Handy

Farm

Devices
and

How

Make

to

By
Assoaate

Rolfe
Editor

Them

Cobleigh

American

Agriculturist

ILLUSTRATED

NEW

ORANGE

YORK

JUDD
1910

COMPANY

Copyright,
ORANGE

1909,

JUDD

A/I

Pbinted

Rights

in

"CU253GS7

by

COMPANY

Reserved,

U.

S.

a.

By

SUCCESS
results

best

and

do-with

It

and

farm

modern

how

to

are

many

There

and

factory

man

labor

of

needs

Now

are

We

explain

old,

experience
all

after
a

just

over

in

that

men

lot

is

the

words

tried

We

represent
farmers
United

the
and

ideas.

into

ones

the

practical,

States.

this

pictures,

to

device.

practical.

other

all

are

these

for

the

meet

each

good

are

ligent
intelmoney

to

make

any

constantly

are

and

and

in

save

best

to

repair.

every

things

to

all

new,

the

of

tools

out,

made

gathering

how

described

of

and

trying, by

They

them

which

valuable

best

turn

practical experience.

putting

are

store,

any

himself,

but

the

not

for

enough

not

keep

able
unattain-

and

with

Inventive

own

many

it is

devices,

in

time.

clearly

intended.

workers

make

are

Everything
are

can

hunting

we

book.

sold

of

and
and

industry

factories

and

handy

not

their

and

them

simple

time

shops

use

and

contriving

the

that

trade

an

equipped

simply
things-to-

many

But

the

Labor-saving

undreamed

be

who

count.

ago.

to

machinery

know

and

years

and

most

man

farming

works

so

know-how,

that

possibilities

hundred

is the

made

has

the

the

revolutionized

has

of

science

It

who

man

bring

to

economy

machinery

industry.

will

not

"

hard.

works

the

efforts

his

the

to

comes

that

Introduction

of

Way

Some

purpose

successful

wide-awake

HANDY

DEVICES

FARM

"

This

book

of

on

the

this

good
steel

this

present

appreciated

be

to

We

out.

readers.

our

and

those

by

stood,
under-

easily
cut

house

has

else

so

way

chapter

good

some

chapter

Nowhere

mathematics

confusing
commend

will

in

flow
over-

valuable

uses.

handled

been

especially

that

its

and

The

title.

its

includes

square

with

also

than

measure

subject

We

broader

is

barn

who

plans,

contemplate

building.
In

addition

from

in

what

doing
mind

the

putting
what

the

readers

more

we

have

quickest
will

greater

book

the

larger

do

the

the

all,

and

greater

have

toward

work

toward

progress

happiness

it

we

education

our

of

do,

to

easiest,

Out

derived

be

to

how

of

into

way.

make

tells

purpose

thought
to

benefit

direct

the

to

and

cheapest
we

trust

greater
usefulness.

doing
and

our

perity,
pros-

CHAPTERS

BY

CONTENTS

Page

In

Barns

Worth

.;

.:

,.,

c,

"

t.i

"

cj

House

37

[,j

",

^^

.,

["

r.;

.,

bb

:.]

,.,

t"

"

r.j

"

"

",

:.]

c"

^.j

",

:,,

c.j

r.i

.^

Orchard

and

Wood

and

and

We

19

83

15

131

154
.

When

i,;

";

Bees

and

Garden

Gates

.:

Stock

and

Poultry

Field

the

Around

and

Square

Steel

The

Tools

and

Workshop

.;

Doors
.;

174

189

Build

Knowing

233
.

SMOP
^W^ORK
"AND-TOOIjS"

WORKSHOP

FARMER'S

THE

IHERE

is

head

the

going

are

tools

So, in this

list.

and

the

place

Every farmer
he
a
workshop in which
the weather
things when

make

and

out-of-door
do
a

farmer

few

should

have

either

keep

them

when

Some

the

are

three

and

in

or

that

all

of

he

bench

and,

tool

chest,

can

easily

he
of

stock

his

that

condition

good

where

carpenter
useful

be

found

back

saw,

and

plane,

and

will

chisels
chisel
two

hammer

or

and

bit stock

with

nail

set,

large

gauge

spirit

square

shave

"

fore

of

set
one

No.

half

loo

and

miter
is

dozen

box

good

bits

more
a

mallet

small

brace

or

gimlets

driver
;

hammer;
a

more

or

screw

level

or

claw

bell-faced

sizes ;

drawing knife; two

sizes
for woodworking
of different
for metal
two
or
; a gouge
; a good
three
hammers,
including a tack
a

of different
a

saw,

jack plane,

plane;

cold

hatchet

or

tools

crosscut

saw;

smoothing
a

wanted,

of the

saw,

compass

and

order,

in

is little to

smooth-top

bench

odd

do

prevents

First

tools.

have

to

following:

rip

the

above

in

use

demand

thrift

keep

long, strong,

should

tools.

and

carpenter

racks

on

find

or

have

essential

should

and

Economy

and

can

there

when

times

at

or

form.

the

on

he

work,

we

carpenter

keep
ought

to

them.

jobs

tools

book,

with

start

to

the

all

good

devices

farm

handy

of

that

doubt

no

one;

good

standard

a
a

penter's
car-

size;

pincers
flat

dividers

or

compasses
and

file;

file and

pair

least

at

It is poor

large

be

avoided,

get first-class

material

in every

plan

assist you
the shop

to

get

good

in
a

tool

and

course

that

sure

buy.

you

you

It is

practical carpenter
tools.
Keep on hand

selectingyour
variety of nails, brads

rivets, bolts, washers

be

but

Of

tools.

buy cheap

to

economy
is to

good

three-cornered

file.

extravagance

large,

rasp;

ones;

medium-sized

one

of small

nippers, a pair

cut

of

half-round

DEVICES

FARM

HANDY

tacks,

and
and

nuts,

to

in

screws,

such

small

likely to be
needed
occasionally, including hinges, hasps and
a
good plumb
sand-paper. Have
staples and some
line, chalk and pencils. Keep in a handy place a
See to
cement.
jar of a good liquidglue, and some
soned
it that the shop contains
a
good stock of well-seaof builders'

articles

lumber,
Attached
or

to

This

vise.

both
the
need

that

hardware

hard

bench
not

w^ood
should

be

an

and
be

are

soft.
a

bench

expensive

screw^

one,

but

should
good size and strong. There
also be a pair of carpenter'ssaw
benches, a shaving
and
anvil
a
horse, a small
grindstone. Every^
has
about
farmer
the
a
grindstone somewhere
have
to
a
buildings, but it is a great convenience
in the workshop.
good one
be devoted
A corner
of the shop should
to painting
colors
of
supplies, including several
good
standard
linseed^
ready-mixed paints and stains, raw
should

be

oil, boiled
for

of

linseed

oil, turpentine, varnish, putty,

of different
setting glass,several brushes
of glass of different
sizes, a good putty knife and panes
sizes ready for emergency.
A farmer
little
ought to be able to do occasional
jobs of soldering. He needs
soldering iron, a bar
of soldering fluid,
of solder, resin, a little bottle

points

WORKSHOP

which

which

in

furnace

sheet-iron

small

already prepared,

purchased

be

can

TOOLS

AND

heat

to

also

the

dering
sol-

iron.
to
buy all these
quite a tidy sum
lated
things at once, but they can be gradually accumuthen the
is able to purchase them, and
as
one
Whenever
outfit should
be
kept complete.
thing
anyin the shop is broken, worn
out, or disappears
it should
be replaced.
farm
Whenever
implements or anything about
of order, they
house
th-e barn
broken
out
or
or
are
few
minutes
Often
be
should
a
properly fixed.
will make
a
thing almost
spent at the right time
soon
while, if neglected, it may
as
get
good as new,
A
be
thrown
to
beyond repair and have
away.
implements
always keeps his farm
thrifty farmer

It would

well

cost

and

housed

in

repair.

but

what

important

as

that

save,

we

to

makes

earn,

vv^e

It is

us

rich.

as

it is to

leaks

the

stop

what

It is not

quite
figure on

big profitsdirectly.
RUNNING

If the

face

until

the

like

the

new

stone

the

to

shed

it under

when

not

in

use.

oil

the

bearings

drops
and

then

oil

some

will

stone

caused

by

weather.

It is best
but

and

put

box

make

will

cut

axle

the

the

easy

stone

gum

grease

will

posing
ex-

is not
over
a

run.

if it

cut

keep

to

if this

surprising how

will

or

minutes

is

tree

It is

of kerosene

the

cover,

glazed

few

every

condition

under

possible, set
on

stone

off and

worn

This

one.

in

stone

the

and

is hard

grindstone

on

is

glaze

the
the

of

little sand

pour

GRINDSTONE

THE

runs

make

it

little
few

hard
it go

easy.

It

is

hard

to

stand

on

one

foot

and

work

the

FARM

HANDY

lO

treadle

the

with

other.

The

hy bolting two boards

extending it 2 feet,on

and

toned

the

end

Good
on

your

and

sunny

An

cut.

which

of

is

smile

best

observe

how

can

of

as

be

done

contagious
when

be

to

cut

down

by grinding against

pipe, having

the

as

stone

the

dry.

Put

measles.

get up in the morning

will greet you
with
a

you

everybody

anvil

4-foot piece

of railroad

in the

ANVIL

HOMEMADE

homemade

shown

needs

face.

RIG

stone

uneven

piece

nature

job can be made

easy
grindstone frame, and
place a seat as shown

GRINDSTONE

This

up.

the

to

HANDY

in the

DEVICES

sketch.

can

be

constructed

rail mounted

This

affair

on

will

from

trestle,as

stand

lot

WORKSHOP

of

rail

The

ways.
make

and

pounding,

heavy

is

just

about

RAIL

ANVIL

MAKING

very

such

as

small

the

and

where

small

bolts

in the

to

in

of very

are

so

are

the

small

on

things

in the

way.

This

Learn

to

easiest
is

tasks

like

do

and

make

live

mits
per-

ing
screw-

there
there

as

to

pays

of the

one

live, and

Ignorance
Little

to

it

farm,

in

Where

things

many

are

the

This

work

bolts.

work,

bit-stock,

cut.

rapid

of

From

weld

old

an

kinds

remove

handle, and

part

many
trivances,
con-

cut.

wrench

monkey

up

for

gates

shown

as

handy in many
right shape to

TOOL

wrench

wooden

metal

the

NEW

handy
making

used, is shown
a

in

comes

anvil.

an

II

TOOLS

AND

do

quickest ^it-stock
real

to

fire doth

large

wrench

time-savers.

learn,
burn,

return.-

-Bayard Taylor.

HANDY

12

HOW

One

TO
of

FARM

MAKE

the

most

SHAVING

A
useful

Make
shaving horse.
good 2-inch plank, c,
v^ill make

DEVICES

devices
i8

bench

level

comfortable

HORSE

on

feet

farm

high

is
of

off the

seat.

edges so that
Upon this place

it
a

is cut
hole
a
slanting platform, b, through which
in v^hich the clamp, a, works.
The
of heavy hard
wood
be made
clamp must
that is tough and will not split.The
shank, /, must

HORSE

SHAVING

holes
in
Several
clamp, a.
the clamp to be raised
the plank will allow
as
so
in larger pieces of wood.
The
to take
treadle, g, is
kept in place by a peg at h. To operate this horse
the
workman
the
treadle,
places his foot upon
under
the edge of o,
inserts the wood
to be clamped
This
the
and
treadle.
pushes backward
upon
be used
and the drawing knife can
clamps the wood
more
rapidly than with a vise.
readily and much

be

an

extension

On

horse

the
as

of the

FARM

CONVENIENT

farm
is shown

there

is

in the

continual

drawing.

HORSE

use

Not

for

such

only

when

WORKSHOP

AND

TOOLS

I3

little

jobs of carpentering, but also in many

other
is found
a
sary.
necesoperations, such
support
is an
This
little horse
the
improvement over
ordinary stiff affair, in that it shuts together when
in use, and
be packed out
not
of the way.
so
can
doing

READY

HORSE

FOR

USE

zontal
horistrips,the two
boards
at the top being hinged together, as
the
in use
shown
herewith.
While
kept
legs are
in the
be plainly seen
apart by long hooks, as may
picture.

It is made

When

of boards

in

tillagebegins, other

therefore,

with

this

inch

wide
and

of

The

ers,
farmzation.
civili-

human

SPLICER

WIRE

and

strongest

little instrument.
and

follow.

Webster.

A
neatest

arts

founders

the

are

Daniel

"

The

cut

is bent

inch

thick.

into

hook

be
splice can
It is a strip of

One

end

made
iron

is cut

lar^e enough

row
nar-

to

fit

14

HANDY

neatly

the

largestwire

DEVICES

be

spliced. At the
notches
two
at the
are
filed^as shown
in position on
right the splicer is seen
The
splicer

of this
At

FARM

the

wire.

to

sides
left.
the

^._^^.^

should

be

backward,
in

turned

[f

it appears

as

the

righthand
drawing, to
make
the splice. A
pair of large pincers
or

should
hold

to

wires

vise

be

used

the

two

between

coils

the

while

turning
the
splicer. The
splice as finished appears
the
for

handle
net

than

used

only

should

width

of

is about

be

for

the

course

the

right
small

for

Take

serviceable
two

seasoned,

to

boards

8 wire.

length

sake

of

of

be

must

be

handle

the

convenience.

LEVEL

in

rather

the
hard

illustration.

wood,

be

so

strong

as

well-

them
This
never

moved

the

piece

or

If it is to

feet

union

At

LEVEL

long, bolt or screw

together at right angles.

to

No.

of

longer

Otherwise,

is shown

level

be

of

used

be

to

cannot

HOMEMADE

i-inch
2

handle

wire, the

SERVICEABLE

length

The

splicer is

mesh.

for the

reduced

SPLICING

above.

If the

vary.

wire, of
the

inches

may

WIRE

cut

by ordinary pressure.
top of the perpendicular
slit and
insert a piece
a

of

strong

of

the

thread.

thread

tie

To
a

the
thin

bottom

circular

AND

WORKSHOP

weight. Lay
the

level.

same

Just

across

two

above

the

trestles

of

nearly
the

mark

weight

the posistring hangs. Reverse

tion
of the instrument
by turning it end for end,
the position of the string. Half
again mark
between
the two
marks
place a third. When
the lower
board
this mark
string hangs over
A
be placed over
be level.
shield of tin may
weight. A nail on each side of the string,just
where

place
and
way

the
will

the
above
out

the

the

weight, will
of place. It must
simple level may
flat bottle

small

of

the device

15

TOOLS

air

near

swinging far
allowed
to
swing freely.
improvised by fillinga
it from

keep
be
be

with

water,

and

only a bubble
lengthwise and

that

so

the

middle

of

attaching it
a
straight stick

TO

MAKE

HANDLE

remains,

narrow

or

board.

To

the

secure

quite a

bothersome

of

handle

STAY

hammer

that

before

they

handles
are

than

in

the

is

attached

difficult
old-fashioned

spread

coming

WEDGE

more

is often

ax

it is driven

will

There

it is little

or

problem. A special wedge made

with
at a, in
as
a
piece of wood
the
sketch, held in place by a
fence
staple, b, has been devised
the
need
for a
to
meet
wedge
that really holds.
of
The
prongs
the staple should
be bent
slightly
outward

HOLDS

ON

to

set

way.

little

loose

in this
a

handle

in

the

in, so
dle.
han-

danger of
when
they

manner,
as

and

indicated

l6

HANDY

Among
box

are

small

value

making

of

tables

of

just

occasion

above

in

the

run

it.

for

crib
very

and

An
that

referred

man

line

out

There

is

nails.

liandy things
uses.

kept

in

sizes

of wooden

To

pendent
entirely inde-

to

never
one

and

in

washers

ring
mar-

any

post with

thumb

an

gave

was

from

carried

the

men
together by two
actual
computation of its
locomotive
a
might safely

has

above

100

the 2entirely upon

their
fastenings and
trouble

any

having

feet of tables

time

will

ing
knock-

about

brace

and

will sugg'est of themselves

A supply of iron washers

hand,

to

upon

put

depending
purposes,
bolt
and
thumb
for
nut

braces.

passes
sur-

alligatorjaw
another
satisfactory. On

hall

inch

venience
con-

brace

called

once

fence

stage

pieces

showed

The

sort

child's crib without

knock-down

strength
over

year.

in any

With

be

may

was

in the

minutes.

20

or

one

ours

was

in

storeroom

of

slot

of

or

suppers

prove

screws.

about

which

result

v^ith

course

description.

and

friend

nails.

bolt

this

right size,

fence

or

long
will

these

in the

over

too!

temporary
strength is essential, nothing

the

farmer

make

of

so

arrangement,

of nails
A

or

inches

the

in

have

to

about

for fairs

bolt

bit

bolts

times

where

and

things

many

knock-down

REQUISITE

dozen

nuts.

their

BOX

handiest

some

thumb

In

TOOL

the

DEVICES

FARM

collection

bit these

factory
satismany
should
be

of

various

accumulate.

SOLDERING

be done
Soldering may
by anyone
simple outfit. All that is required

having
is

copper

very

sol-

HANDY

with

brass

the

Before

is

it

together

parts
hard

gold,
silver

silver

to

silver

parts

solder

is

soft

silver

copper.

of

Gold

alloy.

brass.

the

and

solder

is

part

parts
is

zinc.

7^

jointed

be

temperature

same

solder

of

made

to

to

melted

is

and

metals

to

iron

metal

copper,

the

all
heated

be

soldering

of

393^

applied,

must

the

tin,

parts

and

steel

soldering

combination

following

together,

as

For

hammer.

DEVICES

FARM

made

of

made

24
A

copper.

silver
of

to

parts

of

l|!|l|l|l|l|l

TWFjTlH|l|'|l|i|IH
T|T|T|T
T|T|T|'ri
'I'l'l'I'I'
2

/-IE

Oi

CD

col

CS]

idihiilihlilil
mil

illii
ill

Steel

of the

Use
BY

J.

Square

=-

steel

carpenter's

called

square,

can

almost

of

kit

any

CO

chanic's
me-

and

tools

-E

in

found

be

CO

"

often

square,

E_ CT)

-^

"

ELLIOT

HAMILTON

JN) -g

CO

Ejd
"D-

perform
problems easily
wise
quickly that otherficult.
difmight prove
ferent
Squares of dif-

the

many
and
^7.

to

user

LjT)

^M

kinds
have

and

first

The

all

in

05

by

ages.

of

made

were

ht"

rials
mate-

used

been

mechanics

m^

-"l

L_-^

wood
CCinie3)

"::=

_c^

^"M

will

instrument

this
aid

of

knowledge

little

were

earliest

the

historic

3 of today
-3 polished

are

of

of

stamped
irmnTT

which

The

record.

and

np

of

buildings
made

steel, finely
with

rm

mrm

^^ZL

X908

38^

83

9
,

many

8
111

we

squares

I
9T

Ci"

used

construction

the

in

have

^^

and

iiliiiiilnlijii
nlnliilii
liMulii"IiiIhIiiIiiIhihIii
19

20

HANDY

figures,tables

and

rules, according

whom

they

We

the

to

of

taste

for

mechanic

special

designed.

are

will

the

and

manufacturer

the

DEVICES

FARM

not

deal

to

attempt

the

with

several

of
makes, taking up only a few
or
special kinds
This
2-foot square.
of the standard
the possibilities
is two
inches
is 2 feet long on
the blade, which
and

wide,

the

at

that

form

the

the

divided

of these

side

into

rule
number

the

or

scale.

of

feet

desired

in

to

tion
connec-

be
in

contains

the

piece

the

the

given width,
outside
edge

give

the

board

feet

width

measure.

long, it

those

feet
The

second
lo

show

the

inches

of the
If

blade.

the

board

contains

board
lo

is

of

measure

first space
is for
for those
g inches
wide

and

inches

feet board

on.

for

mark

on

These

lo

so

used

numbers

board, also the number

a

center

which
should
be
space
look
under
the 1 2-inch
of

running
wise
lengththe
parallel lines

between
of

the
in

We

from

is

ber
lum-

contained

space

of board.

for

placed the
for computing

is

lumber.

The

wide, the

8 inches

determine

of

that

square

measure

cut

number

width

the

is used

board

blade

of

eighths

section

wide, the third

any

and

in

the

boards

blade

the

rule.

given

RULE

This

or

lumber
of

of

inches

given board
picture of

12

order

in

way,

following pages.

On

To

ginning
Be-

have
to
problems which
problems are explained

LUMBER

for

this

combinations

different

few

in

be

or

inches
square,
It is necessary

the

marked.

are

marking

the

with

the

inches

different

the

solved.

of

tongue
wide.

inches

of

corner

or

the

on

i^

is

latter

heel

fractions

inches

i8

or

The

angular leg.
and

i6

it is

of feet
wide

measure.

and.

USE

Now

let it be

board

long.

wide

under

on
II

in

This

II.

"

will

number

be

feet

board

inches

wide

and

practice,anyone
check

up

Do

not

feet.

confound

reference
is the

equivalent

thickness.
contain

The
3

After

space

becoming
may

given width
represented in
be

taken

be

foot

is the

and
in

board

With

little

and

timber

or

with

board
and

square

of

with

measure,

foot

square
no

measure
i

inch

in

would

3-inch plank

measure.

familiar

with

above,

taken

to

the

the

different

the

you

of the

use

will

contain

different

and

as

i%2"

surface

feet

described

a,

may

in

square

feet board

rule, as
the

of

and

desired:

measure

thickness, while

to

answer

mark

of material.

this kind

are

the

lumber

foot board

feet

follow

ii-inch

long.

measure

his bills for

Square

feet

11

can

inches

square,

the

11

RULE

LUMBER

13

and

13

contained

measure

of feet

wide

the

under

11

number

boards

on

found

is read

of feet

for

mark

left and

21

inches

13

space

12-inch

the

to
space
the
square

SQUARE

find the

to

board

the

Find
the

STEEL

THE

required

measure

feet

this

OF

the

discover

containing, the

that
for

amounts

lengths

columns,

ber
lum-

or

amounts

in

the

feet

as

space

for

HANDY

22

FARM

DEVICES

given length and the different v^idths arranged

therefore, find either length in feet
columns;
v^^idth in inches
this space
the other

found

the

until

under

the
the

under

In

measurement.

feet board

inch

and

mark

12-inch

mark

this

in
or

follow

representing
space

v^ill

be

measure.

Ia

BRACE

RULE

USE

OF

and

has

series

is

rule

brace

of

RULE
the

on

23

SQUARE

BRACE

THE
The

STEEL

THE

of

tongue

the

figures representing

the

square,
rise

or

reach
and
the
horizontal
or
height, the run
For
true
example, they are
length of a brace.
would
be read
written ^y273S^^ and ^%5 6364. These
rise and
a
length of 38 and
run,
2y inches
2y inches
i%oo inches, and 45 inches run, 45 inches rise and a
length of 63 and ^^00 inches.
will give
A glance at the illustration
22
on
page
rule
a
good idea of the application of the brace
vertical

as

it appears

on

almost

any

There

tongue

explain
methods

is
of

the

its

of

an

use,

SCALE

OCTAGON
scale

octagon

but

square,
as

there

obtaining

the

of square.

FIGURE

THE

make

modern

we
are
same

on

one

will

not

easier
result.

side

of

attempt
and

the
to

simpler

HANDY

24

One
the

method

lines

on

come

when

sided

stick:

the

FARM

is shown

DEVICES

in

Figure

stick where
square
converted
into
an
the

Lay
stick

the

the

on

obtain
should

corners

octagon

square

such

To

i.

eight-

or

of

side

one

angle that the end of

the square
will come
ners
exactly at the edges or corof the stick, make
dot on
the 7-inch mark
a
and
the
dots
these
at
17-inch mark.
Through
mark
line parallelwith
the edge of the
or
a
gauge
square

stick.

Continue

sides.

This

at

this

an

operation

all of

on

the

four

of an
gives the lines for the corners
In making a flag-poleor spar
for a boat
octagon.
round
to
or
large stick this is the operation
any
used by all mechanics
doing the work
by hand.
MITER

THE

Of

devices,

all homemade
used

in

BOX

the

shop

of

one

is the

the

miter
the

quently
fre-

most

box.

box

After

is put
it is

gether
to-

ple
sim-

problem,

with

the

of

use

steel

make

square,

to

the

cuts

necessary

to

intersect

two

pieces of wood, as
shown
in
Figure
2.

First, the
be

must

and

true

sides

FIGURE

5A

straight
and

the

form

perfect

angle

box

right
or

square

with

the

bottom.

Lay

the

steel

square

on

the

top

26

HANDY

exactly
miter

the

on

cut

of

the
as

square,

the

edge

FARM

DEVICES

the

of

intersection

shovv^n

in

box.

This

of

angle of
Figure 3

Figure

the
2.

gives
a

the
fect
per-

shows

the box
to give
on
placing the square
the desired
angle.
A
solid
is a molding not
molding, which
sprung
in Figure 4, must
the back, as shown
be placed
on
in the box
bottom
in Figure 5, so
side up as shown
in the
to
as
get a solid bearing to hold it. Cuts
around
box to miter
gon,
an
eight-sidedfigure or an octabe obtained
in 5A^ can
shown
as
by using 7
the 7-inch
inches and
17 inches, marking the cut on
in Figure 5.
side, as shown
manner

of

THE

TRUING

SQUARE

After

obtaining a steel square,

essential
thing is to test or prove
forming the angle of
accurate,

first and

the
it to

see

that

perfect

most

it is

square.

FIGURE

Take

board

planed on
edge of it perfectly as
Straight Edge. Make
a

one

side and

described
a

mark

straighten one
under
Making

across

this

board

USE

the

with
then

the

is true

is necessary
the mark
with
of the

If the
is

not

the

board
is

by

If you

do

to

the
the

on

square
will

come

throw

it away;

by

heel

or

the

outside

with

the

throat

strike

the

too

dent

at

will

point
not

If

mark

the

made.

Use
be

made

mechanic.

substitute

by

block, lay the

To

square.

open

the
in

bell-face

noticed.

that

inside

or

indicated
a

so

ax

hammer
to

be

can

handy

any

chopping
the

the

heel ;

hard.

B.

A,

throat

of

angle, strike
the
point near

of

head

it

anvil, make

an

into

from

fit the

very

possess

ax

Position

Position

work

FIGURE

sticking

Figure 6,

exactly

method

simple
not

square

to

necessary

true

in

accurately, making
point of a knife and having the
absolutely straight.
found
be out
to
or
inaccurate, it

to

square

27

SQUARE

shown

it should

It

edge

STEEL

THE

as

square,

reverse

square

OF

the

angle
close

bearing
to

up

the
the

at
a
sharp blow
angle, strike near
Figure 7. Don't

nail

hammer

and

28

HANDY

for

ready
10

immediate

feet

long

inches

to

board

straight-edged

work

the

with

connection

square

EDGE

STRAIGHT

In

DEVICES

FARM

another

the

board

straight

turn

it

from
you
as

board

or

with

and

over

then

eye,
and

la}^it

make

fit it to

the

or

along the
pencil; reverse

mark

fine lead

bench

the

on

other

side of the

on

edge,
it

or

pencil

This

multiplies any inaccuracy or deviation

time
line each
a
a
new
straight line. Make
with
as
plane the edge. Work
long a plane
have

you

When
made

have

to

good, dry pine, free from knots and

wide.
Plane
the edge until it seems

iust

line.

steel

of

FIGURE

otraight to

is necessary

Procure

use.

the

with

from

Figure

and

set

the

edge

it while

8 will

give

blade

the

fit both

will
in

take

to

sides

position,

one

clear idea

of this

ing.
fine shavof

the

line

straight.
operation.
it is

RAFTERS
The
out

with

common

the

rafter

for

steel square.

pitch
There

roof

are

is

many

easily laid
methods^

l)Ut fhe

of

inches

or

of parts.

there

into

of half

the

usually
for

foot

the

called

is

and

run

divided

are

width

The

parts.

the

roof,

of the

at

is

When
into
the

the

rafter, the

12-inch

come

blade
vertical
proper

mark

exactly
then

on

takes

position or
level for the

on

the blade
with

even

12

the

mark

lo-inch

an
us

the

level

inches

on

are

stick
the
held

at

the

run

run.

the

to

be

cut

and

tongue
so

outside

position and
plumb position.
cut

that

is

is laid

square

12

height
equal number

9 tells

rise to

FIGURE

of

parts

The

into

Figure

inches

10

into

convenience.

is divided

shown

by spacing. Two
building and the
an
equal number
building is called

divided

rise, and

glance

is

of the

width

29

SQUARE

simple

most

the

half

dimensions,

height

and

easiest

STEEL

THE

OF

USE

that

edge.
the

This

top of the

they
The

tongue

gives the
rafter

and

HANDY

30
the

level cut
lies

nov^

the
as

of

many

rise

the

over

these

and

of

length

make

run

rafter

outside

Where

the

to

square

from
of

rafter
down

the

Mark

gives the
point exactly

ridge to a
the plate.
overhangs the plate,it
in to

which

This

the

or

move

space.
parts into

divided.

were

and

another

as

spaces

the square

fine mark

along, marking

square

the

stick

the

DEVICES

top of the plate. As

the

at

on

FARM

form

is

notch

the

sary
neces-

for the

readily see
studying Figure 9 you can
the different
also,
positions taken
by the square,
how
and
divided
into an
are
why the rise and run
the length
of spaces.
equal number
By this method
plate. By

of

the

rafter

is

STAIR

The

stair

manner

the

height

to

go

inches,

as

near

The

step.

the

than

rise.

understood

by

square

on

taking

the

have

been

the

is

into

possible. This
always divided

The

for

reason

examining
stick

numbers

out

in much

rafter.

is divided
as

run

laid

common

up

of

use

matics.
mathe-

STRINGER

stringer is

as

without

obtained

to

be

into

divided, mark,

The

which
and

same

the

makes
into

one

this

as

can

10.
a

stair

the

rise

slide the

of

rise

total

parts of about

Figure
used

the

7^

easiest

less space
be

easily

the
Lay
stringer,
and

square

run

along

of spaces
marked.
are
required number
for the
A
little experience, with
allowance
made
surrounding conditions, and any handy mechanic
can
lay out stringers for an ordinary flightof stairs.
until

the

of
flightof stairs for the person
be used,
size where
can
plenty of room
average
rise and
that
10
75^ inches
experience teaches
inches run
tread makes
or
an
flight.
easy
To

get

an

easy

USE

From

this

together

the

for

the

by

the

75

When

stair:

yYi
; 8%

inches

rise

inches

which
rise
tread
rise

about
a

inches

rise

is very

near

is 9 inches
must

should
the

house.

31
have

or

be

shortened

never

be

rise in

an

more

well

multiplied
be

an

easy

inches

tread

tread

equals

10

inches

by 9^
over,

will

run

put

very

rise

by 10^
by 9 inches

rise

the

the

the

equals 75,

FIGURE

75;

SQUARE

stair-buildingexperts
works
following rule, which

tread

equals

STEEL

THE

some

average

as

one,

OF

desired
rule

the
up

ordinary

is not

good,

ladder

inches

as

and

more,
11

the

When

result.

much

than

equals "j^^

tread

"

that

the

tfie
is

leaning against

FARM

HANDY

32
THE

The

EUCLID

OF

Figure

in

shown

of

Problem

47th

PROBLEM

47TH

problem

DEVICES

and

Euclid,

is

11
an

the

is known

as

invention

by

ancient

Greek
who

many

an

sought
for

years

method

ometer
ge-

of

finding

the

length of the
of
a
hypothenuse
right angle triangle
in mathematics,
when

method

the

discovered,

was

tells

is
ing
hav-

with

successfully applied

rule

the

proved

there

us

Pythagoras

II

credited
first

tory
his-

great rejoicing.

was
FIGURE

and

to

the

problem.
rule

The
added

to

that

is

the

square

the
of

of
square
altitude
the

base

the

equals

the

of
base
The
a
hypothenuse.
it rests,
right angle triangle is the side on which
is
altitude
The
in
B
marked
11.
Figure
The
A
in Figure 11.
is marked
the height and
hypothenuse is the connecting side of the triangle,
marked
The
in Figure 11.
H
base, 6, squared or
altitude, 8,
multiplied by itself, equals 36. The
squared, equals 64. By adding these together we
of the hypothenuse.
have
which
is the square
100,
of

square

It remains

the

but

to

extract

the

square

root

of

100,

length of
third
side of this right angle
the hypothenuse
or
be figured
triangle. All right angle triangles can
in the same
but
only multiples of the
manner,

which

we

know

is 10,

therefore

10

is the

KEEP

THE

NAIL

HAMMER

IN

BUSY

TIME

USE

length

of the

OF

THE

sides

three

5 and 12, 16, 20,

others, of course.

STEEL

come

shown

as

SQUARE

even

in

This

is

rule

trades

and

known

by

the

Problem

shown

in

in
or

masonry

stake

mark

on

the
the

many

10

from

is used

and

in the

the

manner

13.
on

the

sill of

end

If it

building
10

measures

feet

and

across

This
is a very
building is square.
and
It is always
easily remembered.
for
running lines for batter boards
lines for walks.
a
By starting from

the

rule

available

corner

feet

and

It is derived

name.

the side sill.

on

angle

useful

off

12;

6, 8 AND

OF

Euclid^

Figure

Measure

the

above
of

Figure

3, 4,

as

extensively used in the building

be
to
that
it has
finally come

so

others

47th

8 feet

RULE

such

"

12

FIGURE

THE

33

into

string
place.

which
or

line

Drive

nail

used
a

nail

is

and

driven,
insert

into

this

measure

stake

stake

to

and

HANDY

34

proceed
little
be

can

and

in like

FARM

manner

DEVICES

the

on

other

side.

practice, quite a job

done
by using a fev^ stakes, a
tape or lo-foot pole.

care

and

With

of

surveying
ball of string

13

FIGURE

ANGLES
An

ing
angle is the opening betv^een tvi^o lines meetat a point. Angles are
usually spoken of as being
of a number
of degrees. The
degrees are measured
the
is on
the circumference, the center
of which
on
are
point of the angle. There
360 degrees of the

circumference

of

is

north

so

divided

latitude,w^hich
way;

also

east

are

and

The

circle.

south

and
numbered
w^est

by

surface

by

from
the

of the

parallels of

the
the

earth

equator

meridians

of

each

longi-

USE

OF

are

numbered

can

be

tude, which

They
By

the

of

of

use

angle

any
one-half

of

THE

STEEL

from
on

seen

any
protractor, the

circle

180

or

PLOTTING
Strike

where

one

off from

of

should

57%o

of
14

land.
Eng-

degrees,
shows

14

ANGLES

a
angle in a field on
large scale
line is given or
be obtained, measure
can
the point of the angle 57%o feet; lay one
an

15

FIGURE

end

map.
number

Figure
degrees.

FIGURE

To

Greenwich,

obtained.

be

can

35

SQUARE

lO-foot

be

pole

swung

feet from

the

at

around

this
so

point.
that

startingpoint.

The

other

it also

Each

foot

will

end
be

marks

2,6

HANDY

off

degree

radius

57%o

is

lo-foot

pole

circle

the

Labor
Rest

from

Rest

from

all

and
"

Work

the

thou
not

Work

down

with

shalt

ride

wearied
stout

hire

shall
over

'neath
heart

meet

Woe's
and

to

on

this

ill.

thy

pillow;
billow;
willow

weeping

Frances
"

of

us,

coming

resolute

the

us.

us

Care's

of

us;

entreat

wait

the

15.

greet

ever

that

slumbers

that
that

world-sirens

"

Lie

that

sorrows

vexations

petty

pure

Figure

are

of

idea

clear

from

sin-promptings

from

Work

from

rest

ends

tlie

circumference

point.

obtained

be

can

is

Rest

starting

whose

degrees

lo

keeping
the

on

circle

than

more

before,

as

always

from

operation

If

feet.

continue

required,

of

circumference

the

on

DEVICES

FARM

will!

S.

Osgood.

"^2zEi^

^-HOUSE

MOWS)

NE

many

save

may

the

where

house

over

the

of

other

small

with
and

dumb

of

which

may

convenient

the

way.

ordinary

an

corner

out

of

handy
family

size

for

top,

shelves

These
from

the

say

the

without

feet

foot

apart.

hung

be

the

center

or

sides, by
sash

manila

cord

pulleys placed close to the

and
kitchen
ceiling of the
with
nearly balanced
v/eights,
over

which
little

guided
in the

should

the

cellar

confined

in

should
be
They
in
scending
deascending and
of grooves
by means

case.

middle
from

of

be

inclosed
the

case

of

the

top

sides
to

may

have

Uiiiiiiiii,

tending
ex-

bottom
In

case.

a
37

the

fine

ated
situing
noth-

penditure
ex-

single dollar, by

shelves,

the

of

of

means

is

may

corners,

middle

the

in

four

the

counting

to

is

considerations,
outlay of time,
a

placed

with

square

kitchen

waiter.

be

any

steps in every

cellar,

perhaps,
of

means

WAITER

DUMB

STEP-SAVING

THE

DUMB

WAITER

38

HANDY

wire

door

screen

door

cupboard
The
like

and

order

In

pulleys.

when

latch,

shock

any

glass front, as desired.

upward and be balanced
sash
with
weights and

from

the

from

waiter

scending
de-

pivoted wooden
right-hand side, should

the

ends

ordinary

an

overloaded

on

the

kitchen

prevent

being

with

engage

to

shown

as

slide

window

ordinary

an

with

should

doors

the

in

one

or

DEVICES

FARM

of

the

shelves, and

quick

too

descent

to

vent
pre-

coiled

some

of the case.
placed at the bottom
If desired
small
be built at the top
a
cupboard may
of the case
for storing little-used articles.
Some
that food
are
advantages of such a waiter
be placed on
the shelves
into the
and lowered
may
should

springs

cool

cellar

either

and

stay there

to

or

moved
re-

sary
refrigerator. Thus it will be unnecesto
anything to or from the cellar, and
carry
will often
mean
a
saving of several trips up

and

down.

may

be

If

the

need

no

to

the

at

that

circular

pieces

to

through

the

entire

the

barrel

soaked

hoops

make

them

are

Several

of wooden

rack.

Nail

around

shaft

hoops of
edge of the

fall off.

for several

in water

be

that

barrel
the

cannot

contents

can

the

pierced through

kind

they

made

be

house, so
off the
stairs,
in

step

are

variety

pliable,so

there

ice box.

an

of preserves.

can

wood

thick, wide
shelves, so that

cool

may

stairs

not

nailed

the

preserves

cellar

and

centers
runs

for

for

of

and

PRESERVES

need

descends

she

clean

refrigeratoror

of the

turn

housewife

the

when

use

rack

convenient

is

cellar

FOR

RACK

just

allowed

the

to

this

be

The

hours

fitted around

to

the

shelves.
In

socket

at

the

bottom,

the

middle

shaft

slips.

HANDY

40

FARM

DEVICES

table.

equal

width

the

the

board

ed
form-

other

end.

the

wash-

stand, from

which

had

top

been

removed,

placed
down

was

upside
the

on

(bbb), one
the

AS

STAND

left

gether. This
right end of

then

was

narrow

were

securely
open

space

to

end

fastened

to-

between

of

board

nailed

on

end
one
top from
to the other, and
a
back

added.

