Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ARAPLAR
KRTLER
ARNAVUTLAR
Dr. Abdurrauf Sinno
S. SELENCE
ARAPLAR-KRTLER-ARNAVUTLAR
1877-1881
ARAPLAR-KRTLER-ARNAVUTLAR
1877-1881
Arapadan eviri
D. Ahsen BATUR
Selenge Yaynlar
stanbul 2011
Kapak-Sayfa Dzeni
Ahmet Yanar
Tashih ve Redaksiyon
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Bask-Cilt
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Tel: 0212 446 88 46
ISBN 978-975-8839-86-5
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Tel: 0212 514 45 73 Faks: 0212 511 09 35
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e-posta: selenge@selenge.com.tr
i in d e k il e r
EKLER .................................................................................... 9
KISALTMALAR......................................................................13
NSZ................................................................................. 15
GR..................................................................................... 25
BRNC BLM
BLD-I AM VE OSMANLI DEVLET
Dini ve Milli Kimlik Arasnda................................................ 35
1. Osmanl Birlii ile Suriye Arasndaki Bild- am
Mslmanlar (1839-1877).................................................... 35
a) Suriye Yurdu Akmnn Geliimi.........................................41
b) Bild- am Mslmanlar ve Osmanl Birlii................. 43
2) Mslman ynlar Hareketi (1877-1878) Bir Bamszlk
Projesi mi yoksa Kendini Koruma Hareketi mi?.................... 54
Gerekle Hayal Arasndaki yn Hareketi.............................. 55
yn Hareketine Katlanlar................................................... 63
3. Mslman ynlar ve Yusuf Kerem Projesi - Emir Abdullah
el-Cezirnin Bunlarla Olan likisi........................................67
KNC BLM
SURYEY OSMANLI DEVLETNDEN KOPARMA PROJELER
VE SLAM TEPKLER........................................................... 77
1. ngilterenin Yeni Akdeniz Stratejisinde
Suriye ve slm Tavrlar..................................................... 77
2. Suriye Hidivlii, Beyrut Gizli Cemiyetinin Suriye Yurdu
Projesi ve slami Tepkiler....................................................... 84
UUNCU BOLUM
NGLTERENN ARAPLARI OSMANLIDAN KOPARMA
PROJES-HCAZ ARAP HALFEL.....................................99
1. Mekke erifleri; din, siyas ve tima mevkileri............... 99
2. Mekke erifleri ve Osmanl Devleti ................................. 102
3. ngiltere ve slam Halifeliini ngiliz Himayesinde Bir Arap
Halifeliine Dntrme Projesi...........................................106
4. Bakonsolos Zohrab, Mekke Emirleri ve Hicazdaki Arap
Halifelii (Uygulama Teebbs).......................................... 112
DRDNC BLM
KRDSTAN VE OSMANLI DEVLET
syan ve taat Arasnda......................................................... 129
1. 93 Harbine Kadar Krdistanda Siyas, Sosyal ve
Ekonomik artlarn Geliimi.................................................129
2. 1877-1878 Harbi ve
Osmanl Krdistan zerindeki Etkileri............................... 134
3. eyh Ubeydullah ve Kuzey Anadoluda bir
Ermeni Devleti Projesi (1879 kyam)............................... 136
4. eyh Ubeydullah: Birleik ve Bamsz
Krdistan Projesinde Byk ntifada (1880)....................... 144
BENC BLM
93 HARB VE ARNAVUT MLLYETLNN
CANLANMASINDAK ROL...............................................153
1. Osmanl Ynetiminde Arnavutluk.................................... 153
Tepedelendi Ali Paa............................................................ 156
2. Arnavutlukta Sosyo-Ekonomik Deiimler ve Milli
Kprdanmalar.......................................................................158
3. Kltr Hareketi: Mslmanlar ve Arnavut Milliyetilii.. 162
EKLER
Ek 1.
Paul Elaury, Expose simple et clair de la question dOrient,
1770-1915, 2. bask, Paris 1923. (Rus Nfuzunun Douda Ya
ylmas) ;
Ek 2.
BPP/69, Finn to Malmesbury, no. 29. Jerusalem 22.6.1858, inclosure. No. 2, Vice-Consul Rogers to Finn, Caiffa 18.6.1858.
Nasra kads Sultan Abdlmecidin Osmanl mparatorluunda
inan zgrlyle ilgili buyruunu ii bo bir sz olarak ni
teliyor.
Ek 3.
BPP/69, Skene to Malmesbury, no. 43, Aleppo 7.8.1858, inclosure in no, 43, Skene to Finn, Aleppo 31.7. 1858.
ngilterenin Haleb konsolosu Skenenin Kuzey Suriyeli Ms
lmanlarn Osmanl ynetiminden kp Mekke eriflerinin y
netiminde bamsz bir Arap devleti kurma istekleriyle ilgili ra
poru.
Ek 4.
F. O. 78/2848, Eldridge to Salisbury, political no. 57, Alieh
18.7.1878.
Eldridgenin Suriyeli Mslman ve Hristiyanlarn lkele
rinde ngiliz mandasn istedikleri konusunda Salisburyye yaz
d mektup.
Ek 5.
F.O. 78/2988, Zohrab to Salisbury, secret/cnof./separate. Jeddah
12.3.1879.
10
11
12
KISALTMALAR
BPP
El
El 2
E O.
IJMES
MES
PAAA
RDM
NSZ
16
<LLjJLsJI aJI
Lq_AjJ ^Lh^LudJI^
Roderic Hl. Davision, Reform in the Ottoman Empire, New York 1973, s. 311357.
Gunter Behrendt, Nationalisms in Kurdistan, Hamburg 1993, s. 203.
Abdulaziz e-eav, Ed-Devletl Osmaniye Devletim slamiyyetm muftera aleyha,
2/1086, Kahire 1980.
O N SO Z
17
18
O N SO Z
19
20
Osmanl mparatorluu dhilindeki slm hiziplerin OsmanlRus sava (1877-1878) srasnda ve hemen sonrasnda harekete
gemeleri, merkezin zayflamas ve Bild- amda olduu gibi
blgenin yabanc igaline maruz kalaca endiesi ve ilerleyen
sayfalarda greceimiz gibi ngilterenin entrikalar sebebiyle ko
pularn balayaca dncesinden kaynaklanmtr. Bizim kana
atimize gre Krdistandaki otonomi hakk araylarnn sebebi de
bir yandan blgenin sosyo-ekonomik yapsndaki bozukluk ve Os
manlI Devletinin beyliklerin i bamszlklarna son vermesi,
dier yandan Dou Anadoluda Krtlerin karlarna zarar vere
cek bamsz bir Ermeni devletinin kurulaca tehdididir. Arna
vutlarn hareketi, Yeilky ve Berlin anlamalarndan sonra, bu iki
anlamann Balkanlarda yeni Hristiyan devletleri kurmak ama
cyla Arnavutlukun baz ksmlarn ekip almas zerine kendi
topraklarn birletirmek iin milli bir kprdantr ki, esasen bu
milli faaliyetlerin tohumlar henz 1830larda atlmt.
Bu aratrmada kullanlan bilimsel materyale gelince; eliniz
deki eser, arlkl olarak yaynlanmam ngiliz ariv belgelerine
(Public Record Office) dayanmaktadr; fakat bunun yannda Dr.
Adil smail tarafndan yaynlanan ngiltere Avam Kamaras bel
geleri (British Parliamentary Papers), Alman belgeleri ve Fransz
belgelerine de dayanmaktadr.
ngiliz belgeleri, Osmanl Devletinde ve ona bal eyaletlerde
alan ngiliz diplomat ve konsoloslarnn zamannda yaanan
yahut onlarn bizzat gzlemledikleri veya bir ekilde mdahil ol
duklar ve ynlendirdikleri olaylar ve gelimelerle ilgili yazdk
lar raporlara dayanmaktadr. Bu belgeler, nemli olaylarn gizli
ynleri ve bilinmeyen bilgileri iermeleri itibaryla tarih yn
den byk nemi haizdir. Bu belgeler, olaylarn yalnzca siyas
ynlerini ortaya koymakla kalmamaktadr, nk Osmanl m
paratorluu dhilinde grev yapan ngiliz temsilcilerin bir vazi
fesi de bulunduklar vilayetlerdeki durumu, sosyo-ekonomik ve
kltrel yapy da derinlemesine gzleyerek hkmetlerine bilgi
vermekti. ngiliz diplomatlar da dier Avrupal diplomatlar gibi
O N SO Z
21
22
O N SO Z
23
GR
2
3
26
J.A. R. Marriot, The Eastem Question. A Historical Study in the European Diplomacy, Oxford 1917, s. 17.
E.E Mosely, Russian Diplomacy and the Opening of the Eastem Question in
1839, London 1934; M. Anderson, The Eastem Question, 1774-1923, London
1966, s. 39; "VVinfried Baumgart, Vom Eurapaischen Konzert zum Vlkerbund,
s 32.
Abdurrauf Sinno, El-Alktur-Rusiyye- el-Osmaniyye (1687-1787), siysetl
indifa nahvel-miyah ed-dfie, Tarihu Arab vel Alem, 73/74 (1984) s. 50-51.
((1687-1787) Osmal-Rus likileri, Scak Sulara Alma Politikas.
