UNIT-I

1) Write short note on hypersonic vehicle.

Hypersonic vehicle is a vehicle that travels with a mach number
greater than 4 or 5. It can be either airplane or missiles or spacecraft or
rockets and re-entry vehicles.
Some hypersonic vehicle has a special type of jet engines called as
supersonic combustion or scramjet.
2) Write the application of hypersonic vehicles?

XB-70
X-30
X-43,Hyper X
Commercial passenger Aircraft
Military application
Missile

3) What is meant by supersonic combustion?

Generally in air breathing engine the flow speed in a combustor
becomes faster as flight speed increases. The flow speed in a combustor
can be supersonic (over mach number-1).When the flight speed becomes
hypersonic (over mach no-5).
4) Define scramjet engine?
The air breathing engine being that flow speed in the combustor is
supersonic called scramjet engine.
5) List out issues in Hypersonic Air breathing propulsion?

Combustor Design
Fuel /cooling
Injection/Mixing
Shockwave-Boundary layer Interaction

 Variable Geometry Vs Fixed geometry

Flight speed
6) What are the types of combustion chamber?
There are three types of combustion chamber such as
a) Can type
b) Annular type
c) Can Annular type
7) What are the losses occurred in expansion process of scramjet
engines?

Under expansion
Failure to recombine dissociated species
Flow angularity
Viscous losses

8) List out the various methods of scramjet fuel injection?

Parallel, Normal and Transverse Injection

Ramp Injectors
Strut injector
Plasma injector
Pylon injector
Barbotage injection system
Rectangular cavity flame holder
Cavity-pylon flame holder
Conventional- scale bluff body flame holder
Micro-flame holder
Pulsed injector
Upstream injector
Cantilever fuel injectors.

9) What is the need for supersonic combustion?

Speed

Greater than mach number 5 are called Hypersonic. A

regular passenger plane files at 0.8 mach and military jet files at 2
mach.
According to NASA it is one of the greatest aeronautical research

challenges
Faster intercontinental travel
Allow seamless entry to space and park at space station
Defence field :Invisible spy planes and strategic bombers
Reusable satellite &mission launchers.

10) Draw the types of combustors?

can type

Can-Annular

Annular

Casing

---- linear
+

Fuel injection

11) Define can type combustor?

Cancombustors

are

self

contained

cylindrical

combustion

chambers. Each can has its own fuel injector, igniter, liner and
casing.

 Can type combustors were most widely use in early gas turbine
engines.
The pressure drop across the can is generally higher than other
combustors (on the order of 7%).
12) Define Annular type combustor?
Annular combustors do away with the separate combustion zones
and simply have a continuous liner and casing in a ring (the
annulus)
There are many advantages to annular combustors including more
uniform combustion, shorter size and less surface area.
13) Write the categories of the Hypersonic propulsion?

Liquid and solid fuel rockets

Ramjets
Ducted Rockets
Turbojets
Scramjets
Duel-combustion ramjet(DCR)

14) How the compression systems can be separated?

The performance of such compression system can be separated into
two key parameters.
Inlet capability
Inlet efficiency
15) Write 2 common methods for determining the properties at the inlet
throat?
Use an empirical relation for kinetic energy in combination with a
number of other parameters.
Use CFD to perform a numerical simulation of the Fore body/inlet
flow field.

16) What are the issues in the design of scramjet?

Inlet starting limits

Boundary layer separation limits
Minimization of external drag
Performance at off-design Mach number

17) Write the Advantages and disadvantages of scramjet engine?

Advantage:
Scramjet does not have any moving parts like compressor blades or
turbine blades.
No used to carry oxidizer
Due to less moving parts mechanical failures are avoided.
Disadvantages:
A scramjet cannot produce efficient thrust unless boost up to high
speed (i.e.) mach number equal to 5.
Testing scramjet design use extreme expensive hypersonic test
chamber.
High maintenance cost.
18) Define Rocket propulsion?
The thrust required for the propulsion of rocket is produced by the
high velocity of gases leaving from the nozzle which is similar to the jet
propulsion.
19) Distinguish between Ramjet and scramjet?