The
the
to

l.

of

drawer

had

washstand
be

fixed

it would
other

upside
That
a

inside
stand

the
above

drawer.
was

it

as

now

down.

the

slide
way,

was

that

so

Old

cessitated
ne-

shelf
washthe
ber
lum-

used, and

THE

COMPLETED

the

left

the

right support
shelf.

two

of

washstand

the

and

washstand

the

the

shelf, and

of the

extreme

WAS

IT

shelf

end

reaching
WASH

at

support

Then

the

of

CABINET

the

IN

ihls

holes

putty

and

support
for

recess

about

sandpapered

then

from

two

shelves,

recess.

The

spice

drawers

and

added

with

glass

to

space
recess.

This

shelves

and

hooks.

The

(e)

the

right

made

for

the

of batten

was

open

piece

the

short

legs

crumb

and

nailed

the

row
nar-

the

with

two

cup

left-hand

the

on

of the

door

brass

dozen

top

above

closet

near

space

washstand

over

the

for

made

the

small

eight

whole.

little china

containing

side, between
left

of the

also

of

corner

the

then

was

cabinet

support

each

to

the

of

left the

contained

much

the

back

This

in

cabinet

sash

the

This

one

When

again.

to

table.

the

sandpapered

putty.

nailed

cabinet.

spice

inches

4
for

did

it

was

4I

then

plane,

filled with

was

HOUSE

cracks

dry

was

THE

with

smoothed

was

and

AROUND

AND

washstand,

was

draining trays.
the

around

top

as

ishing
fin-

touch.
A
added
in

end

leaf, which

could

the

room.

to

left the

corner

side

or

and

the

these

table

The

front

placed

were

other

for

raised

be

and

end

salt

On

this

for

salt,

free.

boxes,

cloths.

kitchen

required,
being placed

cabinet
one

two

when

one

length of the end was

varnish
(/) for the clock, etc. Finally, walnut
two
applied. In each side of the
coats, was
Similar
screwed
two
were
large cup hooks.
hang

the

reaching

screwed

were

to

and

up

on

biscuit

the

inside

cutter,

of the

above

Directly

washstand

corkscrew,

nutmeg

shelf

stain,
recess

hooks

doors,
grater,

etc.

DRESSER

HOMEMADE
Sometimes

it

makeshifts

in

it is

through

done

the

is

to

necessary

house
a

use

furnishing, and
desire

to

exercise

homemade
sometimes

one's

in-

HANDY

42

genuity

in

DEVICES

fashioning simple

illustration

simple

FARM

dresser

that

shows
when

affairs.

plan

finished

useful in itself,but will

very
bit of furnishingto the room.

also

be

DRESSER

MADE

FROM

BOX

The
for
will

add

panying
accom-

making a
not
only
a

useful

IN

Select
into

the

to

be

AROUND

covered

the

on

of the

suggested.

interior,as

HOUSE

The

fit well

to

fit two

whole

with

outside

43

right size

utilized, then

be

to

space

THE

box

drygoods

the

AND

shelves

box

should

cloth,

pretty

some

and
around
the front
over
edges being drawn
inside.
Make
edges of the box, and neatly tacked
shelf with
a
a
length equal to the width of the box

the

fasten

and

nickel

pretty
Cover

the

the

in front

little brass

which

will slide

for

thou

that

is

the

shelf and

rings

Now

This

sewed

the

to

do
is

ing-glass
look-

like the

curtain

can

edge,

upper

rod.

brass

life

stuff

curtain

some

illustration.

place

opening.

Then

life?

with

in

have

small

on

box

shown

as

of the

love

the

above

cloth, also.

shelf with

have

Dost

wall

brackets,

above

covering

the

it to

squander time,
of.
Benjamin

not

made

"

Franklin.
Earth
hoe

is here
and

she

kind,

so

that

with

laughs

tickle

just

harvest.

with

her

Douglas

"

Jerrold.
Blest
Is

is the

just

to

be

KITCHEN

Nothing
simple
shown
usual
the

lightens
In

means.

way

one

kitchen

sides

to

the

be

secured

accompanying

cabinet

is built

window
as

cheerfulness,

as

well.

kitchen
serve

much

so

works

that

table

of the

large enough

CABINET

often

may

care

anywhere.

happy

labor

and

wish

WINDOW

cheerfulness

and

whose

man

table.

by very
picture is

Instead

and
In

of
and

below
the
this

top
way

the
at

made
the

HANDY

44

wife
from
into

may

her

have

pleasant

concerning

cabinet, because

no

the

AT

CABINET

not

looks

up

to

go

necessary

of such

construction

people

two

she

when

view

It is

work.

kitchen

details

DEVICES

FARM

would

be

satisfied

WINDOW

is merely
plan shown
plan. The
suggestive for the thoughtful wife and the handy
to work
out
to suit their own
man
particularneeds.

with

the

same

TO

Many farm
and
gloomy.
windows

LET

IN

kitchens
It is

in the

not

outside

LIGHT

MORE

and
an

dining
easy

are

rooms

matter

wall, though

to

this

cut
can

dark
new

often

done

be

great advantage

to

outside

THE

AROUND

AND

IN

in

door

dark

HOUSE

; but

45

where

there

conditions

room,

and

is

can

an

very

small

that, too,
easily be improved,
expense.
of construction,
Doors
greatly in the manner
vary
ing
havsome
having wide panels at the top and some
of
two
narrow
ones
varying lengths. But
constructed
almost
ever
panel door that was
every
The

in the

treated

be

can

upper
filled with

of modern

panel

make

it will

in

place by

is held

and

it,both inside
side, and take
the

replace
molding
the

panel.

door

and
of

is

side may
In

this

their

and

door

the

is

wooden

the

that

is

work

the
older

cut

If,

done.

the

manufacture

found

be

case,

describe.

molding all about

the molding on one
in the glass and
Put

narrow

the

molding,

frame.

door

will

we

found

Remove

either

on

be

out.

out

the

however,

which

way

be
removed,
panels can
two
lights of glass. If

two

place

at

be

to

the

part of

molding

away
the

evenly, and remove

insert the glass, and
having made, or
panel. Then
bought, a little strip of molding, fasten it neatly
brads.
the glass with
in place around
doors
the two
of some
In the case
panels could be
ing
them, leavand also the upright between
removed,
which
a single
a large rectangular opening, into
be inserted, the
sash of four, or nine, lights could
it with
putty and
tight about
joints being made
bit of molding
tack
Then
lead.
white
narrow
a

on

side, neatly and

one

will

give light to
door

outside

the

half, and

and

cheerful

We
may

know

be.

"

inside

sash, both

the

about

looks

the

room

better

interior

will

and
will

the

what

are,

but

that

door

result.

glass in the
certainly be made

because

Hamlet.

be

with

healthful

we

out, and

An

upper
more

of it.

know

not

what

we

46

HANDY

Anyone
needle

DEVICES

BARREL

who

and

FARM

can

CRADLE

use

thread

hammer

make

can

this

and

easily moved,

and

nails

and

inexpensive,

cool

cessible,
ac-

sheltering

yet

cradle.
Secure

and
barrel

leaving the

Next

bottom,
form

of both

half

to

form

BARREL

READY

the

hoop that
two
hoops

and

then

the

frame

the

TO

for the

it thoroughly

heads.

Place

the

the

staves,

and

half

side, removing

other

remove

barrel, clean

sugar

half

remove

its

on

white

nice

bed

of the

cradle.

TRIM

is
will

hood,

second
be

and

from

left at

the

the

top

hoop at the
bottom
the foot.
to form
fully
(See illustration.) Carenail the remaining staves
ing
to the hoops, clincheach
nail securely.

to

Now

the

cover

frame

accompanying
be
goods that may
is
a

an

item,

would
a

little mattress

laundered

be

worn
or

thus

formed,
illustration.
Any

the

lawn

one

very

can

be

as

shown

thin
used.

in

cotton

ured
Fig-

pretty, and

if economy
will do.
Place

bleaching sheet
pad and a tiny pillow within,

or

4^

HANDY

down

taking
the
In
of

the

summer

65

easier.

you

in

the

this

screw

For

netting

and

making

and

where

hurt

unless

and

lumber
hook

the
of

total

foot

in other

the

pen,

cents,

25

cents,

15

eyes

this

the

at

gate

porch door,

way.

the

cents,

25

only

cents.

BOX

FOR

CLOTHES

In many
of the furniture
cloth-covered
boxes
that
for

receptacle
well

as

the

use

may

to
baby is determined
go,
danger of falling and getting

protected

ing
clean-

or

where

is in

and

DEVICES

affair,for sweeping

stairs, across

places

costs

the

much

stove,

the

he

of

FARM

various

the

as

To

with

make

light and
and

of breakfast

had

at

any

corners

The

top will be composed

and

nailing
not

look

put

on,

off

these

can

cleats

two

pretty
is

cover

that

they

be

of

fitted
shoes.

may

beneath

be

them.

two

solid

But

cereals

See

nailed

least

very

shipped,

are

store.

into

when

the

in which
foods

at

made

of

one

are

workmanlike

more

with

slumber

grocery

bottom

attractive

very
so

the

and

the

boxes

grocery

the

board,

apparel, the inside,

chest, select

brands
be

of

as

hand.

well-made

may

of

slippers and
are
so
light

one

such

various

which

articles

pretty

see

may

in bedrooms

used

are

inside

little chests

lifted about

one

outside, being covered

figured cloth*. The

with
pockets for
These

stores

that

securely.
pieces of
cover
by

these

will

the

covering is being
plan will be to saw

each
end
of the top
couple of inches from
boards
and
removed
supply the place of the wood
by nailing along the ends a 2-inch strip of the same
thickness.
This
gives a cleat at each end, but the

cleats

in

this

way

form

part

of

the

cover

itselL

IN

Use

wire

long
place.
It will
box

be

when
small

over

the

bottom

of the

box,

for

about

the

to

be

Take
the

begin

within

to

this

make

of

that

other.

old

broomstick

available,
knife

the
center

from

center

the

of

of the

the

body

of

bottom

ply
sup-

going

are

melt

of the

side

the

end

of

one

bottom

slit

of

corners

inches

the

off the

end

thing. If this
easily be shaped

drive
of

wood.
a

the

To

small
can

to
maining
re-

ished.
is fin-

scoop

the

soft

can

Opposite

bottom.

your

cut

(a
used),

be

may

to

of

or

shears

Parallel

the

inside

handle.

tinner's

Round

may

piece

of

lower

just

handle

from

handle,

is

either

the

handle, about

on

among
have

good

and

the

slit.

the

can

that

splitthe
of

inch

are

one

time

shears

and

similar

half, and
For

can

pair

end

from

cut

the

seen

home.

every

tin

an
a

that

materials

open

can,

be

not

flour

short

household

about

one

the

of

of

the

at

from

With

pair

in

almost

top.

strong

will

CANS

and

sugar

and

ordinary

an

will

up

unnecessary.
tacked
the
on

be

TIN

utensils

made

about

waste

off

handling

pantry;

may

Use

covering

top

can

FROM

convenient

most

hand.

all.

at

SCOOPS

the

line the

inside, which

the

the tacks

so

is at

in

pieces

and

outside

along
cover

end

cover

the

over

of the

49

these

the

carry

tacks

edge

Scoops

HOUSE

secure

down

of

use

the outside

to

and

top and

lower

THE

to
simple matter
covering material

tacks

the

The

AROUND

nails

the

very

make

AND

of

an

is not
with

attach

the

nail

through'

and

into

the

50
Some

additional

that

so

the

of
salmon

or

buckets

may

handy
3

scoop,

makes

sugar,

while

convenient
cans

and

be

thus

utilized

for

Take

two

long.

two

similar

may

boards

serve

very

12

be

made

inches

together

with

as

wide
two

TABLE

HANDY

and

sized

TABLE

table

them

Fasten

half-gallon paint
terials.
handling light ma-

FOLDING

strips 2 inches wide

these strips by strong
take

very

tomato

sewing
planed

dle
mid-

stiffening it.

meals,

or

the

thus

and

SIMPLE

Now

by planning
down

run

flour

game

feet

will

can

HOMEMADE

follows:
and

the

can

the

for

nicely

of

corn

for

scoop

of the

lip

is obtained

strength

seam

the

DEVICES

FARM

KANDY

24

screws

long. Fasten
upright position.
fasten
them
by

inches
in

strips and

IN

hinges
four

to

fasten

same

much

the
them

The

THE

pieces screwed
legs to these in the

Take

hold

AROUND

the

to

stout

cut.

AND

two

HOUSE

the

on

51
boards.
shown

manner

three-cornered

Fasten

boards

in the

large enough
position,and

dropped into
legs stiff when
by hinges, as shown.
be followed
in making
general plan may
larger and heavier table or a lighterone.
BUTTER

HOMEMADE

worker

is

WORKER

of the

handy devices that

farm.
A good type is shown
should
be upon
every
of close-grained hardIt is made
wood
in the drawing.
recommended
birch
are
tightmaple or
and
knots
in
perfectly smooth
jointed,free from
It slopes enough to drain readily at the narsize.
row
end through a short piece of lead pipe inserted
butter

one

"

"

BUTTER

at

the

smooth

bottom.
iron

rod

easily inserted

WORKER

working
spike at its

The
or

into

or

removed

bar

has

lower

from

strong,

end, which

is

hole

in

the

HANDY

52
which

it works.

in contact
and

it

The
the

with

flat sides

two

be

must

FARM

is

about
a

with

good

Take

one:

milk

home

and

contains,

then

mix

large tub
together
not

to

that

leave

to

boiler.

80

to

too

cool

side

course^

about

90
hot

it covered

make

to

when
small

batch

with

cloth

milk

degrees.
to

until

II

in

milk

may

expose

be

to

heated
be

must

it

it in

with

then

Care

and

morning

used

draft

so

quickly.

Another
use

is

one

PRESS

All

or

easily

may

following method
ing's
gallons of the even-

65 to 70 degrees
gallons of morning's

get it

it will

For

process.
of milk
the

of

or

comes

one

Of

or

difficult task

CHEESE

temperature

on

appliances

necessary

the

gallons

12

that

CHEESEMAKING

it is not

familiar

once

of

and

bar

as

Nearly every farm

supplied with, the

cheese,

the

right angle.
possible.

at

meet

of

is half-round

butter

HOME

be

part

smooth

as

DEVICES

preferred by some
good method
gallons of perfectlysweet
morning's

is
milk

to

and

IN

this

to

add

minutes

right

all

heat

and

Rennet
useful

and

tablet
milk

The

for

in half
after

minutes.

is

it

form

has

soured

and

be

stirred

well

it in

the

be

glass

of cold
heated

Some

cheesemakers

and

grees
de-

90
hot.

Dissolve
add

two

one

to

the

for two

stir well

use

it

convenient

and

water

to

too

is most

cheesemaking.

boiler

by placing

not

home

been

86

15

easiest

wash

stove

of tablets

about

The

to

gets up

it has

for

in.

put

must

stove

53

left

place

it from

raise

in the

that

and

is to

until

HOUSE

should

rennet

milk

bricks.

two

on

then

milk

lumps

the

stove

THE

milk

the

the

the

on

of

sour

before

to

way

The

out

get

AROUND

gallon

thickened.
to

AND

three

or

for

time, but

are
beginners two
If you
have
liquid rennet
extract,
usually enough.
about
two
use
tablespoonfuls.

tablets, as

it

saves

Cutting
The
be

will curdle

rennet

ready

determined

done

Cut

until

the

squares.

minutes,
all the
90

raised
with

wire.

up

to

Curd

the

milk

and

This

minutes.

40

breaks

curd

if the

The

knife blade.

toaster,

long

curd

the

knife

can

clean

will
be
like

cutting can
or
a
heavy

lengthwise of the vessel and then crosswise

curd is in nearly uniform
pieces of %-inch
After
cutting, leave the curd on for five
then
heat
slowly to 100 degrees, stirring

degrees

heat

on

wire

Cook

time.

the

20

by noting

jellywhen
be

in

cut

to

the

as

curd
and

for about

40

minutes

at

as

possible,stirringoccasionally to
from
sticking together. Keep

do

not

allow

the

to

mass

near

vent
pre-

the

cool.

ready, take a
it in the hand
and squeeze
handful
firmly and if it
feels elastic and does not stick together, it has been
is good, the curd
If the milk
"cooked
long enough.
To

determine

when

the

curd

is

HANDY

54
have

should
the

as

the
After

the

and

sieve

As

whey

off

vessel.

before

and

soon

dip

or

another

in

place

drained

is well

curd

off the

draw

cooked,

is

with

curd

odor.

pleasant, slightlyacid

curd

DEVICES

FARM

it sticks

together, add ^ pound of fine salt and mix well.

After
salting, let it cool for 15 minutes, stirring
it is ready for the hoop.
occasionally,when
Pressing
For
inches

peck
in

cheese

without

measure

for

sides

shown
end

of

the

the

curd

cheesecloth,
and

of

the

fasten

and

it

cloth
it

firmly, put
fold

the

around

first,but

after

make

pressure

the

hour

an

or

punched
device

press

curd

the

the

the

rearrange

The

the
is

upper

hoop
packed
and

end

upper

pressure

with

bottom

the
of

edge

it

the

Turn

the

heavier.

line

of

size

on

Before

stones.

slight

pressing

should

finished

cellar

which

has

around

daily, and
occasionally with

in

three

four

or

degrees,

but

Twelve

gallons

pounds

of

an

if it shows
butter.
weeks.

it takes
of

signs

It should
Cheese

longer
milk

than

should

cheese, according

to

of

molding,
be ready to

will
when

at

cure

too

50

or

it

Turn

temperature.

even

at

and

cloth

day. Do not press in

by the next
cool
about
a
place, but keep the temperature
degrees.
For
in a damp
room
curing, set the cheese

be

7
old

an

are

hoop,

When

Make

tight.

over

with

the

piece of cloth

hoop

well, the pail at the

side.

over

tight.

deep
a

serve

being filled
placed in the
one
piece the

another

edge

For

drainage.
will

tin

if holes

bottom

lever
is

use

inches

12

sketch

in the

can

one

and

diameter

in

the

hoop,

Curing

and

rub
eat

40

warmer.

make

about

richness

of

10

milk.

56

HANDY

small

the

IN

THE

DAIRY

gasoline engines adapted

been

have

separators

cream

DEVICES

POWER

TREAD

While

FARM

hailed

w^ith

dairymen, the old tread power

many
economical
and
reliable
source
very
a

heavy

sheep, dog

SEPARATOR

enough

churn

BY

RAM

at

power.

bull

produced
practicallyno

to

the

run

separator
except for

cost

tread.

the

One

has been
to
difficulty
speed, but this is solved

of

of

POWER

be

can

power
and

RUN

delight

dairy herd

the

or

ning
run-

is still

by

With

to

attached
direct

to

drive

the

from

tread.

to

is to

have

adjoining the

room

will

not

be

exposed

great many

schemes

to

men

if

While

tread

arrangement

secure

the

wear

sidestep honest

the

the

sketch

tread

shows

located

out

is
a

able
desir-

more

of the

themselves
work.

where

room,

breath

rate

heavy flywheel

separator,

separator
to

uniform

the

in

milk

animal.

devising

IN

AND

LAMP

the

the

in

in

screw

of

under

the

side,

device, which

the

completes

center

the

on

6-inch

fit them.

to

board,

for

of board

triangular piece
hook

57

COOKING

utilized

of

corners

which

HOUSE

in
cooking purposes
Make
a
:
tripod by taking three
way
of equal length, putting in one
end
nail and
making slightly slanting holes

headless

in

THE

FOR

be

lamp may
the following
strips of wood
a

AROUND

a
only to be stood over
lighted lamp to be ready for
A
small
work.
stew
kettle,
the hook,
tin pail,hung on
or

has

within

lamp

"

short

large lamp,

with

it will

give

wick,
two
as

three

or

one

boiling

If you

order.

the

enables

pot

of

inch

chimney,

have

to

half

"

in

have

round

the

common

and

ones,

stove.
a
rapidly as over
With
an
ordinary lamp,

boiled,

or

in
and

easy

made

the

getting

coffee

chocolate

piece of
suspend it from

round

hold
As
not

steeper

this
in

use,

the

for

tripod

Stood

of sickness.
can

hook,

be

during

hot

iron, with

sheet

baby's milk,

heat

device

is

an

derfully
won-

is also

This

meal.

to

case

table, the

or

quickly, helping

way

night, in

by the

chair

of

heated, eggs-

be

can

almost

cook

can

you

food

very

convenient

in the

water,

the

cofTee

HEATER

LAMP

of

heat

used

or

on

keep

time.

attached

to

meal

chains

to

an

additional

help, to

tea.

be

can

it will

be

taken
found

readily,when
good adjunct to

apart
a

58

HANDY

outfit,

camping
for

stove,
be

wanted

the
make

there
but

hot

of the

medicine

baby,

is needed,

is hot

time

when

over

it would

still

be

to

night.

found

to

The

it

baby's worrying

for

bottle

following

worth

be

when

quickly

often

more

at

it,for

had

be

must

and

make

to

made

be

NIGHT

ALL

that

water

been

trouble

will

nothing

can

than

camp

stove.

things

has
the

trouble

WATER

HOT
One

times

carry

you
when

drink, which

less

fire in the

DEVICES

though

even

w^ill be

with

lamp

FARM

saves

trivance
con-

times

many

at

annoyance

hours

mean

may

of

sittingup.
Place

socket

the

enough
chimney
of

above

be

round

the

6 inches

or

iron

that

so

lamp just high

top of a hand lamp

bracket

wall

table

will

of

below

Make

it.

an

small

piping long enough to

extend
the lamp and to this hang a hook, on
out
over
which
hang a small teakettle or pail. In this enough
for the needs
of a night can
be kept hot without
water
boiling,and will be ready at an instant's notice.
As
where
a
night lamp is a necessity in a house
arm

there

is

for

the

sufficient
socket
the

the

on

hook

chimney
bottom
steam

wall
the

should
of

the

The

be

can

kettle

not

be

of this device

cost

of

blaze
heat.

and

small

will

vide
pro-

height for the

determined
by measuring
be
used.
to
The
lamp
proper

than

nearer

kettle, or

burner

will be

the

inches
will

water

to

boil

the
and

away.
HOW

Here

the

the

youngster,

nothing,

or

is

handy

CUT

TO

one
man

of

the
can

most

give

BREAD
useful
his

EVEN

devices

attention.

to

which

It is very

IN

that

rarely

AND

AROUND

THE

housekeeper

cut

can

slices of bread, however

have

to

the

on

shows

without

Near

piece

in the

cut.

inches

of

be

can

on

either

BREAD

CUTTING

stout

These

high,
firmly

board

pine

end,

one

of very

length

desire

may

of

cut

an

The
all

thickness

even

slant.

any

pieces
7

she

the
other.
edge and thin on
a
simple arrangement
by which

slices of bread

Cut

much

some
hand-

and

even

bread

one

drawing
the

59

One
slice
plate look attractive.
will be
thin, another
thick, while another

vv^ill be

thick

HOUSE

and

about

to

side,

inserted

double,

in

firmly

as

should

supports

should

inches.

13

two

BOARD

wire, bent
wire

9
insert

suggested
be

another

have

wood.

the

at

least

inch
The

of

wire

larger still,and
stand
should
exactly at right angles to the board.
the largest loaf will
Put
far enough apart so
them
them, and have the opening in
readily go between
each
standard
wire
just wide enough so the knife
The
will slide up and
down
without
wobbling
dotted
the position of the knife when
lines show
should

be

as

stout

as

No.

12,

or

"

"

6o

HANDY

FARM

DEVICES

little strip of wood

in front of
a
place. Screw
make
the wire, just far enough ahead
the sliceto
of bread
Press
the
loaf upthe
right thickness.
against this guide and cut off a slice,then press
the shortened
loaf up again, and
repeat the process.

in

HOMEMADE
It's
of

cold

COOLER

WATER
nice

mighty
water

thing

the

at

barn

to

have

good supply

threshers,
or
buskers,

when

harvesters

hay
at

are

work.
and

corn

simple

effective

rangement
ar-

be

can

made
flour

by

using

barrel

and

lo-gallon stone jar.

side
the
Place
jar inbarrel

the

with

it

surround

and

charcoal, sawdust^
or
chaff, if nothing
else

is

With

and

wet

spread

over

keep
(The

uses

COOLER

of such

keeping
KEEP
A

very

many

FOOD
convenient

dairy products

may

tight

top,
WATER

available.

this

cloth
the
will

water

ice

in

cold

arrangement.

be multiplied to
may
things cool in the house.

cooler

IN

COOL
and
be

clude
in-

SUMMER

serviceable
formed

lid

place
by sinking

to
a

keep

large

AND

IN

barrel

chosen,

or

the

heat

Fill

in

of the

shady
will

sun

should

spot
affect

barrel

the

with
in

sand, dampened

be
perature.
tem-

small

order

to

coolness.

maintain

Construct

barrel, and

box

bank

around
up

This

also

makes

-from

the

drains
the

top

coolness.

place on
hinged
fastened

off the

the

solid

of the

barrel

opening,

which

Next

down

the

of the

top

earth, preferably

when

water

shape
top of the barrel, and

lid for

the

above

COOLER

bottom

of

and

with

FOOD

^lay.

6i

HOUSE

the

around

and

gravel

stones,

ground.

the

in

THE

AROUND

box, and

tightly.

arrange

down

farther
further

light, inner
then

make

it

It

it rains.

so

motes
pro-

lid

to

strong,

it may

be

62

HANDY

Sprinkle
of the
for

little

barrel, and

By

use.

odors

of

strong

boards

the

to

the

wheel

on

rope
a

If the

little

prevent

mold

the

house

will

which
can

of

box

near

that

in

shelves

crank

the

the

is i6

and

the

serve

frame

board

of
on

Attach

run.

shelves,

shaft

top.

for

with

it

pass

balance

over

with

old

on

when

dropping
parts
such

as

of

have

to

chain

elevator

do
a

is

42

may

with

door

drawn

are

cool

as

serve

as

for

as

to

erator,
refrig-

the

serves

to

counter

inches

Any
weight,

wheel, such
the

prevent

filled.
to

cable.

the

ratchet

it is well
wood

perature
tem-

less expense.

pumps,

possible of

lowest

arrangement

an

down

looking top

they

almost

will

will

of iron

nice

when

great deal

the

arrangement,

are

sort

extended

and

water

shelves

clothesline

it is well

the

the

wells

this

pieces

found

the

Most

wire

of

long

secured.

be

and
purpose

feet

surface

into

opening

and

to

be

may

handy

Construct

groove

of

box

constructed

old

top of the

may

devised

be

with

frame

to

near

the

this

in

ready

weight.

counter

be

vessels

is located

refrigerator.

of the

side

well

may

is

DUMMY

COOLER

deep, cool

purpose

other

the

bottom

cellar

several

out

arrangement

an

careful

the

on

occasionally
collecting.

Air

from

sand

little barrel

your

above

A
Where

DEVICES

dampened

being

arranged one
receptacle.
and

FARM

Make

prevent

high

as

elevator
as

many

rusting.
and

are

One

18

inches

but

if you

square.

Turning
use

it

as

the

grindstone is
muscle
developer

hard

work;

it will

help

out.

64

REFRIGERATOR

HOMEMADE
Take
the

every
of
bottom

inches

ashes.

coal
space

on

Put

smaller

the
with

the

both

boxes

to

lids

to

of

be

of

sides

both

the

laid

ICELESS

of

box

fit

rest

MILK

warm

in the

lath,

on.

COOLER

picture shows
the

Fix

of

rack, made
to

or

shelves

Put

place

fill the

ashes.

or

Leave
A

AND

in

holes

and

inside

tightly.

for ice

BUTTER

accompanying
utilized
during

box

charcoal

ice.

the bottom

at

i-inch

two

than

smaller

drainage. Fill up
powdered charcoal

box.

inner

The

be

for

with

box

large

bore

all around

center
can

the

in

inches

one

vv^ay, and
box
each

other

the

the

large boxes,

two

DEVICES

FARM

HANDY

how

well

months

for

butter,

cooling

milk

other

and

perishable

articles.
be

may

It

found

handy

will
very

as

stitute
sub-

for

frigerator
re-

when
the

farmer

ice

supply. Anyone

has

no

make

can

triangular shaped
-

frame

for

the
is

which
VN^indlass,

placed
well

and

also

can

anyone

put
in

trap doors

platform
well.
COLD

STORAGE

FOR

MILK

the

above

of

the
the

doors

These
ul d

the

be

prO-

AND

IN

vided

pin

with
be

may

lock,

THE

AROUND

placed

children

so

fall in.

cannot

handle

the

on

65

HOUSE

of the

side

lass
wind-

from

turning around when

is lowered
the desired
to
the box
depth.
The
shape and
picture is only suggestive. The
the style
size of the various
parts will depend upon
of the
be made
well.
Preferably, the box should
tom,
of galvanized iron and have
perforations in the botOf
it may
be lowered
so
right into the water.
to

the crank

prevent

would

this

course,

materials

if the

feasible

be

not

first placed in sealed

not
kept cold were
well with
bucket
a
or
a
receptacles. Where
pump
is the
the ordinary wooden
only available
pump
be at
place to put such a cooler, the cooler may
If necessary,
the position of
side of the well.
one
be

to

the

pump

to

"

addition

human

is

allowing
the

fly,or

can

all times.

on

task

my

way

keep

to

the frame

space

to

parts of the
with

subject

tion
find informa-

can

is

an

addition

Mann.

is

smoothly done,

run.

Milton.

"

PLATFORM

PUMP

Make

inside

we

knowledge

can

VENTILATED

Here

bottom

now

true

Horace

"

know

We

Johnson.

to

power.

But

Samuel

it.

Every

where

know

we

or

upon

kinds.

is of two

Knowledge
ourselves,

shifted.

be

may

the

well

of the

6 inches
sides.

fly screen

clean

and

platform

between
This

space

to

keep

pure

of

at

4's,

top and
is covered

the

out

dirt

and

66

FARM

HANDY

insects, and

keep

to

screen

ventilation
the

In

of

outside
out

the

to

winter

DEVICES

this

vermin.

large

well, which

becomes

never

with

platform

the

cover

larger meshed
This
gives good

with

foul.
and

straw

snow.

HELPS

TO

WATER

KEEP

To

into

points
Fasten
rim

parts, attach

and

and

end

into

sink

sieve

the

wire

improvised

of the

weight

lowered

the

this

to

the

well, take

sieve, and, after marking

sand

three

from

floating litter

remove

ordinary

WELL

CLEANING

PURE

to

well

to

rope

the

into

any

handle
the

sieve,

and

edgewise

to

so

off the

rim

of

the

two

rope.

attach

third

an

point

that

it

will

sink.

When

the

water

and

in the

be

can

used,

pull

the

IN

rope

surface

DOG

use

sketch

of

the

of

dog
wheel

DOG

wide, with room

around, where
causes

the

pump

67

HOUSE

of the

This

THE

AROUND

and
single attachment
all the floating sticks and

with
with

out

AND

it may
be lifted
timber
the
on

water.

POWER
shows
for

an

feet

enough
he

acts
to

making
sists
simply con-

It

water.

and

in diameter

PUMPING

POWER

for

arrangement

carrying

PUMP

FOR

revolve.

inches

DEVICE

inside
as

18

for the
tread

In

dog

power,

southern

to

walk
which

Califor-

68

HANDY

there

nia

are

of these

number

which

cost

less

easily

earn

his

DEVICES

FARM

dog-power pumps,
good-sized dog can

$15. A
living in an
arrangement
than

of

this

kind.

CISTERN

FOR

FILTER

WATER

The

in a cistern clean
problem of keeping water
is most
by not
allowing it to get
easily solved
in the
be done
dirty, as can
by the device shown
with
barrels, each
69. Two
drawing on
page
neath
a
perforated false bottom, are set side by side be-

the

water

the

from

spout

connected

and

roof

the false
Above
pipe leading to the cistern.
fine gravel and
sand
bottoms
then
are
packed to
the depth of 8 or more
On
inches.
top of the sand
floats as large as can
into the
be let down
stout
rest
From
the margin of the floats two
barrels.
near
heavy wires extend verticallyupward about 2 feet
their centers
with
to engage
a
tilting
loosely near
of the
the ends
both
of knobs
on
spout by means
with

and

spout
When

the
the

barrel

barrels
As

sand.

the

wires.

the

it strikes

begins

water

the

float, but

gouging a very
deep hole
barrel by strikinga stripof
2

inches

flow.

wide

and

foot

at

floats rest

the

empty

are

to

is
the

wood

long.

pour

in

prevented
outside

about
This

of

on
one

from
the

inch

high,
spreads the
i

also
layer of gravel at this place would
help prevent gouging. If the flow is too great to
filter away
readily,the float will rise and the knob
on

the

be

tilted until

wire

will

engage

with

the

spout,

which

will

suddenly start into the

other barrel.
If the delivery pipe to the cistern
be
be no
large enough there should
danger of either
barrel overflowing. When
becomes
the sand
dirty
the

flow

will

IN

few

minutes

fresh.
and

This

will
will

THE

AROUND

AND

serve

insure

to

the number
greatly reduce
job of cleaning out

in

water

the

FILTER

the

put

in

cistern,

times

the

cistern

must

of

done.

TWO-BARREL

it and

remove

clean

69

HOUSE

agreeable
disbe

70

HANDY

FARM

HANDY

WATER

Nearly

farm
every
either
from
water,

no

it all

as

pure,

vegetable
is to

more

less

or

only

way
in

is done

as

of

good water,
well, spring or
stream,

The

it,just

FILTER

boast

can

contains

matter.

filter

DEVICES

of

it pure

city supply

private filteringtanks.
filter is very
simple water

is

animal

make

to

but

voirs,
reser-

or

all purposes

answers

of

for

easily

domestic

made

that

The

plan
employed

use.

its

that
operations is identical with
in large reservoirs
where
is filtered
water
for
This
large scale
general distribution.
flower
consists, primarily, of two
pots, set

above

the

is stuffed
in the

other.

In

large

bottom

bottom
A

sponge.

of the

supplied

the

lower

of

on

filter
one

the

pot
upper
is also stuffed

sponge

pot, but

it is

quately
ade-

more

with

material
filtering
by placing
above
the sponge
a
layer of smooth
pebbles, then
a
this a layer
sand, and still above
layer of coarse
of pounded
charcoal
in depth.
It is
3 or 4 inches
also best to place another
layer of smooth
pebbles
above
the charcoal, to prevent
it from
being stirred
during the circulation of the water.
up
The
be the largest,and
if the
pot should
upper
lower
or

two

The

wood

pots thus
stool

with

will

serve

arranged
a

hole

one

in

stand

may
as

base

placed
it, through

are

of the
drips through the bottom
the mouth
of a jug set underneath.

water

into

pot

serves

as

reservoir, and

impurities, and

coarser

lower

renewed,
the

strong, the upper

strips of

two

legged

the

is

one

sponge

one

may

though
of the

be

thus

used

upper

pot.

it,

support.

on

three-

which

the

lower

pot

The

upper

its sponge
stops the
the filteringlayers of

for

it is necessary

in

year

without

frequently

being
to

clean

in the

for the

ornamentation

nice

very

BARREL

IN

BEAUTY

DEVICES

FARM

HANDY

72

It is made

picture.

by sawing
in

is shov^n

lav^n

oil barrel

an

two

shown,

as

and

mounting
legs. Paint
one-half

set

barrel

on

of the

walk

them

for

of

should

HOLDER

PLANT

the

barrel

be

securely

rest

may

braced

use

growing
during
Care

should

be

taken

have

the

nailed

to

the

staves

to

have

the

and

heads

Dark

dark

to

hoops

thoroughly

HALF-BARREL

side

summer.

or

the

and

in

solid.

on

it and

each

flowers
the

it

green

red

are

good colors for the

painting. If preferred,
the ground, but
upon
or

blocked

prevent

to

rolling.

Instead
boxes

on

the

top.

all

bins.

together
them

to

as

six

shown

on

in

barrels

cellar, have

drygoods boxes
in the drawing.

off the

them

paint

vegetables
the

over

Take

hold

Then

the

keeping

scattered

storage
them

of

VEGETABLES

FOR

BIN

STORAGE

the

floor

boxes

and

the

names

set

or

of

and

bolt

Put

legs

cover

on

of the

THE

AROUND

AND

IN

convenient
vegetables. It is most
frequently used in
vegetables most
which

would
If the

other, but

the

to

of the bin

true

of boxes

row

upper

not

lower

enough

moved

easily be
boxes

be

not

simple

matter.

ones,

the
of

have

be

to

top of each

box

pouring them
Many people
in such

bin.

vegetables,
that

are

such

It
and

stored

labeled

put
a

in

few

have

to

the
shown

upper

the

boxes,

in the

is attached

the

to

ture.
piceach

top section

can

make

fillingthe lower
Otherwise, the vegetables
to

VEGETABLE

would

73

HOUSE

BIN

through
at

time

the

openings

at

by hand, instead

in.

keep their potatoes

sectional
bin, preferring a large separate
certainly is all right for other root
other
products of the farm
many
might well be kept handy for use in
would

sectional

not

care

bin.

to

FARM

HANDY

74

sometimes

in

necessary
house
is

the

under

that

where

countries

is

cellar

temporary

cold

CELLAR

INEXPENSIVE

AN

DEVICES

sufficient

for

not

ing
stor-

vegetables.
effective

very

useful

and

temporary

cellar

be

may

structed
con-

after

follov^ing method,
show^n
as
by the
drav^ings : Dig a pit
15 feet long, 10 feet
feet
wide,
deep
4
the drainage is good.

CROSS-SECTION

in

solid, dry place where

Put

gable
by 2

half

way

and

of i-inch

board

the

central

sides.

support
this

place

if the
8 to

packed

surface

should
if

be

earth

12

smooth

plastered with

gable

lumber

crossbeams
is

of

inches

and

not

dry

first
straw

CELLAR

the

over

end, pack

one

better

and

10

hole, supported

eaves,

Strengthen by

TEMPORARY

well

the

over

4-inch strips at the

up

Over

class.

roof

the

mud

entire
to

14
to

structure,
inches
shed

covered

ing
except-

deep.

water.

with

sods.

The
It

is

IN

The

door

filled with

AND

end

HOUSE

75

be double-walled

must

The

straw.

THE

AROUND

door

and

the space
double
and

also be

must

its

margin packed with cloth strips, so as to be

practicallyairtight. If possible, the pit should be
drained
is covered
with
by a tile,the end of which
a
of
piece of wire netting to prevent the entrance
rodents.
cellar will prevent
Such
ing
a
freezing durusual

opened

winter
mild

on

The
varied

weather.

days
size

according

and

posts

feet

for the
Have

out

center

the

soil the

and

lever.

inch

UP

lever

clothes

feet

to

upright

for the

set

and

be

may

necessary

as

the

so

they

against

end

ones.

will not

Take

them.

a.