Age., s. 50-52.
GR
27
10
11
28
14
15
GR
29
Geogr Webers, Lehr und Handbuch der Weltgeschichte. Neu berab. Von Alfred
Baldamus, Bd. IV Neueste Zeit, Leipzig 1911, s. 671.
Bu gayretler arasnda Avusturya/Macaristan dileri bakan Andreasinin 30 Ara
lk 1875de verdii Andreasi Memorandumu, 3 Mart 1876daki Berlin Me
morandumu, 11 Aralk 1876da balayp 18 Ocak 1877ye kadar devam eden
stanbul Konferans ve 31 Mart 1877de dzenlenen Londra Protokol sa
ylabilir. Bu konuda benim Meseletl-bahril esved, age., s. 9-11, 14, 16-17.
30
Age., s. 17.
Felix Bamberg, Geschichte der orientalischen Angelenheit im Zeitraum des Pariser
und des Berliner Friedens, Berlin 1892, s. 489f.
Meseletl-bahril esved, age., s. 18-19.
Anderson, age., s. 1931; B. H. Summer, Russia and the Balkans 1870-1880, Oxford 1937, s. 299.
GR
31
Age., s. 435f.
Georges Castellan, Histoire des Balkans (XIV-XX siecle), Paris 1991, s. 320; Stefan Polo/Arben Puto, Histoire de EAlbanie, Roanne (Paris), s. D. P 137.
Ayn yerde.
ngiltere, Rusyann kendi kontrolndeki Byk Bulgaristan Devletiin kurulma
syla Ege Denizine k yolu bulmu olmasn ve yine Rusyann Anadoludaki
Osmal topraklarn igal etmesini, Hindistan, boazlar ve sitnedeki kar
lar iin bir tehdit olarak gryordu. Bkz. G.D. Clayton, Britain and the Eastem
Question. Missolonghi to Gallipoli, London 1971, s. 143.
Avusturya/Macaristarim rahatszl yalnzca Byk Bulgaristan Devletinin de
nize km salayacak topraklar edinmesinden deil, ayrca bu devletin ba
tya doru genilemesinden kaynaklanyordu ve kendisine gre bu, 1876 Tem
muzunda ve 18 Mart 1877de Rusyaya yapt anlamann ihlali demekti. Bkz.
Barbara Jelavich, The Otoman Empire, the Great Powers and the Straits Question
1870-1887, Bloomingto/London 1973, s. 108; Webers, age., s. 674.
32
28
GR
33
29
BRNC BLM
Bild- am: Suriye, Lbnan ve Filistini iine corafi bir blgedir. Kuzeyde Toros dalarndan balayarak gneyde Sina Yanmadasna, douda Irak-Suriye s
nrndan batda Akdeniz sahiline kadar uzanr. Bild- am tabiri, sz konusu
blge iin XIX. Yzyl sonlarna kadar bu ekilde kullanlmtr. Osmanl vi
layet taksimat yeniden yapldktan sonra (1864 ve 1867), Suriye ifadesi yani
vilayet-i Suriye Suriye corafyasna iaret etmek iin kullanlmaya baland.
Msrn buralar igalinden sonra Bild- am, Haleb, Trablus, Dmak ve Sayda
olmak zere drt eyalete blnd. Msrllarn blgeyi boaltmalarndan sonra
Trablus eyaleti kaldrlarak merkezi Beyrut olan Sayda eyaletine katld. Bu olay
dan yl sonra Sayda vilayeti de o tarihten itibaren Suriye vilayeti denilen
Dmak vilayetine katld. 1888de ise Trablustan Akkaya kadar uzanan sahil
blgesi Vilayet-i Beyrut denilen yeni bir vilayete dahil edildi. XIX. Yzyl son
larnda blgede vilayet vard: Halep, Suriye, Beyrut ve bir de Cebel-i Lb
nan ve Kuds mutasarrfl.
Bild- amn idari taksimat konusunda u eserlere baklabilir:
Abdulkerim Garayibe, Suriye fi kam-tsii aer. 1840-1876, Kahire, 1961/62,
s. 71-107; Abdulaziz Avaz, El-daretl Osmaniyefi filay eti Suriye 1864-1914, Ka
hire, 1969, s. 61-79, 340-342.
A. L. Tibawi, A Modem History of Syria, London 1969, pp 23ff, 180ff, tamar
Dabinovich, Syria and the Syrian Land: The 19th Century Roots of 20th Cen-
36
3
4
5
6
7
tury Developments in: Thomas Philipp ed. The Syrian Tand in the 18th and 19th
Century, Stuttgart 1992, p 43.
Abdulkerim Rafik, el-Arab vel-Osmaniyyn 1516-1916, Dmak 1984, s. 243244; Albert Hourani, El-Fikr el-Arabi fi asrn-nahda 1798-1939, Kerim Azkul
ev., Beyrut 1968, s. 49; Tibawi, History of Syria, s. 25-26.
Mosche Maoz, Ottoman Reform in Syria and Palestine 1840-1861, Oxford 1968,
p 247.
C. Emest Dawn, From Ottomanism to Arabism, Urbana ect. 1973, 0 126.
Seyyar el-Cemil, El-Osmaniyyn ve Tekvnul Arab el-Hadis, Beyrut 1989, s. 73.
Sat el-Husr, Num fikretil kavmiyye, Kahire 1951, s. 162.
Bu konudaki rneklerle ilgili olarak Abdulkerim Rafikin eserinin 142, 193, 194,
196, 197, 237. sayfalarna baklabilir.
37
11
12
13
38
14
15
16
17
39
19
20
21
Muhammad al-Amar, The Hijaz under Ottoman Rule 1860-1914; The Ottoman
Vali, the Shariff of Mecca, and the Growth of British Influence, Ph. D. University of Leeds 1974, s. 47.
amiye, age., s. 67-69.
Age., s. 43-45, 70-72.
Msrn Bild- ama doru genilemesi srasnda, Rusya dileri bakan Nesselrode, Mehmet Ali Paanm Osmanl Devleti aleyhine genilemesini lkesinin
karlar iin bir tehdit olarak gryor ve olay zayf ve yenilmi bir komu
nun yerine gl ve muzaffer bir komunun gelmesi eklinde niteliyordu. Pierre Renovann, TarihTl-Alktid-devliyye (el-kamuut-tsi el-aer) 1857-1914den
naklen, ev, Celal Yahya, Kahire, 1980, s. 132. Kr. Ehiri/smail, es-Siyase et-
40
22
23
24
25
41
28
42
31
32
Butros Eb Manna, Es-Sultan Abdulhamid es-Sni ve-eyh Ebu Hda esSayyd, El-lctihad, 5 (1989), s. 81-82.
XIX. Yzyln krkl yllarndan itibaren Suriye ad geni lde ve zellikle
Amerikan misyoner okullar mezunlan, cemiyetler ve bilimsel eserlerde kullanl
maya baland. 1847de Suriye Bilim ve Fen Demei yani Suriye Demei ku
ruldu. Ayn demek 1852de Amal el-Cemiyyetis-Suriyye (j,a ...II i ,g>IIJUb)
(Suriye Demei Faaliyetleri) dergisini yaynlad ve 1858de Hristiyanlar ve e
hirli Mslman aznlklar tarafndan El-Cemiyyetl lmiyyetus-Suriyye (Su
riye Bilim Demei) kuruldu. 1860da Butros el-Bustan Nefru Suriyye (Suriye
Toplumu) dergisini, bir sonraki yl ise ilk gazetecilerden Halil Houri Haraibu
Suriya (l, ^ J jj .) (Suriye Harabeleri) adl kitab yaynlad. XIX. Yzyln bi
timinden nce Matran Yosef Debes hacimli Suriye Tarihi (Ljjju j>b) adl ese
rini neretti. Bu konularla ilgili olarak Houraninin anlan eseriinin 329-330
sayfalama ve Muhammed Huveylinin Et-Tatavvurus-sakfiy limedineti Bey
rut minel feth el-Msr li-biladi-am ve hattel-harbil alemiyetil l (18311914), (jJVI L-oJI
J LJ
,n pjl CLflJI J-O
ri 1M j-SL-JI
)
doktora almas, Lbnan ni., 1990, s. 279281, 285-290, 410-414, 427. say
falarna baklabilir.
Vecih Kevserni, Es-Sulta vel-Mctema vel amel es-siyasi min tarihi vilayetilOsmaniyyefi biladi-am, Beyrut 1988, s. 132.
Abu-Manneh, The Christians Between Ottomanism and Syrian Nationalism:
The Ideas of Butras al-Bustani, in: I/MES, 11 (1980), 288.
43
Age., s. 293.
Eb Manna, Es-Sultan Abdulhamid ve-eyh Ebu Hda, age., s. 83.
Can Daye, El-Muallim Butros el-Bustan, Beyrut 1981, s. 32, 35.
Dawn, s. 132.
Zeine N. Zeine, Arab-Turkish Relations and the Emergence of Arab Nationalism,
Beirut 1958, s. 54.
44
42
45
46
47
48
46
52
53
54
55
Gad G. Gilber, Changing Pattem of Economic Ties: The Syrian and Iraqi Provinces in the 18th and 19th Centuries, in: Thomas Philipp ed., op. Cit., s. 55-67.
Maoz, Ottoman Reform, s. 244f.
