Malvino Summary

BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS
Electronic Communications System By Malvino
CHAPTER
11
#
1)
2)
3)
4)
AMPLITUDE MODULATION RECEPTION
DEFINITIONS
Means that the transistor operates in the
active region at all times.
In Class A amplifier the collector current
flows in what angle of the ac
What amplifier operate differenly from the Class
A operation because the collector current flows
for only half the cycle (180)
What amplifier means that the collector current
flows for less than
180 of the ac cycle?
TERMS
AM Demodulation
360
Class B operation
Class C operation
1. capacitive coupling
5)
What are the different types of coupling?
2. transformer
coupling
3. direct coupling
6)
7)
8)
What transmits the amplified ac voltage to the next

stage?
What are the types of coupling where both are
examples of
Collector of the first transistor and the

base of the second transistor?
What type of coupling where there is a direct
connection betweent the
collector of the first transistor and the base of the
second transistor?
What is the other name for direct- coupled amplifier?
9)
10)
What amplifier operates in the range of 20 Hz to 20

KHz?
11)
transformer coupling
capacitive coupling and

transformer coupling
direct coupling
dc amplifier
Audio amplifier
RF amplifier
What amplifier amplifies frequencies above 20 KHz, or
usually much higher?
Prepared By : RANIEL P. BABON
32

Amplifiers can also be classified as what?
12)
13)
What amplifiers works over a small frequency range

like 450 to
460 KHz?
14)
What amplifier operates at large frequency range like

0 to 1 MHz?
15)
Narrowband are usually what kind of amplifiers?
16)
What amplifier means that their ac load is a high- Q

resonant tank
tuned to a radio station or television channel?
17)
What signal level in which the peak-to-peak swing in

collector current is less than 10 percent of the
quiescent collector current?
What signal level in which the peak-to-peak signal

uses all or most of the load line.
18)
19)
What amplier produces a large output suitable for

driving tone and volume controls?
20)
What amplifier produces output power ranging from a

fee hundred milliwatts up to hundred of watts?
21)
What determines the peak-to-peak sinusoidal current

and voltage?
22)
narrow band and wide

band
narrowband
wideband
tuned RF amplifiers
tuned RF amplifiers
small-signal operation
large-signal operation
preamp
power amplifier
ac load line
power gain
What is equal to the ac output divided by the ac input
power?
33

23)
24)
25)
What is equal to the dc voltage times the current?
When a signal is present, what happens to the power

dissipation of a transistor when the transistor converts
some of the quiscent power to signal power?
What should be the power rating of a transistor in a

Class A amplifier or otherwise, the transistor will be
destroyed?
26)
What is equal to the ac output divided by the dc input

power?
27)
What is the range of the efficiency of the amplifier?
28)
What is the efficieny of the Class A amplifier?
29)
What amplifier is the common way to run a transistor

in linear circuits because it leads to the simplest and
most stable biasing circuits?
30)
What means that one transistor conducts for half cycle

while the
other is off, and vice versa?
31)
What is the main disadvantage of a Class B amplifier?
32)
What is the efficieny of the Class B amplifier?
33)
What is the main application of Class C amplifier?
34)
quiescent power
dissipation
decreases
It must be grater than PDQ
efficiency
between 0 and 100
percent
25%
Class A
Push-pull
the use of transformer
78.50%
RF amplifier
100%
What is the maximum efficiency of a tuned Class C

Amplifier?
34

35)
What do you call of the multiples of input frequency?
What does a Class C amplifier tuned circuit have?
36)
37)
38)
39)
What kind of amplifier is a Class C amplifier a

narrowband or
wideband?
In a Class C amplifier what is the relationship of the

bandwidth to the Q point?
What shoul we do to prevet the collector from shorting

to the chassis ground?
40)
What are the classes of amplifier?
41)
Where should be the location of the Q point to get the

maximum peak to peak output?
42)
What amplifier is used for push-pull connection of two

transistors?
43)
What happens to the power rating of a transistor as

the temperature Increases?
CHAPTER
harmonics
negatively clamped input

signal
narrowband
inversely prportional
A thin unsulating washer

and
a thermal conductive paste
are
used between the
transistor case and
chassis.
Class A
Class B
Class C
Class AB
at the center
Class B amplifier
decreases
AMPLITUDE MODULATION RECEPTION
35