Ramjet

Scramjet

1. Ramjet can operate at high

speeds;

typically

M=2.0 & 4.0

between

1. Scramjet

operates

at

hypersonic speed.
2. Scramjet also has no moving

2. It has no moving parts

parts.

Unit 2
1) What are the types of chemical rockets?
liquid propellant
solid propellant
hybrid propellant
2) Define specific impulse.
Thrust developed per unit weight flow rate.
Isp=F/W

Isp =F/m.g
3) Define thrust.
The force which propels the aircraft towards at a given speed. This
thrust mainly depends on velocity of gases at exit of nozzle.
4) Define Internal Ballistics.
In guns internal ballistics cover the time from the propellant ignition
until the projectile exits the gun barrel.
5) What are the types of ballistics.
There are three types of ballistics,
Internal or Interior Ballistics
External Ballistics
Terminal Ballistics
6) What are the properties of liquid propellant?

high calorific value

density higher
cheap and easily available
easily ignitable

7) Write the application of rocket propulsion.

space rockets
military rockets
booster rockets
weather forecasting rockets

8) What are the types of igniters used in solid propellant ?

 pyrotechnic igniters
pyrogen igniters
9) What are the types of igniters used in liquid propellant?

self impinging stream pattern

double impinging stream pattern
triple impinging stream pattern
parallel stream type
co-axial hollow post injectors

10) Define characteristic velocity with respect to rocket system.

c*=P1t/ni
The characteristic velocity has been used frequently in the rocket
propulsion literature. Its symbol is c*. It is used in comparing the relative
performance of different chemical rocket propulsion system designs and
propellants.
11) Name any two properties of liquid propellant.
Low freezing point
It permits operation of rockets in cold weather
High temperature

12) Write the advantage an disadvantage of liquid propellant.

Advantage:
combustion process in controllable
high specific impulse
long range operation

Disadvantage:
high cost
high vibration
size and weight of the engine is more compared to solid propellant
13) What are the types of liquid propellant engine(ignition)?
cryogenic engine
semi-cryogenic engine
hypergonic ignition
14) Write the application of hypesonic ignition.
Aerozine 50+ Nitrogen tetraoxide used in american rockets.
Unsymmetrical
dimethylhydrazine
+
nitrogen
tetraoxide( Russia&India)
15) Write the properties of solid propellant rockets.

low freezing point

High specific gravity
stability(with time)
small variation in physical characteristics with temperature
heat transfer properties

16) How nozzles are classified in the solid propellant rockets?

fixed nozzle
movable nozzle
submerged nozzle
extendible nozzle
blast-tube-mounted nozzle

17) Write the advantages and disadvantages of propulsion rocket.

Advantages:
High specific impulse

 High efficiency
Inert propellant
Disadvantages:
Complex power conditioning and heavy power supply
high voltage , single propellant only
low thrust per unit area
18) Write the Advantages and disadvantages of hypergonic ignition.
Advantages:
Very simple in construction
No need of ignition
Disadvantages:
It is less energetic
It should carry a greatest mass of fuel
safety is needed more
19) write the formula for impulse, specific impulse and the effective jet
velocity.
Impulse
I=MpVJ
MP=mass propellant
VJ=Velocity of jet

Specific Impulse
Isp=I.MP
I=Impulse
MP=mass of propellant

Effective jet velocity

VJ=ISP
ISP= Specific Impulse

20) Define nozzle-less propulsion.

The concept of nozzle-less rocket motors stems from the possibility of
obtaining the required booster configuration in an integrated rocket
ramjet type of vehicle. Despite the fact that expansion of the chamber
gases cannot be effected in nozzle-less system as efficiently as in nozzle

rockets, an overall grain is still possible because of higher propellant

loading in the given volume.