The Missionary Herald gazetesi 1855de Fransa ve ngilterenin Krm sava s
rasnda Osmanl saltanatm savunma konusunda yle diyordu: ngiltere ve
ezeli rakipleri (Fransa) gemiteki dmanlarm unutarak, Muhammedi Dev
letin (Osmanl Devletinin) Hristiyanlara (Ruslara) kar dzenledii seferleri
grmezden geldiler.. Gemite han hilale kar olduunu unuttular. (Bugnse)
ha hilali haa kar korumaktadr... Bkz. Tibawi, A modem History of Syria, s.
6-7.
Tibawi, Nuss ve hakik, s. 778.
Tibawi, Modem History of Syria, s. f2f; Maoz, Ottoman Reform, s. 244f.
Moshe Maoz, Mslim Ethnic Communities in Nineteenth Century Syria and
Paletsine: Trends of Conflict and Integration, in: Astar and African Studies,
9(985), s. 283.
Maoz, Ottoman Reform, s. 9L
47
58
59
60
61
62
48
63
64
65
66
49
50
72
73
74
75
76
77
BPP 1860/69, age., Skene to Malmesbury, no. 43, Aleppo 7.8.1858, inc.no 43, Skene
to Alison, Aleppo 31.7.1858. Kr Ek: 3.
Yukardaki raporun devamna bkz.
BPP 1860/69, age. Doc. No. 43.
1858 Cidde olay ile ilgili olarak bkz: Ahmed b. Es-Seyyid Zeyni Dahlan, Umeraul
beledil Haram, Beyrut LAT, s. 366-370; ve ayrca III. Blmdeki 125 no.lu notla
kr.
Bkz. III. Blm.
EO. 424/97, Layard to Salisbury, inci. No. 113 Palace Reports respecting death
of Sheriff of Mecca, Contantinople 26.3.1880.
Muhammed Cemil Beyhem, Kavfilul Urube ve mevkibuha hill el-usr, 2/15,
Beyrut 1950.
51
52
81
82
83
bir zamanlar Kpak ham Barakn hakimiyeti dneminde bir sufi eyhin Barakhana hakaret iin Barak bir ittir szn harlatmaktadr. nk barak keli
mesi Trkede uzun tyl bir tr taz cinsidir.
Houraniden naklen, age., s. 317-319.
Sarma, Pan-Islamism, age., s. 7. Sz edilen tarihi l-i Osman hilafetim sa
vunanlardan birinin kazul ihvan lidesis el-ad (Dmanlarn Desiselerine
Kar Kardelere Uyan
Lil) (sitane 1331/1912) adl ese
rin yazan smail es-Safayih olduunu belirtmektedir. Bununla birlikte, gve
nilir tarih kaynaklar hilafetin Sultan I. Selime getiini teyit etmemektedir. Bu
konuda bkz. Seyyar el-Cemil, el-Osmaniyyn ve tekvnu Arab el-hads, s. 135142.
Semertul Fnn, say 8, 2775 ve 28/6/1875den naklen. eyh Muhammed elEsr, 1875de eyh Abdulkadir Kabbnnin kurduu Semertul Fnn dergi
53
84
54
87
55
90
91
Es-Seyyid Muhsin el-Emn, Aynu-ia, tahkik ve neir: yazarn olu olu EsSeyyid Hasen el-Emn, C. 43, Beyrut, 1957.
Muhammed Cabir l Safa, Tarih-u Cebeli Amil, Beyrut, 1981. Cebel-i Amilin
Cebel el-Celil, Cebel Hayl eklinde isimleri de vardr. Amil da adnn veril
mesinin sebebi, Lbnann en eski sakinlerinden olan Yemenli Amil kabilesine
mensup insanlarn burada yayor olmasdr. Bunlar Yemende Marib eddinin
yklmasndan sonra buraya g etmilerdir. Bazlannm soyu Kurey kabilesine
dayanr. Blge liderlerinden birinin adna istinaden Bilad- Beare de denilir. Tam
olarak Gney Lbnan denilen kesimdir.
smail, Documents, t. 14, Sienkiemcz Freycinet, no. 48, Beyrouth 2.6.1880, s.
191-192.
Ali ez-Zeyn, El-Bahs an tarihinaf Lbnan, Beyrut 1973, s. 25-30.
56
57
95
Kevsern, s. 137-138.
191-192.
58
Ez-Zeyn, s. 27.
M. L. Gross, Ottoman Rule in the Province of Damascus 1860-1909, Ph. D. Georgetown University 1979, vol. II, s. 559.
98 Ayn yerde.
99 Ayn yerde.
100 Zeine, The Emergence of Arab Nationalism, age., s. 58.
101 Abdlaziz ed-Dr, Et-Tekvinut-tarih lil-mmetil Arabiyye, s. 152.
59
60
61
62
63
yn Hareketine Katlanlar
1.
Ahmet Paa es-Sulh (takr. 1810-1893).120
Fas asll Snni Sulh ailesinin en nde gelen yelerinden
dir ve Mslman ynlar Hareketinin lideridir. Ailesi vaktiyle
Saydaya yerleip ticaret ve tarmla uramtr. Sulh ailesi, XIX.
Yzyl ortalarndan itibaren Beyrutta nfuzunu salamlatrm
tr. Ahmet Sulh, Bild- ama Mehmet Ali Paaya kar sava
mak iin gelen Osmanl ordusunda mstear olarak grev yapm,
daha sonra tercman olarak Beyruttaki airetler siyaseti mdr
lnde, Sayda vilayet merkezinde grev alm (1840); 1860da
yabanc konsolosluklar ve mahalli idare tarafndan Hristiyanlara
kar katliamlar dzenlemekle sulanarak Rodosa srgn edil
mitir. Bilhare Lazkiye ve Akkada birka kez mutasarrf olarak
atanmtr. Konsolosluklar vastasyla Bild- amn i ilerine
mdahale edilmesi sebebiyle blgedeki yabanc nfuzunu ince
lemek zere Dmakta toplanan be Osmanl devlet bynden
birisi de Ahmed Sulhtu. Ahmet Sulh, Dmak mfts ve nakibi
Hasen Takiyyuddin Husni ailesi gibi din hrete sahip ailele
riyle dostane ilikiler kurmu (daha sonra kendisi bu aileden bir
kzla evlenmitir), ayrca Cebel-i mil erafndan baz ailelerle
de dost olmutur. Cabir l Safa, Ahmet Sulhu karde Snni ve
ii topluluklar birbirine yaknlatran, din taassubu, mezhep
blnmelerini ortadan kaldrmak iin alan ilk kii olarak
gstermektedir.121 Ahmet Sulhun olu oldu. En by Ka
mil, Balkanlarda ve Libyann Trablus ehrinde kad olarak grev
yaptktan sonra Beyrut Reform Komitesine tayin edildi. kinci
1860-1920, Cambridge 1983; Filistin ayanlan iin ise bkz.: Elaim Gerber, Ottoman Rule injerusalem 1890-1914, Berlin 1985.
64
65
66
67
dan baka Hseyin Beyhem, Beyrutun nde gelen tacir bir aile
sine mensuptu. 1877de Meclis-i Mebusn yeliine seilmiti ve
ayn zamanda Suriye Gizli Cemiyetinin yesiydi.138
3. Mslman ynlar ve Yusuf Kerem Projesi - Emir
Abdullah el-Cezirnin Bunlarla Olan likisi
93 Harbinin Osmanl Devleti aleyhine gelimesi, Balkanlar
daki milliyeti hareketlerin yol at i alkantlar, Avrupa lke
lerinin Osmanl topraklarna gz dikmesiyle birlikte Bild- am
halknda imparatorluun kme noktasna geldii fikri yaygn
lam; tabiatyla bu durum baz ayanlarda bir takm gizli faali
yetlerin balamasna, zellikle lkelerinin yabanc igaline maruz
kalaca endiesiyle baz tedbirler almaya sevk etmitir. Dolay
syla biz, bu tr ihtimaller karsnda iki ynde gelien siyas ha
reketleri ele alacaz. Bunlardan birincisi, otonomi veya tam ba
mszlk amac gden yn Hareketi (slm proje), dieri Suriye
Konfederasyonu (Arap-slamc proje) amac gden Yusuf Kerem
(1823-1893)139 projesidir.140
138 Dominique Chevalier, Mctema cebel Lbnan f asr es-sevr es-smaiyye f Av
rupa (Avrupa Sanayi Devrimi anda Cebel-i Lbnan Toplumu), Muna Ab
dullah kr ev., Beyrut 1994, s. 369; Speppat, age., s. 648; Johnson, Class and
Client, age., s. 63-64.
139 Yusuf Kerem: Lbnann hden blgesinden km bir derebeyidir. 1855de z
kardei Ali Meiha hdene kar mcadelesiyle dikkat ekmi; 1860daki i sa
va srasnda Cebel-i Lbnan Hristiyanlarnn bana kaymakam olarak tayin
edilmi, fakat ksa sre sonra mutasarrf Davut Paa ile ters derek 1861, 1866
ylnda isyan karm; nce 1868de Cezaire, arkasndan Avrupaya srgn
edilmi, orada bir arac vastasyla eyh el-Cezir ile yazmalar yapmtr. Bkz.