CLOTHESLINE

the

to

the

near

in

lever

the

on.

line

long for

top with

line and

the

being put
the

5 feet

wood

post

holds

when

oughly.
thor-

ends, 3 feet in

is not

smooth,

blown

next

block

pit

be

DOWN

ground. It
be as heavy

to

are

AND

of the

when

Fasten

aired

the

be

4-inch hard

of

should

posts clean

bolt,

lever.

the

of

should

interior

depth

ELEVATED

piece

door

needs.

to

post

clothes

the

and

CLOTHESLINE

Heavy

The

14-

3 feet for the

position while

button

is hoisted.

the

holds

the

76

HANDY

is

the

have

which
be

may

iThree, four

the

bolt

five

the

bolt

pass

may

be

used

near

it

on

post
arms

plank

of

post,

let the

arms

solid

piece

the

so

hung

into

passes

to

be

top and

to

hold
house-

horse,

snow.

spiked

the

save

may

in the

bored

bored
or

in

out

and
a

clothes

the

hole

beveled

be

through
arm

stepping

without

may

as

stoop that

back

should

thing that will

revolving clothes

little

no

much

so

HORSE

CLOTHES

There

DEVICES

FARM

or

each

through

it.

desired,

as

length.
length, provided all are of one
No
required in making it,as the rope holds
It is
the arms
up simply by being tight enough.
well to set the post before
measuring for the arms,
the veranda.
reach
be sure
to
that they may
so
be nailed together at first to make
laths may
Some
of your
ability as a
model, if you are not sure
a
and

of any
skill is

carpenter.

A
and

in

closet

small
toilet

CLOSET

TOILET

articles, is

inches

shelves.

of

door

The

planed, hinged
of frame
toilet

room,

and

and

is of thin
with
door

it is indeed

keeping medicines
wide, planed and
It has

feet.

back

very

The

catch.

useful

four

knots,

from

pine, free

is varnished.
a

One

convenience.

great

"^-inch pine, 4
put together so as to be

consists

for

home,

Being
as

side
out-

in the
well

as

back
It has no
ing
caspiece of furniture.
It is
boards
against the wall.
or
; simply rests
iron, one
held in place by four short pieces of band
of frame,
to back
-end of each band
being fastened
All
wall by a screw.
the other end fastened
to the
ornamental

IN

kinds

of

there
in
of

outside

be

the

room,

cellar

old

from

axle

be

wheel.

and

beam

at

reach

shelf
The

save

arranged

the

on

with
is

the

side

of

ing
descendfrom

is fastened

the

to

keeper
house-

upon

an

hang

to

The

stairway.
thin, smoothly planed

nearest

the

is contrived

axle

kept well oiled, so

readily,bringing all parts of

wheel

boards

the

wheel

will

the

shelf

within

and

revolve
reach

need.

at

Farmers
in

their

and

up,

the

kind

bath

washing

of

that

makes

the

convenience
The

way

system,

in
to

every
secure

with

of the

makes

This

few

is

fine

years

from

fire,.

and

ago

big
of the

one

It lessens
lawn

sible
pos-

walks, the sprinkling

cities, where

in

and

house

protection
and

fire,adds

from

danger

fifty dollars

This

life attractive.

insures

house,

needed.

which

available.
farm

size

cold,

or

irrigating of gardens,

possible only
were

the

of

cost

of windows

conveniences

thought

at

hot

water,

toilet room,

lawns, the

other

systems

and

FARMHOUSE

running

dwelling houses
depending upon
of equipment

easy

the

have

can

the
the

FOR

SUPPLY

WATER

in

will

easy

The

steps.

the

ing-glass
look-

SHELF

that

stairs, within

is covered

the

shelf

steps may

few

axle

wash

soaps,
other

fastened

be

may

one

CELLAR

cellar

many

77

door.

handy

the

HOUSE

shaving materials,
kept. If there is no

REVOLVING
A

THE

AROUND

medicines,

can

rags,

AND

and

greatly

all
were

water

things

the work

garden,

to

duces
re-

comfort

and

water

ply
sup-

direction.
this is
pressure

to

install

tank

in

the

basement.

HANDY

.^8

FARM

tank
pressure
it full under
strong

This

all

toilet

is in

and

room

distributed

is

water

city homes,

Where

the

garden

about

the

HOUSE

of water

amount

house

$90

large,

and

are

needed

is

better

for

the

the

large, the

tem
sys-

for

$50. For
figure. Where

larger system
$150.

should

Installation
installation

be

^ceedingly simple. Any

house
of

and

is

water

possibly
horses,

installed, costing up

and

is easy,

average

the

amounts

carriages, automobiles

the

garden, and

and

lawn

The

supplied and

is not

considerable

where

room,
bath-

the

SYSTEM

used

be

to

is forced

house

also for washing

Its

by pumping

fire hose.

or

be

is to

WATER

installed

be

can

that

exactly as it
galvanizediron pipes.

of

by means
building

small

arranged

so

air pressure
the water
is available for
house, and

the

over

is

DEVICES

to

Operation
and

pipe

its

fitter

operation is
or
plumber

ex-

can

80

HANDY

twice

and

year,

trouble

any

coldest

farm

is

and

it

all

wear,

weeks,

this

labor

to

The

convenient

somewhat

condition

do

was

illustration

be

gether
to-

get

can

without

it.

basement

and

the

hot

water

indicates

hold

to

the

matter

for

under

farm.

kitchen

and

used

be

these

tanks, and

will, of

use

of the

may

It

can

dairy

to

into water

run

that

depend
and is simply
readily be
very

owner

course,

or

stock

other

troughs

in the

desired.

AGAINST

device

pressure,

also

can

tank

pump

the water

WARNING

the roof catches

force

will

fire close

to

FIRE

give
the

an

seen,

is sufficient to force

pipes.

it can
be
barns, where
stalls,or elsewhere, as

readily

pressure

wishes
of

of

The

This

cost

hand

the

on

tank

be

can

system

delivering water

handy

few

factory.

arrangement

water

stock

to

anywhere

of

the

lavatories,bath

The

water

developed in the
anywhere wanted.
entirelyupon the

the

of

service.

located

from

it

arrangement

for supplying

fix it for

to

distant

supply system, and, as

simple. Notice the
very

in the

who

that

on

required a great deal more

this disadvantage
with
pumping, but even
not
serious
a
proposition.

the
it

used

people

water

the

not

was

being

With

fact, the

the

to

ficulty
dif-

any

has been
done
pumping
by
With
the pump
in perfect condition, this is
laborious
the
occasions
two
problem. On
valve
became
slightly defective
through

pump

be

afford

can

been

In

farmer

any

$ioo

or

date

it is

there

system.

how

see

to

hand.

water

waste

has

practicallyperfect,and

$75
Up

Neither

the

don't

not

There
is never
easily handled.
the water
pipes, even
during the

weather.

supply

DEVICES

is

with

with

FARM

alarm

chimney

in

case

is shown

IN

AROUND

AND

THE

HOUSE

FIRE

ALARM

8i

82

on

the

on

opposite
w^ith

line

stretch

cord

fire,the

of

hanging

above

the

bell

long,
the

need

suspended

fasten

and

slide

a, to

only

to

will

cost

shelf

on

wire, b,
wall

the

or

weight

The

the

above

two

or

electric

heavy

on.

inch

an

of

case

weight

an

on

these

piece

the

battery

Place

w^hich

to

that, in

so

drop

dry

rafters

two

release

will

Place

weight,

in

chimney,

and

bell.

shown,

for

be

off

50 cents.

as

chimney

the

in turn

nail

chimney,

v^ill burn

ring
a

the

to

fireplace.

inches

10

close

and

cents

20

of

face

it,which

and

button

Drive

page.
the

cord

to

DEVICES

FARM

HANDY

bell.

TO

WHERE

necessity

roofs, and
of

made

the

of

this

the

the

should

of

highest

other

means

and

of

out

it

highest part
be

roof.

wall

of

on.

Make

the

getting

scuttle

should

be

house

roof

of

the

will

reach

place

to

of

eaves

Have

or

and

the

ladder

along

or

to

it

keep

and

eaves

hooks

two

ladder

good

in

left

store

the

the

on

windows

house.
a

of

story

good
the

ings
build-

all farm

near

upper

that

hand

at

is under

kind

rear

hang

and

emergency.

in

ladder

in

all farms
and

ladders

are

time

on

LADDER

FIRE

HANG

painted.

^f your
cellar is
when
going down

dark, there

whitened

you

are

even

the

at

in

that

so

dim

stairs.

the

bottom.

light.

is

Have

easily

may

You

danger

can

see

of
the

know
this

accidents
last
when

step

step
you

plainly

MRNoJ^a^c^TOeK
HANDY

ROVIDE

giving

away

from
make

than

and

has

an

not

in

use,

occupy

semi-circular

the

shape suggested
cut.
Setting them

the

proper
a

other

of

strip

the

curved

shown

in

picture.
and

to

go

the

buckle

feed

basket,
When

advantage.
sides

two

from

press

Cut
a

out

^-inch

gether
totwo

board

or

canvas,

around
as

ing
accompany-

Nail

strap

the

sides,
head, and

at

the

over

simpler

at

partition,
the

while

apart,

cloth,

stout

feed

round

room.

any

horse

It is

stable.
the

in

the

distance

of

animal

added
the

like this to

nose

the

the

scarcely
pieces of wood

and

tack

the

upon

when

to

basket

feed

strap

in

BASKET

FEED

basket

will

be

complete.
The

of

nearly

more

of

form

more

horse's

this

fits the

because

of

freedom

in

who

shape

head, and

close-fittinground

He

basket

will

not

sides,
be-

FEED

BASKET

oblong shape, gives

than
opening his mouth

its

the

horse

does

the

basket.

be

counseled
83

cannot

be

helped.

84

HANDY

MAKE

has

horse

EAT

the habit

of

how

shows
similar

should.

inch

boards

slant

The

The

in small

cannot

all of

it

eat

the

made

made

feed

of
hold

to

the

get

can

quantities and
rapidly than
with enough

more

be

must

made

hopper.

be

horse

his

on

be

feed

may

you

drawing

large enough

feed.

bottom

insure

to

feed

may

poultry

contrivance

so

he

to

grain only

FEED

feeder

The

one
ONE

bolting his

by making a
The
accompanying

box.

HOLDS

SLOWLY

self-feeder

it

easilyremedy

can

HORSE

THE

If your

DEVICES

FARM

coming

the

in

out

trough.

only

am

But
I

am

do

can

What

And

STALLS

up

milk

is

stall.

less

her

The

nose

The

grace

each

rack,
slats

bottom

into

in favor
than

of

the

I will do.

of stanchions

stalls,but

allowing

cow.

The

a,

more

enough
the

to

her
rack

stall toward

the

the

they
in

increase

shows

cut

so

is that

and

space

is of hardwood

up

do ;

STANCHIONS

for

wide

through

of God

THAN

room

reward

the

everything,
do something.
do I ought to
I ought to do

BETTER

to

with

the

only point

take

can

what

By

The

one.

cannot

But

one,

venience
con-

kind

one

30

inches

cow

can

of

high,
thrust

eyes.

is 18
the

inches
cow.

wide,
The

tending
ex-

feed

BARNS

AND

box, b, slides through

barn

floor.

cleansed

It
and

out

disturbed

by the

long enough
The

the

When

head

the

under
she

will
the

through
be

can

and

iesseach

in

to

suit

proud

that

is humble

Wisdom

that

she

need
and

has

he

about

other
worth
There
Emerson.

who

man

folks'

business

attending
is

is

learned

no

rarely

has

inches'

any

much;

so
more.

no

poking

always

stall

Shorthorns.

knows

he

of

breeds, like

Small

will

gets
look

can

width

and

her

she

"

The

the

put

when

that

cow^s.

Holsteins

than

will

she

so

length

the

than

STALL

kneeling'and

The

ably.
comfort-

lower

lies down

Ayrshires,

is

inches

backward

rack.

way

Knowledge

rack

move

made

Jerseys

she

the

on

the

lie down

to

cow

cow

OF

stall

feedway,
put in without
being
halter strap, c, is just

The

gutter, d, is 8

stall floor.

into

feed

cow.

PLAN

up,

drawn

new

allow

to

in the

opening

an

be

can

85

STOCK

his
of

Cowpen
into

nose

his

own

to.

knowledge

that

is

not

power.

"

86

HANDY

GOOD
The

TIES

DEVICES

FOR

of stanchions

merits

ties have

FARM

debated

been

COWS

and

other

forms

for

by dairymen
The

cow

long

time.

of

rience
expe-

mass

of

is in favor
the

tying

arrangement
v^hich
v^ill

the

give

the

cov^

freedom

most

of
The

movement.

old-fashioned
stanchion
this

solid

fails

it

cases

difficult for the

lie dov^n
v^ith

up

fast in

in
In

respect.

many
to

of

cov^^

get

or

her

is

head

of these

one

stanchions.
The

heavy swinging

stanchions
SWINGING

advantages

STANCHIONS

this, but
be

must

weight

criticised

and

part of the

of the
cow.

in

many

consequent
A

very

cases,

lack

over

it

because

of freedom

lightswinging

have

also
of

its
the

on

stanchion

is

the best type of that form.

It is easy to fasten, as the
will in most
cows
in position
cases
put their heads
as
is not
much
they go into the stall. There
so

danger
of

the

modern
The

dairyman being struck by the horns

in fastening these
stanchions.
cow
Many
barns
are
equipped with this kind.

chain

consists

runs

of the

tie is favored

in many
crosschain

simply of a
to
a
slack, attached
ring at
over
a
perpendicular iron

sections.
with
each
rod

This

able
considerend

which

about

l8

88

FARM

HANDY

fence

the

calves

together, the

buckets

and

stanchions,

to

which

come

all their

have

soon

DEVICES

they

are

lever, a, which
throv^ing down
into position. Then
one
may
difficulty.
Leave
for the
a 4-inch space
the

rack

pasture

one
or

couple

lumber

of i-inch

of posts.

It

lambing

time.

MANAGEMENT

Make

feed

each

calves'

moved

be

can

also

can

the

to

used

be

KICKING

bar, ",

calf without

heads.

attached

OF

slatted

the

draws

it

and

another

to

at

ewes

and

running up to
heads
through the
easily fastened
by

Make
from
fence

for holding

COWS

just high enough so the cow

can't jump out, and
wdde
fortably,
enough to hold her comwith
at
nothing to spare, and narrower
the end, where
her feed box
be placed as
should
for her to
high from the ground as is comfortable
eat
out
of.
This
slatted
be
stall should
long
bar or two
a
enough to have cleats through which
should
be run
behind
the cow
to
keep her from
bar in front
a
backing out, and also places to run
of her hind
legs about the hock joint, or as high
with
to interfere
milking.
up as possible so as not
A

hole

about

18

stall

or

20

inches

this purpose
the ground
from
which
allows
safe
and
easy
while

the

cleat and

outwardly

Milkers

at

have

the

milker, thus

trouble

invariably either upset

to

access

MILKING

HANDY

who

up

post prevent
the

for
is left open
to the cow's
flank,

wide

the

the
from

cow

udder,
ing
kick-

insuring safety.

STOOL

with

pail or

restless

get

cows

that

quantity

of

BARNS

AND

89

STOCK

dirt in it will find the

shown

here

their

troubles.

stools

HOLD

PAIL

of inch

to

boards.

inch

pieces

long.

The

three-cornered

put

bucket

board

is not

brace

as

likelyto upset
THE

convenient

very

in

cow

yard

merely
legged

straps
c t

in

broad

the

one

down
a

short

the

use

in

in

can

the

is

to

is

sit

be

leg

would

useful

garden.

course,

with

stool

if

one

in
Of
pre-

for the
seat

are

is well

and

seat

cow

milking

anywhere.

Such
also

for

tion
posi-

foot

STOOL

READY

and

8-

this stool.

the

fastened

in

so

from

stool is

milker

always

with

The

quickly

the bucket

restless

most

con-

around

waist.

The

the

to

strap that

buckled

under

attached

is

four

the

one-

stool

also

rigidityit

secure

stays.

stool

about

and

blocks

of

supports

field is shown

or

which

EVER

To

is

in

made

are

bucket
made

It

flytime.
ing
upright pieces formthe
legs and ends of

The

TO

for

remedy

serviceable

very

STOOL

stool

MILKING

STOOL

cut.

the

It

is

HANDY

go
ferred

four

made,

but

kind

FARM

legs instead
experience

and

cheap
the

which

board

cut

the

board

as

ready

for

to

fit on

shown

careless

stool
starts
more

is
a

to
or

so

wire
it will

so

is made

stool

been

has

moved.
re-

and

level

set

STOOL

top. Make
in the

hand

illustration

through

hole
and

the

stool

use.

milk

milker

be

one-legged

the

milking

ends

off the

KEEP

the

could

STOOL

barbed

REEL

Much

that

proves

useful

very

from

reel
Saw

is

stool

the

MILKING

CHEAP

of

of one,

well.

serves

DEVICES

STOOLS

contamination

handling of the
through milking

toss,

milk

CLEAN

then

he

the

next

less contaminated

is
milk
one

picks
cow

undoubtedly
stools.
cow

he

due

to

When

the

gives

the

he
it up
again when
become
and
his hands

from

the

stool

and

from

BARNS

them

the

dirt

STOCK

AND

into

drops

91

milk

the

pail during

the

milking.
When

yard

the

or

small

milking
the

on

and

rack

stool,

so

that

them

out

of

them

brush
them

is left in the

stool

It is

to

make

the

legs

of

be hung up.
may
it is only
dirt and

This

to

bore

holes

STOOL

RACK

so

in

easy

they
the

off

carefully once

in

the

keeps
to

necessary

while

keep

to

scrupulously clean.

The

who

man

little

usually has
A
Here
and

floor.

barn

the

is over,

is

crossarch

is

constantly changing

to

change.

USEFUL

handy
of

an

STOCK

his

CART

transfer

cart, made

with

old

plow

carry

corn

mind

to

wheels
a

hog

FARM

HANDY

92

sheep, pigs

or

lets the

or

end

rear

DEVICES

calf.

Raise

the

tongue,

which

then

drive

in the

animal,

ground,

on

BAR

HANG
TRANSFER

shut

the

load

ready

CART

fasten

to

TO

convenient

harm

can

several

to

apart

contrivance

animal

and

have

you

your

STOCK

OUT

simple

the

and

wagon.

STAKE

and

come

feet

to

ANIMALS

down

gate, pull tongue

HOW
A

SMALL

FOR

is to

stretch

drive
rope

that

so

stakes

two
or

no

wire

on

im^^^^-'
cow

which

The

strap.
sides
and

ring

without
the

is

TIED

placed.

animal

can

tangle

stretched

wire

TO

OUT

or

FEED

To

this

graze

up

ring
and

injury.

will

give

The

some.

halter

fasten

down

on

both

ring slides,

BARNS

box

handy

feed

are

being

steers

for

fed

93
FIELD

FOR

BOX

FEED

STOCK

AND

lots

in

open
is
grass

use

upon

shown
Cut

cut.

the

halves

boards

sketch.

will

prevent

will

allow

each

selected

be

not

That

it do

By

violent

And

lose
Have
Lend
Learn

Use

or

foe

singe yourself :

four
eat

out

out
with-

trough

we

so

may

swiftness, that which

by over-running.
"

thou

than

less than

more

and

advis'd;

for your

less than

Ride
Set

furnace

more

Speak

tub

stave.

Be

Heat

to

in

bothering each
other
unnecessarily.
It is important that a
and
that the hoops

BOX

barrel

strong
very
be nailed to

the

the

smashed

the

two

This

beings
animals

FEED

of

shown

as

this

of

in

strengthen
by placing
across

inside,

the

barrel

frame

TUB

in

and

two

when

or

than

more

goest,

VHI.

trowest,

throwest.

thing

at,

showest,
knowest,

thou

thou

run

Henry

owest,

thou

outrun,

we

thou

than

less than

practice of

thou

hot

is the

"

best

King
master.

Lear,

HANDY

94

FARM

pay

and

cattle.

farmer

every

kind

some

OF

SHEDS

CHEAP
It would

DEVICES

of

Where

STRAW
to

protection
labor

is

put up
for

tures
pas-

his

and

scarce

in the

sheep, hogs
hay and straw
which
prevails

plentiful and cheap, a condition

in many
sheds
and barns
are
large sections, straw
of posts 8
profitable. Put up a framework
very
feet high, i6 feet wide
and
as
long as needed; 30
feet is a good length.
The
evenly on two sides and set
posts are hewed
that a bale of straw
will fit snugly between
them.
so
They are cut ofif at a uniform
height and a 2 x 6
spiked securely on top. Rafters are nailed to this
is
covered
and
straw
loosely with
poles. Baled
is

for the

used

After

sides.

the

sides

are

the

up

roof

is covered

feet

few
held
in place with
a
deep with loose straw
poles that are tied together in pairs and placed over
built
have
been
the ridge. Several
of these
sheds
for five years

and

is made

Life

have

up

needed

not

any

attention.

of great sacrifices

not

duties,
kindness,

or

of little

but
and

small

win

and

Sir

H.

You

smiles
and
things, in which
obligations given habitually, are
the

preserve

and

comfort.

secure

"

Davy.
must

FEED

cut

your

a, about

another

board, h.

according to

coat

FOR

TROUGH

sheep trough
3 feet long and

For

heart

what

Make

flat

cloth.

SHEEP

two
procure
at the bottom
a

your

6-inch
of each

trough

and

boards,
fasten
let the

go

HANDY

rubbing their backs.

above
they vv^illeat

out

from
at

FARM

the

When

cut

fodders,
A

is

manger

too

as

not

much

take

not

HANGING

Such

filled

of it at their

it will

time

same

DEVICES

with

hay

pleasure, and

up

floor

space.

RACK

for

suitable
may

WHEELBARROW

be

SHEEP

grains

or

fine

wasted.

TROUGH

wishes
It very
often
to
run
happens that one
dififerent pastures during the
the sheep on
several

PORTABLE

RACK

FEEDER

BARNS

If

season.

task
that

by

to

heavy

feed

them.

move

STOCK

AND

racks
The

of wheels
If the
attached

The

handles

is made

rack
to

place.

has

and

shown

one

other

drawn

is mounted

rack

pair

end.
be

can

easily
place to

from

on

another

upon

large, it

thus

and

wagon,

mounted
the

quite
a

field to

one

on

very

it is
shows

drawing

from
easily moved
It is simply
person.

one

used

are

be

can

97

old cultivator

wheels.

One

of the
a

upon

best

table,

turn

FLEECE

THE

PACKING

ways

to

in

the

pack

fleece is

and

head

to

lay

tail, then

it

the

^'*"'-y^^^

FLEECE

flanks.

After

firmly, using
The
tying

this roll it up
such
device
a
box

is made

BOX

TYING

into
as

here

from

roll and

neat

tie

illustrated.

light

lumber

with

the rope
is passed.
shown, through which
fleece is placed upon
this rope
the roll
and

slots, as
The

easily tied.

Wool

buyers prefer

to

have

the

fleece

98

handle

loose, light to
that

it

be

can

EASY

DlEVICES

FARM

HANDY

and

tied

up

so

if needed.

opened

HEAVY

HANDLE

TO

and

elastic

HOGS

having a lot of help around

is going out, owing to the use
at hog-killing time
of better appliances for handling the animals
after
so
rig up a simple arrangement
killing. You
may
The

fashion

old

of

BUTCHERING

ONE-MAN

that

handle

can

you

RIG

heavy hogs

assistance.

without

jointsof old
of heavy galvanized
is made
vat
stovepipe. The
i8 inches
iron 4 feet long by 2 feet wide
and
deep.
of 2 x 4-inch strips,upon
Over this erect a frame
which
place an old traveler from a hay carrier, or
Build

fire box

construct

with

similar

one

o,

the
the

from
the

four

and

the

pulley

at g,

serves

from

the

bench

flue,b, of three

d.

to

vat.

With

bench.
to

windlass

the

tackle, e^

the

feet of the

to

vat

to

which

are

rangement,
ar-

tached
at-

it

hog,

you

passing over
the
carrier,d, over

rope,

pull the

can

c,

convey

BARNS

HEATING

AND

WATER

which

device

barrel.

In

wooden

block.

iron

into the

in the

water

be

removed

Do
on

make

not

the end

burst

the

wooden

of the

piping

block

if pressure

If

the

is

too

do

such

afford

one.

it

screw

the

in

sketch

steam

safety valve

off.

come

and

fire.
cap

sometimes

may

will

cap

can

will

The

flyout

SLAUGHTERHOUSE

FARM

well

small

the

the
a

have

great.

his

fix up
This
can

expense

It is

stock

own

to

slaughterhouse.
at

as

butchers

one

would

acts

pipe

vinegar
a
large

stout

Take

rapidly and
bothering the
putting a metal

of

mistake

before

and

kettle

heated

without

pipe, or

sketch.

shown

as

will be

desired

of

iron

BOILER

affair

the

old

long

bottom

WATER

barrel
as

feet

of the

end

SIMPLE

By arranging

KILLING

the

to

in this

pipe

other

the

superior

is shown

heating water
piece of 2-inch
securely screwed

99
HOG

FOR

is

for

STOCK

that

small

be

done

almost

generally most

the

on

farm

he

building for a
so
easily and
any

farmer

convenient

to

can

have

100

it

the

hog
easily conveyed
be

FARM

HANDY

near

part of the

to

idea

bad

half

yard,
the
to

house.

hog

DEVICES

then

for

Indeed

hogs.
have
The

refuse

the

it in

it would

not

instances

some

in

room

be

can

which

to

kill

'^M^'"C^^
CARCASS

cattle

and

square.
work.

from

hogs

This
As

fixtures

should

will

much
as

DERRICK

not

be

give plenty

of the

room

possible.

less
of

should

than
space

be

15

feet

for

the

kept

clear

The
that

so

make

the

It is

quite

close

be

enable

will

If

hand.

at

should

the

in

be

floor

the

flood

to

one

good
possible, a

that

necessary

attached

hose

be

3 feet from
easier to keep

it much

will make

ground. This
the place clean.
supply of water
water
pipe with

would

for about

of concrete

walls

This

central

liquidfrom this
hog yard. The ideal way

the

house.

to

graded
opening. A
opening to a

concrete

the

carry

the

of

made

be

all drain

it will

pipe should
trough in
to

should

floor

1 01

STOCK

AND

BARNS

at

time.

any

On
for

99 is
handling the
page

roller, c, 5
reach

is shown
lift

in

the

rope

the

floor.

of

width

very
It is made

the

device

good

of

heavy
long enough to
a

It

room.

is

ported
sup-

by a bracket, d, detail of which

it possible
drawing. This makes
tached
of any
weight. A drum, b, is at-

middle
the

roller

the

to

of

thick, and

inches

carcass

carcasses.

the

across

in the

to

to

picture

that

at

end,

one

communicates

Any

handy

man

is

which

over

crank,

with

the

with

tools

run

a,

at

make

can

this derrick.
In order
cart

that

simplifymatters

heater.

water

the

at

to

bottom.

This
To

communicates

barrel

is fastened

this
with

use
may
has a valve

coil of

small

barrel

one

attached

rubber

hose

pipes.

This

coil of

with
the top of
pipes in turn communicates
the
barrel
hose.
The
coil of
rubber
by another
fire built in a hole in the
a
pipes is placed over
ground, and the valve is opened.
As

soon

is forced

through

is started.
and

hose

the

as

This

easily.

When

is detached

in the

water

the

rubber

device

hose, and

will heat

the
and

coils becomes

water

the

water

wheeled

it

circulation

very
is heated
the

barrel

hot

rapidly
rubber

under

the

HANDY

102

derrick

the

crank
With
the
to

which

on

the

butchering
a

KEEP

hung.

devices

one

alone.

It will

that

table

building on

is

hog

is let into the

carcass

simple

have

DEVICES

FARM

folds

which

to

PIGS

OUT

water

the

up

OF

easily do
convenient

the

against

be scalded.

very

found

be

of

means

to

can

man

up

cut

By

side

of the

meat.

TROUGH

FEED

crowding and getting in the

plan will
trough with their feet the accompanying
ricknail the Vs, or
be found
can
practical. You
To

hogs

prevent

ifez^

PARTITIONED

HOG

TROUGH

shaped trough. They fit on a

Nail
pointed or flat-bottomed
trough equally well.
to
a
strip lengthwise along the top of the Vs
and
Stakes
driven
at: intervals
strengthen them.
and
nailed securely to the angles will hold the Vs
trough both solid.
rack

work,

on

MOVABLE

HOUSE

Individual
four
The

hog

upright
walls

easily

any

taken

FOR

houses

walls

and

and

the
down

roof
and

SOWS

BREEDING

may
shed
are

be

with

constructed

roof, as
separate

replaced.

shown
and
These

below.
can

be

small

small

lot if

kept

diseases
a

minimum

When
disease

need

sanitary

The

in this way.
the

where

swine

bedded

and

feared.

he

kept

cared

Much

which

are

small

lots.

the

run

upon

the

divided
The

of

into

keeps

into

sketch
and

hogs

their

LOTS

HOG

farmer

PIG

changes

disastrous

no

conditions.

Indiana

Breeding

to

isolated.

more

depends

WELL-ARRANGED
An

for

ing
spread-

reduced

is also

are

of

danger

animals

among

properly

DEVICES

FARM

HANDY

104

his

pigs

compartments
shows

how

fattening

shotes

lots,

well

own

HOUSES

AND

as

in

long houses
opening into
they stand.
are

as

allowed
occasional

PENS

the

at the bottom
larger field,shown
of the sketch, which
is a timothy and
clover
ture.
pasIt is better to have
in
pigs
separate quarters
in small bunches, for in this way
they can be better

attended

to

and

the

growths

are

more

uniform.

BARNS

HANDY
Here

is

which

pigs
net

made

be

may

discarded

and

bicycle wheel,
is a heavy
The

is

net

is

fastened
two

band

iron.

caught
squeal

in the

is

The
with
Our

by

leg.

the

pj^-.

the

of

knowledge

is strong

lot of

which
as

can

time
be

used

passageway.

we

recommend

enough

that

it.

strikes

justice.
is the

of innumerable

STAIRS

j^^^

net

whole, however,

arm

sword

of

use

would

in

weakest
the

the

one

some

fun
On

method.

as

of excitement

and

less

not

around

greatly reduced

find

pigs

will

net

caught by

net,

of

struggle

element

the

rim

handle

Small

chased

The

some

pieces

and

and

pen

tened
fas-

the

the

to

with

when

dle
han-

handle.

with

rim

wire, while

copper

securely

the

to

The

annoyance.

tennis

the

rake

small

catching

from

rim

and

time

from

lawn

the

net,

for

device

much

saves

105

CATCHER

PIG

homemade

STOCK

AND

amassed
minds.

FOR

"

THE

is saved
for

thought

if

perience
ex-

Emerson.

BARN
one

throwing

These

and

steps

has
down
are

handy
hay as
made

of

stairs
well

light

100

HANDY

material
a

and

block,

at

FARM

instead

c, and

each

end

HAY

FALLS

attach
with

DEVICES

of

putting on a lower step, use

the stringersof the stairs to it
the
pin. A rope passes
over

HERE

CROSS-SECTION

WITH

STAIRS

pulleys at d, to a weight, which allows the stairway

to be held
upright while the hay is being put down.
The
rope, e, is handy to pull the stairs into position.
HANG

Here

is

the

barn

and

screw

post.
Take

good

floor.
on

Have
a

piece

over

bracket
of

hanging a
pulleys with

two

in beam
a

for

idea

Get

LANTERN

THE

UP

small

lantern

lower
but

on

the

strong

stems,

screw

head, the other

same

over

at

top of
post.

cord, and

at

BARNS

end

one

fasten

through

the

and

snap

of

be

the

barn

your

the

end

other

lantern

the

on

of reach

all

see

and
over

floor. You
the

raise

can

pass

it

so

forking hay,
can

Put

107

it

draw

out

you

and

snap

pulleys.

high enough
will

STOCK

AND

tern
lan-

high enough
pitch hay from

to

the

top of the

with

no

turning
and

over

the

mow

danger of
the
light
burning
and

building

contents.

of

the

opposite

the

The

end

cord
lantern

fastened

may
with

PULLEY-HUNG

LANIERN

be

or
snap,
for adjusting the
a

length

more

may

be

lowed
al-

height of the lantern, and

the cord may
be secured
by a hitch or a few turns
around
button
two
halfway in
a
or
spikes driven
and
bent
in opposite directions.
over

homemade

WEIGHING

FOR

ARRANGEMENT
balance

may

be

with

constructed

the
joistloosely attached, so as to just balance over
It will be useful in
rounded
top of a heavy block.
ing
for feedweighing hay and other bulky substances
wooden
small
For
weights, use
purposes.
and
sand
which
have
been
boxes
or
bags of stone
Place the required weight
weighed on other scales.
upon

the

balance

and

then

place feed

on

the

other

io8

HANDY

it balances

until

end

to

the

of

easily made
ladder

iron

other

or

will

be

curate
ac-

WINDLASS

BARN

It is

weight, and it
ordinary purposes.

the

for all

enough

DEVICES

FARM

pipe

suitable
of

by

support

eyebolts

means

stout

or

shown

as

fastened

bar

or

at

ples,
sta-

in the

be used
drawing. It may
for
raising grain, wagon
boxes
and
other
heavy
things to the upper
part
of the
may
and
the

barn, and, if desired,

be

falls,so
the

effort. A
in

ing
increasloose

bolt

will

vent
pre-

hole

block

increase

to

as

without

power

placed

with

rigged

WINDLASS

shows
knows

how

how

useful

GRAIN

The

trouble

the last third

box

or

be

made

middle

Leave

from
for two

your

TO

is

EMPTY

grain boxes
grain. Bending
neither
pleasant

be

made
be

can

be.

may

is to

most

of the

may
that it

windlass

EASY

with

bin

hinges, so
scooped

barn

BOX

jackknife fashion
A

this

simple

ture
unwinding. The picdevice
is. Every farmer

over

half

let down

and

the

edge

healthful.

nor

with

out

get

its front
all the

on
tents
con-

difficulty.The bin may

a
piano box with a partition in the
kinds
of grain.

out

son

without

good reputation

and

an

ployment.
em-

EASILY
Grain

bins

of feed

BINS

CONSTRUCTED

GRAIN

with

for different

compartments
in barn

handy

are

IO9

STOCK

AND

BARNS

By procuring

stable.

or

kinds

size
dry-goods boxes, all of the same
and
together side by side,
shape, and nailing them
the bin is easily
that they will appear
as
one,
so
the entire length
should
extend
The
made.
cover
of the bin, and
though leather hinges will answer,
number

of

it is better

to

staple

good

lock

under

and

hasp, the contents

key if desired.

afford

labor

ignore

to

in any

kept

be

can

TRUCK

BARN

can

then, with

for

ones,

and

dairyman
lighten his

will

iron

CONVENIENT

A
No

it with

attach

whicK

that

Be

whatever.

way

his

conveniently constructed, he has

the importance of his considering
Hence
enough to do.
a
feeding truck or car if he does not have
it
Made
of good lumber, the only iron about
one.
need
be the handle
at each
end, by which to push or
pull it along the feeding alley in front of the cows
stable

ever

which
it

so

is

blacksmith
no

can

about

be

4^

feet

long.

the

silo

to

some

these,
feet

Silage

the

be

can

mangers

distance

wide,
very

20

truck
box

save

good
is by
body

deep and

inches

conveyed
readily.

it will

away,

the

any

The

construct.

to

that

so

which

on

procured,

wheels

make

difficult

means

should

is

The

mounted.

trucks

small

the

fed, and

be

to

are

it from

in

If the
much

silo
hard

work.

If little labor, little

Man's

fortunes

are

gaines:
according to his paines.

are

our

"

Herrick"

most

it takes

cases

PLACE

MAN'S

TAKES

In

DEVICES

FARM

HANDY

no

two

fill a

to

men

sack

of

grain, but by using

the

sack

one

man

holder
do

can

it

Make

alone.

platform,
inches

b,

and

square,

fasten

it

to

20

4,
with
notches
cut
c,
in.
The
a,
arms,
should

be

18 inches

the
long. Make
piece 3
upright
feet
that
long so
be
long bags can

handled.

bags
still
HOLDER

SACK

enables

or

man

wise

old

owl

The

longer

The

less he

Why

are

There
of

If it

It

not

were

were

an

stayed
spoke the

the

"

in

two

piece. A device

that

takes

of

the

twice

less he
he

place
fast

as

as

ways

of

wise

debt

increase

bird?

old

increase

of thrift in

Carlyle.
'tis done,
"

he

spoke.

paying

raising income,

quickly,

heard.

like that

us

done, when
done

require a
longer upright

oak,

more

of

more

work

will

while.

on

but

are

out.

sat

he

industry

laying

to

man

it is worth

without

could

Some

Macbeth.

then

'twere

well

HANDY

112

Many

to

made

FOR

RACK

will

hold

place

two

for the
of the
A

An

old

or

bench

or

shown

as

to

sit.

in front

can

fairlysatisfactorystraw

WORKING

THE

or

in

in

and

Place

the

cramped

drawing

gives
the

stalks

better
wise
cross-

of you.

FEED
mower

find it very

HUSKING

shocks

HOMEMADE
lawn

by hand
ground

corn

CORN

three

husker

RACK

floor

the

on

rack

position.

their

husk
sit

DEVICES

HUSKING

CORN

who

tiresome

FARM

be
feed

LAWN

CUTTER

arranged
cutter.

MOWER

to

One

make
must

BARNS

rig

hopper,

up

the
straw

the

or

grass
belt
a

and

feed

to

the

the

turn

makes

the

in

sketch, and

the

of

end

cutter.

it

the

winter

that

so

knives

time

for

crank

one

man

good

when

the

where

mower.

it easy
This
is a

tach
at-

for

use

it is not

outdoors.

ROOT

SAW
Those
a

lower

arrangement

mower

working

with

in

113

grain will just strike

into the
usually comes

and

lawn

STOCK

shown

as

to

mower

AND

who

have

cut

knife

or

butcher

CUTTER
the

in

roots

hatchet

will

winter

time

fully appreciate

something
for
A

better

root

cutter.

Wisconsin

farmer

has

found

serviceable

homemade

lever

cutter

cient
effi-

very

for all roots.

For
like

hard

His

is made

the

back,

of

out

old

an

fastened

by
punched

contrivance
the

roots

is

may

be

illustration.
upon

The
of

the
bench

common

wall
or

the

best

CUTTER

through a hole
of
by a guide formed
upright, so as to have
This

it

rutabagas,

is about
ROOT

ones^

wherever

hand

means

the

at

and

success,
cut

with

cutter

it will
be

may

be
at

most

about

held

secured

to

saw

rapidly.

very

The

end, and

of wood

slit for the

platform should
table.

small

pieces

two
a

available.
thing
sharpened on
saw,
bolt
of a
passing

work

in.

little tice
pracSee accompanying

be

mounted

convenient.
the

height

HANDY

114

and

cheap

easily
in

shown

is

cutter

CUTTER

CABBAGE

HOMEMADE

DEVICES

FARM

made

the

and

cabbage
drawing.
i2-inch

Take

two

boards

them

nail

root

and

strongly
With

together.
mark

viders
di-

around

circle, then

and

out

mark

on

slant, as
dotted

by

four

inches

in

Cut

quarters.
slots

saw

long
shown

lines,

so

the

cabbage will fall

through easily. Next
cut

circles

two

inches
Nail

in

wheel

on

and

leave

loose
CABBAGE

to

CUTTER

on

act

as

Make
admit
wide

the

wheel,

enough

Make

top

so
over

leaving
the

knives

the

wheel

inches

do
and

diameter.

to

one

a
a

the

large

the

back

the

other

the

shaft

bearing.
frame

clear, and
strike

not

put

the

hopper

on

to

just
side.
the

the crank.
8
The
knives
opposite side from
are
inches
be made
from
old bucksaw
long and can
an
and
side.
ground down
sharp, with a bevel on one
Screw
these on the wheel
at a slant according to the
thickness
hole
the cabbage is wanted.
A
square
should
the

be

cut

through

the

center

of the

wheel

for

shaft.