12
#
DEFINITIONS
TERMS
1)
A kind of amplifier is used when it's necessary to couple a signal

voltage to a low impedance.
Emitter follower
2)
It is happens to the Common Emitter stage when the load

resistance is small compared to the collector resistance and the
voltage gain.
becomes small
because the stage is
overloaded
3)
Emitter Follower is widely use in:
a Class B push-pull amplifier

and voltage regulator
4)
Other name for emitter follower.
common-collector amplifier
(CC)
5)
The input signal coupled in Emitter follower at:
6)
The output signal is taken from_______ terminal.
7)
It is the reason why the circuit is called emitter follower?
8)
The Swamped amplifier, the emitter follower uses what kind of

feedback
9)
An emitter follower called an amplifier if its voltage gain is only 1;
Because it has a current gain

of .
10)
The emitter can produce the large output current that is needed
by what kind of load?
low-impedance loads
11)
Emitter follower though it is not a voltage amplifier it is what kind

of amplifier.
current amplifier or
power amplifier
12)
The major advantage of Emitter follower amplifier.
the base
the emitter
Because the output voltage

follows the input voltage
negative feedback
The step-up in impedance
13)
36

Where does the designer should the Q point be located when

the emitter follower is used as a power amplifier at the end of a
system?
At the center of the ac load line

to get the maximum peak-to
peak output
14)
The ac emitter resistance is less or more than the dc emitter

Resistance.
15)
The device acts like a single transistor with a very high current
gains.
Darlington connections
16)
The another way of connecting Darlington transistor which it is

connected to the npn and pnp transistor.
Complementary Darlington
17)
It means that the collector current flows for only 180 of the ac
cycle.
Class B operation
18)
The advantage of a Class B amplifier.
19)
Another call of a clipping that occurs between the time one

transistor cuts off and the other one comes on.
20)
To eliminate crossover distortion we need to apply:
21)
An amplifier is define as the angle of conduction angle

between180 and 360 ?
less than
It has lower current gain

and higher stage efficiency
crossover distortion
a slight forward bias to each

emitter diode.
Class AB
22)
An amplifier is define as the angle of conduction angle between:
setting up a stable Q point

near the cut off
23)
Meant when the collector current may "run away" by rising until
excessive power destroys the transistor.
thermal runaway
24)
The value of IC (sat) to avoid excessive crossover.
25)
ICQ should be between 1 and

5% of IC (sat)
driver
Another call of the stage that precedes the output stage.
37

26)
The stage that is a swamped voltage amplifier that produces a

large signal for the output push-pull amplifier.
27)
In a two-stage negative feedback the resistance R 2 does what?
28)
A circuit combines a zener regulator and an emitter follower
zener follower
29)
The input to the base of the emitter follower.
zener voltage
30)
The two advantage of a zener folower over an ordinary zener.
driver stage
1. provides dc bias for Q1

2. produce negative feedback
for the ac signal
1. base current is smaller than

the output current
2. it has low output impedance
31)
An emitter follower has because it is said to be heavily

swamped.
stable voltage gain, high input

impedance, and low distortion
32)
The output impedance of an amplifier is the same as:
Thevenin impedance
33)
Among the two amplifier which is more efficient, Class A or

Class B?
34)
The transistors use for complementary of Class B push-pull

amplifier.
35)
A complementary transistor conducts on one half cycle.
npn transistor
36)
A complementary transistor conducts on the other half.
pnp transistor
38)
Rather than capacitively couple the signal into the output stage,
what can we use?
39)
The circuit produces regulated output voltage with large load

current
Class B is more efficient

than Class A amplifier
npn and pnp transistor
direct-coupled driver stage
zener follower
38