Sulh, dn, s. 104-105; es-Salib, age., s. 150-151; Ahmed Tarbin, Lbnan mnz
ahdil-mutasarrifiyye ile bidayeti! intidab 1861-1920, Dmak 1968, s. 2-6.
140 Suriyedeki 1860 i savandan sonra Bilad- am III. Napolyonn Doulu Hristiyanlan koruma sloganyla balatt Lransz emperyalist projesinin hedef tah
tas olmutur. Projenin esas, Bilad- am ve Irak Osmanl mparatorluundan
kopararak, Prasanm sadk dostu ve nde gelen bir Arap olmas dolaysyla
Emir Abdulkadir Cezirnin emrine vermek, bu sayede Mstla Anadolu arasna
Lransz mdahalesine gerek kalmadan Svey Kanalnm gvenliini salayan
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
your hands. Ali this is mysterious but it is for you who are intelligant to understand that the duty of a friend is to commence-it is for you to achieve! In
any case I will shortly retum to you.
Konsolos, Suriyelilerin Osmanlya kar besledikleri duygulara ise u szlerle ia
ret etmektedir:
... though there ara no signs of dissatisfaction against the Ottoman rule, EO.
78/2848, vol. 2, no. 74, Eldridge to Layard, Alieh 2.8. 1878.
172 EO. 424/83, Layard to Salisbury, secret, no. 418, Therapia 21,5.1879; Kevserani, El-tticaht, s. 133; Fritz Steppat, Kalifat, Dar al-slam und die Loyalitt
der Araber zum Osmanischen Reich bei hanafitischen Juristen des 19. Jahrhunderts, Actes du V' Congres International dArabisants et dIslamisants, Bnvcelles,
31 aout- 6 septembre 1970, s. 461.
173 Douri, Et-tekvini et-tarihi, s. 152.
174 Sinno, Fikretl Camiatl slamiyye benes-sultana el-Osmaniyye vel Maribil
Aksa, f El-tihad 26/27/1995, s. 320-321.
KNC BLM
Shimon Shamir, Mithat Pasha and the Anti-Turkish Agitation in Syria, in: MES
10, 2(1974), s. 130.
78
3
4
5
79
6
7
8
80
EO. 78/2848, EIdridge to Salisbury, political no. 57, Alieh 18.7.1878; kr. Ek 4.
Tibawi, age., s. 154.
81
82
83
20
Hurewitz, 1/411.
smail, Documents T 14, Delaporte Waddingtot, no. 22, Beyrouth 9.10.1879, s.
113-115.
Tibawi, s. 154.
Shakeeb Salih, The British-Druze Connection and the Druze Rising of 1895 in
the Hawran, in: MES, 13, 2(1977), s. 252-253; Gross, 1/290-291, smail, Docu
ments T 14, Sienkievicz Freydnet, no. 55, Beyrouth 15.9.1880, s. 223f.
Adil smail, ayn belge, s. 228.
84
22
EO. 424/81, J. Aberich Machay to Lyons, indosure no. 2, 20.2.1879; lyons to Salisbury, secret, no. 255, Paris 4.3.1879, indosure memorandum 1. Her iki belgede
kuruculacak devletin bana bir Franszn geecei belirtilmesine ramen, di
er Fransz belgelerinde Halep, Suriye, Badat, Yemen vb. vilayetlerden olua
cak devletin Cezirnin bakanlnda kurulaca kaydedilmektedir. Cezirnin
birinci devlet projesiyle nasl bir ilgisi olduunu bilmiyoruz. Bu konuda bkz.
smail, Documents T 14, Delaporte Waddington, no. 22, Beyrouth 9.10.1879,
s. 115.
Son rle (Mithat Pacha) est le servir dinstrument aux Anglais - Fransann
Beyrut konsolosu Mithat Paadan bu ekilde bahsetmektedir. Bkz. smail, Do
cuments T 14, Sienkiewicz Freydnet, no. 55, Beyrouth 2.6.1880, s. 193. amir
(s. 122) ngilterenin Mithat Paamn Suriyeye vali tayin edilmesi iin bask yap
tm ve Sultan Abdulhamidin de bir sre bu onu bu grevde tutmay kararla
trdn belirtmektedir.
85
86
87
88
89
smail, Documents T 14, Sienkievvicz Barthelemy-Saint-Hilaire, no. 63, Beyrouth 30.12.1880, s. 249-252.
Sulh, s. 136.
smail, Documents T 14, Sienhiewicz Barthelemy-Saint-Hilaire, no. 63, Beyrouth 30.12.1880, s. 252.
Tibawi, Nss ve Hakik, s. 790.
Sarma, Pan-slamism, age., s. 20; kr. Zeyn, Nuuu, s. 60-61.
90
53
54
55
91
59
92
smail, Documents T 14, Sienkiewicz Barthelemy-Saint-Hilaire, no. 58, Beyrouth 30.12.1880, s. 236.
Shamir, s. 131.
Gross, 1/312.
Age., s. 312-313.
93
94
Shaw, 11/85.
Muhammed Cemil Beyhemn, Kavfilul-urbe, s. 14.
Gross, 1/290-291; Shamir, s. 119.
Gross, 1/313; Shamir, s. 136.
95
75
96
97
84
85
98
86
87
NC BLM
100
3
4
5
6
101
102
103
104
105
36
Al-Amr, s. 45.
Elurgronje, s. 319.
Thomas E. Marston, Britains Imperial Role in the Red Sea Area 1800-1878, Cunnecticut 1961, s. 369; "VVilfrid Scawen Blunt, The Future of slam, London 1882,
s. 115-116.
Marston, s. 218-219.
106
107
41
I/412den naklen.
Jean Elaslip, Der Sultan. Das LebenAbdul Hamids II, Mnchen 1968, s. 167; Wadie Jwaideh, The Kurdish Natioalist Movement: Its Origins and Development, unbubl. Ph. D. Syracuse University 1960, s. 285.
108
43
44
45
46
Gladstone Bulgarim Horros and the Question of the East adl eserini 2 Eyll
1876da yaynlam ve orada Osmanllan barbar ve insanlk dmam olarak gs
termitir. Bkz. Langer, European Alliances, age., s. 94-95.
Marston, s. 263; Al-Amr, s. 234.
Mohamed Said Shafy, The Export Trade ofJuddah in the 19th Century, in: Revue dElistoire Maghrebine, 31-321982), s. 367-372.
Al-Amr, s. 25lf., 255.
Ochsemvald, Religion, Society, s. 88.
109
49
50
51
52
Shukla, s. 163f.
EO. 881/4341, Layard to Salisbury, no. 3, Constantinople 6.4.1880.
110
56
57
U l
112
113
67
114
115
73
74
Shamir, s. 131.
F/O. 78/2988, Zohrab to Salisbury, secret/conf./ separate, Jeddah 12.3.1879-, AlAmr, s. 55.
75
The Sultan is acknowledged as the elected leader of the Mahomedan religion, the
Shariff is recognized as the direct descendant of the Prophet and head of thefaith
F/O. 78/2988, Zohrab to Salisbury, secret/conf./separate, Jeddah 12.3.1879.
114-115.
116
77
78
79
80
81
82
... being direct descendant of the Prophet he is (the Sherif) for Mussulman pretty
well what thePopefor the Roman Catholic Church, EO. 78/3131, Zohrab toAlston, private/secret, Cairo 12.1.1880.
...he is regarded and is held in the greatest veneration by the Mussulman world,
he is ahvays spoken of a our Master or Lord, EO. 78/3131, Zohrab to Salisbury,
secret, Cairo 9.1.1880.
F/O. 195/1375, Zokrabs report, op. cit., Jeddah 1.6.1881.
Mevcut kaynaklarda Yusuf Efendiin etnik mensubiyetiyle ilgili bilgi yok, ama
muhtemelen Ehristiyanlann ve ecnebilerin girmesinin yasak olduu kutsal yer
lerde rahatlkla dolaabilen, ngilizlerin gvenini kazanm bir Mslmand.
EO. 78/3131, Zohrab to Salisbury, secret, Cairo 9.1.1880.
Afganistan ve Orta Asyadaki Mslman liderlerin Rusyaya kar ngiltereyle
ibirlii yaplmas konusundaki tevikleri sebebiyle erif Elseyin Afganistan
meselesinde ngilterenin hizmetinde olduunu belirtmitir. Afganistan mese
lesi ve erif Elseyin konusunda bkz. Shukla, s. 188-189. Ayrca erif Elseyin
tarafndan bu konuyla ilgili olarak Zohraba gnderilen ve ngiliz arivinde mu
hafaza edilen Arapa bir mektubu bulunmaktadr. Bkz. F/O. 78/2988, Grand
Shariff to Zohrab, 22.12.1879; Zohrab to Salisbury, secret/conf./separate, Jeddah
12.3.1879.
EO. 78/2988, Zohrab to Salisbury, secret/conf./separate, Jeddah 8.12.1879.
117
118
EO.
EO.
EO.
EO.
119
95
96
97
120
98
99
Kr. Ek 10.
Al-Amr, s. 220.
EO. 78/2988, Zohrab to Bumers most secret/conf.,Jeddah 6.12.1879, EO. 78/2898,
Zohrab to Salisbury, conf/political. No.l,Jeddah 6.8.1879.