Kindle

not

the

fire that

you

cannot

extinguish.

FARMS

plank
in

steep

wearing
with

out

an

close

between
down
earth

and

sides.

and

will

This

prove

be

can

made

When

full

outside

side,

driveway
durable.

to

of

is

by

and

continually

driveway

and

stakes

will

form

in

filling

all

packing
pack

top,

the

down

driving

earth,

the

made

usually

substantial

either

on

rubbish

very

It

breaking.

stones,

the

is

barn

planks.

together

firmly.

the

the

save

grade

with

against

to

to

easy

stakes

DRIVEWAY

driveway
order

II5

STOCK

SUBSTANTIAL

AND

and

an

sod

easy

some

over

rise

FEEDING

GROUND

DRY
OME

of

GRAIN

friends

our

found

have

that

poultry feed hopper for feeding

ground
proved
grain has
very
box
i8 x i8
a
satisfactory. Make
inches
and 6 inches
deep, then take
a

off

strip,a,

from.

eat

Take

box, 14 inches
front
2

inches

feed

to

feed

and
the

is

as

of the

suit the

bottom

of

allow

the

this

per
hop-

into

the

into

fast

hopper

as

box

needed.

can

size of the

screwed

house

12

one

may
and

wheat

bran

meal,

or

before

morning

small

the

mixture

beef

to

about

hopper

side

poultry
of inside

to

of

of box, nailing
even
a

with

space

of

at

The

varied

be

to

It should

flock.

FEED

be

cover.

open

the

to

poured
down

runs

bottom

size

in front

back

through.

pass

The

of box

back

width

end
upper
slanting in until

and

box

the

the
the

the

for

box

insert

is left between

and

board

and

in cut, with
of

edge

the

to

forms

across

board, ", the

long,

shown

as

forms

which

bottom,

at

wide

inches

fasten

hinges, which

with
Nail

and

end

one

fowls.

of whole
and

wall
inches

of
from

HOPPER

poultry
floor.

By using this
keep a dry mixture
consisting of
middlings and
occasionally corn
of linseed
amount
meal, always
In addition, some
people feed a
corn,

evening,

oats

also

scraps.
116

and

wheat

ground

green

in the

bone

litter
and

POULTRY

KEEPING

drinking

large

bottle

can

If

fountains

small

is

pan

will flow

out

cool.

Place

house

so

it

close

will

it the

the

scratch

not

straps.
water

clean

will remain
above

than

inverted.

with

beneath

and

high enough

fowls

and

water

convenient

it is used

as

the

placed

successful

more

are

wherever

fastened

be

CLEAN

jug filled with

or

IlJ

BEES

WATER

THE

Few

It

AND

and

floor of the

litter into

the

pan.

Build
with

slanting
tack

to

hens

henhouse

of

from

floor, and

put

your

in

crate.

The

the

3 feet high,
off the top.

post

feet

water

square,

crate.

2%

about

feet

keep

to

cover

of

rack

the
side

or

front, level

floor

Nail

lath

HENS

FOR

8-inch

an

in

board
with

of

crate

Then

RACK

WATERING

pan

hens

will

quickly

and
fly up
drink by putting corn
the lighting board.
on
learn

to

contrivance

This

from
keeps the hens
water
spilling their
or
scratching dust or

to

it.

into

nail the

it is put

Keep

Be

rack

PLACE

IN

RACK

chaff

sure

securely

to

the

wall

or

post where

up.

your

shop

and

your

shop

will

keep

you.

ii8

HANDY

FARM

DEVICES

FOUNTAIN

DRINKING

The

small

for

stand

chicks

in

the

befoul

to

drinking fountain,

best

in that

get drowned,

to

it is

impossible
they cannot

and

water

it,is made

by inverting a can
or
pail in a pan a
trifle larger.
mato
Towith

cans

edges

pounded
leaky pails

down,
with

the

with
and

pan

hole
CHICKEN

made,

distance

pan

to

over

the

be

hole

used.

top, and

roost

the
Fill

turn

of

small

MOVABLE

in the

top than
with

over

side

the

just a
depth of

invert

water,

the

quickly.

CHICKEN

is made

length.

holes

or

from

FOLDING

This

FOUNTAIN

can

Punch

little less
the

top

in which

used.

be

anything

smooth

be

can

bent

ears

in fact

up,

the

ROOST

3-inch
bolt

ROOST

boards

fastens

cut

the

any

sired
de-

upright

HANDY

120

board, b,
the

in front

lower

this

be

piece

of the

hen

cannot

get her

the trap and

FROM

COOPS

Very good

be

can

coops

barrels,

4 inches wide, and

should
rest against
head

Then

raise

made

shown

as

in

BARREL

at

the

divide

cost

from

picture. First,
hoops on both sides

barrel

big enough, by cutting through

BARREL

small

this

drive shingle nails through the

and
clinch
them
of each
stave
inside.

through,

out.

get

TWO

empty

should

DEVICES

3 or
trap door

the

so

FARM

down
in

the

on

the

halves, if it is

hoops

and

the

COOP

CHICKEN

ground to hold the

side
drive a long stick at each
in place, and
coop
of the open
to allow
end just far enough from
coop
the front door to be slipped out
The
and in.
night

bottom.

Drive

door

be

any

can

made

of

the

the

head

from

the

barrel

board, and the slatted door, used to

the hen, by nailing upright strips of lath
solid

crosslath

Weak

make

into

sticks

top and

at

wait

men

them.

"

Harden.

or
fine
con-

to

bottom.

for

opportunities

strong

men

POULTRY

BOX

The

is

CHICKEN

its

and

saw

strengthen

the

box

for the

groove

with

door,

greatest
with

The

ease.

lath, or
of

grade

of

coop

inches

and

than

two,

safe
a

and

high

which
the

feet

secure

of

boards

This

c.

the

make
be

run
can

be

make

as

is inclosed

coop

3 inches

good
A
it waterproof.
2^ feet long, 16
with

to

high.

that
made
the

scantlings
or

wood,

have
you
the
with

shuts

covered

be

Then

acts

Thus

and

RUN

POULTRY

LOW

would

frame

laths, box

should
2

pen

end.

COOP

IN

to

paper

sort

should

roofing

deep

b,

of

right

strips of

opens

front

the

strips,placed 23^^to

top

this

of

slide in.

a, to

narrow

The

apart.

hole

ture
special fea-

one

narrow

DOOR

which

sliding door,

the

box

make

to

way

hole, d, in

of the

side

each

on

HINGELESS

121

COOP

Procure

door.

dimensions

c,

BEES

convenient
a
diagram shows
for the poultry yard, of which

coop

b,

AND

similar

requires
from
sides
and

less material

laths
feet

the

material.

sawed

high,

top

of

The

in

ing
mak-

sawed

top of

the

harness

bits of old

using

entirelyof trap doors,

will look
for hinges, which
of the
one
picture shows

almost

consist

should

run

DEVICES

FARM

HANDY

122

neatly. The
doors
propped up to show
plainly. The doors are 4
if cut

well

lath, and

still

to

the

soil

and

otherwise
is of

caring
X

2-inch

side

strips are

wide.

The

mounded

"

other

sake

at

this
of

of

and

way

of such

easily for

with

birds.

of inch

under

length

COOP

enter

to

for the

is worth
of

an

replacing

made

for the

Earl

is

scantling

earth

Whatever
well.

tender

permits

top

the

more

light
important feature,

POULTRY

TRAP-DOOR

it

long,

feet the

10

trap door

This

material.

as

feet

construction

clumsy, being constructed

be

not

be

may

the

fresh

The

the

run

earth,
while

sawed

should

or

material

frame

corners,

boards

ing
remov-

be

the

inches

slightly

dryness.

doing

Chesterfield.

at

all is worth

doing

POULTRY

One

123
COOP

about

annoyances
it is not

ordinary

an

chicken

from
easily moved
place to
provided with a yard. To obtain a yard
be moved
must
separately, and thus require

is that

place, nor
the

BEES

CHICKEN

PORTABLE

of the

coop

AND

coop

the

of

loss

shown

more

less time.

or

is

herewith

the

ing
draw-

homemade

simple,

In

coop,

^*tbki

COOP

which

can

handles

very

the

at

EASILY

easily be

ordinary material
V-shaped roof and

as

shown

convenient

end.

on

at

frame,

base

side

The

frames.
each

The

end,

length is about

may

held

in

by slats, as
A

The
can

does

build
not

one

go

filters around
warm.

The

into

lamp

day.

the

under

$2 and

about

costs

in

is

handle.

the

for

coop

desired, the

hen

may

be

BROODER

HOMEMADE

material

yard or
drawing.

in the

shown

with

ridge pole

feet

If
4 feet for the yard.
3 or
be allowed
of the
the freedom

and

is built

coop
and

form

to

of the

aid

the

by

moved

each

at

apex

of

extended,

MOVED

The

chick
the

flame

gas

handy

from

the

apartment

floor, making
is about

person

at

it

inches

lamp

all, but

dry

and

from

the

FARM

DEVICES

flows

up

HANDY

124

The

iron.

sheet

heat

thus

is perforated with holes

/, which
letting part of the heat out into

and

the

drum,

the

in

balance

floor, c, is about
the

not

touch

the

floor, c.

brooder
the

reservoir, g, between

heat

the

gently through
in the
the

side,
hover
The

above.

iron, k, and

sheet

the

deep. The tube, /, should

iron, merely extending through

inch

sheet

It takes

little oil.

very

f//fi\\\\\\l^^r'"'At'""('//^W^

ua
"v)

Z/^/////:^/^^///////////^}/}///^/^//^}^

//////////

DETAILS

In

the

cut,

matched
d

each

is the

a,

boards, b;
small

are

side

fumes,
below

/ shows

the

windows,

of the

door

best

BROODER

is board

floor of

is the

to

roofing

paper

reach

material
holes

are

escape

the

inch-

over

same

hover, h

for the

brooder

lamp,

in

of gas and
air space
n

floor.

MOVABLE

The

OF

BROODER

type of house

HOUSE

shown

in the

raising poultry.
with
a
tight board

It may
floor of

for

convenient

feet

high

size
in

is 6 feet

front

and

wide
feet

cut

be

is

built

matched
and
at

lo

the

of the

one
on

ners,
run-

boards.
feet
rear.

long,
The

POULTRY

door

is in the

side,
be

with

BEES

there

middle, and

125

is

window

each

on

The
roof should
openings below.
a good
quality of prepared roofing.

two

covered

AND

with

vv44i

HOUSE

The

material

same

make

the

after

the

house

studs

and

from

with

and

with

tarred

the
covered

They

paper

with

can

fowls

in these

good

paper,

the

wintered

down

apart

drawn

egg

from

think

the

chickens

animals.

other

east

of

"

two

shape.

taut.

This

which

made

and

the

houses

The

Yankee.

pieces of
These

the

without

can.

set

ered
cov-

terial
only maair.
They

discomfort,

yield. The wire netting

the house
sagging when

they

2-

covered
then

was

outside

were

and

centers

on

snow.

who

and

in

put

HENHOUSE

together

netting

and

be

may

out,

made

were

wire

gave

inches

10

between
have

"

by

rafters

feet

up

foxes

CHEAP

stuff nailed

inch

taken

will

sides

the

cover

Roosts

are

VERY

built

was

to

warmer.

easily protected

It

used

brooders

RUNNERS

ON

vented
prewas

126

FARM

HANDY

Do

when

you,

notice,

it

run

down?

Here

securely
fasten

to

hammock

handle

Fasten

way.

about

feet

is fine for

deep. A
bag, or horse

short

on
run

you

barrel

long, and
piece of

3 feet

about

bag

better

chicken

it doesn't

provided

down,
a

fried

want

you

is
a

CATCHER

CHICKEN

DAYLIGHT

DEVICES

net

or

hoop
it

to
an

old

fish net

cannot
anything the chicken
Lay it
get out of.
the ground, call the chicken
and throw
the corn
on
the bag, and
lift
when
suitable
over
one
on
goes
the hoop and
it. If the bag is made
have
up
you
foot deep it can
not
be dropped down
i
over
over
the chicken
while
eating.
"

SIMPLE

Make
to

box

4 inches

deep, 6

4-foot pole with

from

turning

mesh

wire.

steel trap

put

the

trees

chickens.
to

sure

the

If there
catch

SCARE

on

where

cleats
Cover

over.

Place

TRAP

HAWK

inches

at

the

little chicken

top of box
hawks

and

lodge

hawks

are

bottom

of box

top

and

square

to

i-inch

out

under
for

watch

around,

then

box;

it

set

keep

to

with

in the

nail

the

it is pretty

them.

AWAY

CROWS

AND

HAWKS

For

and
from
the
crows
keeping hawks
away
poultry yards, get a few bright tin shingles, link
them
arm
an
together with wire, and hang upon
sun
extending from the top of a high pole, where
and
wind
strike fairly. The
jingle and glitteris
sufficient to keep these
pests at a safe distance.
You
melon

will

also

find

fields where

them
crows

useful
are

in

the

troublesome.

corn

and

128

HANDY

FARM

DEVICES

is made

ber
^-inch lumfor the outside, ship-lapped together in a manner
make
to
a
perfect joint. It is 20 inches wide,
long, about 20 inches high to the eaves,
24 inches
and
or
roof, outside measurements,
weighs complete
about 50 pounds. The inside dimensions
of the brood

preserved.

should

nest

the

as

raised
and
ends

This

hive

the

be

same

as

of scant

any

or

lo-frame

hive,

bee

nest
keeper may
prefer. The brood
of packing between
sufficientlyto admit

the

hive

and

proper,

also

space

for

packing

is
it
at

sides.

DOVETAILED

HIVE

portion of the hive being well protected

of the bees
against the cold, the warmth
sation
will care
for the upper
portion. To avoid condenafter
nest
brood
the
cover
removing the
chaff
with
substance, or
a
surplus cases
porous
rim about
cushion.
Make
wooden
deep,
a
4 inches
ing
with
burlap and fillcovering the top and bottom
wheat
cut
with
chaff or
straw.
prefer
Many
and
for cushions
both
the cut straw
packing the
The

lower

POULTRY

This

hives.
the

than
In

rim

inside

few

back

the
makes
which

the

made

little smaller

the

cover

front, giving
The

when

shelves

for

off of

or

circulation

raised,
the

is

cover

use

covers,

as

shown

of

the

is the

as

be

can

surplus department,
time.

same

129

highly appreciated; besides,

are

liftingon
hives.

in

end, and

two

be

weather

inches

the

at

BEES

hive.

warm

of air all around

it

should

of the

extremely

raised

AND

and

ing
shad-

hinged
in

at

cut,

operators,
there
in

case

is

no

other

The

is hinged and
alighting board
can
touch
the ground, which
is of great advantage to
the bees during a heavy flow of honey.
Perhaps there are more
single-walled hives used
the

in

United

hives, but
is

States

than

in northern

double-walled

states

or

double-walled

chaff
hive

preferable.
DEVICE

Wax,
comb,

EXTRACTING

FOR

as

produced

is almost

pure

SOLAR

into
by the bees and worked
white, but, on being melted

WAX

EXTRACTOR

cooled, is yellow. A man

the
beekeeper to use
every
and

BEESWAX

who
solar

knows
wax

advises
extractor.

HANDY

130

All

that

fit

is

combs,
a

with

at

Set
the

up

for

of

the

in

combs

old

dish

set

To

get

be

may
it

full

of

dish.

The

around
bees

Then

the
to

keep

take

you

and

syrup

string.

for

over

the

invert
will

syrup

edges
it

of
cleaned

the

the

seep

jar
up.

break

in

water

rendering.

BEES

bees

feeding

fruit

ordinary

an

the

out,
soak

then

before

device
if

made

most

lowest,
catch

to

the

FOR

simple

very

melt

the

under

to

having

corner

pieces,

SELF-FEEDER

To

dripping-pan,

that

longer

glass

drawing.

and

fine

two

or

v^ith

box

the

an

sun.

into

day

box

kind

have

in

corner,

one

some

wax.

the

in

DEVICES

to

shown

as

put

hole

is

necessary

it,

over

FARM

top

tie
in

can

out

just

thick

small

through
fast

enough

syrup

on

can,

fill
with

rag
pan

the
for

or

rag

the

IRON

AN

TRELLIS

HOOP

HIS

trellis
that

hoops

are

They

pieces,
collection

into

of

uniform

An

and

finished

are

provided,
for

not

more

while

one

than

made

or

quire
re-

of

strips
board,

hoops

are

by

putting

wooden

painted

flower

This

2
cured
se-

small
wire

up

posts

may
tive
attrac-

some

gardens,

Diligence

will

trellis
both

appreciated
for

is the

of

need

may

uprights
for

strips

TRELLIS

THE

color.

greatly

assorted

hoops,

inch

The

The

oiled

quite

will

The
of

be

the

to

fencing.

to

top,

taste.

peas

dozen.

Three

being

two

sweet

wide.

staples

length

plants

tomato

half

inches

going

end

the

at

individual

should

wood

be

can

shown,

lower

knob

the

for

they

is

the

at

with

for

trellis

be

trellis

pointed

matter

circle, and,

together

get

can

rels.
bar-

sizes.

attractive

wood,

one

monly
com-

wire,

stout

constantly

are

when

these,

of

so

iron

other

and

complete

barrels

as

used

now

are

into

the

of

sugar

upon

welded

made

is

in

its

strength

mother

of
131

be
the
and

good

vegetable

and

attractiveness.

luck.

"

Franklin.

HANDY

132
PLANT
The

SUPPORTS

ordinary

made

FARM

into
for

wooden

shown

heavy
have

in

stakes

and

years

trellis

TRELLIS

out

some

is not

good

way

of

from

barrels

trellis for grapes

be

may

or

port
sup-

TRELLISES

sketch.

with

A
A

the

arrangement

an

hoops

HOOPS

twining plants by being arranged

smaller

HOOP

as

BARREL

OF

attractive

an

DEVICES

Attach
No.

7 smooth

which

will

unattractive

FOLDING

wire

to

and

for

last

the

to

firmly

them

you
several

eye.

TRELLIS

pole beans is
plastering lath, as

to

to

make

shown

folding

in the

cuts.

Bore

three

small

holes

through

each

lath, as

shown

in the

first

and

fasten

them

together

FOLDED
common

wire

nails

well

cut

with

clinched.

GARDEN

Five-foot
wire

wires

with

IN

handled.

easily

PLACE

When

the

The

bottom.

lath

sections

IN

THE

in

the
so

soon

ground

wire

at

is

the

plowed.

at

beans
in

row

vines.

can

may

Plant

and

just

go

the
be
with

wire.

tween
be-

cultivated
one

vine

done

cultivate
to

as
one

vine, then

together where

them

the

braces
with
to

be

and

BEANS

FOR

This

apart

begin

side of line until beans

poles slanting,tying

cross

This

top.

TRELLIS

set

spaced

are

distances

convenient

at

posts

each

up

BEANS

POLE

TO

WAY

stretch

row

be

posts.

EASY

as

to

as

it is folded

use

The
shelter.
under
laid away
posts
section of trellis will
evenly so that one

Set

second

GARDEN

and

two

fastened

are

in

in

not

and

ground

shown

string, as

TRELLIS

133

in

foot

trellis is made

The

cut.

set

are

top and

at

strung

the

to

posts

ORCHARD

AND

hoe.

hill

are

whole

row

they
and

3 feet apart
than
two
better

Hills

plant support
the drawing, is

in

ALONE

STANDS

THAT

TRELLIS

DEVICES

FARM

HANDY

134

garden trellis,such as shown

handy in the garden. This
very
or

double
trellis

form

of

be

ed
fold-

can

and

up

little

very

takes

All

storage.

be
as

the

OF

FORM

for

beans,

tomatoes,

plants

that

is built

of

need

peas,

The

season.

useful

are

other

and

cucumbers

support.

some

until

next

They

vested
har-

stored

cover

the

TRELLIS

as

is

and

DOUBLE

ered
gath-

soon

crop

under

lises
trel-

stakes

and
should

in

room

trellis

double

^-inch slats and pieces of 2 x 3,

which
bolted
are
together for the legs. The
top
be held
in place by pieces of string or
wire
may
the
attached
in the drawing.
at
points indicated
The
and height of this trellis should
length, width
the use
of it. A large one
to be made
depend upon
will be wanted
for a large spreading plant and
a
for a small
small
one
plant. It is important to
have
trellises just the
right size to give proper
narrow

support.

PROTECTING
Plants
or

newly

NEWLY

transplanted always

less protection

much

sun
a

and

shelter

SET

from

wind.
such

as

the

demand

more

blighting effects

It is best
is shown

PLANTS

achieved

in the

cut.

of

too

ing
by makTwo

10-

136

HANDY

DEVICES

FARM

THE

MAKING

HOTBED

vegetable garden
and
the
time
during
greatly increased
be secured
supply of fresh vegetables may
of the
table greatly lengthened by the use
The

value

of

hotbed

manure

adjuncts
made

and
not

are

latter

the

and

cost

so

cold

of the
little

part of February

which

for

the

common

pensable
indis-

These

good garden are so easily

that it is surprising they
the
A
made
good hotbed

common.

more

frame.

be

can

every

March

in

or

made

be

can

supply of lettuce, radishes,

yield an abundant
spinach, etc., for table use
by the time such crops
are
being planted out of doors, and the supply of
and
other
plants for the home
cabbage, tomatoes
be secured
ready to transplant several
garden can
in the open
weeks
earlier than if plants grown
were
depended upon.

to

As

of heat

source

half

About

in

depth,

to

contain

be

and

After
should

pile to the
again is well
old

In

use.

the

has

under

for

well

of the

inside

meantime

the
and

in the

manure

frame

feet

wide

level with
and

as

the

the

spot,
and

place
packing in
Make

surface.

desired, but

hotbed

end

as

Now

and

as

the

heating
ready for

deep

west.

long

multiple of three, because

The
always made
3 feet wide.
some

is

feet

trench, tramping

layers until

thin, even

when

piles

well-drained

sloping to the south, if possible.

Dig a trench 6"^ feet wide, 2
long as desired, running east and
the

sired.
de-

of

outside

material

select

beds

the

started, the

new,

the

way

gether
to-

piles 2 or 3 feet
and long enough

turning

over,

mixed

straw

necessary

heating

forked

be

fine

in square
5 feet in width

amount

is used.

manure

piled

or

the

horse

half

and

manure

should

fresh

sash

piece

are

should

9 inches
The
back.
wide

for

preferably
frame

frame
the

the

12

and

12

or

for

enough

side

front

and

front

in

high

be

rear

the

and

south

frame

the

it will

require

be

of

farm
with

sash

common

boards,

two

the top.

On

soil and

cover

6 feet

will run
first the heat
At
by 3 feet wide.
high, but in a few days it will fall to 80
it is safe to plant the seeds.
degrees, when

Hotbed

and
of cypress,
direction
only, and
may

bar

of

sound

ends

the
ends

23^

be
A
to

to

ends

timber,

the

at

of the

bottom

inches

wide.

the

in

run

one

at

end, mortised
side

with

top
to

tenon

pieces,which
be

so

fermenting
the
dwelling

with

the

m^ade

be

should

sash

wide

should

hotbed
either

the

bars, and

sash

through

heated

of
inches

pass

permanent
be

should

bars

pine

that

two

wide

inches

90

or

lengthwise of the sash. The

verse
be braced
by a transthrough the middle
the
placed through the long bars below

The

glass.

very

of white

constructed

sash

the

or

bars

be

should

sash

long

HOTBEDS

PERMANENT

MAKING

the

of

top

windows

or

inches

quite large
garden. Set this
the slope facing

by stakes.
good garden

secured

with

should

manure

put 6 inches

manure

board

ordinary

in the

high

at
one
3, with the wide
15 feet in length will be

top of the

on

15 inches

and

37

ORCHARD

AND

GARDEN

and

4
receive
at

should

constructed
manure

the

or

as

by

or
greenhouse
radiating pipes from
bed, in which
a
permanent
heating plant. For
feet
is to supply the heat, a pit 2 to 2^
manure
the work
deep, according to the latitude in which
be provided.
is to be done, should
be supported by a lining
sides and ends may
The
of plank supported by posts 4 feet apart, or, what

I3S
is better
the

in

still,a brick

drawing,

pit liningshould
soil.

well-drained
of the

be

come

with

pit

should

the

land, and

provided

to

of the

naturally

on

from

the

case

surface

be

tile drain
be

should

excavation

either

the

flush

shown

thick, as

9 inches
In
used.

wall

may

site for

The

DEVICES

FARM

HANDY

the

bottom

prevent

the

^.'^:^
}^^'

HOTBED

from

water

fermentation

the

hotbed

the

of

is in

WALLS

the

manure

pit and stopping

during the period

use.

hotbed

therefore,

in

accumulating

the

Standard

BRICK

WITH

should

sash
be

are

some

by 6 feet.
multiple of

The

feet

pit,
in

the
as
length, and the width should be the same
length of the sash, 6 feet. The plank frame, or the
the
above
brickwork
of the pit, may
be extended
for placsurface of the ground sufficiently
to allow
ing
the sash
these
immediately upon
permanent
structures.

HEAT
Make
and

an

about

excavation
a

foot

HOTBEDS

FOR
5

deep.

16

feet

on

Lengthwise

the

surface,

along

this

three

lay

space
and

about

one

should

be

of

rows

inside

inches

and
every

is filled with

rich

soil until

excepting

the

end

next

put

row

of

in

place

the

surface,
bare

for

feet, is

15

each

of

inches
ends

of

the

should

be

dug

in this

hole

brick

and

the

projecting beyond

tiles

left

leave

excavation
the

are

hold

to

as

with

frame,

to

as

so

Then

tiles

the
board

The

inches.

few

at

so

level

long.
closely,

fit

them

tiles

foot

to

as

so

39

center

The

and

measure,

are

the

side.

each

placed end to end

earth
is pressed around
piece exactly in place.

These

along

tiling,one
from

foot

ORCHARD

AND

GARDEN

frame.
At

the

of the

ends

east

and

surface
feet on
3x4
crude
a
fireplacemay
At

tile.

the

should

giving

enter,
Cover

the

6-inch

circular

top

them

frame

into

of

projecting

brick

the
flue

common

three

ber
cham-

tiles
outlet.

for

closely,excepting a
a
single length of

chamber

of this

loose

ends

which

into
a

hole,

of

three

of the

made

be

deep;

made

the

end

west

hole

feet

be

with

flue connected

the

bed,

which

the
stovepipe is fitted. A sloping door is hung over
fireplacecavity to keep out the rain ; and the earth
surface water
to prevent
raised high enough around
the
soil about
Bank
from
running into the hole.
six old
You
frame.
happen to have on hand
may
storm

window

sashes

slope

to

the

south

Of

size.

of that

sashes

in the

usual

course

the

way.

fireplace the
tiles
the stovepipe. The
smoke
comes
freely from
6 inches.
soil to a depth of about
with
covered
are
the"
With
can
quickly warm
up
a
good fire,you
when
the coldest
earth
days of spring. And
on
well heated, the earth and tilinghold the heat
once
When

for
beds

the

fire

is

kindled

in

the

Unlike

long time, provided the draft is closed.

heated

with

manure,

the

heat

supply

can

thus

HANDY

140
be

regulated

FARM

the

suit

to

DEVICES

demand

of the

prevailing

weather.

COLD

FRAMES

In

the

The

AND

South

THEIR
frames

cold

principal

winter

in

are

all w^inter.

use

lettuce,
are
grown
and
bage,
occasionally cab-

crops

radishes, beets, cauliflower

while

MANAGEMENT

followed
in
commonly
spring by cucumbers,
cantaloups and sometimes
Irish
frames
The
are
easily made.
potatoes.
Rough inch lumber
(heart pine is best in the South,
and hemlock
in the North) and 2 x 4 or 2 x 3-inch
scantling are all that is required. For the double
frames, strips3 inches wide and ^ or ^ inch thick,
the frame, should
be
long enough to extend across
provided for rafters. The back or north side of the
should
be 12 or
single frame
high, while
15 inches
the front should
In Southern
to 8 inches.
slope down
covers
are
used, the back
practice,where canvas
all cracks
should
be well
should
feet and
be 2%
with
covered
building paper, held in place by laths
tacked

these

it.

over

Good

are

crops

is to

dip

will

preserve

into

the

the

for

treatment

posts

kerosene

used

in

them

in

them

indefinitely. Drive

ground

18

inches

and

tion
construc-

This

night.

over

the

let them

posts

extend

ward
up-

the top of the boards, putting a post at the

and nailing them
of each pair of boards
to it.

to

union
All

ends

can

be

and

sides

of

high,

with

posts

the

the

the center

2^

feet

so

that

the

ground prepared

with

frames

best

double
the

made

be

may

quickly removed,

plowed

Down

rafters

and

ends

sloping upward

of the
above

are

frame,

ground

are

row

set

that

so

frames

they

can

The

mule.

made
to

of
8

be

foot

2^^ fee"
x
4-incff

feet

apart.

GARDEN

Over

each

the

to

of these

one

frames

cold

ORCHARD

I4I

rafter is bent

and

fastened-

frames.

of the

sides

For

AND

North, glass is the

in the

only

thought of. By all means,

put the
and
southeast
frames
to
or
facing the south
up
afford
protection against the north and northwest
winds, cold the country over, a high wall, a thick
should
be close
hedge, or a piece of thick woodland

covering

back

the

at

be

to

The

of them.

soil in the
rich

and

frames

stable

is

acre

an

should

manure

thoroughly decomposed,

tons

be

thoroughly prepared,
dance
pulverized thoroughly. An abun-

of well-rotted
if

should

at

the

excessive,

not

and

drained

that

of 75 to 100
the
unless
soil is

that

their

is

land

stand,
side

one

from

time

to

is used

canvas

be

given

should

of the

plants should
time to provide

be

to

well

soil become

the

or

water

in addition, the

but
watered

will

water

no

logged;

water

The

ventilation.

rate

already very rich. Whether

glass or
must
as
a
covering great attention
water

used

be

be

tion,
ques-

carefully
for

sufficient

needs.

too
constantly,
kept down
coverings are
and spindling
growth of the plants will be weak
such diseases as damping off, Botrytis and drop

If the
the
and

work

will

with

havoc

watering, ventilation
the ground stirred are
these
not
or

pests.

let it rise too

drawing

should

be

the

temperature

the

ends

under

is

may

be

them.

the

the

lower

it

not

surface

of

of

trolling
con-

do

temperature,

by raising the
canvas

sash

covers

of every
day when
low, and at other times

portion
too

raised, to allow

sharp

to

secrets

The

covers.

attention

the

keeping
genuine

Watch

the
back

drawn

and

high,

back

Careful

them.

eye

must

the
be

air

to

kept

circulate
on

the

frost

item.

stoves

may

be

Sometimes
be used

down

either

them

down.

should
off

be

burlap or
by tying them

by strong

The

lifted

being

be held
glass sash may
staple,a hook being placed

back

of the

frame

at

staple

in the

end

the

their

prevent

and

down

of

with

hook

to

mats,

winds.
end

upper

should

securely held
in place or by weighting
the glass covering
and

straw

canvas

fastened

well

oil

provided,

frames

glass covered

and

Both

is

heat

steam

with

covered

DEVICES

FARM

HANDY

142

the

of

center

of the

with

sash

each

Canvas

sash.

the

on

covers

by nailing along the center to a

of the rafters,
board
run
lengthwise on the center
of double
in the
case
along the
coverings, or
in the
back
of single ones
and
case
by placing
small
marbles
or
pebbles in the cloth and tying
and
about
these
5 feet, along the ends
4 or
every
used
sides, slipping the looped ends of the twine
and
in tying them
into the ends
nails driven
over
held

best

are

of the

sides

frame.

HAND

that

Now

down

"clusivelyin

CULTIVATOR

GARDEN

garden
a

rows

crops

are

tool

that

almost

planted

clean

will

ex-

the

out

ing
the plants, and, by makweeds, stir the soil around
loss of
the
a
mulch, prevent
good surface
moisture

to

of the

care

is

extent,

some

garden.

The

used

for

usually

gardener,
considered

rather

for the

is essential
wheel
this

but

the

tor
cultiva-

our

the

by

purpose

the

high by

of

hoe

is

price

ordinary

proper

fessional
pro-

generally
farmer

or

amateur.

This

machine,

handsome
a

$6

or

although

in appearance,

$8 tool,

and

homemade

does
cost

not

the
more

and
work
than

not
as

very

well
40

as

cents

HANDY

144

FARM

CONVENIENT

This

STOOL

GARDEN

useful in doing hand

will prove
from
barrel
two
garden. It is made

work

device

in the

upon

which

This

should

and

The

between
The

device

is

the

for

stool

low

stool.

that

the

it
of

rows

the

in

^i,

seat

x:

the

more

staves

so

holes

large enough u

render

narrow,

are

through

be

veg"etables.
"^

STOOL

WEEDING

is mounted

drawn

be

may

go

DEVICES

fingers

to

dled.
easily han-

for

especially convenient

the

women.

WATERING

To

SEED

seeds
disturbing small
by watering,
planted in forcing boxes, a plan has been
which
turbance
not
only insures
against the disof the seed, but keeps the soil of the entire

devised

in

box

Make

feature

drain
wax

unglazed
quite hot.
hole

With

in

bottom

the

entire

which

the

of

inch

of the

Cover

the

will draw
will

troublesome

the
not

few

stove
on
place same
short piece of candle, seal
not
to put
pots, taking care

bottom

water

soil should

sion,
occa-

pots and

9 inches apart
pieces of broken

attraction

you

flower

is

which

early growth.

about

overlap

34

in

moisture,

of any
desired
size to suit the
about
deep. Then
get
3 inches

over

box

of

state

box

and

until

moderate

essential

small

EASY

MADE

avoid

when

an

SOIL

on

pots, to convey
the

to

be

of pot.
Place
pots in
thin layer of sand, and

sifted

soil

entire
and

box

by capillary
of

the

filled to

box,

within

top of the pots.

box

with

glass, and

heat

from

above

By this method
is so
have
surface
baking, which
with
surface
watering. If so desired.
water

up

to

the

roots.

can

you

OWLS

CATCHING

of

friend

placed

of

hay

shown

owl

or

hawks
the

same

In

some

so

there
owl

The

most

capture

be

to

the
ing
see-

fed

around

ways.

the

on
or

the

two

hawks

chickens
TRAP

premises.

difficult part of this scheme

of the first owl, but if you
are
a

perform
is

POST

ON

is often
a

good

tHe

hunter

way.

absolute

no

Money

it,

caught.
is paid,

were

rabbits

on

will find

Make

and

places a bounty
is a profit in two

die

may

night,

the

hide

months

hawks

17

and

that

you

In two

may

caught

you

and

way.

and

owls

The

post.

came,

with

alighted in the
During the day
were
caught in

near,

the

post

to

came,

stake

to

to

At

cut.

to

tened
fas-

He

tied

trap,

Others

nothing
on

grass

chain

and

yards

30
each

trap

owl

large

field.

on

the

in

called.

trap

HAWKS

to

20

steel

small

post just under

as

AND

small

open

owl, and

the

bunch

an

in diameter

5 inches
from

water.

posts 5 feet tall and

three

set

of

middle

warm

captured

ours

securely with

him

in the

with

fill pots

Always

pots.

pieces of pasteboard
evaporation from the

surface

tin,and avoid

or

circular

pots with

the

cover

145

ORCHARD

AND

GARDEN

promises,

for

nobody

will

them.

good

servant,

but

bad

master.

help

146

HANDY

MOVING

To

move

to

picture.
stuff.

and

wrap
or

standard

piece

to

side

LARGE

large tree one

a
rig similar

Make

Loosen

carpet

each

use

DEVICES

FARM

the

dirt around

RIG

FOR

the

tree

to

that

it very satisfactory
shown
in the

standard
the

MOVING

firmly

find

may

three-sided

TREE

of

roots

4-inch

of the

tree

with

old

TREE

at

the

base

the
injury. Place
burlap to prevent
firmly in the ground and tie the crossto
the body of the tree
with
strong rope
of the

standard

and

hitch

horse

to

the

GARDEN

Other

end.
the

onto

It

be

can

With

drag and
placed

standard

in

the

upon

penny

pin

The

the

pull the

slow

hauled

then
the

in
same

it

is

day's

Provides

is

from

the

year.

Benjamin

"

wants

which

to

is

the

roots

and

place

in

chain

is

round

the

hooked,

ball

two

and

shown

as

Figure

passed
times

three

Then

many

is well

this

i.

with

pair

Young.

that

soil,

hold

pay,

TREES

drying.

When

in

away.

"

to

prevent

or

run

to

carefully
in sacking

canvas

tied

wherewith

make

of

ball

wrapped
on

it

Franklin.

The

leaving

tree,

or

the

load

to

all round

dig

which

such

as

to

move

large

used

was

transplant large trees

transplanting is by

to

way

be.

to

it

difficult

is to

location.

new

again by using

TRANSPLANTING

first

drawn

clear,

pence

builds, and

home

two

groat

who

man

so

be

can

the

to

ground
way

tree

drag.

saved

Here

147

ORCHARD

AND

FIGURE

BALLED

is not
posed
sup-

148
of

wheels

heavy

laid

short

on

it,Avith

across

DEVICES

FARM

HANDY

massive

and

axle

fastened

hook

iron
the

pole,
back

to

Figure

sketch,
its lever

with

ready
into

chain.

and

the

wheels.

The

trunk

must

the

t^,

ine

as

transplanting
little as possible.
The

what

manly

do

part

is

do.

Emerson.

can

you

trees

"

to

of

young

be

from
the

is

pole
pair

contact

machinery
free

blankets
TRUCK

up,

second

by

in

tree

under

with

AND

it down

fastened

kept

HOOK

the

of

the

when

rope

end

the

to

the

The

pole brings

FIGURE

the

2, shows

hook

^'

the

to

up

raised

at

to

it is easy

The

tree.

truck

pole

strong

use

and

basrs.
r

secret

of

cess
suc-

01

is to

injure

the

roots

with

might

and

main

Many
things difficult to design
Johnson.
performance. Samuel

easy

prove

to

"

HOMEMADE
This

is

fruit

at

device
the

FRUIT
that

top

of

is hard

PICKER
to

tall trees.

beat

for

After

ing
reacha

little

GARDEN

practice,a

hand

pickers and

injuring

the

in

drawing.

The

frame

of

heavy

is

wire,

copper

time

same

not

to

is attached

which
the

strong

The

end,

spring, d.

handle

as

needed.

is

a,

into

long

When

of

picker are

the

cloth.

cloth

tube

PICKER

THE

IN

USE

as

the

in the

the

serted
in-

wooden

shown

long

stripping
out-

is

upper
main

on

the

far

fruit.

the

construction

shown

at

rapidly,

DETAILS

WIRE

The

it

operate

can

man

149

ORCHARD

AND

sack

muslin

picture of

the

picker

easily closed

The

fruit falls

into

the hand

is

attached

in use,

the

as

jaws

by pulling slightly
through the sack or

of the operator.

Many

HANDY

ISO
have

devices

it v^ill be

this

in the

TRUSS

that

one

if constructed

one

For

find

to

DEVICES

for this sort

made

been

hard

FARM

better

shape

of

rungs

four

indicated.

for

wide

top, 14 inches

ladder

;^oinches

the

at

Place
side

12

inches

at

center,
Put

bottom.