CHAPTER
13
#
ANGLE MODULATION TRANSMISSION
DEFINITIONS
1)
The two types of charge a bipolar transistor relies on.
2)
The prefix "bi" stands for:
3)
Type of amplifier is called unipolar because its operation

depends on only one type of charge either free electron or holes.
4)
Two kinds of unipolar transistor.
5)
Term that is related to the depletion layers around each p region.
6)
Is the most important applications of JFET
8)
The advantage in complicated multistage circuits.
9)
The channel between the source and drain that is composed of

an n-type semiconductor.
10)
The channel between the source and drain that is composed of

an p-type semiconductor.
11)
Another call of the minimum voltage.
12)
13)
Another call of the maximum voltage.
TERMS
free electrons and holes
"two"
Field Effect Transistor (FET)
JFETs and MOSFETs
field effect
source follower
The offset gate points to the

source end of the device
n- channel
p- channel
pinch off voltage
breakdown voltage
IDSS stands for:

current drain to source with
a shorted gate
39

14)
Another call of the almost horizontal region.
active region
15)
Another call of the almost vertical part of the drain curve below
the pinch off.
ohmic region
16)
Another call of the RDS.
17)
Another call of the cutoff voltage that the depletion layer touch.
18)
Another call of the graph of ID versus VGS.
19)
20)
ohmic resistance of the JFET
The other name for JFET.
transconductance curve
square-law device
When the gate voltage is half the cutoff voltage, the value of the
drain current is:
CHAPTER 8
gate-source cutoff voltage
one quarter of
maximum
ANGLE MODULATION RECEPTION

AND FM STEREO
40

DEFINITIONS
TERMS
41

1)
In this receivers, the voltage at the output of the

audio detector is directly proportional to the
frequency deviation at its input.
FM Receivers
2)
In this receivers, the voltage at the output of the

audio detector is directly proportional to the phase
deviation at its input.
PM Receivers
3)
The circuits used to demodulate FM and PM signals

are both described under the
heading ________ .
FM Receivers
4)
A modulation where the information is impressed

onto the carrier in the form of frequency or phase
variations.
5)
A method used to remove amplitude variations

caused by noise from the composite waveform
simply by clipping the peaks of the envelop prior to
detection.
Limiting
6)
The section that rejects the image frequency in FM

receivers.
Preselector
7)
The section that establishes the signal-to-noise

ratio and noise figure in FM receivers.
RF Amplifier
8)
The section that down-converts RF to IF.
9)
The section that provide most of the gain and

selectivity.
10)
The section that removes the information from the

modulated wave.
11)
The envelope (peak) detector common to AM
receivers is replaced in FM receivers by a ________,
________, and ________.
Angle Modulation
Mixer / Converter
IF Amplifiers
Detector
Limiter,
Frequency Discriminator
and
Deemphasis Network
42

12)
The circuit that extracts the information from the

modulated wave.
Frequency Discriminator
13)
Are frequency-dependent circuits designed to

produce an output voltage that is proportional to
the instantaneous frequency at its input.
FM Demodulators
14)
Circuits used for demodulating FM signals.
Slope Detector,
Foster-Seely
Discriminator,
Ratio Detector,
PLL Demodulator,
and
Quadrature Detector
15)
Circuits that convert FM to AM and then

demodulate the AM envelope with
conventional peak detectors.
Tuned-Circuit Frequency
Discriminators
16)
A tuned-circuit frequency discriminator that

has the most nonlinear voltage-versusfrequency characteristics and, therefore, is
seldom used.
17)
Is simply two single-ended slope detectors

connected in parallel and fed 180 out of
phase.
18)
19)
20)
Sometimes called a phase shift discriminator

that is a tuned-circuit frequency discriminator
whose operation is very similar to that of a
balanced slope detector.
The typical voltage-versus-frequency response
curve for a Foster-Seeley discriminator.
An FM demodulator that is relatively immune
to amplitude variations in its input signal.
Slope Detector
Balanced Slope Detector
Foster-Seeley
Discriminator
S-curve
Ratio Detector
43