100 EjO, 424/97, Layard to Salisbury, secret, no. 113, Constantinople 26.3.1880, inci.
Palace reports respecting death of the Mecca. Belge, ajann ne iin geldiine
deinmemektedir. Kr. Ek 15.
101 Shukla, s. 220.
121
106 erif Hseyin Afganistan yneticilerine ngiltereye kar savan slama kar
savam olur mesajn iletmek iin heyet gndermeye hazrlanmt. Aym e
rif Hindistana da bu mealde mesajlar iletmiti; EO. 78/3138, Malet to F.O., sec
ret, no. 5, Cairo 8.1.1880.
107 Paislamism and the Caliphate, in: The Contemporary Review, 43(1883), s. 60.
108 Semertul Fnn say 274 30 Mart 1880 ve say 275, 5 Nisan 1880; Ochsenwald, Religion, Sodety, op. cit. s. 180.
109 Shukla, s. 196.
122
Martson, 217.
Charmes, La situation de la Turquie, op.cit., s. 742-743.
Shukla, s. 199.
Abu-Manneh, Sultan Abdlhamid II and the Shariffs of Mecca, s. 7.
Al-Anr, s. 138-139.
EO. 424/97, Layard to Salisbury, no. 112, Constantinople 25.3.1880.
Shukla, s. 194.
a very painful feeling, EO. 424/97, Layard to Salisbury, no. 112, Constantinople
25.3.1880. Kr. Ek 13.
118 The assassination of Sheikh Hussein, the late Grand Sheriff ofMecca, may havegrave
political consequences, and may seriously affect our interests in India, EO. 424/97,
123
124
1 25
132 eyh Fadl daha nce Elindistanda ngiltere lehine casusluk yapm, sonra onunla
yollarn ayrm, Sultan II. Abdlhamidin safna gemi ve slam Camiasnm
yardmclar arasnda yer almt. Bkz. Fadyeyeva, s. 144.
133 Age., s. 144.
134 Blunt, s. 127f.
135 Abu-Manneh, Sultan Abdlhamid II and the Sharifs, s. 8.
136 EO. 78/3314, Zohrab to R. St.John Esquire, no. 13,Jeddah 17.2. 1881.
126
138 EO. 78/3314, Zohrab to Granville, secret, Jeddah 27.3.1881; Zohrab to Granville,
secret, no.ll, Jeddah 28.3.1881.; kr Shukla, s. 198-205.
139 Shukla, s. 200.
140 EO. 78/3314, Zohrab to Granville, political, no. 4, Jeddah 13.1. 1881; Moncrieff
to Granville, political/Conf., no. 21, Jeddah 25.8.1881.
127
141 Abu-Manneh, Sultan Abdlhamid II and the Sharifs, s. 12. Shuklanm kaydna
gre adet olan mektuplarn saysnn be olduu belirtilmektedir.
142 Abu-Manneh, s. 12, no. 53; Al-Amr, s. 144.
143 Recep Elarraz (Ed-Devletl Osmaniye ve ibh Ceziretil Arab 1840-1909, Ka
hire 1980, s. 115) erif Abdulazizin azledilmesinin sebebini, onun Sultanin
Ehcazda zindandayken Mithat Paanm ldrlmesi yolundaki emrini yerine
getirmeyi reddetmesi olarak gstermektedir.
DRDNC BLM
3
4
10.
130
131
132
17
18
19
20
Age., s. 12.
Kendal, The Kurds under the Ottoman Empire, in: Gerard Chaliand ed., age., s.
26.
II. Mahmut zamannda Yenieri ocaklarnn kaldrlmas konusunda benim
Osmal Devletinde 1879-1839 Yllanndaki Islahatlarda Batinn Tesiri Bey
rut 1975, adl almamn 85-99, 116-124, 127-138. sayfalarna bkz.
sa, age., s. 14-15.
Cemile elil vd., El-E[areket Kurdiyye, s. 15-16.
Eb evki, Eemeht min tarihi intifadt ves-sevrtil kurdiyye, Beyrut 1978, s.
18-19; Philip FaraoYusuf Krba, El-Mesihiyyn vel Yahud fit-tarih el-islamiil
Arabi vet-trki, Beir es-Sibai ev., Kahire 1994, s. 146.
elil ve dierleri, el-HareketiYl Kurdiyye, s. 19.
133
21
22
23
24
25
26
Ayn yerde.
Nevvar, Tarih Irak, s. 134-135.
Chabry, s. 254; Edmonds, s. 8.
elil ve dierleri, s. 24-25.
Gassan Selame, el-Muctema ved-devlefil marikil Arabi, Beyrut 1987, s. 76-77;
sa, age., s. 3-5.
sa, age., s. 31.
134
29
30
31
135
136
137
138
Ayn yerde.
Olson, s. 5-6; Jwaideh, s. 216-232.
The Sublime Porte undertakes to carry out, without further delay the improvements and reforms demanded by local requirements in the provinces inhabited by the Armenians, and to guarantee their security againts the Circassians
139
50
51
52
53
and Kurds. It will periodically make known the steps taken to this efect to the
Powers, who will superintended their application. Hurewitz I, s. 414den nak
len.
... to watch more closely the activities of Turkish Pashas and Kurdish Chiefs, to redress as far as possible the injustices which were brought to their attention and to report to the British Abbasador..; They travelled throughout
the region of Anatolia and Armenia, listened to petitions... and reported faithfully the misdeads of Pashas and the missery of the people. Behrendt, s. 207,
n. 12den naklen.
Behrendt, s. 207, 219-220, no. 23.
Olson, s. 5-6; Jwaideh, s. 231-233.
Olson, s. 5den naklen.
140
141
142
Olson, s. 6-7.
Age., s. 7.
Vincent Monteil, Les Musulmans sovietiques, Paris 1982, s. 21; Chantal Lemercier, et-Turuk es-sufiyye f imali! kafkaz, tihad, 6(1990), s. 263.
Olson, s. 7.
Ebu evki, s. 61-62.
elil, ntifadatu Ekrad, s. 56-57; elil ve dierleri, El-Elarekettil Kurdiyye, s. 33.
elil, Intifadatul Ekrad, s. 62-63.
Ebu evki, s. 62-63.
143
77
78
Age., s. 62; Kendal, 31; Erhard Franz, Krden und Krdistan, Hamburg 1986, s.
134.
elil, Intifadatul Ekrad, s. 30.
Ubeydullahn Bb- liye yapt teklifin ngilizce metni aadadr: .. that he
sould be recognized as a semi-independent prince. A condition of laying down
his arms, he proposed that the country should be formed into an autonomous
tributary province, ofwhichhe should be named govemor-general for life, The
Times, 28. 10. 1879.
Behrendt, s.221.
elil ve dierleri, age., s. 31.
144
145
88
89
146
147
148
149
150
151
112
113
114
115
Ubeydullah olunun randa giritii bir iten dolay isyann sorumlusu ola
rak grlemez.
Ayn Bb- li bir sonraki ayn 28nde ran bykelisine gnderdii bir baka
mektupta ise yle diyordu: eyh Ubeydullah isyandan sorumlu tutulamaz;
olaylar tafsilatl aratrldnda asl sorumlunun Elamza Aa ve Azerbaycan d
nda bask altna alman halkn bir kesimi olduu grlecektir. - Behrendt, s.
224, no. 15den naklen.
Olson, s. 6-7.
elil, Intifadatul Efemi, s. 74; Chabry, Politique et Minorites, s. 255.
Chabry, ayn yerde.
PAAA. OG 9, 1, bd. 4, Oppenheim an Honenlohe-Schillingsfrst, Nr. 104,
A10352, Oberkassel (Siegkreis), 28.7.1900: Die Hamidje-Regiementen in oberen Mesopotamien und an Abhnge der kurdischen Berge und ihre Bedeutung
fr die Bagdatbahn; PAAA, Asien G. Rdb 1. bd. 1, HatzfeMt an Bismarck, Nr.
374, A 7387, Pera 20.11. 1880.
152
BENC BLM
Amavutlukn bamszl 28 Kasm 1912de Vlora ehrinde ilan edildi. Bir son
raki yln 29 Temmuzunda ise byk devletler Amavutluk kendi nezaretinde
balantsz bir prenslik sayarak, mesahasn 28 bin km2 ve 800 bin nfus olarak
belirledi. Bkz. Muhammed Mufako, Es-Sakfetl Albaiyye fil ebcediyyetil arabiyye, Aleml marife dizisi, 68 (1983), s. 33-34. Biz bu kitapta Arnavutluk te
rimini daha geni kapsaml olarak kullanacaz. Dolaysyla bizim Arnavutlukla
kastettiimiz blge kodra, Manastr, Kosova ve Yanya (Jaina) vilayetleridir
ki, 1912den itibaren Arnavut denilen tek bir halkn oturduu topraklardr.
Bu konuda bkz. Abdulaziz enavi, Ed-devlet Osmaniye, devletim islamiyyatn
mftera aleyha, c. 4, Kahire 1986, s. 1843; Ali Elasun, El-Osmaniyyunfi Balkan,
154
155
9
10
11
12
156
15
16
157
nalck, s. 652.
Sssheim, Arnauts, in:EI 1, vol. 1/Leide/London 1913, s. 451.
nalck, s. 652.
enavi, 4/1856-1857.
Bartl, s. 18.