)4-inch bolt through the

the rungs,
pieces just below
6d nail through the end of
a

side

to

rung

Keep

out.

ladder

made

pine,
on

trestles

but

inch

placed
yet

when
the

on

M-fi^^advantage
"

THE

LADDER

in the

as

Let
that

faith let
it.
"

Never
it.

Never

cheap.

pounds

center.

It is

spring
of

us

were

light,

it is almost

it. The

truss

possible
im-

special

ladder

is

is a very
great
lightness, which
bined,
strength is comadvantage, when
of this particular ladder.
case

right makes
might
end do our
duty as we

faith that

have

us

end, deflected

150

strong, and
to

^^'^

long, supported

each

at

tight.

of Oregon

above,

feet

14

each

ping
slip-

all bolts

as

and

from

them

prevent

the

between

Make

at

of

side.

each

pieces

pieces.
and

than

LADDER

14-foot ladder select

wood, using two
pieces
^

service, but

works

exact

hard

of

to

the

; and

in

stand
under-

Lincoln.

spend
buy

your

money

what

you

before
do

not

youVe
want;

earned
it is not

HANDY

152

FARM

DEVICES

picked up from discarded

machinery
two
or
quickly made
by nailing together crosswise
from
boards
them
to
splitting,boring a
prevent
hole in the center
for the axle and
rounding them
off with
One
end
of the table
a
key hole saw.
should
inches
made
several
the
be
higher than
other, so that the culls will roll into a pile at the
wheels

can

lower

be

end.

SORTING

OREGON

In
as

the

shown

Hood
here

accommodate
take

or

Saw
have
make

district of

commonly
packers.

is
two

Oregon

used.
To

is made

This
make

such

table

such

to

table

3 feet high. It is made

lap
with strong burfeet in size, the top covered
allowed
to
and
canvas
hang rather loosely.

four

3x4

river

TABLE

standards

off the tops

the sharp

points

that

about

of the
corners

legs on
push

will bruise

or

bevel

into

the

cut

the

so

as

not

burlap,
fruit.

to

and

GARDEN

A
around

the

wire
is

each

side

fruit

in

this

packer
back

than

greater

without

bending

allow

in

3x4
two

unnecessary

all

packers

boxes,

greatest
The

to

stretching.

also

all

as

shelves
all

the

comfort,
top

well

firmly,

it

anything
reach

fruit.

height

construct

to

as

as

The

cases.

feet,

is

The

boxed.

the

with

it

cut

support.

being

the

together

the

is

point
work

can

holding

region

the

to

nailed

generally
protect

the

braces

load

for

are

to

in

and

legs

is

table

the
shown

heavy

relative,

of

153

hose

garden

braces

the

there

not

old

top

the

Besides
to

of

piece

ORCHARD

AND

on

good
is

only
each

so

ing
avoid-

should

not

larger

would

points

be

of

it

FIELD^AND^"VOOD

HAY

PORTABLE

DERRICK

VERY

for
satisfactory derrick
in
the
stacking hay is shown
sketch.
The
base pieces are
6x6
inches
by i6 feet. For the center
use
a
pole we
straight round
pole

and
feet

We

long.
iron

an

insert

the

About

which

loops

to

form

an

three
it

for

the

which

are

fastened

the

about

from

pole.

the

tom
bot-

central

This

allows

pole

to

turn

when

top
is

15

of the

readily
upright
The

that

attach-

ment

feet

is

collar,

has

braces

peg
it

top

iron

an

the

way
half-

the

to

at

base

which

turns.

5 inches

put

the

upon

diameter

band

around

and

in

inches

6-inch

in

position.
work
framemade

of

pieces

HAY
154

DERRICK

at

top

the
about

base
24

AND

FIELD

feet

12

of

when

turn

around

the

from

to

is
in

use

upon
out

of

inch

piece

stack.

TIGHTENER

it

in the

shown

shape
the
ture
pic-

in
with

hammer.

long

point

notch

let in the

face

of

Insert

bolt

at

the

indicated

the

to

by

dotted

light

lines,

prevent

splitting.Fasten
the

on

with

hammer

leather

straps.

TIGHTENER

the

hurt

not

It should

device.

stick

is

wire

that

reel

is

wheels

hands
be

short

of

on

that

are

tough

one

than
truck

shafts.

it will be

you

inch.

an

smooth

using

the

hardwood.

REEL

which

better

half

about

when

made

on

is much

with

so

WIRE

device

mounted

out

handle

FENCE

Here

USE

IN

The

should
sharp brads
Carefully finish the
and

the

onto

wagon

and very
convenient
easily made
wire when
stringing
tightening barbed
Cut

board

or

device

the posts.
a

to

ground

WIRE

Here

three

shown
as
hay rope, is attached
near
By having the lower pole attached
will make
half a
the upright the arms
the
hay fork is lifted,thus swinging

in sketch.

base

of

rigging, consisting

the

and

pulleys
the

The

long.

155

WOOD

The

wind

can

an

made
cart

old

barbed

barrel.
of

may

old
be

The

buggy
drawn

156

HANDY

along by

FARM

while

DEVICES

boy steadies the reel to keep

it from
rapidly. For winding up
unwinding too
is best pushed just fast enough
wire, the machine
a

man

WIRE

keep

to

the

with

up

reel.

serviceable

Never

drink

neither

One

as

placed

the

SAFE

work

of

barbed

TO

the

wire

till

of
a

is

plank

2-inch

reel

have

you

have

worthy

STRING

on

proves

in

it;

being ignorant
be

to

read
it.

seen

known.

make

to
on

to

hole

WIRE

BARBED

satisfactory ways

most

shown

one

not

are

wound

habit.

WAY

One

piece

as

being
the

upon

till you

water

it is

up.

writing

things

Get

Bore

wire

WHEELS

part of knowledge consists

of such

the

the

winding

sign

ON

REEL

crank
in

157.

page

the

front

in this

similar

contrivance

Fasten

end

of

plank

and

unreel

to

stone
set

the

to

short
boat.

spool

FIELD

barbed

of

about

wire
feet

bottom

end

Attach

hold

the

spool

the

the

made

an

in

the

to

of
and

the

sit in the

assistant

let the

plank.

end

rear

pipe

gas

of

the
and

wagon

of the

assistant
rolls

hole

boat

stone

have

piece
spool

through

in

top end

the

kinked
the

the
and

wagon

long

157

WOOD

Run

top.

on

rest

AND

off

pipe. If the wire becomes

simply lets go of the pipe and

the

boat

without

breaking

the

wire.

t\.'""

WIRE

A
A

flat

stone

but

purposes,

its

for
100
I

per

foot

or

page

the

It is made

be
high. It may
the ordinary drag

which

is very
or

other

convenient
root

By increasing

the

ON

drag
are

increasing
cent.

"

crops

-;vj'

BOAT

BOAT

STONE

uses

On

great capacity.

".",';"'"

REEL

BOXED
boat

"

"

-,11

is convenient

limited

is

for

many
it has no

because

158 is shown
utility of
of plank
used

for

for

an

boat

stone

and

the

ment
arrange-

has

sides

purpose

for

dition
employed, and in adhauling apples, potatoes,

from

size of the

the

box,

field.
manure

can

be

158
hauled

stables

from

out

wheelbarrows

without

incline.

It is low

an

can

easilybe

hauled

of

bags

If you

cylinder,stand

it

on

be

2-inch

up

and

seed,

get

and

end

ROLLER

heavy sheet iron

place a length of i^

roller

ROAD

or

fertilizers

ROAD

road

wheel

or

DRAG

HOMEMADE

need

it from

this contrivance.

CAPACIOUS

reload

to

into

venient
ground and very conlight, bulky articles, as

All

on

dumped

the

on

loading.
heavy stones,

as

it is

as

having

for

well

DEVICES

FARM

HANDY

ROLLER

pipe through the

placed on planks which

The

center.
are

well

end

soaked

should
or

are

i6o

old

the

that

planks

boat

Regular

not

are

down

and

up

DEVICES

FARM

HANDY

now

use.

SCRAPER

DITCHING

in

not

are

saws

obtain

to

easy

on
ditching scraper
every
of steel, but
be purchased made
farm.
They can
able.
is quite servicelittle and
costs
homemade
one
a
Take
two
planks, each lo inches wide and
hardwood.
Bolt to them
3 feet long, of good 2-inch
tom
To
the botsecurely a pair of old plow handles.

should

There

bolt
make

each

end

of

to

use.

the

with

is also

very

crossing

The

can

built

be

lumber

thick, except

small

is 6

used
for

as

the

BRIDGE

is
a-

long and as deep

a
turning plow in two
holes in
useful in filling

STREAM

deep

or

shown

in

inches

wide

OF

near

mile

creek

floor

inch

scraper
your
and
two
men

SMALL

FOR

and

scraper

one-quarter

BRIDGE

bridge

this

will

project about an
singletree hooks

board

plowed

It
days' time.
the highway.

For

two

lower

cut

be

this

which

blade

saw

Let

With

be

can

it could

as

crosscut

Attach

bottom.

ready
ditch

old

an

sharp edge.

the

at

be

and

TRIANGLES

ditch

the

four

cheap

illustration.

and
side

inches

braces.

THE

SAVE

barrel

Barrels,
into
described

many

in

this

and

hoops

things

useful
book

BARRELS

your

barrel
upon

ingenuity

staves
a

will

From
lead

worked

be

may

farm.

you

the
to

few
others.

""""i

Mm

AS

Modern
of

old-time

of

the
of

less

than

the

OF

harvesting

machinery

hand

on

ancient

relic

DAYS

IN

tools

they

when
do

swings

still

type
days

today.

has

big

the

men

YORE

worked

to

come

farms;
through
harder

but

take
many

golden

the
and

the
a

place
reaper

grain,

accomplished

FIELD

Saw

pieces

AND

i6i

WOOD

the

length required for each of the

two
sides, then bore bolt holes i^ inches from each
end.
Use
four
^-inch bolts 8^ inches long where
bolts
where
pieces come
together and
6^-inch
II

FRAMEWORK

OF

BRIDGE

three

The
A-shaped supports
pieces meet.
bolted
on
pieces for the approaches are
and

then

the

side

braces

put

are

on.

and
at

The

the

once,

sides

of

entirely of triangles. The first

bridge are made
of pieces, a, b and
The
second
c.
triangle is made
triangle of the pieces, b, d and e. The
piers may;
the

be

posts,

stone

or

FOR

DAM

A
dam

small

concrete.

pond
supplies water

held

EASILY

for

FARM

by

POND
a

house,

BUILT

good-sized hydraulic
barn

DAM

and

two

acres

62

of

FARM

HANDY

garden

fruit, also floods

and

needed.

when

is of 12-foot

of

section

covered

feet apart and

apron

DEVICES

the

SOWING

seeding

device

the

show

that

can

the

sills

made

behind

the

cut.

be

construction

easily

of

made

The

wheel

home.

at

axle is

fitted

into

wheels

so

tightly
the
that

when

turns

wheels

or

seed

running

side

of

the

regulated
or

small

BOX

SEED

at

and

out

of

other

helps
the

holes

The

at

the

to

This

grain

seed

keep

lower

it
the

do.

agitates the
THE

to

with

tight
in

piled

as

so

EVENLY

SEED

drawings

is

placed 6
tight. The

is

fitted

plank
plank spiked to

bottom
joints. The
brush
and
are
clay. Stones
in
plank coverings, as shown

These

dam

with

break

meadow

cranberry

and
the
back

be
quantity of flow may
pleasure by making the holes large
increasing or diminishing the number

box.

of holes.

SOWING

MACHINE

FIELD

It may
number

found

be

of holes

AND

desirable
and

163

WOOD

then

to

have

considerable

for

having plugs,

nate
alter-

be
removed
to
perhaps, which
may
the seeding thicker.
From
4 to 6 feet is suggested
for the length of the box.
Any old wheels
do if they are
too
not
heavy to be easily drawn
ones,

make

will

hand.

by

BERRY

One
the

of the

field

herewith.

It

old-fashioned

yoke

farms.

shows

used

so

be

may

use

commonly

on

for

the

the

old-

so

This
the

yoke

used

farm.

on

farmer

Every
ought to

have

one,

make

more

the

task

to

easy

of

rying
car-

YOKE

things- In
places yokes may
cannot
buy one, make
strong, tough wood,
neck

the
what
is

picture

purposes

for which

you
of

novel

the

need

suggests

many

some

in

in

use

no

description
be
given.

illustrated

for

stood
under-

that

also

is

appliances

The
is

picture
readily

CARRIER

convenient

most

strawberry

shown

time

CRATE

cut

you

and

shoulders

consider

around

about

the

CRATE

be

found

one

yourself. Take

shape
and

it

for

out

inches

to

each

piece

fit around

Usually
from

if

sale, but

ofif the

taper

right size.
i^

CARRIER

ends
a

to

groove

end

and

164

is

rope

hook

bail

of

handle
or

right size to
ordinary pail.

any

be

may

end

the other

At

the

is attached

iron

be

tied.

securely

DEVICES

FARM

HANDY

formed

from

go

of the rope
around
the
hook

The

may

strong, branched

stick.

Here

for

is

loading

rig simple
in

corn

the

with
useful

handy

is shown
kind
found

the

pulley attachment.
for loading many
RACK

of

construction

in

of

corn,

useful

the

The

field.

and

Such

things

hauling
drawing. It

of

course,

in

moving

for

picture

well
shows

USE

IN

rack

for

works

that

strong

hoisting
rig will be

device
found

farm.

on

FODDER

HAULING

FOR

rack

and

RIG

LOADING

the

DEVICE

LOADING

HANDY

fodder
may

from
be

sorghum,

brush.

Each

used
and
end

the

field

for any
be
may
of

the

166

Place

end

lower

the

from
notch
a

of

few

will

seconds

In

loaded

be

once

the

clear

be

the

of the

axle

rear

Place

post.
start

fences

moving

the

to

of the

plank,

the

post close

the

of the
base

the

plank against the post

plank will be about i"^ or

Incline

ground.

around

of chain

end

one

DEVICES

FARM

HANDY

the

so

wagon,

the

to

the

so

the

feet

in the

post in

ground.

should

chain

chain

and

team

of the

hauled

and

the

to

attached

be

at

posts may
location

new

of

the fence.
ONE
A

TO

V/AY

Connecticut

pulling peach

PULL

has

man

old

orchards,

"
^

FOR

TACKLE

pull 200
cut

are

more

off and

the

or

short

is attached

B, which

rope,
to

the
A

to

bottom

pair

of

?ind always

rope

the

stout

and

can

,j^0ii\\ifii

mi

as

with

of the

stump.
the

stump,

limbs

The

means.

E, left

chain

through

runs

of

this

stumps,

top

for

STUMP-PULLING

day by
or

device

handy

very

from

stumps

STUMPS

long as possible.
single pulley
The

anchor

pulley, is fastened
A.

the
to
steady horses is attached
the anchor
stump.
pull toward

rope

AYith

FIELD

steady pull

they

will

walk
Use

wagon.

there

of

cost

is

about
the

of

i-inch

which

rope,

total

MEASURE

LAND

land

much

measuring to do
just stepping
*'

than

accuracy

simple

The

feet

$4.15.

Having
a

jumping or jerking,and
if pulling a
loaded
as

pulley, $1.75, making

SIMPLE

greater

off

60

167

WOOD

no

right

$2.40, and

costs

AND

it

requires

off," make

this.

like

affair

that

of construction

manner

plain. Use
or
pieces; ^
inch
is
heavy

is made
hardwood

I
X
^
Have
enough.
points exactly 5

inches

head

in

off
revolve
takes

in

dle.
han-

lightly

top

hand, holding
side, whirl handle

6
a

the

on

the

Grasp

feet

Make

apart.

round

lower

THE

bring

to

direction

to

changing points
lengths to the rod.

An

easy

way

to

throw

up

founding
such

that

with

loam

face

to

the

it below

Continue

to

advancing.

It

reservoir

perhaps laying
surface.

the

at

Should

spring

wall

the

first,

soil be

percolates through it,face the soil

If this leaks,
top and puddle.it well.
rules
clay and puddle the clay. These

w^ater

it with

on

apply to all dams

Pipes entering
bottom

ing
mov-

WATER

make

bank,

in

front,

to

measured.

be

STORING

is

point

rear

measure,

three

MEASURE

the

at

and

the

made

of

stone

reservoirs

soil be

well

and

should

puddled

earth.
enter

around

at

the

them

I68

HANDY

to

the

prevent
Each

pipe.
end
A

flattened
the

full

end

of the

from

of holes.
and

over

beside

the

its supply

over

in its entire

be made

can

turned

or

strainer

air holes

no

good strainer
pipe punched

lead

have

must

have

DEVICES

v^orking through

water

pipe

and

FARM

length.
piece of large

One

the

end

other

be

may

drawn

on

pipe. Let nobody suppose

that
are
simple, inexpensive arrangements
faulty because
primitive. If constructed
correctly
and in line with
natural
laws, they are not only all
right, but are
preferable to fancy, complicated
devices
that get out
of order easily or in a year
or
over

two

and

into

working

require

water

condition

GETTING

mechanic

master

SUPPLY

PLAN

for

supply of

OF

the

small

log

beneath.

the

near

bolster

the

to

and

log

top

the

on

The

the

with

Figure

chain.

down

on

comes

is

drawn

now

woodhouse

6-inch

crosscut

The

2.
on

the

ground

under

them,

on

chain

can

Then

lows
fol-

as

be

passed
logging bob

and

both

the
and

hitched

the team

quick pull of

side

the

team

with

runners,

the

top of the bolster.

log

near

trees

sapling

of the bob

runner

bob

year's

(Figure i) is tipped up on its

is hooked
the log; a chain
to
ground, passed under the log

of the

end

the

drawn

the

near

the

over

of

end

FUEL

getting up the
fuel is suggested

Fell

so

them

put

again.

with

to

limbs

and
saw

to

sawed
on

into

the

to

the

stove

skidway

trimmed

are

pair of bobs

sheltered

some

in

shop,

place
lengths

shown

the
where

in

woods,
there

FIELD

IS

power

boiler

and

sawed

at

are

FIGURE

hour

with

made

of
saw

two

buzz

large

limbs

limbs,

limb
The
very

where

the

on.

FIGURE

bored

the

limbs

"

of

rate

i^

power

cords

an

BOB

handy
shown

as

2-inch

device
in
auger

can

Figure
hole

be
3,
is

SKIDWAY

branch,

tightly into the

following described
handy to hold and lower
driven

two-horse

and

LOGGING

"

saw.

crotched

169

WOOD

three-horse

engine,

to

AND

and

hardwood

hole.
device
the

(Figure 4) is
tree after sawing

170

HANDY

the stump

h, log;

off.

the

[a,planks

made

i^

and

top and

of

for the lever

to

3
work

"

white

large end,

with

lever; /, iron

planks about
bolted
together

thick
2-inch

in them

space

between

SAWHORSE

One-inch

in.

holes

planks, in
to

has

LOG

which

over.

pry

link

bored

ee,

hardwood

HANDY

chain

FIGURE

limb;

with

ash, and
a

holes

inches

through the sides of both

are
placed for the lever
of

with

tvc^o

bottom,

FIGURE

made

DEVICES

chain; d, crotched

c,

pins.] It is
inches
8x5
at

FARM

two

notches

attached

JACK

The

bored

are

iron

pins

lever
near

midway

is
the
be-

FIELD

notches.

tween

AND

stout

I7I

WOOD

chain

is

hooked

in

the

attached
to
a
log, and
crotched
limb
leaning slightlyagainst the opposite
side of the log. By working the small
end
of the
and
lever
down
and
moving the pins up one
up
hole at a time, a good-sized tree can
be raised from
the ground high enough to be sawed
out
easily with-

link, passed

under

the

OF

ALL

backache.

SIMPLEST

The

great trouble
of the

weight

CAMPING

with

frame, but

camping-out
the weight of

'/miifaiMitnuiiaur/iuiuumitMMMWMrmmMt

TENTS

tents

the

is the

latter in

A-^

(^QiumtujiL
THnnnniL

^'^

DETAILS

the
prove
are

case
a

of

the

burden

used, such

tent
to
as

OF

figured

anyone,
are

TENT

shown

as

hardly
light sticks
only two
These
in Figure i.

herewith

will

the

to

and
a

size

fastened

is shown,

joint as

the

into

pressed

are

FARM

HANDY

1/2

ground

of

the

tent,

at

the

upper

or

feet apart,

lo

and

cording
ac-

brought

ends

gether
to-

such

with

string passing through

is
pole, if a simpler method
with

or

each

in

screw-eye

DEVICES

preferred.
The

cloth,
cut

up

in

suggested

as

the

together

2.

hemmed,

of

One
to

of

these

afford

an

is
trance
en-

The

triangular pieces are sewed

of the opposite
edges and at two

tent.

the

at

triangular pieces

Figure

and

center

the

to

four

from

is made

tent

THE

corners
corners

of

the

stout

SET

UP

cord

stout

cloth, the

in the

suggested
Two

of

pieces

TENT

are

cloth

sewed

being

into

reinforced

pegs

of

wood

and

two

lighter

To
provided.
pitch the tent, put up the
frame
and draw
the tent cloth
poles A-fashion
and
them, opposite seams
corners
fittingover

driven

Draw
ropes

into

the

out

to

the

as

cut.

are

poles.
by the

the

the

other

stout

ground.

two

pegs

The

two

corners

which

and
have

lighter pegs

ones

two
over

the
tie
been
are

AND

GATG^P

KEEPING

GATE

FROM

SAGGING

HE

farm
gate is heavy, and
average
it sags.
When
after a little time
this

they get
to

man

is

it takes

way

shut

and

open

remedy.

Get

old
an
big or little,from
machinery, and bolt it to
end
be

of

the

held

your

gate

Now

level.

OLD

the

in

gate

for

PLOW

you.

patience,

your

such

the

DOES

it, for

back

and
174

the

gate
can

of

front
will
open

TRICK

THE

it is
the

either

piece

the

child

smallest

WHEEL

Try

that

way

Here

one.

wheel,

strong

saver-

gate.

-saves

GATES

AN

Take

drawing to
piece of board

The

the

closed.

or

open

heaviest

farmer

has

"nj"

drops between

the

either

gate

the

easily operate

attachment.

SAGS

NEVER

this

gate for many

and

years

feet

repairing it. Countersink

pieces and pin them together.
two
set
pieces 2
2x4
up
higher than the gate so it can

be

raised

two
I

often.

five minutes

spent

never

shown

as

WHEEL

can

THAT

used

by

it

opened

are

holds

and

this

GATE

child

with

gate

FOR

wheel

fasten

that

gates

USE

of the

spokes

GATE

indicated

GOOD

the

175

and

wheel

buggy

in the

DOORS

OPENED

EASILY

old

an

AND

Then

in

Mortise

winter.

CROSSPIECE

and

pieces, which
fasten
16

feet

feet
2

with

cap

are

to

12

the

set

inches

in

between

apart, the

top of the

frame.

long, 12 feet being for the

for the weights to balance
it.
the 4-foot end with
Cover
4s.
balance
to
stones
enough

the

cross-

board,

a, and

The

gate is
and

gateway
The

boards
it

4
is of

frame

when

and

fill

hung.

176

DEVICES

FARM

HANDY

BALANCED

Cover
chain.
frame

the
Put
into

WIRE

with

gate
a

the

the

through
crosspiece,a.

THAT

A
A

fencing

bolt

GATE

CHEAP

"""..

GATE

WIRE

wire

''ly/,'

'.W''

^"'''///',/",,.,n,,.,

SPEAKS

and

lower

FOR

by

hang

part of the

ITSELF

GATE

be
light,useful and durable
gate can
sassafras
wire, as shown
poles and barbed

made

of

in

the

GATES

Set

cut.

middle

of the

nailed

securely

WIRE

AND

of

rail is made

lower

177

together

in the

gate

it.

on

GATE

sassafras

forked

two
so

ground
the

balance

and

gateway

POLE

The

DOORS

post 4 feet in the

strong

AND

as

around

work

to

poles
the

post.
SIMPLE

Many

like such

Material

to

for which

the

12

or

14

GATE

GATE

that

as

shown

it

out

feet

SIMPLE

For

paddock

seasoned

of

long.

AND

The

in the
the

depends largely on

gate is made.

gate, make

inches,

gate

used

be

FARM

boards

posts

STRONG

cut.

purpose
or

pasture
1x6

supporting

178
the

gate

5 inches

about

are

DEVICES

FARM

HANDY

apart, the
ahead

8 inches
being about
are
joined together by

inside

They

support

swing

cleats

the gate and allow it

If rollers are
open.

be

used

for

hog

pasture,

other.

rollers

which
and

back

need

They

If the

the

the

pushed

good.

made

the

on

obtainable, cleats

not

hard wood
of any
are
inches.
than
heavier
1x4

of
or

be

to

one

gate is

cleats

lower

not

b"e

to

both

on

the lower
be placed just above
of posts should
board
to
liftingit up.
prevent the hogs from
sets

The
very

REGULATED

EASILY

AN

hanger

gate

handy

for

use

GATE

illustrated

the

in

drawing is
to let hogs

it is desired

where

from

pass

another

while

confined

piece

of

the

gate

let the

to

hogs through and

it to
keep them
This

course.

in

winter.

Of

snow.

be

the

the

of

raising

the

Many
use

also

snow

would
the

justable
ad-

HANGER

ADJUSTABLE
to

this

in, of

for

above

gate

lower

is

device

the

find

in

inserted

varying heights.

at

good

ported
sup-

These

pegs.

be

bent

post and

by

Raise

is

iron

strap

may

As

hanger

the

pegs
holes

are

one.

the

around

cows

to

shown,

to

pasture

one

gates
course

least

play

made

to

raise

it is desirable
as

possible

hanger
only one
that

there

while

the

able
preferend

for

should

hanger

slides
be

taken

would

to

freely,and special care

post firmly. Otherwise

down

and

up

the

set

179

DOORS

AND

GATES

should
the gate

sag.

GATE

In

SNOWDRIFTS

OVERCOME

TO

be
a
can
picture is shown
gate which
snowdrifts.
It is
readily adjusted to swing over
A
6-inch
from
I x
ordinary lumber.
easily made
for the
upright is used for the lower boards, 1x4
The
ones.
uprights at the hinge post are
upper
double
one
piece outside and the other inside
1x4,
the

^^

^
:2^

^"^"1%;

"'

the

The

bars.

in the
to

these

at

each

are

the

or

way.

end.

The
the

used,

lowest

board

the

post to
brace, 1x3

with
at

near

the
the

the

right.

when

is

of

each

notched

from

the

the
tened
fasbars
bar
as

top

the

hinge post.
They
strong enough.

bottom

bottom

for

one

used

brace

stufif is

notches

be

slightly lighter,and
of nailing the
Instead
are

double

side may

latch

the

at

uprights, bolts

joined

shown

stuff

latch

the

For

same

and

shown,
of

of

weight

same

upright

OPEN

AND

SHUT

GATE

-"-*"u3g5$r."fc^

gages
enbolt, which
the gate is raised, as

with

i8o

HANDY

TIME

To
within
uses

close

and

open

the

bounds
up

FARM

should

Every gate

be

SAVER

gates that

year

great deal

DEVICES

of
so

round

without

of its

weight

own

hitch

bother.

or

is

time, and
made

TURNSTILE

place

stock
one

kept

thing

which

no

r,eturn.

makes

that

be

may

it will fall into

GATE

and

and

stay closed

The

cut

illustrates

open
a

venient
con-

thing that should be in larger use on farms.

It is always open
and always closed
against stock.
Put up and well painted, it will last for many
years.

He
last

who
at

the

keeps
table

company
and
the

with

great

first at any

toil

men
or

is the

danger.

l82

HANDY

the round

lowing

stand

to

part
the

admit

to

posts

DEVICES

FARM

bar

far

out

enough from

poles easily.

V,r,y.'if""^

BAR

HORSESHOE

WITH

DURABLE

This

is

cable

strong

it becomes

Set

easy

which

on

have

to

-Get

stream.

piece

from

of wire

(barbed

much

cross

stream

3 feet deep in the

of the
the banks

about

feet

makes

wire

smooth

about

and

good,

gate, when

water

fence

make

to

way

hang

to

good, large posts

ground
but

and

necessary

two

FENCE

FLOATING

cheap

CATCH

better

wire

will

do,

looking job),

the other
post around
long enough to go from one
six times, being careful
to
back
and
again about
fasten each end securely at the proper
height from
about
the ground.
Then
get a strong piece of wood
the
inches and about
as
near
1x3
4 feet long, stand
middle

of the
and

wires.
twisted

On

the

place

Turn

stick

stick

two
may

or

three
be

careful

the

the

wires

wires

as

two

to twist

not

sible,
pos-

sets
are

too

of
well

much.

will

only

the gate is
in the same

hung,
place

After

inserted

posts

the

stick, the

times.

again

two

between

un.til all

around

withdrawing

the

between

together,being

untwist
the

space

GATES

to

take

by the weight of the gate.

Then

several

and

caused

twists

more

given

has

been

cable

the

found

to

cable

expensive

construct

stream,

set

If

happens

tree

be

to

the

posts,

leaving enough
will

making
get through.

to

weight.

It

fastened

in

wires

of

just

well.

toward

small

or

well.

brace

the
for

desired

smooth

wire.

of

bed

the

of any

stock

makes

to

SHEEP

as

an

right place, so
wire
securely on
a
weight in the

so

up

This

the

impossible
large stone

position with

TEMPORARY

im-

purposes

and

fasten

be blocked

can

at

slack

it

be

more.

creek

bank

near

Then

the

draw

thus

stream,
size

better.

one

STREAM

across

each

on

lasts

fence

much

middle

and

looks

post

fasten

any

all the

ACROSS

FENCE
To

untwist

to

answer

and

sag

GATE

SUSPENDED

possible for

the

up

it will

top of gate and

stick to the

of the

end

183

DOORS

AND

good

height and

FENCE

portable fences for use in soiling

in panels with supports, as shown
on
sheep is made
feet long, made
of 4-inch
Panels
10
next
are
page.
board
solidly nailed together. After this fence is
it. A
once
put up, sheep are not likelyto overturn
most
flocks.
fence 33^ feet high will turn
One

of the

best

i84

HANDY

FARM

FENCE

MOVABLE

FASTENING

There
these

r*

"

heavy

DOORS
in

the

doors.

ifl

PARTS

W'..y.'

for

locks

AND

HEAVY

is little difference

two

DEVICES

TWO

BIG

DOOR

LOCKS

effectiveness
The

of

left-hand

GATES

device

is

has

both

bars

pivoted

fastening
cutting a
the

of

lower

the

the

door
it

the

to

the
up

left
is

ends

doors.
the

of

both

moves

the

from

that

so

arms,

below

worked

other

handle, which

handle

and

through

arm

at

d.

Then

or

latch

in the
is

cut.

the

The

inside

and

setting

can

be

by
pin

moved

in

is worked

that

incloses
armi

upper

firm

BARN

and

raising

the

middle

be

can

pulled

whether

snug

is put

first.

LATCH

DOORS
double

will hold

This

closed

notch

by

the

open.

THE

HOLD

the

stay

arms

is shut

door

that

so

Both

down.

that

lever

also

lock

between

right-hand fastening

staple

the

the

slot.

The
the

slot

handy;

lever

be

may

and

pivoted to a
door
midway

of slots above

out

one

quick

The

Moving

arms.

arms

in

the

to

185

DOORS

substantial.

and

neat

very

the

extremely

AND

FOR

It

on

is

DOUBLE

SHUT
shut

doors

the

inside

made

DOORS

of

is shown

of the
hardwood

door
4

i86

HANDY

inches

wide
the

turn

inch

to

the

and

piece, a,

the

latch, c?,as

the

lower

This

middle.

Open your
ready for a

doors
foul

Prosperity is
the

trust

to

To

right and
to

shown

on

the

door

bolt

c,

and

the

in the

fine

by

latch,
the

to

cut

make

but

day,

right.

yourself

the

thing

in the

world

ought

we

to

least

handy

It consists

THE

stall door

of

DOOR

STABLE

fastener

piece of oak

is shown

in

and

of

width

door

the

inch

by

bolt

the

out

and

the

door

each

on

to

hold

in

place.

handy

fastener

that

worked

from

shown

to

jamb

Another

FASTENER

sawed

fastened

the fastener

LONG

button.

are

side

of

it

and

like

Cleats, h,

%-

through

middle

"works

the

It is fastened

door.

side

than

longer

the

to

by y^

thick

inches

I.

wooci

wide

inches

inch

Figure

hard

other

or

FIGURE

door,

pull down
the

raise

will

the

open

one.

FASTENING
A

thick.

is fastened

crosspiece which
in

DEVICES

FARM

the
in

can

be

either
door

Figure

is
2.

GATES

are

on

Another
slides

the

pin,
c,
go
the
through
and
through
door

to

shut

it from

bolt
the
or

open

the
side.

bolt

spring,

which

SPRING

hickory,
tough

other

or

can

from

made
of

the

by

piece

kept

is

shut

be

opposite
The

tled
whit-

hardwood,
down

i IH^

the

to

J3.

thickness.

proper

The

ture
fea-

spring
is

FIGURE

It

and

also

nicely

from

Sell

"

it is, of this

one

excellent

good point that the

the opposite side of the

cheap

FASTENER

SPRING

important
is

chief

the

advantage,
very

casings.

shut.

door

or

holds

and

these

which

of

three

upright pieces, a, two

the door jamb
the door and one
on
piece, b,
through

There
are

187

DOORS

AND

and

you

will

sell

as

fastener,
works

fastener
door.

much

four

as

others.

They

m-ust

hunger

in frost

that will

not

work

in

heat.
'Tis

easier

one.

to

build

two

chimneys

than

to

tain
main-

FARM

HANDY

good

LATCH

DOOR

HOMEMADE

consists

of

hardwood,

as

This

DEVICES

three

of

pieces

the

in

shown

oak

the

For

drawing.

handle

piece
Shape

use

inches.

8x2x1
flattish

other

or

knob

on

one

3 inches long. Work

down
the rest
to
so
as

end

pass

through
hole.

auger

knob

by
5

piece

inches.
from

Bore
the

door.

in

%-inch
the

parts

is 8

handle

of
2

3 inches

then

handle

hole

for

the

assemble

according

which

shows

may

be

to

figure,
the

back.

keep the
falling down

A
used

latch
when

latch
little
to

from
the

ing
By takLATCH
pains to shape and
finish this latch nicely it will look
please the artistic eye of the most
door

is made

ness
thick-

the

finished

peg

the

sides.

and

door;

the

thrown

for

catch

the

the

hole

Now

hole

The

end

other

flattening
latch

handle

the

of the

latch.

of

it the

on

bore

i-inch

edge
the

through

The

inches.
^4, inches.
a

Push

mark

LATCH

OF

DETAILS

Shape

the

on

i-inch

is open.

IN

well

PLACE

enough

fastidious.

to

HANDY

190
All

for

for

mortar

mixed, and
the

of

of

plastering
that

mortar

be

to

The

interior

loose

does

the
are

not

in

The
outside

of the

lime,

wood

finish

is

removed

should

from

usually painted
position.

accompanying
home

the

should

interior
built

AN

picture

be

plete
com-

past

ATTRACTIVE

begun

out, and

all

building. All
primed as soon

HOUSE
and

arrangements
the

be

not

dried

CONVENIENT

VERY

and

and

properties. Thin
better
than
heavy ones.
crack in setting or drying

plastering is completely

mortar

(at least

properly
a week)

caustic

woodwork
as

be

good.

sure

until the

should

sufficient time

thorough slacking

coats

is

DEVICES

plastering

allowed

permeation
A

FARM

year

the

plans show
of

by

venient
con-

very
one

of

our

HOME

It is 34 feet wide
agriculturaleditors.
deep, with a 7-foot cellar underneath.

by 30^^
The

feet

house

WHEN

contains

10

the

rooms

in addition
of

are

good

size

make
large windows, which
and
supply plenty of good

PLAN

Economy
work,
location

house

of

OF

the

of this

in

mind

stairs

sort, but

191
in the

two

those

to

and

have

them

sides
attic, be-

shown.
two

or

light and

All
more

sunny

air.

FIRST

of construction,

kept

was

BUILD

including

rooms,

storeroom

WE

FLOOR

as

in

well
the

is somewhat
is such

that

doing the
planning. The
as

of

unusual

only

one

in

light

HANDY

1 02

is necessary
plenty of
are

first to

from

large

closets

second

on

floor.
second

the

greatly appreciated.
The
porch is not roofed except

PLAN

an

DEVICES

FARM

awning,

it cool

and
to

OF

SECOND

which

is taken

shady

in

reach

the

floor, which
the

over

are

door, but

FLOOR

in the

down
and

summer,

living

There

first story is 9 feet from

floor
8 feet and
the third 7 feet 6

allows
in

room

to

fall,makes
the

winter.

shine
sun-

The

ceiling,the second

inches.

The

house

TO
If
You

can

take

care

your

KEEP

THE

it

yourself.

the

COSTS
If

you

can't

isn't

jack

wagon

do
of

WHEELS

afford

Have

easily,

wagons

LITTLE

an

GOING

good

AND

use

SAVES

expensive
like

one,

right

the
and

spraying
this.

AROUND
make
kind
them

good

of
things
often.

one.

to

MUCH

outfit,

rig

one

up

HANDY

QUICK
Hundreds

automobiles,
roads

caused

of

OF

DEVICE

FROM

DELIVERY

farmers

although
fear
only

are

their
and

today
first
anger.

THE

THE

making
appearance

ORIENT

FARMS

profitable
upon

use

of

country-

WE

WHEN

is

piped

with

with

and

gas

the

FIRST

best

BUILD

FLOOR

for

wired

quality

COTTAGE

193

of

electricity,provided
sanitary plumbing

PLAN

heated

and
can

be

FARM

HANDY

194

If

be

built

to

finish

model

with

air furnace.

hot

for about
and

DEVICES

$4,000, more

similar
or

locality. Occupancy

house

ing
less, accordproves

it to

of convenience.

bigger kitchen is desired, it can

farther.
would
hy going back
Many
a

ROOF

ROOF

3EC0ND

FLOOR

COTTAGE

PLAN

be

obtained

prefer

ig6

HANDY

holes

two

from

the

from

inches

the

FARM

of

ends

farmer

of the others

the

blocks, and

end

bolts

on

it

bolted

and

were

blocks

cement

inches, laid the other

one

the edges and

of them

two

made

DEVICES

board

3 or 4 inches
bored.
Then

the

for

ends

9x8

the

ground, placed
each side of it edgewise, put in
through the holes put long
it was
tight together. Then
on

These
boards
were
ready to fill with concrete.
make
the caps
needed
sills.
to
or
long as were
shovel, plasterer's trowel, and
sprinkler, sand
wire

sieve

of

"^-inch mesh

FIRST

The

sand

machine

made
end
of

and

up

pile of

the
and

one

sand
of

at

both

machine
side.

one

cement

were

The

hauling.

spring.

with

block

PLANS

except

near

bed

wagon

boards, the

of

sand

and

set

FLOOR

nothing

obtained.

were

SECOND

cost

was

like

AND

as

box

ends

thing
some-

out

placed
Three

was

in

one

shovels

placed in a
boy took

tub

the
a
thoroughly. Then
another
mixed,
sprinkler and
sprinkled it while
until it was
dampened
evenly all through. Then
they spread 35 shovels of sand in the mixing box
and
a

mixed

shook

one

five-to-one

sack
mixture.

of

cement

This

over
was

it, which

thoroughly

made
mixed

WHEN

by shoveling

and

damp, but

wet.

not

pallet

machine

The

was

placed

mold
while
and

core,

filled with

of

the

smoothed
then

was

In

three

sprinkle.

four

or

When

hours

30

old

inch

it, put

stone

it

on

were
were

the

in

The

machine

the

out,

they

ture,
mix-

trowel.

of

thick..

five-to-one

blocks

the

hours

the

mixture

top with

carefully lifted
opened, and the pallet with the
level piece of ground.
on
a
core

machine,

richer

the

and

blocks.

ten

boys tamped

off the

good

was

about

face

the

on

one

of the

some

then

was

I97"

sprinkling until it
This
quantity made
the open
placed on

closed, and

concrete

BUILD

WE

placed

ready
placed

to
on

the

After
stone.
pallets used for more
time
standing for two
they
days, during which
were
damp, they
sprinkled frequently to keep them
left
in the creek, where
were
dumped
they were
until ready for use.
made
The
foundations
were
of
6 inches
about
by first putting into a trench
end

and

broken
The

high,
the

rock, then

house

shown

is 26

house
with

inches

gables
and

feet

north

of

concrete.

square,

and

arrangement

the

south.
of

the

walls

12

feet

The

picture

two

floors

used

of

are

pounds
of cement,
60c per 100, or $74.40- Doors
which
cost
ney,
and windows
were
brought at a cost of $33.75. Chimfor floors, roof, partitions
plastering and lumber
and
finishing,all of the best, cost $240. The
hardware
was
$30, making the total cost of house
machine
or
labor, all
$378.15, not counting cement
of which
done
was
by the family.