21)
This FM demodulator requires no tuned circuits

and automatically compensates for changes in
the carrier frequency due to instability in the
transmit oscillator.
PLL FM Demodulator
22)
Sometimes called a coincidence detector that

extracts the original information signal from
the composite IF waveform by multiplying two
quadrature (90 out of phase) signals.
Quadrature FM
Demodulator
23)
Special circuits that removes the unwanted

amplitude variations since with FM, the
information is contained in frequency
variations.
24)
The limiter circuit produces a constantamplitude output for all input signals above a
prescribed minimum input level, which is often
called the ________.
Threshold,
Quieting, or
Capture Level
25)
The improvement in the S/N ratio when the

peaks of the signal have the limiter so far into
saturation that the weaker noise is totally
eliminated.
FM Thresholding, FM
Quieting, or
FM Capture Effect
26)
27)
28)
The inherent ability of FM to diminish the

effects of interfering signals. Also, the ability
to differentiate between two signals received
at the same frequency.
Is the minimum dB difference in signal

strength between two received signals
necessary for the capture effect to suppress
the weaker signal.
An improved monolithic low-power FM IF
Limiters
Capture Effect
Capture Ratio of an FM
Receiver
NE/SA614A
44

system manufactured by Signetics

Corporation. It is a high gain, high frequency
device that offers low-power consumption and
excellent input sensitivity at 455 kHz.
29)
A multiplier cell similar to a mixer stage, but

instead of mixing two different frequencies, it
mixes two signals with the same frequencies
but with different phases.
30)
A low-voltage, high-performance monolithic FM

IF system similar to the NE/SA614A except with
the addition of a mixer/oscillator circuit.
NE/SA616
31)
A monolithic integrated-circuit FM radio system

manufactured by Signetics Corporation for
monolithic FM portable radios. A complete FM
radio receiver on a single integrated-circuit
chip.
TDA7000
32)
A circuit that is used to reduce the total

harmonic distortion (THD) by compressing the
IF frequency swing (deviation).
33)
34)
35)
With this transmission, the information signal

is spatially divided into two 50-Hz to 15-kHz
audio channels (a left and a right).
Used to broadcast uninterrupted music to
private subscribers, such as department
stores, restaurants, and medical offices
equipped with special receivers; Sometimes
cordially refer to as elevator music
The process of placing two or more
independent channels next to each other in
the frequency domain (stacking the channels),
and then modulating a single high-frequency
carrier with the combined signal.
36)
Quadrature Detector
Frequency-Locked-Loop
Stereophonic
Transmission
Subsidiary
Communications
Authorization
( SCA )
Frequency Division
Multiplexing
( FDM )
60 kHz
45

The primary audio channel remained at 50 Hz

to 15 kHz, while an additional SCA channel is
frequency translated to the _______ passband.
To
74 kHz
37)
The SCA subcarrier may be AM single- or

double- sideband transmission or FM with a
maximum modulating-signal frequency of
_______.
38)
The frequency of the pilot carrier of FM stereo

transmission.
19 kHz
39)
When the phase of the carrier is modulated by

the information signal, _______ results.
Direct PM
( Indirect FM )
40)
A monolithic FM stereo demodulator that uses

PLL techniques to derive the right and left
audio channels from the composite stereo
signal.
XR-1310
41)
Half-duplex, one-to-many radio

communications with no dial tone.
Two-Way Mobile Radio
42)
Provides 26.96 to 27.41 MHz public, noncommercial radio service for either personal or
business use utilizing push-to-talk AM DSBFC
and AM SSBFC.
Class D Citizens Band

( CB ) Radio
43)
44)
Cover a broad-frequency band from 1.8 MHz to

above 300 MHz. Designed for personal use
without pecuniary interest.
Provides 2.8 MHz to 457 MHz. ABS
disseminates
information for the purposes of air navigation
and air-to-ground communications utilizing
conventional AM and various forms of AM SSB
in the HF, MF, and VHF frequency bands.
7 kHz
Amateur ( HAM ) Radio
Aeronautical
Broadcasting
Service
( ABS )
46

45)
Full-duplex, on-to-one radio telephone

communications.
46)
Provides worldwide telecommunication service

using handheld telephones that communicate
with each other through low earth-orbit
satellite repeaters incorporating QPSK
modulation and both FDMA and TDMA.
Personal
Communications
Satellite Service
( PCSS )
47)
Is used extensively for public safety mobile

communications, such as police and fire
departments and emergency medical services.
Two-Way FM Radio
Communications
48)
The maximum frequency deviation for two-way

FM transmitters is typically ________, and the
maximum modulating-signal frequency
is ________.
5 kHz ;
3 kHz
49)
Transmissions are initiated by closing a

________ switch, which turns on the transmitter
and shuts off the receiver.
Push-To-Talk
( PTT )
50)
It was used as early as 1921 when the Detroit