Ayn yerde; nalck, 652-654.
158
nalck, s. 655-657.
Age., s. 657.
Daha sonra bu isim kodra eklini ald.
nalck, s. 656.
Bartl, s. 37-86.
Mufako, s. 92.
159
30
31
32
33
34
Stefanaq Polo/Arben Puto, Histoire le lAlbanie des origines nos jours, Roanne
Carole Rogel, Paris, s. d., s. 125; Schmidt-Neke, s. 23; YVandering Monk and
the Balkan National Awakening, in: YVilliam HaddadAVilliam Ochsenwald eds.
Nationalism in a Non-National State. The Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire,
Colombus 1977, s. 79-81. Kr nalck, s. 656.
L.S. Stavrianos, The Balkans Since 1453, New York ect. 1958, s. 498.
Polo/Puto, Histoire, s. 126.
Edward S. Creasy, History of the Ottoman Turks, repr. Beirut 1961, s. 499-501.
nalck, s. 655, 657.
Polo/Puto, s. 126.
160
161
47
162
Osmanl Devleti, gelien Arnavut muhalefeti karsnda blynet politikasna sarld. Kuzeyle gney arasndaki rk ve din
blnmenin yan sra coraf ulam zorluu ve ok kltrllk,
Arnavutlar birbirinden koparrken, salam bir milli uurun olu
umunu da engellemitir ki,48bu durum Osmanllan din gruplar
birbirinden koparp onlarla din ve etnik bazda ibirlii yapmaya
tevik etmitir. Bylece Osmanl ynetimi meseleyi MslmanHristiyan eksenine kaydrm,49 Mslmanlara siz OsmanlIs
nz, Ortodokslara Siz Rumsunuz, Katoliklere ise Siz Roma
Kilisesine bal bir aznlksnz diyerek muamelede bulunmu;50
buna karlk ayanlar, toprak sahiplerini, tacirleri ve Mslman
din adamlarn kendine yaknlatrarak, devlet merkezinde st
dzey dar ve asker makamlarn kaplarn onlarn nnde so
nuna kadar amtr.51 Dahas, Osmanllar Helen, talyan ve Avus
turya kltryle yorulmu dier gruplarla ilikilerini nlemek
amacyla buradaki Mslmanlar Osmanl-slam kltryle ku
atmlardr.
Osmanllarm Arnavut dini gruplarnn farkl kltrlerine kar
uyguladklar siyaset, esasen milli bir direni hareketine yol a
mamas iin tek tip bir Arnavut kltrnn gelimesini engel
leme amacna matuftu. Peki, Osmanllar bu siyaseti blgede na
sl uygulam ve Arnavutlarn tepkileri ne olmutu?
3. Kltr Hareketi: Mslmanlar ve Arnavut Milliyetilii
Arnavut kltr hareketi, 1830lardan itibaren milli bir Arnavut
medresesi kurulmas, Arnavutanm retilmesi ve dilin yabanc
etkilerden arndrlmas teebbsleriyle temsil edilmitir.52Arnavut
48
Gotthold Rhode, Die Staaten Sdosteuropas vom Berliner Kongress biz zum
Ausgang des 1. Weltkriegs (1878-1918), in: Theoder Schieder ed. Europa im
Zeitalter der Nationalstaaten und europdische Weltpolitik bis zum Ersten Weltkrieg,
49
50
51
52
163
enavi, 4/1872.
SatY el-Husr, Nuufikretil kavmiyye, s. 110-112.
Mufako, s. 45, 47-48.
El-Husr, age., s. 112.
Castellan, Histoire des Balkans, s. 360.
Stavro Skendi, TheAlbanian National Awakening 1878-1912, Princeton 1967, s.
471.
Mufako, s. 46-47; Rhode, Die Staaten Sdosteuropas, age., s. 577f.
164
62
63
64
65
66
165
Castellan, s. 360.
Schmidt-Neke, s. 31.
Castellan, s. 360.
Skendi, The Albanian National Awekening, age., s. 115.
Lraensen, Die albanische Nationalbewegung, age., s. 27.
Logoreci, s. 39.
... la langue nationale... voyait non seulement un ferment qui devait libere sa
partie des chaines de lesclavage bkz. Polo/Puto, s. 128.
Laensen, s. 27.
166
Skendi, s. 122-123.
enavi, 4/1833; nalck, s. 650.
Castellan, s. 360.
Skendi, s. 115-117.
Mufako, Es-Sakafetl Albaniyye, age., s. 89-90.
167
168
Mufako, s. 139-140.
*Burada sz edilen Sami, mehur Kmusl Alrnm yazan emseddin Samidir
(ev)
Stavrianos, s. 505.
Bu Naim Fraeriden daha ileride aynca bahsedilecektir.
Mufako, s. 50, 60-61, 107, 152, 153; Sssheim, Arnauts, s. 455.
169
170
Castellan, s. 361.
nalck, s. 650.
Stavrianos, s. 505.
Mufako, s. 61.
Logoreci, s. 42.
Polo/Puto, Histoire, s. 109; Bartl, Die albanischen Muslime, s. 134-135.
Bartl, s. 109.
enavi, 4/1874.
Castellan, Histoire, s. 362; kr. Sssheim, age., s. 455. Destann yayn tarihi
1897dir.
171
172
Logoreci, s. 44.
sitnede emseddin adyla bilinir.
Skendi, s. 140; Shaw II, s. 253-254.
Saw II, s. 253-254.
173
174
Skendi, s. 55.
Polo/Puto, Histoire, s. 134.
Skendi, s. 51.
Polo/Puto, s. 137.
Sinno, el-Alktur Rusisiyye-el-Osmaniyye, Meselet bahril esved vel-ezmetl
balkaniyye, s. 17.
125 Castellan, s. 361.
126 Pullo/Puto, s. 137.
175
nusundaki ilk imtihan idi. Bylece Arnavut Mslmanlar ve Hristiyanlar, Osmanl Devletinin kmesi halinde bunun lke ze
rindeki yanklar konusunda birlikte dnmeye baladlar.127
Rusyann Osmanl sava cephesini 1877 sonlarndan itibaren
Avrupa ve Asyada geniletmesinden, Srplarn ve Karadan 1877
Ocak aynda tekrar Osmanl Devletine kar savaa girmesinden
ve bir sonraki ay (ubat) Yunanllarn da lkenin gneyinde Ar
navut topraklarndan bir ey koparabilmek amacyla128onlara ka
tlmasndan sonra, olaylar dramatik bir ekilde Arnavutluk kar
larnn ve toprak btnlnn aleyhine hzla gelimeye balad.
1878 Martnda Osmanl Devleti Rusya ile Yeilky Anlamasm
imzalad ve bylece Arnavutlukun baz topraklar Srbistan, Ka
rada ve Rusyann bu anlamaya dayanarak kurduu Byk Bul
garistan Devletinin snrlarna ilhak edildi.129
Osmanl ordusunun zlmesi ve Yeilky Anlamasnm imza
lanmasndan sonra, Arnavutlukun kuzey ve gneyindeki Mslmanlar, Karadallarn ve Yunanllarn ynetimi altna girecekleri
endiesine kapldlar. Bu durum, lke iinde ve dnda Arnavut
Milli Hareketi karsna zm g bir problem kard: Komu
Balkan lkeleri arasnda paylalmadan lkeyi Osmanl yneti
minden nasl kurtaracaklard?130
lkenin gney ve kuzeyindeki Arnavut yurtseverlerin nder
leri, Yeilky Anlamasm boa karmann mcadelesini veri
yorlard. Bylece 1878 Nisannn sonlarnda, sz konusu anla
mann ortaya kard durumu grmek zere, eski Gusinye
kaymakam Ali Paanm teebbsyle Yakovada ayanlar ve bey
ler bir toplant dzenlediler.131
23 Temmuz 1878de ise lkenin her blgesini ve dini temsilen 300 Arnavutun katld geniletilmi bir toplant Prizrendeki
127
128
129
130
131
Bartl, s. 116.
Skendi, s. 39.
Giri ksmna bkz.
Logoreci, s. 40.
Bard, s. 117.
176
177
178
179
Stavrianos, s. 503-505.
Bartl, s. 118-119.
Bartl, s. 119.
Logoreci, s. 40.
180
181
182
183
Age.,s. 48.
Age., s. 56.
enavi, 4/1878.
Sax, opt. Cit., p. 465. kodradaki ngiliz konsolosu dileri vekiline yazd
mektupta yle diyordu: Her halkrda bana Sultarfm adndan sz edilirken
sayg ve iclal elden braklmyor. Ama paalardan ve Osmanl ynetiminden sz
aldnda kullanlan dil bariz bir ekilde sertleiyor.. Bkz. EO. 424/118, Greer
to Granville, conf, no. 101, Scutari 30.8.1881.
184
185
186
Bartl, s. 126-127.
Pollo/Buto, s. 144.
Skendi, s. 66.
Mustafa Kamil, El-Meselet-arkyye, Msr 1898, s. 196.
Ayn yerde.
Bartl, s. 1251
187
188
189
Bartl, s. 127.
Kamil, El-Meselet-arkyye, s. 197-201.
Castellan, s. 362; Pollo/Puto, s. 149-150.
Pollo/Puto, 149-150; Bartl, 128.
Skendi, s. 96.
190
Age., s. 99.
