LISTA DE EXERCICIOS

3
1. A beam with rectangular cross section, t = 20 mm and W = 40 mm, is loaded with a bending
moment M as shown in the figure 1. A 12 mm deep crack (a = 12 mm) has appeared in the beam
(see figure 1). In order to increase the load-carrying capacity of the cracked beam, the material
around the crack is removed. It is decided that 9 mm of the beam height should be removed by
grinding. After the grinding the beam height thus is 31 mm. The crack, however, is still there, and
its depth is now 3 mm. Material properties KIc = 40 MN/m3/2 and y = 900 MPa

Figure 1: A beam with rectangular cross section

(a) How much has the ultimate bending moment been increased by the grinding? (Thus, calculate the ultimate load M of the beam before grinding and after the grinding.)
(b) The purpose of the grinding was perhaps to remove all the crack. What bending moment
can be put on the beam if 12 mm were removed (i.e. even the crack tip has been removed)? In this
case the yield limit of the material limits the loading.

2. Show that the radius of the plastic zone surrounding the tip of a mode-II crack is given by
1
r p ( ) =
8

KII
Y

2

(14 2 cos 9 sin2 )

(1)

(12 + 2(1 )(1 cos ) 9 sin2 )

(2)

for plane stress, and by

1
r p ( ) =
8

KII
Y

2

for plane strain. Plot the resulting curves for = 1/3.

1

3. A thin steel plate of width b = 100 mm contains an edge crack of length a = 20 mm and is
subjected to a stress = 400 MPa normal to the crack plane. Compute the length of the plastic
zone and plot the y stress distribution directly ahead of the crack according to the Irwin model
The yield stress of the material is 2000 MPa.
Use

a
 a 2
 a 3
 a 4 

KI = a 1.12 0.23
+ 10.55
21.72
+ 30.39
b
b
b
b

(3)

for a/b < 0.6.

4. A large plate of steel contains a crack of length 20 mm and is subjected to a stress = 500
MPa normal to the crack plane. Plot the y stress distribution directly ahead of the crack according
to the Irwin model and Strip-Yield model (Dugdale). The yield stress of the material is 2000 MPa.
5. Determine the r p and KI for a plate illustrated in Fig 3, where 2a = 200 mm, 2W = 400 mm
and o = 100 MPa. Consider the thickness iquals to 2 mm and Y = 300 MPa.

Figure 2: A large plate with central crack

In order to determine the geometric factor, use

2

Figure 3: Geometric factor Y

6. Two infinite layers of heights h1 and h2 and large thickness are made of different materials
with moduli of elasticity and Poissons ratios E1 , 1 and E2 , 2 respectively, Fig 4. The layers are
joined across their interface forming a semi-infinite crack, and are subjected to bending moments
m at x . Determine the value of J-integral.

Figure 4: A semi-infinite crack along the interface of two infinite layers of different heights

7. During a tension test of a large plate with a central crack the crack opening (0) was recorded
as a function of the load P. The recorded curve deviated from a straight line as given in Fig5.
Symmetric stable crack growth was observed during the loading of the plate. Calculate the crack
growth during the loading. The material is linearly elastic, ideally plastic with yield strength Y .
The plate is thin so that the stress state is plane (PS). Thus, the Strip-Yield (Dugdale) model may be
used. Numerical data: crack length ao = 0.01 m, plate thickness t = 0.002 m, plate size h = W = 0.2
m, yield limit Y = 600 MPa, and modulus of elasticity E = 200 GPa.

Figure 5: Tension test of a large plate with a central crack.

The crack opening displacement (COD) at fracture is

c (0) =

8Y ac 1 + sin( /2Y )
ln
E
cos( /2Y )

(4)

8. The bar shown in Fig. 6 is subjected to a repeated moment 0 M 1200 lbfin. The

bar is AISI 4430 steel with Sut kpsi, SY = 170 kpsi, and KIc = 73 kpsi in. Material tests on
various specimens of this material with identical heat treatment indicate worst-case constants of
m
C = 3.8x1011 (in/cycle)/(kpsi in) and m = 3.0. As shown, a nick of size 0.004 in has been
discovered on the bottom of the bar. Estimate the number of cycles of life remaining.

Figure 6: Bar subjected to a repeated moment M.

9. Given a 1050 HR steel (Sut = 90 kpsi), estimate

(a) the rotating-beam endurance limit at 106 cycles.
(b) the endurance strength of a polished rotating-beam specimen corresponding to 104 cycles to
failure.
(c) the expected life of a polished rotating-beam specimen under a completely reversed stress of
55 kpsi.
10. Figure 7 shows a rotating shaft simply supported in ball bearings at A and D and loaded by
a non-rotating force F of 6.8 kN, and Sut = 690 MPa SY = 580 MPa, estimate the life of the part.

Figure 7: Shaft drawing showing all dimensions in millimeters; all fillets 3-mm radius. The shaft
rotates and the load is stationary; material is machined from AISI 1050 cold-drawn steel.

11. A 1.5-in-diameter bar has been machined from an AISI 1050 (Sut = 100 kpsi, SY = 84 kpsi)
cold-drawn bar. This part is to withstand a fluctuating tensile load varying from 0 to 16 kip. Because
of the ends, and the fillet radius, a fatigue stress-concentration factor K f is 1.85 for 106 or larger
life. Find Sa and Sm and the factor of safety for fatigue using (a) the Gerber fatigue line and (b) the
ASME-elliptic fatigue line.

ANSWERS
1. (a) The maximum bending moment M increases from 985 Nm to 1227 Nm, thus by 25 per
cent. (b) The moment can be increased to M = 2352 Nm if the full crack (with crack tip included)
is removed.
5. r p = 9.1 mm in the second trial.
6. The value of J-integral is

J = 6M

1 12 1 22
+
E1 H13
E2 H23


(5)

7. The crack growth is 2 a = 23.6 mm (thus, the crack has propagated 11.8 mm at each crack
tip).
8. The estimated remaining life is N = 68.7x103 cycles.
9. (a) Se0 = 45 kpsi, (b) S0f = 65.6 kpsi, (c) N = 7.75x104 cycles.
10. The life of the part is N = 68x103 cycles.
11. (a) The factor of safety for fatigue is n f = 3.66, Sa = Sm = 30.7 kpsi. (b) The factor of
safety for fatigue is n f = 3.75, Sm = 64.0 kpsi, Sa = 20 kpsi.