Police Department used a mobile radio system
that operated at a frequency close to 2 MHz.
Mobile Radio
51)
It was used rather than a simple mechanical

switch to reduce the static noise associated
with contact bounce in mechanical switches.
Electronic
Push-To-Talk
52)
Transmitters equipped with ________ are

automatically keyed each time the operator
speaks into the microphone, regardless of
whether the PTT button is depressed.
Voice-Operated
Transmitter
( VOX )
Mobile Telephone Service
47

CHAPTER 9
#
DIGITAL MODULATION
DEFINITIONS
1)
Is the transmission, reception, and processing of

information with the use of electronic circuits.
2)
Is defined as knowledge or intelligence that is

communicated between two or more points.
TERMS
Electronic
Communication
Information
48

3)
Is the transmittal of digitally modulated analog

signals (carriers) between two or more points in a
communication system.
4)
System involving the transmission of digital pulses.
Digital Transmission
5)
The information signal is digital and the amplitude

(V) of the carrier is varied proportional to the
information signal.
Amplitude Shift Keying

( ASK )
6)
The information signal is digital and the frequency

(f) of the carrier is varied proportional to the
information signal.
Frequency Shift Keying

( FSK )
7)
The information signal is digital and the phase ()

of the carrier is varied proportional to the
information signal.
Phase Shift Keying

( PSK )
8)
A modulation where both the amplitude and the

phase are varied proportional to the information
signal.
9)
Performs level conversion and then codes the

incoming data into groups of bits that modulate an
analog carrier.
10)
Is a highly theoretical study of the efficient use of

bandwidth to propagate information through
electronic communications systems.
11)
Is a measure of how much information can be

propagated through a communications system and
is a function of bandwidth and transmission time.
12)
The most basic digital symbol used to represent

information.
13)
Digital Modulation
Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation
( QAM )
Precoder
Information Theory
Information Capacity
Binary Digit /
Bit
R. Hartley
49

In 1928, _________ of Bell Telephone Laboratories

developed a useful relationship among bandwidth,
transmission time, and information capacity.
14)
In 1948, mathematician _________ (also of Bell

Telephone Laboratories) published a paper in the
Bell System Technical Journal relating the
information capacity of a communications channel
to bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratio.
15)
Simply represents a digit that corresponds to the

number of conditions, levels, or combinations
possible for a given number of binary variables.
16)
Refers to the rate of change of a digital information

signal, which is usually binary.
17)
Refers to the rate of change of a signal on a

transmission medium after encoding and
modulation have occurred.
18)
Sometimes called a symbol and could be encoded

as a change in the amplitude, frequency, or phase.
19)
The minimum theoretical bandwidth necessary to

propagate a signal.
20)
According to ________, binary digital signals can be

propagated through an ideal noiseless transmission
medium at a rate equal to two time the bandwidth
of the medium.
21)
The carrier is either on or off which is why

amplitude- shift keying is sometimes
referred to as ________.
22)
A logic 1 frequency (fm) for FSK.
Claude E. Shannon
Bit Rate
Baud
Signaling Element
Nyquist Bandwidth
H. Nyquist
On-Off Keying
Mark
50

23)
A logic 0 frequency (fs) for FSK.
24)
The mark and space frequencies are separated

from the The mark and space frequencies are
separated from thecarrier frequency
by the _________ and from each of by 2 f.
25)
_______ is the peak frequency deviation of the

carrier
and is equal to the difference between the
carrier rest frequency and either the mark or
space frequency.
26)
A type of FSK detection wherein there is no

frequency
involved in the demodulation process that is
synchronized either in phase, frequency, or both
with
the incoming FSK signal.
27)
28)
29)
30)
A type of FSK detection wherein the incoming FSK

signal is multiplied by a recovered carrier signal
that has exact same frequency and phase as
the transmitter reference.
Is binary FSK except the mark and space