Art
of

in the

illustrations.

imitates

invention.
Consider

"

the

nature,
Richard

and

end.

Chilo.

"

We

necessity

Franck.

12,400

is the

mother

198

There

is

sides

round

barn
last

round,

the

and

building

12

feet

as

when

built

hay

is

is

metal

with

two

finish

barn,

is
as

round

barn,

illustrated

shown.

as

nearly

round,

the

The

has

floor

same

as

little smaller.

loft

is very
the walls

CROSS-SECTION

with

here

barn

The

first floor

the

of

space

the

well

as

building

long, making a barn 94 feet

The
sills,plates and roof in a strictly
will
are
expensive, and the work
very

nearly

in diameter.

not

in

economy

no

BARN

ROUND

is,strictlyround.

that

DEVICES

PRACTICAL

26

FARM

HANDY

should

be

if
If

lathed

BARN

OF

rough boxing, and plastered

of portland cement.
coats
In fact, this
to
be
shaped
preferred in building any
it requires no
paint and practically no
lath, over

repairs.
The

floor

plan

It has

of

the

stalls for

barn
40

shown
milch

is

atory.
self-explan-

cows,

three

bull

hospital stalls,pen for baby beef that will

of calves, stalls for
about
2"^ cars
box
seven
stalls, and the
horses, including the two
and
silo is 16 x 34 feet,
silo. The
feeding room
will hold
of silage, and
about
tons
requires
140
pens, two
accommodate

about

ten

acres

of average

corn

to

fill.

WHEN

The

hay
deducting
hold

300

166,500

loft has
the

and

silo
of

tons

for

feet of space,
ground feed

The

hay.

and
will

feed

ground

is

the feed room,

hopper-shaped bins above
drawn
down
through small spouts as wanted.
with
hay forks, and to locate
hay is handled

and
The

FLOOR

FIRST

the

trolleys

are

left in the

as

two

also

in

silo, the

PLAN

as

loft floor, and

A

the

possible,trap

the

hay hoisted

be
trolley may
Several
large hay

circle

straight ones.

built

roof

the

near

driveways.

the

The

cubic

bins

loose

199

in

stored

or

BUILD

WE

outside

floors

of

walls
the

above
cow

the

doors
from

installed,
doors

are

loft floor.

stalls, including

HANDY

20O

the

and

gutters

around

floor

with

first floor

direction, etc.,
barn,
as

space

feet

in the

never

drafts

any

for

built

shown,

less

the

covered

has

36 feet wide and 180

better
is always much
ing
of caring for and feed-

has

is much

are

be

may

As

stronger.

foundation, the roof is

roofing felt, and the walls

stone

asbestos

with

less labor, there

with

and

money,

barn

floor

same

stock, the building

the

on

the

about

have

accomplished

be

may

changed in
in the opposite
ranged
equipment ar-

other

barn, the work

round

ment
arrange-

be

faced

ventilation

The

long.

feed

the

or

stock.

would

barn

it is intended

interior

course,

and

shown,

as

barn,

The

cows

stalls

or

different

for

The

the

driveway

carriers, it is also

entire

of

may,

and

ways,

the

8~foot

and, while

feed

if desired.

cart

of
several

of cement,

around

drive

to

the

also

litter and

install

to

DEVICES

mangers,

silo,are

the

intended

FARM

drop siding. Everything is of

the best, and
all exposed woodwork
painted two
out
about
cost
This
coats.
$4700 withbuilding would
covered

the

the

erected

joists2

All

posts

less than

for
of

may,

is

labor

be

course,

BARN
has

23
and

tall; studding

select

braces

poplar, beech and

poplar. Cornice
are

and

two

the

9
and

ash.
and

inches; shed
2

6-inch

pine.
The

base,

thicknesses, front
back

dressed

oak, 6

of

frame

feet

poplar, oak

ID-inch

doors

cypress

barn

Center

is of
is

barn

the

WELL-ARRANGED

Kentucky

inches.
16 feet

secured

be

can

home

for less.

A
This

lumber

thousand,

per

Where

stanchions.

cow

used, and

$30

6-inch

with

white

posts

poplar;

The

ing
sheet-

bevel

siding
pine.

white
is

dressed

pine.

The

WE

WHEN

lower

windows

ones

inside

inches
from

the

from

floor

Number

i,

center.

plan shows

the
18

icehouse,

lumber

to

GROUND

room

PLAN

16 feet,

Avheat

and

down

into

into

sacks.

the

OF

corn

are

up

crib, from
5, 5,

the

with

; 4,

grain
chutes

which
are

corn

BARN

have

bins

follows

feet; 3, stairs,

KENTUCKY

which

Numbers

walled

18

as

carriage room

These

deep,

16

over

over

oats.

arrangement

feet

carriage house,

2,

crib, 8

The

lightsand upper
set
20
joists are
The
loft is 8^
feet
12

floors.

The

leading

to

201

12-inch,

building.

center

lower

stone;

lo

are

BUILD

bins

running

grain

is filled

stalls, 8

box

for

12

feet; 6, driveway, 12 x 38 feet; 7, 7, 7, 7, box stalls,

6x8
feet; 9, feed
6^ X 12 feet; 8, harness
room,
6x8
feet, with spouts running from
mixing room,

cutting
running

box
from

and

bran

driveway

bins
to

overhead
feed

alleyway
11, 11, hay

10,

alley; 11,

HANDY

202

FARM

DEVICES

chutes, with
any

the bottom,
1x2
openings near
the feed boxes
openings are directlyover
are
hay that falls while horses
feeding

into

the

feed

boxes,

These

and

boxes

is wasted.

none

feet.
and
goes

Number

12,

feet; 13, feeding alley,4

1x2x2

38

feet.
Overhead
where

the

14,

cows;

fall of

from

drain

basin, which
deep at A, where

the
foot

6x6

concrete,
into
doors
The

is of

roof
made

gutters

opening

10

unloader

The

barn

cost

made

of

of

other

roof.

the

An

driveway
taken
by
up

feed

track

about

Yankee

of the

center

on

with

seams,

edge

and

runs

of

18, windows.

lower

hay

cost

15,

wideband

basin

on

feet

feet in the

that

to

into

tin, standing

for

will

and

the

10

loft is allowed

runs

open;

on
x

it

boxes

Number

to

inches

are

floor,with

concrete

foot

of

out

stanchion
is

Cows

deep; 16, driveway

siding
17, openings in which

feet

carriage room;
hang when

has

are

feet.

fed

hay loft
kept for

the

hay

38

and

shed

cow

inches

and

cowpeas

stanchions
The

from

opening

an

shed, 8

cow

with

alley floor.

an

is

alfalfa,clover,

fastened

at

of

in comb

$1500 more
building material

cording
less, ac-

or

"

roof.

where

it

is

of

at

erected.
A

This
small

barn
farm.

cost

not

own

timber,
are

with
feet
for

to

36
curb

high,
hay.

SMALL

HANDY

is

arranged

It

can

exceed
at
x

even

which

built

be

$500,
less

48 feet,
roof.

to

and

BARN

the

meet

in

and

cost.

localities

most

if

The

needs

farmer
outside

it is 16 feet to

The

stables

allows

plenty

should
of

has

loft

sions
dimen-

the
be

room

his

eaves,

about
above

HANDY

204
will

corn

should
K

at

convenience

VIEW

THE

In

DEVICES

dry out quickly.

A
provided at L.

be
is

FARM

w^hich

OF

Chutes

from

ladder
should

COMPLETED

to

the

not

be

this

bin

hay

loft

omitted.

BARN

ICEHOUSE

FARMER^S

when
icehouse, and
properly constructed
the ice is properly packed and
cared
for, no waste
the inside of the pile of ice.
take place from
should
The
and
the
sides, bottom
melting from
top is
caused
The
from
waste
by insufficient insulation.
the bottom
The
is generally the greatest.
amount
of

ice melted

from
the

to

feet

construction

provided
at

in the

with

an

least i8 inches

rarely

exceeds

12

other

hand, if the

bare

ground

any

bottom

of the

during

the

of

floor.

the

year,

If

icehouse

depending
the

provision made

any

for

insulation

drainage,

the

upon

icehouse

airtightfloor,with the ice

of dry sawdust, the bottom
inches
during the year;
ice is piled in the icehouse

without

varies

under

is

laid

on

waste

the

on
on

the

it,

meltage

or

fre-

WHEN

is 6 feet.

quently

great, but

so

depending

it

WE

The

side

frequently
the

upon

location
and

205

and

top meltage is
from

ranges

feet,

should

delivered

Building

and

where

be
with

the

the

least

it is very
important
be located
in the coolest

however,
should

to

not

insulation.

Location

The

BUILD

ice

moved
re-

of labor

amount

that

be

can

the

icehouse

place, in as dry a
place as possible, and always above
ground. The
lowest
layer of ice should
always be at least 6
inches
above
the outside
level of ground.
The
size of the building must
be determined
by
the amount
of ice used
For
stance,
induring the year.
which
a
are
dairy farm upon
kept,
35 cows
and
16

from

16 and

and

which

skim

the

14 feet

milk

is of sufficient
for the
the
a
an

summer

who

man

icehouse

size ;

size.

In

about

keeps

be

to

14
both

14

and

cases

feet

12

make

we

14

in

12

and

14

is

and

surface

volume,

and, therefore,

too

proportion to the amount

The
building should
cube as possible,for the
of volume
other

with

than

practicalto

during
For

be

icehouse

an

high, because
with
great, compared

the

tKe

ice is wasted

much

too

milk,

is of sufficient

feet

10

in

used.
be

as

cube

as

the

near

contains

least

the

circular

build

high

should

case

no
12

feet

12

high

ance
allow-

sells the

and

cows

sold
from

calves, immediately

20

outside

exposed

is

cream

of 25 pounds of ice per day

months
for household
purposes.

than

amount

icehouse

an

use

however,

smaller

icehouse

an

If the

the

to

sold, needs

is

high.

fed

separator,

milk

the

as

the

It
we

of

greatest

of surface

amount

forms.

high

shape

is not

build

ways
al-

square,

2o6

owing

to

of

^iven
If

the

FARM

amount

of

the

is

icehouse
where

and

necessary

to

inches, where
drain

and

the

to

of
in this

the

OF

space

icehouse

drain
stone.

the

built

ience
inconven-

size

pit,and

you

natural, it is

ICEHOUSE

to

depth

is

be

to

of

6-inch

wish

fill around

to

12

sand

foundation
build

the

18

to

located, lay

fill it with

this, and
Put

is

sandy

upon

rapid drainage

cut

finely crushed
concrete

labor

not

CROSS-SECT,ION

tile

DEVICES

storing the ice; therefore, the dimensions

practical.
really the most

are

surface

HANDY

your

outside.

or

of
house
ice-

The

framework

the

on

Icehouse

the

Framing

is made

by laying
; fasten

foundation

concrete

20j

BUILD

WE

WHEN

4-inch sill

this

dation
foun-

the

to

by cementing a few bolts into the concrete

and
allowing them to extend through the sill; 2 x 4
the sill, 16 inches
studding are then placed upon
from

apart
roof

are

distance

center

likewise

made

apart

the

as

rafters

The

center.

to

for

the

4's,placed the same

studding, but the purlin plate
of

studding should be at least 6 inches wide.

either
boarded
The
outside
of studding may
be
which
with
common
sheeting and
paper,
upon
poplar siding is nailed, or with patent siding or
ship-lap siding,the latter being the cheapest and
of board.
requiring only a single thickness
the

upon

The
half

roof

one-third

to

shingles,
either
used
be

for

the

air

warm

be

from

the
the

Before

ice

from

door
to

be

should

rather
width

be

than

attached

sometimes

and

30

side
is

allow

top
the

should

to

the

of

for

the

the

ice.

should

removal
A

tilator
ven-

gable end,
be

in

cut

This

in.

flue

or

be

one

door

may

end

to

extend

within

5 feet of the bottom.

18 inches
ice place from
to

The
the floor.
dry peat upon
harvested
in regular shape, oblong,
or

and

square,

Ice

The

than

to

in

put

gable down
putting in

feet of sawdust

ice

insulators

better

the

placed

continuous

allow

with

are

roof

the

one-

preferably covered

metal.

or

upon

may

pitch, and

less than

not

Paper may
good advantage. A cupola

to

with

made

be

shingles

slate

built

of

should

inches
and

in

Milk

elevation

presented

18

inches

in

length.
Houses

of

than

less

not

an

in the

Combined

icehouse

with

drawing.

milkhouse

It shows

the

208

HANDY

FARM

DEVICES

advantage of utilizingthe
for cooling the milk.
No
from

the

the

weather

keeps

icehouse.
is

ice needs

the

icehouse

be

to

removed

It operates
the ice melts

warm

in the tank

water

from

water

at

the

automatically. If
more
rapidly and
required temperature.

'i$$wm^"'
A

GOOD

COLD

SMALL
The

farmer

have

home

use

glass

GREENHOUSES

who

structures

cold

or

but

past,

nearly

to

frame

the

make

hasten
have

cost

of

as

the

much

as

would

his

of tables
vegegardener who

crops

profitable,or the small

an
early supply of early vegetables
market
kind
must
or
employ some

most

would

COMBINATION

been

much

materials
the

in

needed

labor

of

frames

or

that

of

small

greenhouse.

In

with

comfort

matter

work

may

weather
skill

the

to

may
run

be

outside.

hotbeds

is often

no

It

much
the

requires
successfully.

of

bed
hotthe

in

use

and

cold

hotbeds

The

crops.

sash, shutters

while

structure,

these

for

is

mats

for

manent
per-

caring
more

latter
what
much

for

than
one

the
more

WHEN

Small
side
may

but
west
a

be

may

large

the

to

or

heat

from

heat

will

measure

of

fall and

cheap and
setting chestnut
sides

of

with

will

material.
4.

cellar

in

in the

mild

FOR

the

in

posts

Cement,

cypress

then

upon
is

may

nesses
thick-

two

and

ering
cov-

sheathing

a^
^'^kPR|^'*||

stone

brick

or

the
more

now

be

Sills should
Plates

by

ground,

will

durability of glass

The
much

made

GREENHOUSES

SMALL

end.

be

may

FiG-a.

depend

Clear

Figure

house

lining boards,
building paper

outside, Figure 3.
in the

open

greenhouse

1-

DETAILS

cheaper

the

house

for Construction

cedar

or

tarred

PIG-

the

efficient

stable, a lean-to

spring.

Material

the

be built

may

house

built, and

weather

in

209

against the south

of the house
stable, Figures i and 2, or they
or
be built entirely away
from
other
buildings,
the shelter of larger buildings on
the north
or
will be found
of great advantage.
If one
has
greenhouses

basement

other

BUILD

WE

be

form

of the

made

of

tures
struc-

of the

used

terials.
ma-

than

form

plank

be

any

shown
as

in

FARM

HANDY

2IO

Figure

3,

or

in

as

DEVICES

Sash

Figure 5.

should

bars

have

along the sides to catch the drip from the

glass, as in Figure 6.
be No. 2 double
The
glass for ordinary work may
thick, large sizes, 16 x 20 inches or 20 x 24 inches,
used.
Smaller
sizes will be cheaper in
being much
sash bars will be needed, and they
price, but more
of the sunlight. The
off much
cut
glass should be
grooves

putty, made

put in with
lead

it, and

in
of

tacks
which

firmly

large size,
bent

so

are

with

about

tacked

with

one-third

white

triangular zinc
the
double-pointed tacks,
the glass from
to
prevent

or

as

slipping down.
Set

Glazing should
early fall,as putty
building

In

fitting,and
the

The

matter

or

to

if frozen

loose

mortises, but

no

long, slender
thoroughly painted
with

should

be

all

nails.
before

lead

white

paint.

painted

before

expensive
heating. If

in the

pipes through,

air also

be
at

as

has

one

house,

it will

to
a

is built

which

hot
the

simple
Figures i

very

a, a,

be let into such

may
in very
cold
heater

used, if the house

of the

feature

and

is the

kerosene

small
be

may

carry

Hot

2.

or

in.

is attached,

house

glass

summer

in with

the frame

heater

steam

or

be

joints filled

greenhouse

water

be

important

most

small

and

all

is put

glass

become

should

should

ail is done

After

the

during

soon

by toeing

woodwork

All

will

there

made

jointsbe

done

be

Weather

Warm

hardened"

well

before

in

Glass

opening

houses,
weather
into

the

cellar.
Ventilators
I

and

2,

at

must

h, b.

be

located

Very

small

as

shown
structures

in

Figures
may

be

convenient

7 feet

to

at

the

of this

slat crib, and

CORN

as

there

dries

cracks, the

crib

if built

entirely of

wood.

Want

of

knowledge.

cure

does

us

more

to

ing
floor, widen-

the

very

open

CRIB

more

is less

in the

lodge
than

Owing

crib, corn

convenience.

5 feet at the

eaves.

THE

nature

farmer's

suit the
may
w^idth is about

width

and

DEVICES

FARM

HANDY

212

quickly

chance

will

be

damage

for
more

than

than

water

in
to

durable

want

of

WHEN

WE

TO

LAY

HOW
To
the

lay

floor

work

fast,

use

FLOOR

in the

good lever, as

4-inch pieces

long

as

width
The

the

as

of the

room.

upright
feet long

is 4
hole
a

arm

with

inches

LEVER

FLOORING

from

the

lower

and

through

ends

of the

which

AN

of

owner

stand.
set

woods

and

inches

in diameter

next

the

procured
flooring of

wide
the

and

form

about
an

long

of their

and
He

apart

inclosure, leaving

5 feet wide.
The
poles in front
roof

and

12

height

feet
the

to

12

veranda, making

inches

he

were

at

poles

to

one,

and

he

went

to

feet

of nice, smooth

timbers.
8

First

an

the

about

i^

long.

He

boards

for

it about

6 feet

strengthening it with
the
securely nailed
around
the flooring to
opening in front about

the
7 feet from
the house.
About
w^ere

the

able

straight poles

from

number

feet

10

of

load

than

feels

wanted

fashion.

comfort, but

greater

seems

little farmhouse

and

the

necessary

poles

great

in Arkansas

in this

got

is

expense

plain

farmer

work

to

veranda
the

the

VERANDA

INEXPENSIVE

cases

many

be

can

vine-covered

the
pinned loosely between
With
good
a little practice,a
floor or ceiling.
done
on

it is

supports.

carpenter'sjob

the

tion,
illustra-

two

supports

in

do

for

taking
the

213

ceiling just right,and

board

or

BUILD

floor

to

midway
straightened by a row

HANDY

214

of

poles

nailed

FARM

DEVICES

horizontally

and

another

row

was

placed at the top. To make all secure

against rain,
the slanting roof poles were
next
carefully covered
with
of bark.
All this required
overlapping rows
but small outlay of cash and even
less of work.
It
then
was
ready for the vines.
Being in haste for immediate
results, the builder
of the hard
roots
native
planted some
woodbine,
which
will soon
with
its rapid
cover
any
space
It is an
seed
of the
matter
to
growth.
sow
easy
of
morning glory, hardy annual
gourd, or any one
several hardy climbers
and the result will soon
be a
of shade
and
mass
besides, all of
lovely blossoms
which
makes
the summer
evenings pass far more
pleasantly.
,

CONCRETE

The

progressive

economic
is the
and

ON

steel

farmer

THE

must

value

of

portland

age

of

concrete.

FARM

overlook

not

cement

concrete.

It is

crowding

the
day
Towood

the

background, and bids fair to

become
the most
universal
of building materials.
Concrete
is extensively used
holders,
by the largest landand
be
used
of more
can
by the men
moderate
to
means
equal advantage. It is to be
recommended
for
of its
general use
by reason
moderate
cost.
durability,sanitary qualities and
Molded
afford
to
solid, it has no joints nor
seams
a
lodging for dirt and foster the growth of noxious
be
scrubbed
and
fungi; it can
washed,
swept,
scalded, without
Further, it
injury to its texture.
does not possess
the disagreeable quality of absorbing
and
odors.
ness
Add
to these
qualities,coolgases
into

in summer,

warmth

in winter

and

we

have

one

WE

WHEN

the

of

day

BUILD

materials

logical building

most

other

is

wood.

less

than

the

life and

present-

To

of

the

sure,

of

cement

$i.6o

about

initial

the

the

of the

of

exceeding

cents

expense

yard,

but

under
be

may

reduced

close

and
practical work
be3^ond a doubt that
in all other goods, are
be

insisted

cements

should

matter

weaken

the

cement

makes

an

of
be

may

ideal
the

and

cleaned, and, if
The
inches

gravel

cubic

per

the

circumstances

of cement,

brands

in

cost

and

as

of

the
the

gravel
coarse,

very

should
but

range

should

free

with

but

Giant

The

way

stone

for

The

in diameter,

any

mixture,

substituted
results.

have

Experience both
laboratory has proved

Broken

excellent

not

expense

cheapest in the end, and

ers.
by all prospective purchas-

concrete.

account

the

$2.

best

would

that

an

cost

the

upon

with

screen.

at

or

laying

Alpha,

foreign

Gravel

the

and

Saylor's, Edison
the leading brands.
are
among
be clean, coarse
and
sharp and

Atlas,

on

in the

farm
the

we
yard, and
$2.75 to $3

to

concrete.

Add

mixing

favorable

very

in

should

from

brands

the

load.

done

per

ranging

from

be

crete
con-

of cement

of

yard

had

labor

should

75

total

cost

the

which

product,

approved

most

cubic

concrete,

consider

we

barrel, ij4 barrels

per

is

wood.

required for each

Sand
and
be
gravel may
bought nearby at lo cents
and

of wood

cost

finished

than

being

forms

stone, brick

as

when

but

concrete,

quality of
easily cheaper

Portland
costs

be

with

compared

such

of construction,

that

is

when

expensive

not

materials

and

2^2

in

use.

Concrete

to

215

sand

from

all

tend

to

sand

and

it is

objected

broken

stone.

stone,
should

however,
be

washed

passed through
from
not

^4 inch
exceed

to

2^4

2l6

HANDY

inches

and

DEVICES

obtain

to

should

portion

FARM

the very
best results
between
the limits of

be

the

major
and
i^

inches.
THE

MIXING

CEMENT

In

for general use

the following
mixing concrete
proportions are perhaps the best : One barrel cement
sand and 5 barrels gravel. In this mixture
to 3 barrels
the
the
between
stones
are
entirely
spaces
filled and
hardened
the
when
concrete
virtually
becomes
To

the

secure

follows:

monolith.

solid

Have

the

gravel
a
platform
shoveling and

usually on
to permit easy
Add
to
enough water
been
have
thoroughly
make

thin

the

too

the

washed

concrete

and

in

as

ness,
readi-

of

planking or boards,
insure
against waste.

sand, which
in a mortar
bed, to
thin, however, to permit
and

cement

mixed

not

mortar,

mix

results

best

the
on
shoveling. Spread the mortar
thoroughly mix by turning with shovels.
Then, without
delay, shovel the batch of concrete
into the forms
or
spread it on the floors as the case
exceed
to
be, being careful not
layers of 8
may
inches
at each
be tamped
filling. Each
layer must
easy
gravel and

and

rammed

till

Proceed
In

hot

placed

in this

weather

checking
the

the

over

after

forms.

The

damp

and

cloths

top of the

insure

worked
softer

filled.
be

should

will

back

smooth

disappointing. Let
days before removing

holes

to

from

material

will

six

boards

or

are

keep it from
the final layer has
been
placed in
forms
must
necessarily be water

done

to

top.

forms

concrete

is not
be

the

to

till the

manner

tight and the concrete

with a spade, so the
outside

flushes

water

may

surface.

surely

result

the boards
flow

to

If this
and

the

the

concrete

the

planking,

rest

the
last

work
four

concrete

WHEN

green

Concrete

who

building

blocks

farm.

The

the

on

blocks

has

to

of

use

the

the

building blocks
6

each, the

cents

As

instructions
build
out

at

of

of sand

for

it

farmer

the

is

20

cement.

7"^ inches^

machine

constructed

be

can

ta

to

turn

dimensions

the

by changing

crete
con-

of less than

the

making

described

and

by

but

hollow

cost

average

cost

of block

of

quality

an

given

size, but

size

any

reach

size block

are

that

best

mere

standard

the

to

cost

all purposes;
mold
machine
or

simple

make

can

anyone

building
purchase these
as

for

them

use

ideal

are

the

beyond

been

desired

the

BLOCKS

CONCRETE

MAKING

material

thoroughly hardened,,
state
easily broken.

"

"

in the

while

and

217'

until

brittle

somewhat

being

BUILD

WE

accordingly.
Take
wide

and

For

avoid

thick.

inch

These

lumber

use

and

for

are

inches

10

used

be

must

large knots
warping.

long by "jYi inches

inches

20

Care

wide.

free from
to

ends

the

inches

boards

two

with

an

long by 7"4
boards

the

have

to

sides.

the

grain, so

even

as

joined at three
with
six hinges ; two
hinges at top and
corners
In putting together have
of each
bottom
corner.
boards
set
end
the
two
against the sides as
up
At the fourth
in Figure i.
corner
shown
place a
and eyelet to hold the machine
together
strong hook
when
making block, and by unhooking this allows
The

the

machine

This

makes
20

inches

high,

folded

be

to

work,

boards

four

above

were

back

away

from

the

ished
fin-

etc.
a

mold

inches
with

top

or

form

long,
and

that
inches

bottom

is, inside
wide
open.

urements,
meas-

and

7^

2l8

For

the

them

cutting

take

core,

ii"2

inches

width

of

the

CORE

"

the

machine,

the

hollow
stick

round
core,

in

the

it

set

machine,

as

of

bottom

Enough

the

ends,

in

Figure
the

level

the

block

core

of

length

with

the

forms

and

2,

of

inside

set

top of the
the

place

from

is

top

when

the

for

ating
oper-

same.

To

First

core

make

cut

which

To

dow^n

set

lift the

to

in

into

7^ inches
fastened
are
together,
Figure i. This makes

These

block.

is fitted

it will

so

handle

the

to

with

These
For

strips

illustrated

as

bottom

core.

slanting box

lumber,

slanting

inches.

of

sliown

as

the

at

2-inch

long.

and

top

jYi

sides

use

FIGURE

the

at

i-inch

of

boards

two

inches

13

DEVICES

FARM

HANDY

of

FIGURE

Operate

on

board

shown
machine
these

Machine

somewhat

larger than

2.

This

holds

the

block

must

be

in

Figure

and
boards

CEMENT

the

BLOCK

makes
until

provided

MACHINE

OPEN

for

the
the

dry.
the

HANDY

220

is removed.

between
will

make

Set

this

in

the

ends

and

half-size

two

joints when

laying

hollow,

small

to

two

in

set

Rock

taking

the

or

lYz

inches

them

face
of

to

and

suit any
One
may

the

of

size
On
take

breaking
these

out

the

mold

the

face

of

chine
ma-

border

irons, heat
in

irregular
By making ridges

center

of

different

will

be

can

course,

secure

tion
imita-

excellent

very

This, of

easily by

very

deep.
burning process
as
possible, you

will

face.

This

have

to

several

inches

this

in

use

this draw

then

burn

that

rock

for

produced

desired.

broken

as

plate
a

plank

i^

material.

If desired

be

as

in

blocks

can

and

least

fill with

way
half-

middle

of proper
size can
be made
molding blocks of this size.

all around,

hollows

depths
a

end

red-hot

shape, at
and

effects

2-inch

cores

the

in

place

wall.

when

place

face

DEVICES

FARM

made

fancy.

practice of making several

faces and
ferent
difends
from
to
plain and panels down
rock
face plates
effects, having these extra
the
size as
above.
same
given for the machine
Then
by using hinges as used on doors or any pin
hinge, you can
easily change the style of block by
face
machine
in a
putting one
plate or end on
moment's
any
saved

follow

One

time.

style of block
in changing

This

machine,
and

the

machine

and
from

can

great

one

in addition

operation,

is

thus

used

for

of time

be

be

amount

style to another.
to being simple in
rapid. With
very

struction
con-

but

little

from
make
man
can
practice one
75 to 100
blocks
daily and have each one
perfect,as he does
break
after they are
not
by handling them
any
molded

According

to her

cloth

she

cut

her

coat.

"

Dryden.

WHEN

STYLE

ANOTHER
All

the

should

be

lumber

from

knots

mold

rests

battened

BUILD

WE

OF

white

and

be

should

together.

pine

The

sap.

14

The

MOLD
make

to

necessary

selected

221

24

sides

free

which

on

and

inches
are

mold

hardwood,

or

platform
x

this

made

this

be

well

shown

as

^cfr^m-^"^^^^'

by the drawings, with a

overlaps the end pieces
Both
as

ends

shown,

turned
On
notch

down
each
in

to

and

sides

with
to

end

fasten

MOLD

FINISHED

THE

is

fastened

end, which

each
them
to

permit

the

completed

out

whole

flat iron
mold

in

place.
platform

the

which

placed

the

on

holds

and

are

hinges,
take

cleat

them

to

be

block.
bar

together.

with
These

FARM

HANDY

222

bars

the

are

to

act

bottom

the

from

up

the

of

is intended

loosely
to give

mold

bottom

OF

The

thin

running

of bottom
The

the

blocks

end

and

"fK

be

fitted in the
be

should

blocked

required height

of

Cofe,,

pieces of
up

should

and
run

have

mold

down

form

to

down

to

top

board.

plugs

sides, so

that

the

out.

way

board

longed
pro-

MOLD

the finished block.

piece of
key between

are

Blocks

the

to

and

"Piu^

PARTS

ends

tne

convenience.

Height

board

of the

bottom

for

handles

as

Regulating
The

hooks, only

as

same

DEVICES

are

made

when

The

as

shown,

with

they are removed

pins in the bottoms

taper both

they

clear all

of the

plugs

WHEN

fit in

to

are

will

them

steady

When

the

the

two

square

holes

the

handle

of

and

hold

until

out

of

nut

and

The

make
and

cement

well

and

is finished

the

whole.

Now

rod

sides

use

remain

the

on

in

rings

be

not

ready to
of a large

take
iron

long.

sharp sand, mix

to simply dampen
mold, put plugs in

good
on

the

up

full and

the

plugs,

Scrape

then

turn

which

block

until

down

tamp

is filled.

mold

finished
board

bottom

should

part of portland

one

of

lift out

and

and

Molds

one-fourth
place, fill the mold
hard.
Repeat this until the
oflf surplus material, remove
down

the

i8 inches

about

water

close

and

is made

parts

enough

put

the

with

top of mold

and

removed,

are

tamper

three

the

board

through

run

blocks

these

place.

the

over

Filling the
To

in

them

are

of iron

piece

board, which

This
lifted up.
board
is
from
the block
being
prevents

they

block

mold.
a

is

tamper

the

bottom

the

placed

broken

223

removed

are

guard and
when
plugs

as

used

in

is

top of plugs and

used

holes

plugs

BUILD

WE

is to

hard

enough

number

of

to

lift off.
It will

be

boards.

bottom
made

they

from

15

to

using.

blocks

and

to

necessary

After

blocks

of

number

these
are

sprinkled from day to day for

before
them
days to properly cure

should
20

have

be

barrel

of

one

man

cement
can

will
make

make
a

about

block

50

in

12

minutes.
MIXING

Many
the

have

hardest

CEMENT

found

part of

mixing
cement

FOR

the
brick

BRICK

sand

and

making.

cement
An

old

HANDY

224
barrel

Vinegar

crank
Two

barrel
into

the
and

and

bottom

The

covered

into the

boy

and

barrel

pieces

round
is

piece of

iron

cut

sheet

driven
side

on

iron

as

fast

dampened,

are

boy

sprinkle the

to

of

hole

square

cement

and

is done

in

set

with

by placing a grindstone
pinion on the other.
the ground
the
and

use

of

hinged

fasten.

to

sand

mixing

to

and

are

tv^o

over

posts.

barrel

posts

DEVICES

put

end

one

on

hung

be

may

strong

FARM

as

two

brick

the

turn

may

men

to

shoveled

crank.

The

mold, with

can

drying

prevent

too

fast.

REINFORCEMENT

For
and

heavy

be

construction

columns,

needed.
the

FOR

work

reinforcement

Reinforced
most

CONCRETE

with

kind

of

y
DETAILS

DETAILS

OF

beams

rods

is

rapidly coming to
construction
of large

SECTION

FOOTING

steel

is

concrete

approved

involving

REINFORCEMENT

^
OF

FLOOR

SLAB

WE

WHEN

225

BUILD

o" the
own
buildings. Our
great building is one
most
crete
noteworthy examples, being of reinforced conforcement
reinbuilding where
throughout. For any
desirable
the following details will
seems
be

found

useful
of the

Plan
is shown

in

footing

above.

column

are

shown

dots

by

in

h, and

h is cross-section

filled with

shaded

is also
beam

lines in g.
the
cement,

of floor

section

shown

between

(crossbeams

steel bars

that

take

bars, d, stuck
the

"

at

girders

walls
out

and

steel

The

angle,

an

breaking

off

to

are

"

ing
shear-

or

the

Point
of
in

same

way

4-inch

use

one

end, drive

cellar

line

outside

Have

building.
Then
plumb.

studs
in

wall, brace

top

nail

brace

and

ground,

cellar

concrete

own

inexperienced help. Lay

with

foundation

any

CELLAR

their

build

chimneys

your

stake

at

FROSTPROOF

farmers

inside

sion
compres-

"

concrete.

column

from

stress

column.

MAKING
Some

the

into

thick; it

inches

girder and floor

girders), h, girder; c,
dots
showing twisted

the

by

crete,
con-

floor

tensile

the

up

is carried

stress

prevent

girder, the

of

of column

part being the

slab, 4^

top of the

on

cross-section

part of

through
wire spiral

the

by diagonal
a,

column

of footing and
g, side view
The
steel rods that run
up

/;

column

of each

foundation

or

excavation

of

length

the

ground,
of
to

for

would

you

on

quired.
re-

line of

by driving

stud
stake

and

each

take
Then
everything firm.
and
place horizontally against
edge boards
square
the studs.
(See illustration.)
You

stud.

Do
take

not
one

must

try
side

make

to
at

go
a

around

time

to

the
the

cellar

whole

height

of

earth

wall,
sur-

226

HANDY

FARM

face, but turn

your
let
the
stone
outside,
the
wall

elevation

earth

the

to

up

Above

and

earth

the

the

outside

but

now

as

y/f

surface

you

the

stud

them

as

wall.

For

bending

the

on
just the same
doing on the inside,
and
studs, as up to

boards

CELLAR

took

WALL

the

place
place

drive, and
come

frames

them.

to

use

corners

the

or

any

the

and

ready

place
make

and

sure

36

the

head, and
I

foot.

'J2

forced
rein-

result.
from

stone

goose
^%'g to the size of your
in bottom
of wall to depth of
12

inches

24

wall, and

of

center

bed, say, about

them

building your main

baled hay wire in wads,

will be

corner

cobblestones

Be

Plumb

of them.

when

hatchway

it around

concrete

Get

line.

cellar window

you
for

extension

earth

you

Have

apart.

the

making

point

every

to

line before

been

CONCRETE

this

up against
finish the whole

line do

have
use

to

push

plan

ground

must

you

best

attention

no

cement

surface

the

above

Pay

corner.

It is the

earth.

DEVICES

size

put them

Make

inches.

of

One

ing
mixman

22S

HANDY

made

by

under
the

DEVICES

FARM

the

pump,

windmill

has

that

so
a

the

pumped

water

effect.

cooling

very

In

it is difficult to obtain
places where
ice, it will prove
indispensable to the dairyman who
keeps a few
Another
cows.
important item is the fact that a
does not
have
to pull up
all of the pipes every
man

CONCRETE

time
and

that

OUTDOOR

finds

he

it necessary

with
each

of

stairs

"^-inch
the

and

way

thick.

sides

The
are

small

is about
also

repair

to

the

pipes

pump.

It is constructed

by

CELLAR

also

the
a

In

the

purpose

fixture

by using

The

and

on

cost,

of

storm

all farms.

forced
is rein-

foot

apart

6 inches

form, and
are

including

and

west

is about

of concrete

steel rods.

answer

considered

made

top

placed

work

concrete

made

$50.

rods

steel

are

The

concrete.

southwest
cave,

the

reinforced
the

labor,
it will

which

is

The
It

SMOKEHOUSE

CONCRETE

is about

structure

keep the meat

For a building of this sort
Excavate
to the
enough.
be

will

feet

two

feet and

lo

will

which

22^

BUILD

WE

WHEN

and

thieves

out.