Bartl, s. 144.
Pollo/Puto, s. 149ff.
Miller, s. 406; Skendi, s. 105-107.
Tarihiler skender Beyin Osmanl ynetiminden kurtulmak iin giritii isyan
ilk Arnavut milli hareketi grme konusunda hemfikir deiller. Bu konuda bkz.
enavi, 4/1852-1856.
197 Fadyeyeva, OfitsaTniye doktrini i idyeologii v politike Osmanskoy imperii, op.
cit., s. 137.
SONU
192
SONU
193
194
5
6
7
Martin van Bruinessen, Agha, Shaikh and State. The Social and Polical Structures of Kurdistan, London/New Jersey 1992, s. 250; elil, ntifadatul Ekrad, s.
70-71.
elil ve dierleri, El-Hareket Kurdiyye, s. 37.
Gassan Selame, El-Mctemaa ved-devle fil mark el-arabi, age., s. 76-77.
Behrendt, s. 220.
SONU
195
Ayn yerde.
Hamid sa, el-Mkiletl Kurdiyye, s. 16.
elil ve dierleri, el-Hareket Kurdiyye, s. 43.
Bruinessen, age., s. 276-277.
Beinci blmdeki 41. nolu nota bkz.
196
SONU
197
198
j esine gre Suriye deil, Hicaz (=Svey Kanal - Kzl Deniz Hindistan) ngilterenin asl ilgi alanyd ve 1882de Msr igali
de bu stratejinin bir parasyd. Keza Zohrabm 1879 ve 1880de
hkmetini Hicazda bir Arap halifeliini himayesine alacan
ilan etmeye armas da ayn stratejinin gerei idi.
Eer erif Hseyinin ldrlmesinin sorumlusu Osmanl
sultan veya adamlar ise, asl sorumluluk, Osmanl Devletinin
Rusyayla ilikilerinin ok kt olduu bir dnemde, Afganistan
ve Orta Asyaya Rusyaya kar ngiltereye destek vermeye giden
ve aralarnda erif Hseyinin de bulunduu heyete dzenlenen
suikasta m aittir, yoksa Hseyini himayesi altnda Mekkede
Mslmanlarn halifesi olmaya itekleyen ngiltere mi? Her iki ih
timal de geerliliini korumaktadr. Afganistan yolculuu, erif
Hseyinin ngiltereye yakn olmak ve gzne girmek iin d
zenledii bireysel bir giriimdi. Hseyinin bu yolculuktan amac,
dini ve siyasi nfuzunu Hicaz dna tayarak slam dnyasnda
hretini artrmak ve ngiltere-Rusya mcadelesinde kendisinin
diplomatik-politik ve uluslar aras rolnn bu blgede Osmanl
sultan ve halifesinin rolnden daha nemli olduunu gster
mekti. Hicazda nfuzu Bild- am ve Iraka kadar uzanan bir
Arap devletinin kurulmas halinde Sultan, halifedir sznn
ne deeri kalrd? slamn mukaddes mekanlar, oralara giden
hac yollar kendi hakimiyeti altnda deilken, Sultan Abdlhamid Mslmanlarn halifesi olduunu nasl iddia edebilirdi? n
giliz belgelerinden birinde Sultan Abdlhamidin Hicazdaki kut
sal yerlerin kontroln kaybetmektense, baka herhangi bir eyi
[art] kabul etmeye hazr olduu belirtilmektedir.14
erif Hseyinin bir suikastla ldrlmesiyle Suriye vilayetinin
banda bulunan Mithat Paanm grevinden azledilmesinin he
men hemen ayn srada vuk bulmas, despot sultann Sultanhalife hukukunu savunma amal gayretlerinin gstergesidir. Sul
tan Abdlhamidi endielendiren ey, Bild- amdaki Mslman
14
SONU
199
15
16
EKLER
Ek-1
EKLER
201
Ek: 2
202
present, but reminded the Cadi that His Majesty the Sultan had
issued a firman, granting full liberty of conscience to ali his subjects, by virtue of which firman any who from conviction wished
to change his religion might do so without constraint.
The Cadi answered, disdainfully, The Sultan eats melons,
which is a vulgar expression, meaning that the Sultan talks impotently or talks nonsence.
I remonstrated, at which the Cadi repeated his remark, adding
that His Majestys officers and subjects are only bound to obey
him so long as his orders are in conformity with the law.
I told the Cadi that I should report the circumtance, and have
done so for your information.
Ek- 3
EKLER
203
204
25,000 affiliated in Aleppo when that Corporation was suppressed in 1826, have kept up some species of secret union amongst
themselves. The recent incidents, reported above, have given rise
to much talking on these subjects, from which it would also appear that the Mussulman population of northern Syria harbours hopes of a seperation from the Ottoman Empire and the information of a new Arabian State, under the Svereignty of the
Shereefs of Mecca. However this may be, it is certainly desirable
that the garrison of Aleppo should be augmented without loss
of time, more especially as the consequences of the massacre at
Jedda will in ali probability soon furnish a motive and opportunity for a dangerous ebullition of Mussulman fanaticism.
I have &c.
(Signed) J.H. SKENE.
Ek-4
Eldridgenin Suriyeli Mslman ve Hrristiyanlarm lkele
rinde ngiliz mandastnt istedikleri konusunda Salisburyye yazdrr mektup.
EO. 78/2848, Eldridge to Salisbury, political no. 57, Alieh
18.7.1878.
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Ek-5
Konsolos Zohrabm erif Hseyinin Afganistan konusunda ve
baka hususlarda ngiltereye ve ngiliz karlarna hizmete hazr
olduu ve ngiliz ynetiminin Mslmanlara adaletli davranaca
na inand konusundaki mektubu.
EO. 78/2988, Zohrab to Salisbury, secret/conf./separate. leddah
12.3.1879.
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Ek-8
Zohrab, Salisburyye erif Hseyinin kendisiyle gvenilir bir
arac vastasyla ifahi olarak anlamak istediini; Hicazda Osmanl Sultamna kar adavet duygularnn en st zirveye kt
n, dini mercilerin ngiltereden Osmanl mparatorluundaki
slm Vakflara el koymasn ve en nihayet Hicazl Araplarn n
giliz uyruuna gemek iin altklarn bildiren mektubu.
F.O. 78/2988 Zohrab to Salisbury, secret/conf./separate, Jeddah
22.12.1879.
r 'V
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erif Hseyin, Zohrab vastasyla Salisburyye OsmanlIya kar
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edilmesi gerektiini, Hicaz sakinlerinin bu konuda kendisini des
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altna almasnn ona tm slam dnyasnda gl bir nfuz ka
zandraca grn bildirmektedir.
F.O. 78/3131, Zohrab to Salisbury, secret, Cairo 9.1.1880.
224
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Ek-11
Zohrab, Hint Okyanusundaki ngiliz donanmasmdan, Mekkedeki
en yksek mercilere dayanarak tehlikeli olaylarn olaca dn
cesiyle baz birimlerini Hicaz sahiline kaydrmasn istiyor.
E O. 78/2988, Zohrab to Bumers, most secret/conf., Jeddah
6.12.1879.
EKLER
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Ek-12
Layard, Grandvillee Hindistan Mslmanlarm ngiltereye
kar kkrtmay amalayan Sultan Abdlhamide kar slam ca
miasnn siyasetini, Hac mevsiminde Osmanlnm ngilterenin s
lam dman olduu ve onun Osmanl hilafetine son vermek iin
234
EKLER
235
The danger which may arise from this State of things is that
if, in consequence of the course of events, England is compelled to enter upon a policy hostile to Turkey, or which, in the
Sultans opinion, may threaten his independence or his sovereign rights, or may deprive him of further territory, he may have
recourse to every means in his power to cause us trouble and
embarrassment.
With this object in view, he may endeavour to excite the Mussulmans of India against British rule, and to bring about another rebellion in that country. To effect this he will make use of
ali the power and influence he possesses as head of the Mahommedan faith. Turkish agents will work upon Indian Mussulman
pilgrims at Mecca, who, on their return, will spread disaffection,
and the Indians who are established here will be used to carry
on secret Communications with the Princes and Chiefs in India.
England will be represented as the enemy of slam, and as aiming at the over-throw of the Caliphate and the destruction of
the Mahommedan religion.
I cannot doubt that, in these intrigues, the Sultan and his advisers will receive every encouragement and support from Russia. There are very strong grounds for suspecting that Ghazi Os
man Pasha has been completely gained ver to her interests. I
have been informed, from an apparently trustworthy source, that
the new Russian Ambassador, M. de Novikoff, has been instructed to maintain hem in his present high and influential position
in the Palace, cote que cote. Russian agents will lose no opportunity of persuading His Majesty and his Ministers that Eng
land is the real enemy of the Turkish Empire, and that Russia
alone in its friend. The more hopeful the prospect of a good understanding between the Powers as the policy to be adopted with
regard to this country, the more determined will be the attempt
of Russia to increase the suspicions of the Sultan as to the motives and designs of England, and to bring about a quarrel between her and Turkey.
236
EKLER
237
enlightened character of Sheikh Hussein. The Sultan told me yesterday that he had named Sheikh Abou Moutaleb his successor.