frequencies
are synchronized with the input binary bit rate.
A signal state-space diagram, is similar to a phasor
diagram except that the entire phasor is not drawn.
Only the relative positions of the peaks of the
phasors
are shown.
Is a product modulator; the output signal is the
product of the two input signals.
31)
Detect and regenerates a carrier signal that is both
frequency and phase coherent with the original
Space
Peak Frequency
Deviation
(f)
Noncoherent Detection
Coherent Detection
Continuous-Phase FSK
( CP-FSK )
Constellation Diagram
Balanced Modulator
Coherent Carrier
Recovery Circuit
51

transmit carrier.
32)
Also known as quadrature PSK that is another form

of
angle-modulated, constant-amplitude digital
modulation.
33)
A group of two bits.
Dibit
34)
It modulates the carrier that is in phase with the

reference oscillator.
I Bit
35)
It modulates the carrier that is 90 out of phase or in

quadrature with reference carrier.
Q Bit
36)
Is two BPSK modulators combined in parallel.
37)
The highest fundamental frequency present at

the data input to the I or the Q balanced modulator
is equal to _______ of the input data rate.
Quaternary PSK
( QPSK )
QPSK Modulator
38)
The fastest output rate of change (baud) is also

equal to ________ of the input bit rate.
39)
The outputs of the product detectors are fed to the

________, where they are converted from parallel I
and Q data channels to a single binary output
data stream.
Bit Combining Circuit
40)
Is a modified for of QPSK where the bit waveforms

on
the I and Q channels are offset or shifted in phase
from each other by one-half of a bit time.
Offset QPSK
( OQPSK )
41)
Limited Phase Shift

The advantage of OQPSK is the _________ that must
52

be imparted during modulation.

42)
With ________, three bits are encoded, forming

tribits
and producing eight different output phases.
8 PSK
43)
Group of 3 bits.
Tribit
44)
Also known as maximum distance code used to

reduce the number of transmission errors.
45)
Converts the I/C and Q/C bit pairs to serial, Q, and

C
output data streams.
46)
Group of 4 bits.
47)
16-PSK can undergo only a _______ phase shift

during
transmission and still retain its integrity.
48)
Is an M-ary encoding technique where M=8. The

output signal from this modulator is not a constantamplitude signal
49)
The process of introducing transitions (pulses) into

the
binary signal using a prescribed algorithm.
50)
It uses the same algorithm for scrambling to

remove
the transitions.
51)
Is an alternative form of digital modulation where

the
binary input is contained in the difference between
two successive signalling elements rather than the
absolute phase.
Gray Code
Parallel-to-Serial
Logic Circuit
Quadbits
11.25
8 QAM
Scrambling
Descrambler
Differential Phase-Shift
Keying
( DPSK )
53

52)
Data transmission rates in excess of 56 kbps can

be
achieved, over standard telephone circuits using an
encoding technique called ________.
Trellis Code Modulation

( TCM )
53)
__________ at IBM Zuerich Research Laboratory

developed TCM, which involves using convolutional
(tree codes, which combines encoding and
modulation to reduce the probability of error, thus
improving the bit error performance.
Dr. Ungerboeck
54)
Defines the manner in which signal-state

transitions are allowed to occur, and transitions
that do not
follow this pattern are interpreted in the receiver as
transmission errors.
Trellis Coding
55)
The distance between symbols on the constellation

of the TCM coding scheme on standard QAM.
Euclidean Distance
56)
Is the ratio of the average carrier power (the

combined power of the carrier and its associated
sidebands) to the thermal noise power.
Carrier-To-Noise
Power Ratio
Is simply the energy of a single bit of information.

57)
58)
59)
Energy Per Bit
The phase relationship between signalling elements

for BPSK (i.e., 180 out of phase) is the optimum
signalling format, referred to as ________.
Two types of FSK systems.
60)
Antipodal Signaling
Noncoherent
( Asynchronous )
And
Coherant
( Synchonous )
Noncoherent FSK
The transmitter and receiver are not frequency or

phase synchronized.
54

61)
Local receiver reference signals are in frequency

and
phase lock with the transmitted signals.
CHAPTER
10
#
Coherent FSK
DIGITAL TRANSMISSION
DEFINITIONS
1)
Is the transmittal of digital signals between two or

more points in a communications system.
2)
_________ developed the first digital transmission

system for the purpose of carrying digitally
encoded analog signals, such as human voice, over
metallic wire cables between telephone offices.
TERMS
Digital Transmission
AT&T
55