8-inch

walls

will be

thick

proper

depth

Make

The
raised

as

Space

for

bolts

forms
the

doorway

inserted
The

on.

also

be

The
The

to

which

will

be

wall

lock

and

pose.
pur-

be

may

progresses..
two

door
in

molded

the

this

eye-

swing

to

if it

cement

latch

shouM

it will

be

of boards

be

shingles

or

and
the concrete
placed on
it with
bolts
An
properly imbedded.
if desired, in
roof
be
made
concrete
can

in each

smoke

doubt

no

although

wall.

should

case

vents

in the

placed

plates

arched

eyebolt for

six

and

the

for

be

can

and

left and

be

concrete

of

for

braced
the

laying
must

jamb

An

roof

held

in the

door

is desired.

of

work

used

well

be

must

mixture

boards,

be

could

boards

square-edged

matched

of

forms

the

use

frost,

below

parts sand

three
portland cement,
stone.
parts gravel or broken

part

one

high.

inside

less, and

or

7 feet

to

end,

To

escape.

proof against

build

or

fire

small

make
steel

flue

the

suitable
allow

to

house

iron

or

leave

to

necessary

the

absolutely

door

should

be

used.
LAYING

A
the

there

sill,where
stock

inches

tamped

of

or

crushed

be

level

If the

under

the

with

the

earth
be

should

and

be

about

is leveled

in

out

4.

off and
to

unnecessary

concrete

top of

in

passing

There

hard, it would
stone

FLOOR

is much

wagons.

concrete.

down

CONCRETE

floor should

concrete

with

any

put

building

HANDY

230
where
is

frost

gravel
floors

many

laid without

are

for horse
held

in

iron

belts

place

best

put in

to

of loose

fine material.

with
of

foot

is

way

of

made

concrete

and

parts sand

four

be

can

the

when

down

floor

is

the floor.

above

3 inches

WALK

16

trench

dig a
gravel

titions
Par-

bottom.

by putting

CONCRETE

MAKING

The

pipe

earth, but

stanchions

floor

pieces of gas
them
project 2 or

the

cattle

cement

on

such

or

Let

laid.

stalls and

of

top

on

of

inches

put several

to

cinders

or

It

get underneath.

not

recommended

generally

stones,

does

water

or

DEVICES

FARM

inches

deep,

levelingit off
On
top of this spread 3 inches
two
one
part portland cement,
stone
or
gravel.
parts crushed
stone,

or

granolithic finish i inch thick mixed

in the proportions of 1-2-3.
smooth
Trowel
it down
On

this put

hard.

and

should

be

Joints ^

inch

left every

thick
feet

and

to

sand

filled with

from

walk

prevent

cracking
CEMENTING

In

making

about

one

shed

water

CISTERN

surface

waterproof,

part portland
from

roof

wall, but

or

is,

with

water
to

cement

put

on

which
a

inch

one

the

neat

coat

to

it is mixed,

^4

inch

thick

mixed

or

with

to

of

of sand

will

make

face
sur-

it will
neat

use

other

no

thick, one-half

cement

waterproof.

with

that

so

mixture

two

to

cement

perfectlywatertight,
standing water, it is better
that

WALL

keep out
cement
only,

and
of

it will
neat

plenty

cost

of

less
than

cement

two-thirds

the

but

material

sand,
water

as

is

SPECIAL

sack

of

have

to

in

with

crack

Hardwood

way.

holes

filled

in

floor

Over

to

Smooth

three

then

let it

Gutters

laid

roof

over

and

nail

old

an

board

old floor clean

the

boards.

and

with

Cover

sionally.
occa-

of

one

parts clean

sand, mixed

if it is

be

broom

be

can

putty

to

before

put in where

be

shingled

leak

but

old

an

little cement

the

with

patched

paste.

dry thoroughly

may

old

an

thin

this

stopped

netting, tacking it down

lay a layer of concrete

thoroughly,

stock, brush

be

all loose

this

be

can

thick

water,

leak.

not

Sweep

part Portland cement,

water

with

be

may

can

time.

dry and nail down

layer of heavy wire

with

barrel

will

they

so

short

CEMENT

mixed

floors

waterproof

floor in

FOR

USES

little cement,

putty.

as

23

useful thing
is a very
Portland cement
the farm.
making quick repairs about
drain
utes
pipe can be stopped in a few min-

for

hole

BUILD

WE

WHEN

used

make

it

by
rough,

using

the

floor.

to

in

Holes

necessary.

ing
quickly stopped by forcthe shingle where
under

appears.

is being put
which
cement
to
special uses
and
the making of bee hives, brick for pavement
are
shingles for roofing,
ordinary foundations, cement
boxlike
of
and
grain bins in the form
square
of this exbarrel-like
round
use
cellent
receptacles. The
is only just
material
for farm
structures
the most
opening up and it is destined to become
Some

important

material

wooden
fence

make

bond

for

general

reinforcement

post is
with

worse

the

farm

in the

building.

of

center

than

useless.

concrete,

and

It does

thus

crete
con-

not

weakens^

2^2

HANDY

instead

of

of

DEVICES

the

strengthens,

is true

same

FARM

wooden

Of

post.

the

course,

reinforcement

of

HANDY

DEVICE

crete
con-

any

work.

TIME-HONORED

(see
How

dear

When
The

to

heart

my

fond

frontispiece)

recollection

orchard,

the

the

are

them

presents
the

meadow,

of

scenes

hood,
child-

my

view

to

wild-

deep-tangled

wood.
And

The

The

of

And

The

and

knew

infancy

my

pond

the

oaken
old

the

the

and

rock

father, the

my

e'en
old

that

mill

that

stood

it;

bridge,
cot

The

spot

wide-spreading
by

The

loved

every

where

dairy-house

bucket

rude

bucket,

the

that

the

it ;

nigh
in

hung

iron-bound
bucket

moss-covered

fell ;

cataract

the

well

"

bucket.

that

in

hung

the

well.

How

ardent

And
Then
And

quick

I seized

to

the

with

the

dripping

with

soon,

it with

hands

that

bottom

white-pebbled
emblem

of

coolness,
"

it

truth
rose

Samuel

ing.
glow-

were

it fell !

overflowing,
from

the

Woodworth.

welL

ICE

FREEZING

HERE

pond

from

handy

of
A

The

inches

and

long

sides

ends

and

inches

12

should

deep
made

be

HOMEMADE

that

the

top

of

the

sake

block

mold

should

the
of

With

supply

of

ice

or

during

be
and

strength

dozen

will

20

made
sired.
de-

wide,

The

measure.

taper

24

inch,

so

MOLDS

drop

out

reinforced

easily.
with

wire

The
for

durability.

forms
the

inside

is

size

any

inches

to

ICE

frozen

of

i6

best

are

iron

is

size

little

water

pure

forms

galvanized

convenient

of

supply

essential.

frozen

be

can

not

yearns

the

get

comparatively

with

labor.

to

ice, blocks

forms

in

is

stream

or

which

of

supply

BLOCKS

IN

one

winter.
233

can

The

put

up

forms

quite
should

HANDY

234
be

level

set

inches
and

let them

two

days

frozen

joistsor

on

apart.
and

FARM

the

of

forms

of ice.

off, the ice put

away

SAVING

of

ears

seed

them,

on

form

in the

THE

handy

The

side

icehouse

vi^ater
one

or

When
and

up

which

then

can

few

will
lifted

be

the form

and

again.

water

is

placed

bottom

water

warm

release the cake

Here

and

nearly full vvrith pure

freeze, which
they will do in
nights in suitable weather.

dipper

filled with

boards

Fill them

solid, turn

pour

DEVICES

SEED

device

It

corn.

CORN

for

consists

preserving

select

of

board

wide

fastened
two

between

supports

nailed
The

the

to

board

upright
and

stands

on

end

one

be

may

edges.

desired.

as

long

as

Drive

heavy
spikes
through it from
the
opposite side
and

stick

corn

an

each

upon

spike.
for

the

This

allows

ears

examined

is much
each

CORN

be

to

nail

the

ears

the

Idaho

may

in

RACK

from

preferred
be

this

to

expensive

numbered

way.

experiment

This

and
rack

station.

a
was

the
wire
record

can

out
with-

removing
SEED

of

passage

air,and the
be

of

ear

them

rack.

It

racks,

as

kept
designed

of
at

236

HANDY

DRYING

Never

it freeze

seed

DEVICES

KEEPING

AND

let

had

have

FARM

SEED

before

exposed

corn

it is
to

CORN

Farmers

dry.

of

temperature

degrees

30

below-

without

zero

its
and

vitality,
had

have

ruined

juring
in-

at

grees
de-

10

above
We

it

zero.

would

not

recommend

kiln-

for the
drying
general farmer, as
this is only practicable
where

the

is in
grower
seed business.

convenient

very

is

way

RACK

DRYING

CORN

four
6 feet
on

long,

them

set

and

two

plenty of
dry, and

laths,

so

Lay

thoroughly dry

the

it

can

4x4

nail laths

and
Leave

6-inch

will

corn
corn

your

take

to

pieces

square,

opposite.

two

ventilation.
if

in

up

the

between

space

them

on

lay

have

this

to

there

all

do

tffe

winter.

Knowledge
good we know.
It

is better

is worth

to

give

nothing

unless

we

shillingthan

one

to

twenty.

Keep

your

mouth

shut

and

your

eyes

open.

lend

237

KNOWING

WORTH

FIG.

IZTL

IZZ

FIG.

WEIGHT

The
"of the

drawings
many

uses

LIFTER

show

the

of this

AND

DETAILS

different
device.

parts and

one

238

HANDY

almost

is

DEVICES

SIMPLE

AND

STRONG

Here

FARM

WAGON

JACK

good, practical wagon

of

all kinds

vehicles.

jack

The

suited

v^hole

made

thing

of wood

the

to

is

with

exception of
curved
piece,",

the

which

is

of

hooks

and

iron

over

iron

bolt,

well

to

an

It is

e.

have

strong ;^-inch bolt

/,

at

so

to

as

the

weight
The

a.

WAGON

each

are

the

In

using

by simply pressing

lever.

and

up

Write

though

^"j

thick.

inches

is lifted

JACK

The

teeth

The

height

Many
vehicles

log wagon.

lever,
bottom, J,

p;^^g^ ^^
jack, the axle

the

on

is

the

hold

of

handle
on

regulated by

matically.
autoing/
mov-

down.

down
you

the

and

of lever

heavy

jj^g

down

of h catch

on

port
sup-

the

like it

advice
not

at

FOR

JACK

not

Here

one

who

loves

you,

present.

which

work
is

him

HEAVY

liftingjacks
would

of

well

WAGONS
are

designed

in the

of

case

that will stand

for
a

light
heavy

lot of hard

and
is simple and
effective.
Make
the base
usage
and upright of heavy 2-inch oak plank and insert a

')4-inchbolt through
a good, strong hemp

the
rope

lever

for

attached

Have
support.
to the base, pass-

KNOWING

WORTH

ing

drawn
in

the

over

down
notch

of the

end

handle

about
at

pair

the

foot

junk

of

old

this

be hooked

dealer's.

FROM

two

wheel, which

The

legs

OLD

of the

MATERIAL

simple.
gate hinges

is very

barrow

handles,

plow

long, and

MADE

it is

WHEELBARROW

CHEAP

of

as

JACK

WAGON

construction
a

that

so

is lifted it can
the wagon
hold it in position.

to

Get

lever,

and

HOMEMADE

The

239

may

be

found

wheelbarrow

HANDY

240

those

are

old

an

These

iron.
but

of

FARM

chair, braced
in

articles

with

themselves

combination

in their

DEVICES

of

worthless,

are

something

create

we

piece

very

useful.

WHEELBARROW

Here
that

is

inches

20

and

brace

for

shown

as

hardwood

inch
around

front

in

crossbrace

and

and

Nail

or

screw

four

with

and

pieces

half

circles from

in

notch

to

center

for

securely together

these

Nail

rear,

Cut

legs.

board

axle.

for handles.

WHEELBARROW

BOX

on

inches

3%

STRDNG

AND

handy, strong wheelbarrow

make
a
can
on
a
rainy day. Take
long, 24 or 26 inches wide
30 inches
sticks 5^
6 feet
to
deep, and two

box

dry-goods
long

picture of

farmer

any

and

CHEAP

fit
the

wheel.
For

the

and

band

each

and

drive

apart
sides

iron

stick

or

wrap

6d. wire

hold

around

[When

end

in center,
to

axle, take

inches

bore

wheel

the

wheel

in

will

cost

make
have

but

Bore

Just

holes
inches

opposite
of hoop
band
it last longer.

holes

place.

together, you
that

end.

i-inch

two

Trim

square.

wire.

with

nail in each

the

it is put
wheelbarrow

3^^

on

very

little.

tial
substan-

WORTH

HOW

KNOWING

HANG

TO

241
KETTLE

for a kettle support

Using stones
oftentimes, but let the heat crack one
and
tip the kettle
it frequently
as
over,

will, does

let

the

sustained.

It is much
make
is

as

the

alone

better

presented
The

cut.

to

such

support

stones

man's

improve
language,
loss

of the

tend

not

to

handiest

seems

in

three

uprights^ of suitable
length to correspond
the

with

kettle,
of

for

wood.

good
the

Through

hole

the

the

consist

may

any

these

of

size

top

of

is bored

bolt

hold

to

them

together,which

must

be

up

long enough so they

easily. All that is necessary
chains

two

from

downward
of the

the

to

kettle

the

can

cattle

and

snow

this

be

have

will

then

is

extend

letting them

hooks

on

them.

the

When

together and

SNOW

PLOW

plow

snow

every

heavy one,
simple homemade
a

play to set
to suspend

distance, attach

not
owning a
person
is after
useful one
how

if the

KETTLE

be folded

A
No

top and

proper

into the

the device

use,

or

TRIPOD-HUNG

laid away.

ate
appreci-

can

A
or

in

not

storm.

span

ears

horse,^

yoke

arrangement,

of

and

HANDY

242

in less time

DEVICES

FARM

required to tell it there is a path,

and no
It is only a big
back-breaking work either.
V braced
is pushed both
the snow
so
by it.
ways
of 2-inch
It must
be made
planks at least i foot
wide

and

wobbles
To
side

than

not

of the

less than
does

and
make

is

not

good

wood

stay

road

sled

feet
on

long. If shorter
the ground well.

for teams,

and

drive

up

chain
and

farm
spreads 2 feet, and will make
your
if somebody
of pluck lives there.
as
it from
draw
a ring at the
top of
it will

root.

SMOKEHOUSE

SUBSTITUTE

it to

it

one

down.

It

front look
For
the

paths
foot-

front

so

244

HANDY

the

cover

leaking.
Make

clay

feet wide
dirt

up

and

3 feet

foot

high

fireplacefor
length of the

18

if

stone

at
on

bank

and

it up

wire

it fast

to

the

the

earth

the

tank

dirt.

In

strips of

up

piece of sheet iron should be set

fireplaceto control the draft and keep
a heater, on
one
farm, is located near
storage tank

water

cobs

be

can

brush.

or

and

heated
One

can

for

of

iron

on

ting
cut-

the

rod

stovepipe

with

before

up

the

filled from

be

quickly
may

an

the

rod.

and

of the

end

galvanized iron for a collar, then drive

into the ground, put on
two
lengths
and

blue

the

with

stovepipe, turn

and

preferred, 2
high. Pile

inches

galvanized iron, place

for the

hole

and

any
of nails.

of stone

ground

3 feet wide

and

flue, put

this foundation
a

long

prevent
rows

of mortar

cement

by

to

v^ith two

on

the

fireplaceon

tins

heavy

the bottom

brick

or

with

corners

Nail

DEVICES

FARM

the

the

fire. Such
windmill

either.

The

cornstalks, straw,

pumpkins and small

pigs, and cook ground

boil

fattening the
in
the
feed by pouring scalding water
meal
on
barrels
and
or
covering with old blankets
carpets.
for
A
light fire will take the chill from ice water

potatoes

the

milch

cows.

USE

Most

FOR

TOUGH

LOG

piles have two or three old logs

tackle with
to
an
lying about which
nobody cares
ax
or
blasting powder, and are too short for the
If straight, they will make
sawmill.
good water
inches
off about
10
troughs. Square the ends, mark
from
each
end, chop out the inside and trim the
crease
edges. An inside coat of oil or pitch tar will inwearing qualities.
farm

wood

WORTH

HANDY

WOOD

splitting wood

For

uses
a

of the

plank

at

same

cut

are

spikes

material.

4od wire
in

up

the
chunk

is

by
This

slabs
means

in the

and

Take

cut.

use

upright
Set

this

brace

of

DEVICE

sharp points
Set

wood

the

in the

shown

against

these

of the

which
than
to

upside
try

than

tree

In
down

other
"

to

splitoff

cleave

direction

in the

when

the

words,

contrary

It is much

it grew.
to

readily

more

downward.
it

WOOD

SPLIT

TO

root

place
in

chusetts
Massa-

eastern

splittingit.

the

ax

shown

degrees

20

nails.

splits much

from

in

3 feet long and an

about
inches long.
20

The

HOW

Wood

farmer

SPLITTING

WOOD

the

SPLITTER

as

angle of

an

245

about

material

same

upright

device

8-inch

KNOWING

to

blow

split a

to

the

easier

of

tion
direc-

to

through the
the edge.
pieces near

split

center.

..

246

HANDY

do

you

HAMMER

make

to

want

and

work

more

DEVICES

PULLING

A
If

FARM

do

claw

old

your

it

better

have

the

little

beyond

hammer

and

handle

easier,

projecting a
head.

the

will find it much

more

You

ient
conven-

in

drawing a nail, as it
makes
a
right angle for pulling
the nail without
bending it to
It takes the place of
side.
one
hand
block and is always on
a
and ready in the right place for
immediate

whittled

simply
to the

far, but about

sticks

out

finished

shown

as

make

form

rounding,

when

and

give

it

14

for

18 inches
8

high, tapering to
rich

with

ANVIL

FARM

THE

solid foundation

Fill this mold

the

way

in the

appearance.

of boards

18 inches

through
it through too
picture. If it

in the

it off

Whittle

MOUNTING
To

at

more

driven

drive

it will be

much,

too

driving nails.
a

Don't

required distance.

little

and

usual

than

is

handle

The

use.

anvil, build

an

inches

10

and

concrete

the

at

square

at

fix

base,

the top.
bolt in

ward,
of the top of it to fasten the anvil. Afterthe base
lead can
be poured around
melted

center

of the

anvil, completing
SORTING

The
and
which

sketch
sorter.
are

nice

very

QUICKLY

POTATOES
shows

homemade

It consists
fastened

M-inch

of

pedestal.

of

number

slats

cleaner

potato
so

as

to

hoops

make

to

holes

WORTH

lYi

inches

inside

by

Two

square.

hold

cylinder to
entirely through
The

c.

247

heavy pieces,a,

the

crank,

KNOWING

the

axle, h, which

machine

the

frame

placed

are

and
is 4

made

tends
ex-

is turned

inches

lower

the

opening end of the cylinder so that the potatoes

will run
through freely.
At the crank
is a hopper, /, into which
end
the
cylinder is 2^ feet long
potatoes are poured. The
at

the

floor
the

at

the
a

or

open

With

in

It will not

3 feet in diameter.
and the dirt and

and

one

hopper,
day.

and

end

of the
to

from

indiscreet

An
natured

one;

enemies, and

small

crate

man

for

those

he

indifferentlyboth

through

run

ones

to

on

out

run

crate.

and

another

to

crank

800

is
the

toes,
pota-

another

to

man

the

cylinder into
the

700

ones

bruise

marketable

the

turn

as

CLEANER

AND

SORTER

POTATO

bushels

be

can

more

hurtful

latter

will

than

sorted

an

only

attack

wishes

ill to, the

other

friends

and

foes.

"

fill

illhis
jures
in-

Addison.

248

HANDY

FARM

in

bushel

is often

crate

handling

EASILY

POTATOES

HANDLING

DEVICES

ear

convenient

more

potatoes

corn,

other

or

than

to

vegetables
basket.

Crates
hold

that
bushel

level

full

piled

upon

other

can
BOX

and

They

moved.

wood

inches

The

should
slats

so

the

box.

The

slats

are

completed

and

made

inches

12

box

to

deep,

outside

of

Pieces

posts.

corner

3 inches
posts. There

boards

two

upper

ing
lift-

when

if the

durable

more

handy size for

long, 14 inches wide

thick..

is 16 inches

thus

measurements.

POTATOES

SEED

the pnncipal potato

large

seed

In

the

eyes.

bin

raised

front,

on
so

is used

famous

is done

cutting
into

be

il
an-

they
be just as easily
just as quickly

for the

^^-inch

will

inch

an

CUTTING

In

of

box

one

light material.
used

be

may

time

same

securely to the corner

be just room
the
enough between
that the fingers can
be inserted

the
upper

be

of
are

square

slats may
nailed

wide

be

may

when

in less space
baskets.
At

than

STORAGE

v^ill

and

stored

the

use

or

legs.
that

growing sections, medium

for planting and
two
to
cut
Greeley district of Colorado,

by hand.
hopper, made
The

potatoes

back
will

Potatoes
of

run

dry-goods

is made

shoveled

are

higher

down

to

than

the

box
the

open-

WORTH

ing

and

the

shoveled
The

bottom
with

up

the

to

end

that

way

of

and

fall from
sits

and

it into

the

on

work

can

box

A
side.
these
the

wide

side

is attached
the

be

the

basket

bench

in the

in

is fastened

two

three

front

which

each

of

To
on

or

of each

and

one

compartments,

corresponds

the

hooks, and

middle

ends

both

compartments

along

side

one

is

or

of

and

compartment

sack

to

fixed, in

an

steel

common

knife.

Potatoes
the

ator
oper-

CUTTER

on

the opening of the

right over
upright position, a shoemaker's
table

the knife

The

board

the

POTATO

into

in.

sack

is

board, b, in such

or

beneath.

which

in the

boxed

knife, a,

case

pushed against

can

is boxed

open

soil

rapidly.

It is divided

being

the

CUTTER

SEED
bench

old

plank

to

very

ANOTHER

An

POTATO

potatoes

let out

to

potatoes.

simple.

SEED

249

is slatted

the

is

cutting

fastened

KNOWING

be

to

compartments

compartment

man

cut

for

planting

of the

box

takes

his

and

are

in

into

shoveled
front

of

position,being

each

seated

box

on

in

tubers

blade

pieces

many

this

good

cutters

Of
the

cut

for

the

the

moisture

and

the

kernels.

The

square.
best to

This

will

make

half

full of clean

four

hours

the

the

over

sure

to

in the

brick

the

pack
it

box, making

box

is

lOO

ears.

firmly

feet

It

Fill

is

sack

three

or

this sawdust

depth

the

level

as

lay

to

one

it for

spread

and

which

on

soak

to

furnish

to

deep.

and

box

test

get it packed

of

sawdust
as

around

in
inch.

down

possible.
the

edges

Be
and

corners.

Then

take

Stretch

square.

be

inches

Then

water.

smooth

cloth

sawdust

of the

bottom

Take
all

in

dinarily
or-

CORN

accommodate
6

potatoes

planter.

one

convenient

it about

two

sawdust

marked

most

by
fairly

testing seed corn,

satisfactory is a shallow

wet

that

for

and

with

provided

all the

as

then

are

knife

the

SEED

methods

convenient

most

pieces

of

use

TEST

TO

different

the

box

of

using
each
day

required

into

one

It is claimed

sack.

open

can

HOW

the

them

pulling

each

the

seizes

He

by

cuts

desired;

as

method

indirect

and

quickly

the

into

dropped

sake.

succession

rapid

the

against

for comfort's

stool

or

DEVICES

FARM

HANDY

250

marked.

piece of white
this tight on
a

Rule

off

this

on

muslin
table
cloth

so

with

25
that
a

inches
it

can

heavy

blue

inches
each
Be2
pencil 100
squares
way.
left-hand
these
number
corner
rginning at the upper
in rotation
from
left to right. When
the
squares
ruling is done, pack the cloth in the germination
box so that it will rest firmly on the sawdust.
This
be done by pointing the tacks in the edge of the
can
box
draw

downward,
the

cloth

and

as

tight over

the

tack

the

is driven

sawdust.

in it will

HANDY

252
kernel
kernel

you wish
v^ill come

in the

palm

from

the

and

turn

butt;

another

from
remove

placing
advantage
and

the
to

also

uppermost.

and

kernel

six different
and

turn

another

tip;

the

quarter
the

and

rows

from
and

near

the

second

nel
ker-

turn

This

tip.

ear

quarter

from

remove

nel
ker-

and
makes

representing

tip.

kernels

in the

box

point the tips all in

to
lay the kernels

If the

the
kernel

kernel

from

quarter

another

center;

butt, middle

remove

the

second

remove

turn

ear;

another

ear

quarter

from

and

near

second

In
of

the

First

of the

hand

from

the

six kernels
the

butt

remove

gently. The
should
be caught
it

pry

left hand.

in the

kernel

and

easily and

out

turn

DEVICES

remove

the

turn

center;

remove

to

of the

near

quarter

FARM

kernels

are

it will be

found

the

tion,
direc-

with

same

the

laid in the

germ

squares

of their
be thrown
out
promiscuously, they may
When
the
the sprouts begin to grow.
places when
kernels are
all in place, take a second
piece of white
moisten
it and
cloth fully 24 inches
lay it
square,
in
the kernels.
This
will hold them
carefully over
is being put
place while the top layer of sawdust
Take
third
48 x 30
on.
a
piece of cloth about
inches and lay it over
the box so that the edges lap
inch
about
in this cloth put another
equally. Then
of wet
sawdust
and pack it down
firmly,especially
the
this is done
turn
the
around
edges. When
to keep it from
the sawdust
edges of the cloth over
drying out too rapidly and place the test box where
it will not be subjected to cold below
a living-room

temperature.

Reading
After

seven

containing

the

the

Results

the cloth
days carefully roll back
lift the
and
top layer of sawdust

KNOWING

WORTH

second

cloth

with

the

through
Observe

and

kernels

have

long, you
thoroughly good.
kernels

No.

have

will

As

corn.

No.

half

After
may

If in

sprouted,
much

soon

as

you

know

hog

have

you

only

may

better

that

is
of

two

feed

than

determined

ear

seed

that

ear

about

row

in

place.

line, you
and

ears

prefer to use only those

perfect germination, and if one has
the thing to do.
But
experience
four
it is quite safe to use
an
ear,
would

we
a

gave

enough, that is
has taught that
of whose

kernels

is

that

them.
course,

corn

to

that

really bad, pull it out from the

other
its length, leaving the
ears
have
through the whole
you
gone
then
back
and
pick out the bad
go

Of

^
No.

ear

No.

square

it.

all six

from

that

sure

If

i.

is

discard

ears

be

can

make

No.

square

grow

cling to

vigorous sprouts,

inches

the

in

results

done

sprouts

will

kernels

the

be

must

the

sometimes

cloth
the

This

kernels.

the

because

care,

of the

off

253

strong

grow

should

one

scarce,

three

gave

all

hesitate

not

to

and

sprouts

strong

Or, if seed

sprouts.

use

one

weaker

two

ones.

This
ears

testing

work

to

stove

or

be

other

sufficientlywarm
an

place

warm

with

water,

place

the

another

in

for

that

dinner

the

outside

behind

set

place,

where

where
is

room

to

the
it is

there

is

sufficiently

testing.
in

an

then

and

seed

be

cases,

many

much

not

may

after

convenient

more

convenient

put sand

Some

box

time

any

is

there

the kitchen

attic above

at

generally

The

done.

any

done

when

winter,

it in

do

It is

dry.

are

be

may

on

top

plate.

ordinary
drain
of the
Others

dinner

the

excess

sand,
use

and
a

plate, flood
water
cover
saucer

off,
with
made

HANDY

254
of

in

set

saucer

as

be

are

placed

and

the
for

used

in

other

sowing grasses,
great advantage

of

this, the

covered.

pan

of

case

it is often

wheat,

seeds

may
In

corn.

DEVICES

of water,

pan

methods

These
well

The

clay.

porous

FARM

grains

as

alfalfa

or

to

test

the

seed.

Every
given to

him

and

Of

the

himself.

he

man

kinds, the

that

the

for

mind

real

far the

for

self.
him-

and

best

seldom

teach

we

to

worthy

conquer

which

that

has

INSECTS

barrels

our

for

tight, strong

barrels, such

make

tight.

water

with

cover

Before

covering
explosive, over
for

ounces

to
saucer

on
a

Put

for
the

as

in

blanket
carbon

pour

insect

destruction,
Get

purpose.

coal
the

box

substantial

two

oil barrels, and

seed

to

gated,
fumi-

be

and

cover.
close-fitting
bisulphide, which

is

grain, at the rate of 3 to 4

sirable
deIf it is not
of grain.
5 bushels
this
grain, set a
poison on
pour
the poison in the saucer.
it, and
pour

small
i

make

grain

utilized

GRAIN

IN

to

of seed

be

may

time

not

fumigation

blanket

by

merely taught,

are

like

gives

most

our

is

Richter.

"

one

Place

and

out

we

is

which

he

latter is

that

all

that

"

which

constitutes

What

KILLING
If

other, that

work

must

nourishment.

selves.

the

Indeed,

It is that

nourishes

educations

two

two

valuable.

most

in

has

man

or

the

block
2

inches

near

the

saucer

higher, lay

to

hold

blanket

up

over

the

the

WORTH

barrel, and
with

place

255

securely in place

cover

will

This

stone.

KNOWING

kill the

weevil

and

weight

in peas

and

beans.

BINDING

Every

PINS

FOR

HAY

have

moving hay ought to

made
in a
binding pins. They are
serve

shows
of

down
rope

excellent

an

sketch
load

person

hay

into
and

stretched

rope

The

straw.

or

the

load

turned

and

around

BINDING

is

tightly bound.

tied in end
rope

the

and

handles

pin only
the

be

may

manner

Nothing

shown

is

the

after

and
the

The

small

pin

is worked

twisted
until

in

the

the

is tied

to

Each
the

load

the

other

used
is

kept
ing
bind-

is

of.
to

Periander.

fork
One

bind

on.

impossible to industry."

3^

has

Old

them

fork

is

pin

end.

make

load

that

rope

one

of

top

HAY

OF

through
thing to

made

lifetime.
the

upright

is held.
pressure
is sharpened and

just the

are

and

over

other

horizontal

long. One
^-inch hole bored
feet

the

minute

upright pin

LOAD

Then

of the

for

purpose

of

set

in

:256

DEVICES

FARM

HANDY

DRAG

COMBINED

HARROW

AND

sists
right. The front piece conof a 4 X 4 oak
strip,b, lo feet long, through
teeth
about
driven
which
3
ordinary harrow
are
to the rear
piece, a,
inches
apart. This is attached
with
leet long faced
10
is a 2 X 6 oak timber
which

road

This

is all

drag

HARROWS

inches

of

projects I
wooden

inch.

These

blocks, d,

upon

2x6.

each

strips,c,

it harrov\^s

as

it and

HOW

constantly
farmers

needed

which

the

knots

may
a

rope

may

often

plank

scrapes

it

for

be

the

at

useful

most

farm

the

with

be

put.

used

to

painting

or

the
The

great
other

road,

fine level

familiar

which

e,

are

makes

about

not

are

the

bottom,

kept apart by
bolts, /, and by the top

pieces
This

of the

one

the

on

HANDLE

TO

is

rope

sling

metal

^-inch

ONCE

AT

LEVELS

AND

time.

same

ROPE

articles
;

but

that

too

many

various

many
to

uses

sailors^

advantage.
purposes

are

To

make

WORTH

KNOWING

257

in Figure i, bringing the

bight of rope as shown
the plank, so as to prevent
its
entirely around
rope
down.
Oneturning and throwing the workman
half to ^-inch rope
is usually sufficient for all practical
A
is
more
hemp
generally
purposes.
rope
a

used

and

stands

N?

wear

better

than

6
SOME

ROPE

HITCHES

other

kinds.

258
useful

A
of

way

in

is shown

rope

the

sling a

to

way

is

vessel

DEVICES

FARM

HANDY

can

Figure 2.
so
long

secure

pail from
Prepared

or

the

as

end

the

in this
is not

rope

the
bottom.
the
knot
Secure
slipped off from
firmly at the top to allow no slipping and so that
the pail may
become
not
lopsided.
Scaffolding may often be erected by tying poles
This
ing
in Figure 3.
of lashsort
together as shown
will not
a
cases
tight. In many
slip if made
chain
shown
in Figure 4, in which
be used
as
may
the weight should
the side of the upbe on
case
right
where

the

ings

must

be

any
An

play,

which

chain

drawn

excellent

is lowest.

tight so as not to allow

result
disastrously.
knot
is shown
in Figure 5,

may

hitch

the

on

In

This

the

drawing

liable

are

affixed, as

and

twine

notice.

as

ordinary

many

heavy

in

Figure

The

loose

TYING
sailor

end
be

SOME

of
tied

the
with

USEFUL

It does

strand.

hooks

are

unless
6.

knots

used

they

cord

turns

middle

will

the

is
of
quently
fre-

chain.

is a very
made

rope
a

not

few

or

hang free or may

drawing strand.

knot

unfastened

come

shown

for many
is readily untied

valuable

light wire in the

loosening of
prevent any
in Figure 7,
ring hitch, shown
safe method, which
be
may

heavy
A

to

hard

where

cases

many

and

farm.

by slackening up
become
tight and
after heavy usage.

lash^

of these

very

readilymade, easily loosened

purposes

All

effective
short

on

is allowed

slip knot

to

to

the

KNOTS

judges knots for their holding qualities

and
also their ability to
be
quickly unfastened,
without
regard to the strain they have been sub-

260
a

HANDY

the
3,

When

bow.

are

can

the

holding

4,

either
almost

bends

anything, and
The
by none.

used

for infinite poses,

purtying a bundle, the

be

can

be

of these

exceeded

are

powers

knot, Figure

square

rope

clove

or

is to

secured,
hitch, Figures 2 and

importance, for
instantly to

of great
be attached

their

of

end

half-hitches

two

DEVICES

FARM

reefing a sail to
properly, of resistingany
advantage being, if made
either
be
cord, and
separating strain on
yet can
of the
untied
short
immediately by pulling one
from

ends.
One

of the

Figure

best

and

safest

with
9, made
until loosened

which,

slip knots

the

is shown

overhand

the

at

in

end,

its
by the hand, maintains
a rope
grip. When
requires shortening temporarily
the sheep shank, Figure 8, affords
of so
a
means
doing. This knot can be applied to any part of the
without
reducing its strength of rectilineal
rope
tension.
CARRYING

BARREL

In the cities the ash

which

farmers

barrels

often

might

collectors
make

rough handling. The

four pieces
of wood;
inches
whittled
the

c, c,

An

one

nailed
then

are
a

and

shown

at

feet
c, c,

form

in circular

10

pieces
and

long

Handles

About

stand

not

of six

feet

width.

about

will

may

inches

long and 8
in figure.

so

as

4
be

from
inches
Pieces

to fit the

side
out-

barrel.

old

pieces

cut

often

about

are

simple device,
find handy, as

is made

of each.

end

as

device

and

end, boards

are

of

four

on

other

wide

thickness

in

and

use

dried, weak

become

EASY

MADE

cut

handle

wheel
to

be

tire may
fastened

pieces,as

at

be
to

d.

straightened
the

ends

These

and

of each
are

then

four
of the

riveted

261

KNOWING

WORTH

at d, d. The
hinges as shown
tire need
be only long enough to fasten securely to
should
the handle
pieces. Of course, the blacksmith
be
that
drill holes
in them,
securely
they may

together so

make

to

as

riveted.
To

this device,

use

lifts

man

man

the

on

the

on

rear

barrel

jar

is then
its

to

BARREL

CARRIER

handles.

Boards

lifted

contents

if all the

course,

size, the device

barrels

The
his

barrels
could

headed

they
upon

Ward

another

c,.c, close

up

do

duties.

not

better
him

readily
straining

All

come

made

be

could

up

cular
in cir-

Beecher.

the

barrel.

the

rolled

hinges, and
pieces c, c.

on

performance of
ceptions,
ideals, con-

higher motives,
in

man

are

to

of

no

duties

ordinary

affairs

him

which
of

if

account

strengthen

the

of

Of

of uniform

are

without

be

without

carried

farm

life is the

forward

discharge
in

the

on

part of one's

best

daily

and
or

sentiments,
the

and

handles

front

two

One

barrel.

the

over

the lowest
form, just beneath
hoop round the
of the barrel, and
end
cling tightly. The

upper

the

it

drop

for

devolve

life.
"

Henry

262

HANDY

DEVICES

FARM

CLAMP

HARNESS
The

drawing

accompanying

which

mender

harness

handy

represents
who

anyone
a

mer
ham-

make

in

minutes.

It

can

few

use

can

and

saw

very

is made

of lumber

of the

dimensions

indicated

in

the

The
drawing.
clamp is tightened
the
worker
by
the
sitting upon

seat, which

should

extend

least

at

feet

the

from

The

clamps.
drawing

to

ter

shown
base

extended

the

seat

from

the

left of the

will

device

in

not

that.

It

similar

tip over

too

right-hand corner
through
heavy wire run
or

real

to

holes

to

The

easily.

than

bet-

be

so

manner,

length

have

the

that

the

joint at

the

hinged with
twisted
together

be

may

strap

and

would

the

twice

clamps

upper

underneath,

seat

doubtless

have

extended

with

shorter
CLAMP

THE

shows

device

the

and

of

hinges

iron

may

be

attached.

provide much
neglect to improve

who

They
but
those

who

them

to

feed
the

horses

their

manage.

"

wealth
them

for

in virtue, do

high,

Socrates.

their

but

never

dren,
chillike
train

twisting pipe off

for
or

frayed out at
put together
the

around

that

wound

and

pipe

ends

turned,

so

the

over

around

continues

and

are

tightly

be

to

vice
de-

is

ends, which

both

useful

its connections.

on

or

rope

new

first coil twists

the

loose

of

feet

WRENCH

illustrates

here

shown

drawing

Three

PIPE

FOR

SUBSTITUTE
The

263

KNOWING

WORTH

ing
three
times, endor
pipe, two
in a loop, through which
a bar
of iron is slipped, to be used
a
as
This
lever.
simple plan will be
the

found

effective

very

is worth

trial.

able
dur-

more

be made

by using
PIPE
TWISTER
The
instead
of rope.
loop
be formed
by closely twisting the ends of
easier
is rather
with
pincers. The
rope
wrench

wire
can

wire

handle

may

because

who

regularly

direct

deliver

to

produce

haul

will

customers

described

They

value.

little effort
CLIP

of

whip, or lettingthem
such
made

of the

as

shown

in

the

over

first

make

them.

the
the

reins

time

and

cost

but

Instead

may

secured

the

about

dashboard,

sketch,

stiif fencing wire and

the dashboard.
or
wagon

of

much

veniences
con-

of much

be

and

to

market
the

trouble

wrapping
lie

to

find
to

save

considerable

REIN

to

CONVENIENCES

WAGON

Farmers

the

flexible.

more

MARKET

or

ordinary

pipe wrench,

for the

requirements
and

in

hook,

easily
to

the

be

top

264
Other

Two
of the

at

and

hooks

rain

home.

Another

or

will

the

at

drenching
produce.

save

valuable

some

over

arranged

sides

an

is

convenience

stretched

be

would
be
umbrella, which
shine, and never
forgotten and

This

perhaps

DEVICES

may

hold

to

wagon

there

kept
left

FARM

HANDY

frame

light board

of oilcloth

curtain

rear

time

some

and

hinged

at

"""frfKfrr

REAR

the top,

as

top will
open,

rain

illustrated.
to

serve

and
while

SHADE

the

taking things

from

takes

butter

to

driver
the

town

one

nine

farmer
miles

away

must

from

buggy

be
sun

left
and

wagon.

TOWN

TO

BUTTER

refrigeratorthat

it

it, when

protect

it will

stays from

old

Two

support

CARRYING
A

WAGON

FOR

uses

in

in hot

which

he

weather

WORTH

made

IS

thus

odorless
the

wood,

other

the

other
hold

to

the

12

them

pounds

box

in

leave

an

of

inches

13

block

in

of

each

Fasten

corner

the

covers

air space
of about
i inch
The
inner box will hold

nicely. It will carry

day in 90-degree weather.

