Vanderzee and W. W. Rodenburg, J. Chem. Thermodyn. 2, 461 (1970).

Hydrofluoric Acid, Allied-Signal Corp., Morristown, N.J., 1978.

E. U. Franck and F. Meyer, Z. Electrochem. 63, 571 (1959).

W. Spalthoff and E. U. Franck, Z. Electrochem 61(8), 993 (1957).

Enthalpy / Concentration diagram for the system HF/H2O

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