3)
The primary advantage of digital transmission over

analog transmission.
4)
Digital signals are also better suited than analog

signals for processing and combining using a
technique called _____.
5)
Is the processing of analog signals using digital

methods and includes bandlimiting the signal with
filters, amplitude equalization, and phase shifting.
Digital Signal Processing

( DSP )
6)
Digital transmission systems are more resistant to

analog systems to additive noise because they
use ________ rather than signal amplification.
Signal Regeneration
7)
Consist essentially of sampling analog information

signals and then converting those samples into
discrete pulses and transporting the pulses from
a source to a destination over a physical
transmission medium.
Pulse Modulation
The four predominant methods of pulse

modulation.
8)
Noise Immunity
Multiplexing
PWM, PPM, PAM

And
PCM
9)
Sometimes called pulse duration modulation (PDM) or pulse

length modulation (PLM), as the width (active portion
Pulse Width Modulation
of the duty cycle) of a constant amplitude pulse is
( PWM )
varied proportional to the amplitude of the
analog signal at the time the signal is sampled.
10)
The position of a constant-width pulse within a

prescribed time slot is varied according to the
amplitude of the sample of the analog signal.
11)
The amplitude of a constant-width, constantposition pulse is varied according to the amplitude
of the sample of the analog signal.
Pulse Position Modulation

( PPM )
Pulse Amplitude
Modulation
56

12)
The analog signal is sampled and then converted

to a serial n-bit binary code for transmission.
Pulse Code Modulation

( PCM )
13)
__________ is credited with inventing PCM in 1937

while working for AT&T at its Paris laboratories.
Alex H. Reeves
14)
A circuit that periodically samples the analog input

signal and converts those samples to a multilevel
PAM signal.
15)
The transmission line ________ are placed at

prescribed distances to regenerate the digital
pulses.
16)
An integrated circuit that performs the PCM

encoding and decoding functions.
17)
The function of a _________ in a PCM transmitter is

to
periodically sample the continually changing analog
input voltage and convert those samples to a series
of constant-amplitude pulses that can more easily be
converted to binary PCM code.
Sample-and-Hold
Circuit
Repeaters
Codec
( Coder / Decoder )
Sampling Circuit
18)
The sampling process alters the frequency spectrum

and introduces an error called _________.
Aperture Error
19)
The ________ of the capacitor is called the A/D

conversion time because it is during this time that
the
ADC converts the sample voltage to a PCM code.
Storage Time
20)
If the input to the ADC is changing while it is

performing the conversion, _______ results.
21)
Aperture Distortion
Nyquist Sampling
_________ theorem establishes the minimum

sampling
57

rate (fs) that can be used for a given PCM system.
22)
The binary codes used for PCM are _________,

where n may be any positive integer greater than 1.
23)
The sign bit in a sign-magnitude code.
24)
Is the process of converting an infinite number of

possibilities to a finite number of conditions.
Is the process of rounding off the amplitudes of
flat-top samples to a manageable number of levels.
Quantization
25)
A type of code where the codes on the bottom half

of the table are a mirror image of the codes on the
top half, except for the sign bit.
Folded Binary Code
26)
The magnitude difference between adjacent steps.
Quantization
Interval or Quantum
27)
If the magnitude of the sample exceeds the highest

quantization interval, ________ (also called peak
limiting) occurs.
N-Bit Codes
Most Significant Bit
( MSB )
Overload Distortion
Quantization Erroe
(Qe )
Quantization Noise
(Qn)
28)
Any round-off errors in the transmitted signal are

reproduced when the code is converted back to
analog in the receiver.
29)
Is the ratio of the largest possible magnitude to the

smallest possible magnitude (other than 0V) that
can be decoded by the digital-to-analog converter
in the receiver.
Dynamic Ratio
30)
During times when there is no analog input signal,

the
only input to the PAM sampler is random, thermal
noise also called as __________, that is converted to
a PAM sample just as if it were a signa.
Idle Channel Noise
58