TO

SHARPEN

know

that

and

inside

one

butter
all

some

deep,

Slip

deep.

place.

all around.

in wagon

you

15
inches

notched

to

as

clean, tight boxes

x

10

inside

between

Do

one

with

so

solid

two

12

together
20

Get

:^65

KNOWING

butter

SCISSORS
can

you

sharpen scissors,and
over
glass jars? Take
are
trying to cut it
you

easily,by passing the blades

bottle or jar,make
believe
a
(have one blade in and the other outside of the top
of the bottle) and
then
the scissors to glide
allow
off the hard
surface
naturally, just as if you were
trying to cut the glass. Use firm but not too hard
and
repeat the operation several times.
pressure,
HOW
If

TO
has

room

off all the

loose

and

loosen

water
as

even

only

little

quickly. Then,
which

of

the

it rather

papered,

room

thin, and

coat

glue, three or
fuls dissolved
in a pail of boiling water.
and
is applied with
a
large brush
allowed
to
dry overnight.
is made

moving
re-

smooth,

been

never

sponge

walls,

have

to

tear

large cracks and holes

whiting and water, or plaster
When
using the latter, mix

time, have

give
of

has

the

on
as

times,

with

and

remains

room

water.
at

several

fill all

it and

made

can

you

possible,so

If the

ROOM

papered

what
as

surface.

been

parts

much

first go over
with
a
paste
of paris and

PAPER

common

of

use

sizing,

four

hand-

The

ing
siz-

should

be

266

HANDY

FARM

Choose
For
such

as

sunny

HANGING

While

for dark

yeilows

Judiciously

rooms,
blues, greens and

very

are

rooms

best.

When

DEVICES

select

papers
cool-looking

browns

in

variouf
shades;

WALLPAPER

pinks, reds, terra

selecting
papers

cottas

pay

and

car"'

268

FARM

HANDY

plenty

of clean

rags, two
each about

boards,

clean

DEVICES

barrels, two long, smooth,

inches wide, and a steplo

ladder.
Make
about

table

long

a
or

feet

by

and

apart

the

placing

two

of

top

on

barrels
these

the

boards.

Cutting

and

Trimming

ber
numthing to do is to cut the necessary
of strips of paper
long enough to allow for
all face downward
waste
in matching, and lay them
the
on
on
operating table, one
top of the other.
Next
the top or 'first
spread the paste evenly over
the edges
to have
strip of paper, being very sure
well
bottom
turn
pasted. Then
parts
top and
down, bringing pasted sides together, so that they
of the paste part is exposed, and
none
meet, and
side, with
one
large,
carefully trim off edge on
and
Lift up the part thus trimmed
sharp scissors.

The

first

"

"

folded, and
have
where
wall

the

mount

been
intend

you

is

space

ladder, which

take

"

best,

hold

viously
pre-

to the
placed convenient
place
to
begin operations the largest
to

next

the

Hanging
Now

should

of the

door

or

window.

Paper

top end

which

was

doubled

weight) and
(it will open and hang by its own
Then, with
adjust to its proper
place on the wall.
a
hand, rub downward,
large clean rag in your
to
never
keep
or
sideways, and take great care
up
the edge straight. If you
find that you^didn't start
and
do it over
straight from the top, loosen paper
is needed
to do the work
again. A
straight eye
neatly. Don't rub too hard and always rub downover

"

"

WORTH

ward, doing

little part

that

occasionally, so
it.

When

the

269

KNOWING

at

time, and

air bubbles

no

the

When

wall.

and

smooth, trim

are

covered, and

left under

are

part is done, dismount

upper

the folded
ladder, undo
part at
width, and proceed in the same
to

liftingpaper

are

you

the

bottom

of
to

manner

it is

sure

from

on

the

adjust
straight

board.
sharp knife along the baseThen
smoothing by
give the strip another
it again with
a
going all over
dry, clean brush.
Proceed
in this way
until all the full length parts
and

over

below
be

must

with

then

match

windows

and

done

with

Practical

great

in

the

doors.

small
All

the

spaces

ing
match-

care.

Economical

and

are
nice,
Wainscoting in living or dining rooms'
small
there are
and very
practical,especiallywhere
children.
For
this purpose
pensive
burlap, or the less exin wood-grain
that come
dark, heavy papers
used
imitation
are
good. Matting is sometimes
wooden
A
with
narrow
good effect, too.
very
molding is used to finish the top of the wainscoting,
of papering the side walls
and in that case
the work
is so much
easier, the lengths being short.

THE

blacksmith

A
on

essential

shop

To

farm.

live

as

SHOP

BLACKSMITH

FARM

those

is of immense
have

who

stock, farm

one

tools

practicalvalue
it

and

is almost
crops.

as

One

The
professionalblacksmith.
pering
elementary practice in welding, upsetting and temlittle practice. Nor
with
a
is easily learned
entire equiptools. An
ment
to have
is it necessary
many

does

not

may

need

cost

to

be

but

few

dollars.

270
old

An
after
and

do

can

should

In
of

heat

much

as

the

with

obtained

be

article

work

the

can

anyone
with

real

the

as

ease

of

it almost

blacksmith.
farmer

himself,

made

he

that

forge

welding point

to

Ohio

an

satisfied

With

iron

But

The

ease.

start.

regular

anvil.

an

is better

one

small

any

for

greater

the

at

equipment

tongs

do

rail will

railroad

getting

DEVICES

FARM

HANDY

are

other

two

pair

tongs

pinchers picked up in a junk

and sledge from
a hired
shop. He got the hammer
anvil
worked
who
had
in a car
man
shop. The
both
from
the junk shop, and
and
vise also came
in good repair. These
cost
$8, the hammer
were
and
forge,
sledge, $1.15, and an old, second-hand
$1.80. Not a large outlay to be sure, but a w^ise
the
cost
expenditure. If purchased at first hand
would
be greater, but cheap at any
price when
you
consider
what
of making and
do in the way
can
you
tools.
repairing with such a list of blacksmith
and

In

large pair

addition

of

the

to

list this

above

Frank

man,

Ruhlen, has chisels,pinchers,fullers and other small

he has made
of old pieces
out
tools, all of which
of

taken

steel

figuring and
make

the

very

small

from

old

planning just

greater

for

cost

Ruhlen

replace the

the

do

so.

But

also.

Last

the

field

to

feed

at

labor.

not

ways,

that

and

and

I could

it does

trips to

severe

tools

own

can

winter

blacksmith

many

so

farmer

little,any

started to
not
shop was
shop ; and it v/illnever
for repair work,
it
and
It is helpful in other
sudden
ice spell came
a

saves

on,

his

By

Shop Pays

My

says:

town

materials

Why
Mr.

of

part

machines.

worn-out

the

serve

town.

flock.

get the

Only

one

horses

to

out

thing

was

WORTH

possible: to

have

horses.

it

walk

But

and

do

the

lead

KNOWING

2/1

sharpened shoes
put
a
disagreeable trip

was

horses

the

to

town;

so

the

on

ahead

to

I decided

to

set a shoe
myself. I had never
self,
mybut that trip before
The
me
quickly decided.
horses
were
brought into the shop, the old shoes
pulled off and sharpened, and within an hour the
I gone
done.
Had
for the
town
to
feeding was
it would
work
have
ing,
required time going and comfor my
and then, maybe a long wait ahead
turn
at the shop.
Last
I sharpened the
the
shoes
on
corn
year
each.
both
cultivators, six shovels
planter, and
had it
out
vWe wore
a steel point or
shear, and never
and then it was
to shop but once,
to get a new
nose
or
point. I do not try to put steel points on anything,
for
who
work
it
is
too
as
particular
anyone
A
something breaks.
just picks tools up when
most
is a luxury on
farms, because
sharp harrow

the

work

smith

average

and

enough,
And

harden
had

do

the

one

in

farm

tools

works

in

the

with

hard
too
they are
smoothing
sharpened my

commenced

it

on

all the

harrow

is

land,

sharper

paid $1.50
never

use

before

chain
on

we

the

at
a

dull

had

hooks,

open

rainy days.

I make

of my

days.

not

crop

now

for

shop

hard

my

the

the

can

who

has

farmer

is

learns

soon

enough.

before
last year
used
of 64 acres,
than

more

than

farmer
as

out

smith

average

harrow

some

on

few

tools, and

or

corn

our

on

the

good as a
tempering,

as

when

we

teeth

draw

the

believe

not

who

not

dull

are

experience

some

the

they

does

and

my
who
neighbor's,

same

once,

work.

We

did
as
we
pick now
chains, making
forge. Welding
rings, clevises, are all easy to do

mattock

I could

shop.

not

or

tell all the

different

uses

272

HANDY

Blacksmithing
i do

the

chores

for hired

them

Not

in the

work

in,for the

DEVICES'

FARM

Man's

Hired

Work

shop myself, fiading other

men.

You

reason

that

afford

cannot

break

to

they

leave and
soon
may
would
be for nothing.

teaching and trouble

By doing the work
myself, I have learned a little
of it,and
each
more
acquired the knack
year, have
is to be done.
Had
we
really enjoy doing what
had a shop when
I was
a
boy all of the repair work
done
could
have
been
at
by the boys, and I would
all the

the

needs

own

My

have

time

same

farm.

It pays
gradually add
hammer
I
in

and

shop,
to

the

other

tools

as

did

and

slowly,

Get

small

you

is all in favor

well.

for

hammer.

Start

splendid training for

my;

now.

experience

claw

had

of the

time

not

equip

the

on

forge first,and
you

before

some

shop

my

getting
shop all

used

smith's

at

once.

gradually, learn
the
shop will develop itself. Get a
of its help
will believe in it because
way,

build

can.

then

up

you.

HORSESHOE

'A

handy
be

may

end

of

extend

about

timber.

more

by cutting
form

of

selected

calks.

barrels
or
prying up boxes
the
on
by nailing an old horseshoe
ends
of the horseshoe
4, lettingthe
inch or two
an
beyond the end of the

lever

made

LEVER

for

finished

device

may

be

constructed

the

to
part of the lever down
upper
should
rounded
handle.
A horseshoe

with

fairlylong

and

well-sharpened

the
be

heel

WORTH

KNOWING

HORSESHOE

HOW

TO

Remove
from

all

after
the

tin

and

to

to

goods to
only the
with

best

other

roof
is

Use

the

Paint

do

of

oxide

oil all raw,

litharge only

allow

not

plate with tin

paint the finished
the
coating. Use

of

brown

ately
immedi-

base

and

rust,

substances

loose

finished;

coat

or

ROOFS

clean.

oxidation

red

linseed

boiled.

and

prevent

prevent

pure

TIN

you

"

TOOIJ

PAINT

have

laying
rust

lead

FOR

rosin

and

seams

273

half

or
as

iron, mixed
and

raw

drier.

half

Litharge

makes

hard
that when
to coating, so
paint adhere
Don't
it off.
thoroughly dry you cannot
use
scrape
turpentine or patent driers.
any
brushes
and
rub
in
Apply all paint with hand
This
is very
well.
important. Don't put paint on
thick

"

rubbed
roof

in,
stand

second
second
not
or

coat

one

have
three

to

than

weeks
Six

coat.

put

years.

on

paint

well, and

covers

better

is

two

coat

that

to

or

third

coat.

more

much

put

month

months

roof

Too

three

on

thoroughly
thick.

before
so

than

paint

is

after

After

Let

applying
applying

this you

da

two
every
injuresa tin roof*
once

well

paint well stirred

in.
By following

have

Keep

put

up;

for

their

to

woodwork.

is then

wood

is left for

upon
When

the

of

then

in

heated

agreeable
dis-

permanent,

and

reimmersed

size
wood

the
in

The

depending
of the pieces of wood.
until dry,
is stacked
time

borax

of the

solution

weaker

borax,

Fahrenheit.

hours, the

12

or

out,

degrees

212

of

solution

saturated

to

10

density

taken

ornamental

sulphates discolor the wood.

from
for keeping wood
decay.
mersing
in imconsists
it is simple, and

wood

which

objections,

are

The

preparation
the

tive
effec-

iron, are

or

flooringsor

leaves

Creosote

is excellent

The

for

use

smell.
Borax

of copper
There
wood.

preserving

however,

years.

sulphate

or

will

you

WOOD

PRESERVING

Creosote,

rub

and

thin

on

directions

these

last many

will

that

roof

DEVICES

FARM

HANDY

274

again, and are then ready for

structible
Boards
thus
use.
prepared are
practicallyindefrom
are
nearly incombustible.
rot, and
Another
part
preservative is a compound of one
for

brief time, dried

silicate
wood

of

for

several

time

and

of

days,

mentioned

soaked

painted

mixture.

in the

Thus

ground,

and

with

twice
and

water-cement

water

pure

the

"

24 hours, then dried

second
dried
and
a

solution

then

afterward

part

one

decay

in the

remain

to

of

three

and

potassa

of

four

prepared,
will be

mixture

the

it

first-

will

not

incombustible

out

of it.
Another

by
of

for

preventing decay

paint which
possesses
It
being impervious to water.
use

of

process

the

parts of tar, 500

is

parts of fine white

of wood

is

advantages

composed

of 50

sand,

parts

2^6

FARM

HANDY

manufacture

of
with

saturated
remain

potash

the

to

weather.

WOOD

RENDER

FIREPROOF

woodwork
Rendering the
against catching fire can be
and

cost,

with

with

potash
has

They become'
inside and
yellov^rish
rot.

never

alkali, turn

the

impervious
TO

DEVICES

of
done

little trouble.

nearly
dried, apply
as

neutral

the

of

of

coats

work
wood-

silicate

possible,and
two

secure

insignificant

an

solution

as

or

one

at

Saturate

delicate

very

houses

when

of

this

stronger

solution.
Another
a

method

act

well, but

as

renders

the

ravages

of insects.
the

simply
of

solution

concentrated

will

is

wood

wood

soak

to

rock

the

salt.

it is

expensive.
proof against dry

in

Water-glass
The

salt also
and

rot

Still another

method

saturated

solution

with

wood

the

is to
of

merse
im-

borax,

heat

being gradually applied until the solution

reaches
It is then left for
212
degrees Fahrenheit.
and
size
ID
12
hours, according to the nature
or
wood.

of the

WASH

FIREPROOF
A
sand

FOR
of

preparation composed
or

wood

the

roof

fire from

ashes, put
50 per

The

older

expense

against
and

more

fine

lime, salt and

like whitewash,

more

falling cinders,

vicinity. It pays the

preserving influence
weather.

cent

on

SHINGLES

secure

in
a

case

against

ing
tak-

of fire in the

hundredfold

the

ders
ren-

effects

weather-beaten

in its
of

the
the

benefit
derived.
Such
shingles,the more
shingles
less warped, rough and
or
more
generally become
cracked; the applicationof the wash, by wetting

KNOWING

WORTH

277

them
at once
to their
surface, restores
originalform, thereby closing up the space between
the shingles, and
the lime
and
sand, by filling
up

the

upper

the

cracks

and

in the

pores

shingle itself,
prevents

warping.
WOOD

PETRIFIED

Mix

salt, rock alum, white

equal parts of gem
and
Peebles'
After
the
vinegar, chalk
powder.
mixture
becomes
wood
or
quiet, put into it any

HOW

Boiling

small

the

out

one-tenth

has

fallen, will

will

not

up

and

drop

exhausted

be

all the

sap

month

to

the

part of

wood

to

darken

be

done

it is

of the

the

leaves

have

tree.

drawn

The

time
to

more

WOOD
feasible

bleach

to

small

surface, especiallyin repairing,than

wood

acid

in

ounce

leaf

every

weather.

nearly

weeks, according

six

larger portion of
the
by brushing over

of

ing
tak-

felled in full leaf

lie until

to

BLEACHING
Sometimes

shrinks

Trees

will

process

nearly dry, as
themselves
until they

off

required is from
the dryness of

the

"

which

wood,

allowed

then

wood

non-resinous

operation.

July, and

or

like stone.

WOOD

five hours

or

of the

in the

June

of

pieces

in four

sap

latter becomes

SEASON

TO

them

season

in

the

substance, and

porous

oxalic

the

work.
a
a

This

solution

pint

of

can
posed
com-

water,

then
few
minutes
and
a
wiping
letting it remain
be repeated if necessary.
dry. The operation may
A
few
drops of nitric ether, or a quarter of an
of tartaric acid, will assist the operation; or
ounce

2y8
solution

hot

FARM

HANDY

Lemon

alone.
Cut

the

the

wood.

When

tartaric

of

juice will
in half

lemon

the

DEVICES

also

and

has

bleaching

acid
whiten

rub

been

be

may

the

done

woods.

most
cut

used

face

upon

the

wood

and

dry, give a thin coat of shellac or French

polish,
the bare wood
the light and air acting upon
will
as
bring back the original color.
If the wood
obstinately resists bleaching, it may
be lightened by mixing a little fine bismuth
white,
flake white
ball white
or
(the cleansing balls sold
by druggists) with the shellac, and give it a thin
is

This

coat.
or

obscures

as

the

whitens, but
the

and

grain

Rub

evenly
and

is,therefore, not

oil and

the

wood

will
and
The
on

the

fixed

pumice
grain is cut
boiled

seed
lin-

POLISH

of

vinegar, mix,
This
arabic
a
finely powdered.
make
look
almost
furniture
as
good as new
be easily applied, as it requires no
can
rubbing.
be shaken, and the polish poured
bottle should
rag and applied to the furniture.
equal parts
pint of gum

SIZE

By

good

piece of

rising of the
take powdered
tripoliand
polish to a bright surface.
until

FURNITURE

add

so

POLISH

over

water

then

down;

Take

deadens

method.
bleaching:
^fc"

WOOD

stone

somewhat

it also

the
in

aid of
size

glue

stains.

oil and

sweet

STAINS

in the

They

solution, the
are

colors

employed

for

are

the

WORTH

purpose

of

woods,

such

giving
as

and

ordinary

are

walnut,

KNOWING

color

2/9?

chairs, bedsteads

bookcases.

The

mahogany,

work

cheap

to

and

in

tables

common

colors

soft

usually wanted

cherry color,

oak

and

even

rosewood.
For

Mahogany

For

Rosewood

Dissolve

pound of glue in a.
gallon of water, and stir in ^ pound Venetian
red,
and
chrome
34 pound
yellow, or yellow ocher.
Darken
with
the red and
lighten with yellow, as
desired.
If the Venetian
ficiently
not
red does
give a suflook
dark
put in a pinch of lampblack.
Apply hot.
yellow,

and

instead
then

of
add

"

Same

"

the

parts of the

rosewood.

put
with

latter

put

omitting the
red (or more)

mahogany,

using % pound Venetian

Give
coat
one
^ pound.
pinch, or
lampblack, one

color; with
For

as

the

in

of

this

more,

to

figure or

and
the
dark

gallon of glue size (as above)

umber.
burnt
Lighten
% pound powdered
yellow (chrome or ocher), if need be. Hot.
Oak

In

"

White
walnut

woods

potassa.

Some

rapidly, while

be

may

by painting
warm

STAIN

WOOD

DARK

or

given
sponging

solution
kinds

of

of
wood

require more
by
decomposed

the

appearance
with
them
a

time.

others

centrated
con-

of

permanganate
become

of

stained
The

manganate
per-

fiber;
woody
is deposited, which
brown
peroxide of manganese
be removed
afterward
by washing with water.
may
will
be varnished, and
The
dry, may
wood, when
to resemble
closely the natural dark
be found
very
is

woods.

the

280

HANDY

RED

Boil

three

or

red

is

FOR

Brazil

is desired, boil

the

and

alum

dry, burnish

in water,

thoroughly
Then
give the

cloth.

WOOD

wood

till it is the

coats,

dissolved

DEVICES

STAIN

chopped
it through

strain

FARM

shade

wood

in

the

If

wanted.

two

deep

in which

water

When

quicklime.

it with

wood

the

burnisher

last
and

is
coat

then

varnish.

GLUE

LIQUID
Dissolve

pound of best glue

add
i
pint of vinegar.
I

and

water,

in
It

i^^ pints of
is ready for

use.

CEMENT
Take

FOR

of

ounce

an

of

ounces

it with

mix

METAL

thick

solution

of linseed-oil

ounce

of

and

glue,

half

varnish, and

the

turpentine;

pure

GLASS

AND

whole

is then

boiled

The
bodies
two
together in a close vessel.
should
be clamped and held together for about
two
to
days after they are united to allow the cement
become
then be removed.
dry. The clamps may
CEMENT

BROKEN

FOR

Stir plaster of paris into

arabic
with

till it becomes
a

parts

brush

i^'hite
water,

the

thick

viscous

fractured

solution

paste.

edges, and

of gum

Apply
draw

it

the

closely together.

CEMENT

Take

to

CHINA

FOR

CROCKERY

AND

GLASS

pounds of white glue, ij4 pounds

lead, j^ pound of isinglass,i gallon
of alcohol, and
i
"^ pint of
quart
4

of

dry

of soft
white

varnish.

put the

in the

alcohol

glue

if

heat

by gentle

water

the

Dissolve

28r

KNOWING

WORTH

isinglass in

and

preferred,stir
and

varnish

the

mix

lead,

the

in

the

whole

together.
GLASSWARE

MENDING

be
easily
glassware may
Fit the pieces in their proper
follows:
mended
as
to
the vessel
keep
places and tie a string around
boil the entire
Then
the parts from
slipping out.
Broken

for

dish
will

and

dishes

two

three

or

firmly glue
with

for years

the

in

hours

vessel

will

china, and

care.

proper

CEMENT

to

strongly

variety

pieces

unite

polished steel,and

even

of

it will last

together and

ARMENIAN

This

This

milk.

sweet

useful

purposes.
each the

six bits of gum

mastic,
rectified spiritsof
in as much

of

glass
be

may

wine

as

applied
five

Dissolve
size of

and

or

large pea,
will

suffice

vessel, dissolve
liquid; and, in another
in
much
as
isinglass,previously a little softened
be used), in
of the water
must
water
(though none
twowill make
a
French
as
brandy or good rum,
small
vial of very
ounce
strong glue, adding two
which
must
bits of gum
galbanum of ammoniacum,
Then
be rubbed
or
ground till they are dissolved.
with a sufficient heat.
mix the whole
Keep the glue
it is to be used
in a vial closely stopped, and when
set the vial in boiling water.
to

render

it

JAPANESE

powdered rice with a

cold water, then
gradually add boiling water
consistence
is acquired, being para
proper

Thoroughly
little
until

CEMENT

mix

the

best

282

DEVICES

FARM

HANDY

ticularlycareful to keep it well

be boiled for one
lastly it must
earthen
or
pipkin.
saucepan
almost

for

transparent,

adapted

for

all the

minute
This

which

in

glue

time

which

clean

is

white,

it is

reason

work,

paper

colorless

and

strong

fancy

stirred

well

requires

cement.

PREPARATION

ROOFING

pint of fine sand, 2 of sifted wood-ashes,

and 3 of lime ground up with oil. Mix
thoroughly,
and
lay on with a painter's brush, first a thin coat,
This composition is not only
and then a thick one.
cheap, but it strongly resists fire.
Take

KINDLERS

FIRE

Take

them,

bring

much

sawdust,

worked

be

when

of

quart

to

in ;

cold

tar

of resin, melt

pounds

mix

with

added,

as

cooling temperature,

with

spread

break

and

up

large hickory nut, and

little charcoal
while

out

into

hot
of

lumps
have,

you

at

upon

small

can

board,

size

the

as

of

expense,

They will
enough
kindling
year.
and burn
with
a
strong
easily ignite from a match
wood
that is fit
blaze, long enough to start any
for

material

one

burn.

to

PIPES

MENDING

Many
where
A

the

lead

making
the

farmers

pipe
an

minutes

which

could
has

had
not

be

been

excavation, for

in

repairingpipes
shut off conveniently.
off accidentally in
cut

trouble

instance,

following plan : The

are
plugged, and then a
ice and salt are
placed around
the water
in the pipe will

by
pipe

broken

water

have

the

ON

WATER

WITH

may
two

small
them
be

be

paired
re-

of

ends

pile
; in

of

five

frozen, the

284

HANDY

hot,

as

if the

or

trifle hotter

surfaces

of

union

heat

fluid, but

simply

between

at

the

must

the

fluid and

steel is

metal

into

tion
condi-

plastic.

GRINDING
All

first

piece. Then,,
the parts are
brought
gree
satisfactory.The debe, not to produce a

be

bring

to

the

when

will

aimed

DEVICES

than

clean

are

the

together,

FARM

TOOLS
of individual

composed

fibers

running
lengthways in the bar and held firmly together by
cohesion.
In almost
all farm
implements of the
cutting kind the steel portion which forms the edge,
if from

section

lengthwise,
fibers

of

that

so

hammered

it is the

and

tools,

as

in such

that

manner

right angles with

holding the edge
the

stone,
so

to

as

of

the
of

the

present

edge,

this

or,

tools

ends

all

stone

is to

will

instead

edgeis at

by

say,

the

across

square

fibers

the

the

strawcutters,

of the

action

of

forms

grindstone
of

bar

bundle

that

knives

and
the

the

direction

the

on

scythes

axes,

down

the

to

of the

side

ground

So, by holding

edge.

bar, is welded

be

of the

changed,
side

as

cutting edge. By grinding in this manner

finer,
a
smoother
edge is set, the tool is ground in less
time, holds an edge a great deal longer, and is far
less

liable

Plane

35

to

irons

degrees

chisels

nick

should
chisels

"

Tools

hard
for

inclination
and

for

wood,

are

working
to

the

cutting gun

80 to 90.

break.

to

be

ground

and

gouges

sometimes

may

Molding tools, such

very

and

out

as

used

are

made

at

iron

and

edge

of

and

in

run

from
steel

from

similar

to

to
an

for
50
are

60

level

of about

Turning
angle of 45.
ivory and for
to 60 degrees.
30.

beveled
to

metal

70

at

an

degrees,

range

from

INDEX

Page
Angles,
Angles,

Measuring
Plotting
Mounting

Anvil,
Anvil,
Ax

34

Carrier,

Yoke

35

Cart

Stock

246

Rail

10

Handle,

How

to

15

Secure

B
Holder

Bag

Balance

110,

111
107

Weighing

for

Page
Carrier, Barrel

for

163
91

Gate

Catch,

181

Catcher,
Pig
Outdoor
Cellar, Concrete
Cellar, Temporary
Cellar
Shelf, Revolving
for
Cellar
Stairs, Hint
Concrete
Cellar
Wall,

BamDriveway

115

Cement

Barn

200

Cementing

Plans

260

Round

198

Cements

for

202

Bam

Stairs

105

Cement,
Cement,

Mixing
Special

Bam

Truck

Barrel

Carrier

Barrel

Coolers

Barrel

Coop

Barrel

Cradle

Barrel

Hoop

Barrel

Trellis

Plant
with

Bars

Holder

Support

Chain

108

Cheese

Making

260

Cheese

Press

Chicken

46

Chicken

Coop,
Coop,

132

Chicken

Fountain

for

Bin

Vegetables

Power

Pins

for

Grain
Bins,
Bin, Hinged
Blacksmith

Grain
Farm

Wood
Bleaching
Boxed
Stone
Boat,
for
Bolts, Use
Box

Clothes

foi

Bex

for

Potatoes

Box

for

Tying

Box

Wheelbarrow

Brace

Rule

Bread

Cutting

Board

Brooder,

House

Small
Bridge,
Btiilding, House.
Derrick
Butchering
Butchering
Rig
Butter
Wagon
Refrigerator
Butter

Worker

Closet

255

Calf

Cutter

Stanchions

Camping

Tent

Cans,

Scoops

for

280

Closet,

66

Articles

Toilet

for

230
262

76

Outdoor

63

Clothes

Box

Clothes

Horse

109

Clothes

Line

108

Cold

269

Concrete

Anvil

Foundation

246

277

Concrete

Block

Machine

218

157

Concrete

Blocks

16

Concrete

Cellar

48

Concrete

Mixing

97

48

76
Elevator

75

Frames

140

217
Wall

225
216

Floor

Concrete

229

Concrete

On

Concrete

Outdoor

23

Concrete

Reinforced

the

Farm

214

227

Cellar
with

Wood.

231

59

Concrete

Reinforcement

123

Concrete

Smokehouse

229

124

Concrete

Walk

230

160

Cooker,

189

Cooler

100

Cooler,

98

264
51

Tank

243

Well

in

62,64

Water.

60
120

Barrel

Coop,
Coop,
Coop,
Coop,

224

121

Box
Portable

Chicken

123

Trap

Door

121

Corn

Crib,

Wire

211

114

Com

87

Com

Drying
Husking

Cabbage

118

112

240

Brooder

Roosts
Cement

129

248
Fleece

123
118

Cistern
Wall,
Cementing
Harness
Clamp,
Well
Cleaning
a

72

Shop,

121

China

55

for Hay

Box
Portable

181
127

Bicycle
Binding

Chicken

126

...

130

Husking

231

52

120

Hives
Extractor

223

for

Uses

52

Catcher

Feeder

Com

Brick

87

Chicken

Bee

Bench,

280

for

Tie

60

Bee

Beeswax

195
230

Mending

109

72

Horseshoe

82
225

Wall

Cistern

Small

Windlass

74
77

House

Block

Bam,
Barn,

Bam

105
227

171
49

Cottage
CowStaU

Plans

Rack
Rack

236
112

193
84

INDEX

286

^^^"

Page
Cow Stanchions
Out
to Stake
Cows, How
for
Stalls
Kicking
Cows,
Cradle, Barrel

Cutter, Feed
Cutter, Seed
Cutter, Root

Garden

Garden

88

Gate, Adjustable
Wire
Gate, Balanced
Gate
Gate

142

Gate,
Gate,
Gate,
Gate,

Pole

Glass
Glass

Cement
in Doors

248
113
114

Cutter, Vegetable

161
100
154
160
67

Derrick, Carcass
Hay
Derrick, Portable
Ditching Scraper
for Pump
Dog Power
Door
Fastener, Stall

186
184

Fasteners.
Latch
for
Doors, Glass Panels
for
Latch
Double
Doors,
Combined
Drag and Harrow
Door
Door

188

Drinking
Drinking
Drogue
Dumb

Fountain

for Chicks.

Fountain,

Poiiltry

Waiter

E
Euclid, 47th Problem
Extractor, Solar Wax
F
Fastener, Stall Door
for Doors
Fasteners
Basket
Feed
Box
Feed
Feed
Box, Partitioned
Cutter
Feed
Feed
Hopper, Poultry
Rack
Feed
Feed
Rack, Portable
for Bees
Feeder
Fence, Movable
Fence, Over Stream
Reel
Wire
Fence
Filter
Filter for Cistern
Fire Alarm
Fire Kindlers
Fire Ladder

Fireproofing Shingles.
Fleece Tying Box
Floating Fence
Floor, Concrete
to Lay
Floor, How
in Barrel
Rack
Folding Table
Cooler
Food
Fruit Picker
Fruit Sorting Table
to Haul
Fuel, How
Seed Grain
Fumigating

Flowers
Fodder

Furniture

Polish

of....

Catch

Adjustable

Hanger,

Wire

and

SHding

182

Suspended

180-

44

Glue,

Liquid

Grain
Grain

Bins

175
250
280
.

44

Box, Hinged
Grain, Killing Insects

118

117
159
37

32
129

186
184

83
84
93

112
116

95
96

130
183
182
155
70
68
80

282
82

276
97
182
229

213
72
164
50
60
148
151

110, 111
208.

284
9

24^'

Pulling

Hammer,

Clamp
Harness
and
Drag Combined.
Harrow
Derrick
Hay
Pins
Bmding
Hay
to Scare
How
Hawks,
.

Hawk
Heat

262
256
154
255

126
126

Trap
Trap

145

for
for Hotbed

Hawks,

138

S7

Heater, Lamp
Heating Water
Hen

99

125

House

256

Rope

Hitches,
Hives, Bee
Rig
Hog Butchering
Movable
Hog House,

127

Hog Pens
Hog Trough, Partitioned
Sack
Holder, Grain
Trellis
Hoop
Basket
Horse, Feed
Horse

Feed

110,

Box

Horse, Folding
Horse, Shaving
Horseshoes
Horseshoe

Hotbed,
Hotbed,

House,
House.

Permanent

Hotbed,
House

for Bars
Lever
for
Heat
to Make
How

Building, Hints

for

Block
Cem.ent
Plans for

Houses.

Hog

98
102
104
102
111
131
83
84
1212
181
272
138
136
137
189
195
190
104

I
Ice House
Ice House
Ice Molds

168

254
278

in

Rig

Grindstone

41
...

280
109'
108
254

Holder
Sack
Grain
Greenhouses
Grinding Tools

185
256

Dresser

179'
17S
181
178
176
177

Turnstile
Wheel
with
Gate
Box
Germination

D
Dam

Stool

248
126
112

Potato

144

92
46

Crate, Vegetable
to Scare
Crows, How
Cultivator. Hand

86

Jack, Log
Jack, Wagon

and

Milk

House....

204
207
233.

170
238

287

INDEX

Page
K
Kettle

241
282
39
43
258

Tripod
Fire
Cabinet
Cabinet
at
How
to Tie

Kindlers,
Kitchen
Kitchen

Knots,

Window

L
Wheels
Ladder, Place for
Truss
Ladder,
Heater
Lamp
Land
Measure
Lantern
Hanger
Latch, Door
Latch
for Double
Doors
Lawn
Mower
Feed
Cutter.
Level, Homemade
for Rooms
Light, More
Liquid Glue
Ladder

151
82
150
57
167
106

on

......

14
44

280
164
169

170
244
168
20

Rule

M
Mail Box, Trolley
Market
Conveniences.
Wagon
Measure, Land

Measuring
Medicine

Angles

and

Milking
Miter
Mold

Combined

88,

Box

Chain

71
263
167

89, 90
24

for Concrete
Molds, Ice

Neck

76
282
283
207

Pipes

Houses
Stool

34

Closet

Mending Water
Metal
Welding
Milk

Blocks

N
for Cattle

Nests, Trap

221
233

119

Octagon

Scale
Old Oaken
Bucket
Outdoor
Closet

Poiiltry Coop
Box
Poultry Feed
Runners
Poultry House
on
Power
for Pump
Ptoller,Post
Lantern
Pulley-Hung
Pulling Stumps
for
Pump,
Dog Power
Pxomp Platform, Ventilated

23
232
63

Rack.
Rack

Com
Fodder
tor Com

': Petrified
Wood
"i Picker, Fruit
Plans, Bam
Plans
for Cottage
Plans
for House
Plant
Protector
Platform
for Pump
Porch, Vine-Covered
Preserving Wood
Pig Net
Pipe Twister
,

Plotting Angles
Plow, Snow
il Pole and Wire Gate

Husking
Hauling

112
164

Rack,

236
95

Rack
Rack
Rack

38
235

Feed
Hanging
for Milking Stool
for Preserves
for Seed
Corn
Feed
Rack, Portable
for Hens
Rack, Water
Out
to Lay
Rafters, How
Reel, Clothes
Boat
Reel, Wire
on
Wheels
Reel, Wire
on

90

96

117
28

76
156
155

Refrigerator
Rein
Clip
Reinforced

64

Concrete

Reservoir,

Storage
to Figure.
Right Angles, How
Roller, Road
to Handle
Rope, How
Roof, PaintingTin
Roofing Preparation

...

Roosts,
Folding
Cutter, Saw

Root
Round

263
224
167
32
158
256
273
282
118
113

Bam

198

Saw

Horse

Seasoning
Seed
Seed
Seed
Seed

273
265
277
148
200

193
190

134
65
213
274
105
263
35
241

176

1 70
277
234
250

Wood
Rack

Cora
Com
Potato
Sower

Testing
Cutter

248
162

Seed, Watering
Run
to
Scissors, How

Painting Tin Roof

Papering a Room

67
65

Rack,

Separator,
*

166

S
87

o
i

278
165
249
246
121
116
124
67
165
106

Post Puller
Potato
Cutter
Potato
Sorter

188

185
112

Loading Rig
Logging Bob
Log Jack
Log Water
Trough
Logging, Rig for
Lumber

Page
Polish, Furniture

144

by Tread
Sharpen

Scraper, Ditching
Scoops from Tin Cans
Sharpening Scissors
Horse
Shaving
Sheep Fence, Movable
Sheep Feed Trough
Covered
Sheds, Straw
Shelf, Revolving
Shelter,

Plant

Shingles, Preserving
Size Stains

Skidway
Slatted

Stall

Slaughter House
Concrete
Smokehouse,
Device
Smoking

Power

56
265
160
49

265
12

183
94
94
77
134
275
278
169
88
99
229
243

288

INDEX

Page
Snow

Plow
Solder, How

214

17

Make

to

16

Soldering
Sorter, Potato

246

Sorting

151

Sowing

162

Table
Machine
to True
Square, How
Square, the Steel
Stall for Cows
Stains, Wood
Stair Stringer, How
to
Stairs, Barn
Stock
Staking Out

26

84
279

Lay

Out.

30
.

105
92
86

Stanchions
for Calves
Steel Square, Use of
Stock
Cart
Stone
Boat, Boxed
Stool, Garden

87
19
91

157
144

88. 89, 90

Stool, Milking

90

Rack
Stove, Fence
Stool

Around
to
Straight Edge, How
Straw-Covered
Sheds
Fence
Across
Stream,

Pulling
Stump
Rule
Surveving,

47
Make.

28
...

94

183
166

for

33

Gate
Suspended
Swinging Sheep Trough

182
94

Folding
Fruit Sorting

Table,
Tank

Heater

Camping
Testing Seed
Tent,

Tool
Grinding
Needed
Tools

Transplanting
Trap for Owls
Hawk
Trap Nests
Power
Tread
Trees, How

Workshop
Large Tree

for

50
151
243
171
250
284
7
146

145
126

Trap,

for Separator
to Move

119
56
146

Tree, Transplanting
Trellis, Folding
Trellis, Barrel Hoop

147

for Beans
Trellis, Iron Hoop

133
131
134
71
94

132
132

Trellis

Trellis, Self-Supporting
Mailbox
Trolley
Trough, Sheep

Trough,

Partitioned

72
213

Wagon
Jack
Market
Wagon,
Walk, Concrete
Wall, Cementing
Wall
to Hang
Paper, How
Pedal
Machine,
Washing
Water
Bottle, Poultry.
Water
Water
Water
Water
Water

Cooler
Filter
Filter

Hog

for

Cistern

102

...

Cooler
How
to Clean
Wheelbarrow
Wheelbarrow
Sheep Trough
Gate
Wheel
Barn
Windlass,
Windlass
for Butchering
Wire
Gate
Wire
Reel
Boat
on
Wire
Reel
Wheels
on
Wire
Splicer
Wire
Tightener
Wood
Bleaching
Wood
Fireproofing

Well,

Wood,
Wood,
Wood,
Wood

171

62, 64
66
239

96
174
108
98
176
156
155
13
155
277
276
168

Hauling
How
to Split
Petrified
Polish

Wood,
Wood,

Preserving
Seasoning
Wood
Splitter
The
Farmer's
Workshop,
Bit-Stock
Wrench,

245
277
278
274
277
245
7
11

93

180

68

99
Heating for Butchering
Pipes, Mending
282
Rack
for Hens
Watering
117
Seed
Watering
144
Water
167
Storing
Water
77
Supply for House
Water
Trough
244
15
Wedge
Staple
Balance
107
Weighing
Lifter
237
Weight
Metals
283
Welding
Well
Frontispiece

109
26

for Barn
Truing the Square
Tub Feed Box
Ttimstile Gate
Truck

Power

238
263
230
230
265
55
117
60
70

Well

Table,

98

19

Swinging

Stanchions,

Vat, Butchering
Vegetable Storage Bin
Vine-Covered
Veranda,

Yoke

Crate

Carrier

^^

163

'

'