31)
A way to reduce idle channel noise wherein the

first
quantization interval is made larger in amplitude
than
the rest of the steps.
Midtread
Quantization
33)
Is the process of compressing and then expanding.
Companding
34)
Two methods of companding:
35)
Involves compression in the transmitter after the

input
sample has been converted to a linear PCM code
and then expansion in the receiver prior to
PCM decoding.
Digital Companding
36)
When digitizing speech signals only, special voice

encoders/decoders called _______ are often used
Vacoders
37)
The spectral power of most speech energy

concentrates at three or four peak frequencies
called _________.
-Law and A-law

Cpmpanding
Formants
38)
A _________ coder extracts the most significant

portions of speech information directly from the time
waveform rather than from the frequency spectrum
as with the channel and formant vocoders.
39)
A __________ reproduces the speech by passing the

specified excitation through a mathematical
model of the vocal tract.
Synthesizer
40)
_________ modulation uses a single-bit PCM code to

.chieve digital transmission of analog signals
Delta
41)
Two problems associated with delta modulation
Linear Predictive
Slope Overload and

Granular Sudivision
59

that do not occur with conventional PCM.
42)
With ________, the difference in the amplitude of

two
successive samples is transmitted rather than the
actual sample.
43)
The secondary lobes are called __________.
44)
_________ causes crosstalk between channels

that occupy adjacent time slots in a time-divisionmultiplexed carrier system.
45)
Special filters called _________ are inserted in the

transmission path to equalize the distortion for al
frequencies, creating uniform transmission medium
reducing transmission impairments.
Equalizers
47)
A ________ is simply the superposition of a series of

harmonically related sine waves with specific
amplitude and phase relationships.
Pulse Modulation
48)
49)
The decision levels for the regenerator are

represented by:
The _______ has an effect on the symbol timing
(clock) recovery circuit and, if excessive, may
significantly degrade the performance of cascaded
regenerative sections.
Differential PCM
( DPCM )
Ringing test
Intersymbol interference
( ISI )
Crosshairs
Jitter
60

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BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS

Electronic Communications System By Malvino

AMPLITUDE MODULATION RECEPTION

What are the different types of coupling?

What transmits the amplified ac voltage to the next

Collector of the first transistor and the

What is the other name for direct- coupled amplifier?

What amplifier operates in the range of 20 Hz to 20

capacitive coupling and

Prepared By : RANIEL P. BABON

BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS

Amplifiers can also be classified as what?

What amplifiers works over a small frequency range

What amplifier operates at large frequency range like

Narrowband are usually what kind of amplifiers?

What amplifier means that their ac load is a high- Q

What signal level in which the peak-to-peak swing in

What signal level in which the peak-to-peak signal

What amplier produces a large output suitable for

What amplifier produces output power ranging from a

What determines the peak-to-peak sinusoidal current

narrow band and wide

Prepared By : RANIEL P. BABON

BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS

What is equal to the dc voltage times the current?

When a signal is present, what happens to the power

What should be the power rating of a transistor in a

What is equal to the ac output divided by the dc input

What is the range of the efficiency of the amplifier?

What is the efficieny of the Class A amplifier?

What amplifier is the common way to run a transistor

What means that one transistor conducts for half cycle

What is the main disadvantage of a Class B amplifier?

What is the efficieny of the Class B amplifier?

What is the main application of Class C amplifier?

It must be grater than PDQ

the use of transformer

What is the maximum efficiency of a tuned Class C

Prepared By : RANIEL P. BABON

BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS

What do you call of the multiples of input frequency?

What does a Class C amplifier tuned circuit have?

What kind of amplifier is a Class C amplifier a

In a Class C amplifier what is the relationship of the

What shoul we do to prevet the collector from shorting

What are the classes of amplifier?

Where should be the location of the Q point to get the

What amplifier is used for push-pull connection of two

What happens to the power rating of a transistor as

negatively clamped input

A thin unsulating washer

AMPLITUDE MODULATION RECEPTION

Prepared By : RANIEL P. BABON

BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS

A kind of amplifier is used when it's necessary to couple a signal

It is happens to the Common Emitter stage when the load

Emitter Follower is widely use in:

a Class B push-pull amplifier

Other name for emitter follower.

The input signal coupled in Emitter follower at:

The output signal is taken from_______ terminal.

It is the reason why the circuit is called emitter follower?

The Swamped amplifier, the emitter follower uses what kind of

An emitter follower called an amplifier if its voltage gain is only 1;