I told His Majesty that, from information which had reached me
from a trustworthy source, I had reason to fear that the return of
this individual to the Hedjaz might lead to serious disorders and
bloodshed. Sheikh Abou Moutaleb, I said, had on more than one
occasion, when formerly Sheriff of Mecca, been guilty of rebellion, and he was known to be at the head of a party which had
been the cause of serious disasters to Turkey already, and were
not unlikely to be so again.
The Sultan replied that, for various reasons, he could not to
otherwise than name Sheikh Abou Moutaleb, and he had done
so after consultation with his principal Ministers, and with Haireddin Pasha, and other persons in whose advice he had confidence. Sheikh Abdul Moutaleb was a very old man, above ninety
years of age, and could not in the course of things live long. On
his death Aoni el Refik Pasha, or Sheikh Aoun (the name he is
usually known by), the brother of Sheikh Hussein, who resides
at Constantinople, will be named his successor. Of this, His Ma
jesty said, he had written to inform Sheikh Aoun.
The Sultan added that he was well aware that Sheikh Abdul
Moutaleb had been disloyal, and had rebelled against his Sovereign. But he had now given assurances, in which His Majesty
had full confidence, that he would discharge the duties of his
high Office to his Majesty thought that, considering the disturbed State of that province, he was the best person to be entrusted with the duties of Grand Sheriff. His Majesty said that some
troops would be sent with him, and I understand that four battalions will be dispatched to Jeddah at nce.
I have,&c.
(Signed) A.H. LAYARD
238
Ek-14
EKLER
239
jealousy the proceedings of England in the East, is fully informed with regard to them.
Your Lordship will remember that I referred to these matters
in my secret despatches Nos. 182 and 302 of this year.
I learn, on very good authority, that about three months ago
one of Abou Moutalebs son left Constantinople for Jeddah, and
that Sheikh Aun, Sheikhs Husseinss brother, who resides here,
was warned that an attempt would probably be made to get rid
of the Grand Sheriff. That the relations which Mr. Zohrab has
entertained of late with the Sheriff have contributed, in any way,
to the determination which, I am assured, existed here, either
to depose His Heighness or to make away with him, I cannot
State with confidence, but I have been, for some time, very uneasy with regard to Mr. Zohrabs proceedings, knowing, as I do,
the extreme jealousy and susceptibility of the Sultan, espicially
with regard to this religious rights and authority as Caliph of s
lam, and being well aware that the fanatics who surround him
would lose the occasion to exite the suspicious against England,
whom they have even accused to him of wishing to possess herself of the holy places, and would not cruple to have recourse
to any measures which they thought calculated to defeat the designs attributed to her.
Sheriff Abou Moutaleb is generally believed to be a man of
fanatical opinions, although I have been assured by some who
know him, amongst them I may mention my Persian colleague,
in whose judgment in such matters I have confidence, that he is
not. He has occationally sent messages to me professing his friendship for England, and has expressed his wish to cali upon
me; but we have never met. The inclosed memorandum, which
has been sent to me by a person who frequently sends me In
formation of what is passing at the Palace, but is not very trustworthy, may not be strictly accurate in its details, but it tends to
confirm what I have learnt from other sources as the suspicious
existing there with regard to the relations between the late Sehriff
240
and England. It is true, as the Sultan told me, that Abou Moutaleb is an old man, not, howeer, of so great an age as His Majesti stated, but he may probably have time enough before him
to excite the fanaticism of the people of the Hedjaz to a dangerous extend, and to enable his party to make such arrangements
as may be necessary for accuring the succession to one of his
sons. He may also work mischief with Indian Mussulmans visiting the Holy Cities, or even commence intrigues in India with
the view of causing us trouble. It will therefore be necessary to
watch his proceedings with great vigilance, espicially as, in this
respect, he may be acting at the instigation of the Sultan, who, I
have reason to believe, is in communication with certain Indian
Mussulmans now here engaged, I m assured, in intrigues againts
England. Upon this subject I am endeavouring to obtain full and
trustworthy information.
Mr. Zohrab, in a despatch to me, the substance of which appears to have been communicated to your Lordship by telegraph by
Mr. Malet, describes the danger to the Christians and Indians in
the Hedjaz should Abou Moutaleb be named Grand Sheriff. Mr.
Fournier telis met hat he has received similar information from
the French Consul at Jeddah. I warned the Sultan very seriously
of this danger when I saw His Majesty the day before yesterday;
and I have repaeted the warning to Sawas Pasha, pointing out, at
the same time, to his Excellency the consequences which must
inavitably ensue if there were a second massacre at Jeddah, for
which, after the warning I had given to His Majesty and himself,
the Turkish Government would unquestionably be held responsible, if the appointment of Sheikh Abou Moutaleb were persisted in. Sawas Pasha did not conceal his regret and alarm at the
choice made by the Sultan of this personage for Grand Sheriff,
which he attributed to evil advisers...
EKLER
241
Ek-15
Layard, Salisburyye erif Hseyinin ngiliz hkmetiyle olan
pheli ilikilerinin kendisine kar dzenlenen suikasta zemin
hazrladn, bu yzden Osmanl Sultaninin Abdulmuttalibi
Mekke emri olarak atadn bildiriyor.
F.O. 424/97, Layard to Salisbury, inclosure no. 113, Constantinople 26.3.1880.
inclosure in No. 113.
Palace Reports respecting Death of Sherijf of Mecca.
LES nouvelles parvenues au Palais sur lassasinat de lEmir de
la Mecque, Cherif Hussein Pacha (fils du feu Sherif MahommedIbn-Naon) attribuent ce meurtre un Afghan, qui se erait fait
le vengeur des bons Musulmans, indignes cause de la sympathie de lEmir Cheriff Hussein Pacha envers les Anglais, sympathie quil avait dernierement manifestee par le cadeau la Reine
de quatre juments. Quelques semaines auparavant le Palais avait
reu la nouvelle que trois Agents du Foreign Office deguises en
Musulmans avaient ete reus par le Cherif la Mecque. Le vieux Abd-ul-Moutalib sera nomme aujourdhui Emir de la Mecque. Cest pour la troisieme fois que ce Cherif de 80 ans environ, portant parfaitement bien son ge, qui est appele au Siege
des Lieux-Saints de lIslam. 11 a ete Emir de la Mecque sous
Mahmoud II, auquel il resta fidele contre la revolte de Mohammed Aly dEgypte, qui avait nomme Mohamed-Ibn-Naon comme
Emir de la Mecque, tandis que Abd- ul-Moutalib etait oblige de
se sauver Bagdad do il vint Constantinople. Apres la soumission de Mohammed Aly, le Sultan Abdul-Medjid le nomma
lEmiriat de la Mecque, poste quil garda pour quatre ans et quelques mois. Abd-ul-Moutalib, rigide observateur du Cherif, sil
avait cru de son devoir de se prononcer contre le rebelle Moham
med Aly dEgypte, lors, sur la demande de Sir Strafford Canning
(Lord de Redeliffe) reut lordre par feu le Grand Vizir Rechid du
242
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F .O . 78 T u rkey.
F .O . 195 Embassy and Consular Archives.
J1 ^JL*JS/
KAYNAKA
249
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KAYNAKA
255
d iz in
A
Abbas-ler 52, 102
Abbot 146
Abdil Fraeri 168, 169, 170, 176,
178, 188, 189
Abdulaziz l Suud 100
Abdulgani Arist 65
Abdulkadir Cezir 50, 55, 60, 67,
68, 69, 72, 199
Abdullah b. Hseyn 101
Abdulmuttalib 50, 101, 121, 122,
123, 124, 125, 126, 210, 212, 215
Abdurrahman el-Kevkib 48
Abdurrahman Paa 132
Abdlaziz (Osmanl Sultan) 47,
48, 58
Abdlhamid (Osmanl Sultan) 17,
32, 44, 46, 47, 52, 56, 61, 62, 80,
84, 93, 94, 97, 101, 104, 109, 110,
111, 121, 122, 124, 125, 126, 127,
140, 181, 182, 183, 185, 189, 190,
195,198, 199, 207
Abdlmecid (Osmanl Sultan) 9,
47, 66, 201
Aden 38
Adil Sulh 21, 54, 55, 58, 59, 60,
65, 69, 86
Adriyatik Denizi 153,186
Afganistan 111, 116, 121, 126,
198, 204, 205
Ahmed Abbas el-Ezhert 54, 65
d iz in
257
Belbas 130
Berat 158, 164, 187
Berlin 18, 20, 22, 29, 30, 32, 59,
62, 63, 70, 72, 75, 79, 94, 107,
138, 139, 142, 160, 170, 173, 176,
179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 186,
187, 191, 217
Berlin Anlamas 18, 59, 62, 75,
79, 139, 142, 181, 182, 183, 184,
191, 217
Berlin Konferans 70, 72, 94, 107,
138
Besarabya 31
Beyazt 32, 78, 133, 135
Beyrut 17, 22, 23, 25, 35, 36, 37,
38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 48, 50,
51, 53, 54, 55, 57, 60, 63, 64, 65,
66, 67, 68, 69, 72, 73, 74, 77, 79,
80, 84, 85, 87, 88, 90, 91, 92, 96,
97, 114, 131, 132, 133, 134, 140,
154, 161, 197
Beyrut Gizli Cemiyeti 44, 57, 66,
77, 80, 84, 88, 91, 92, 96, 140
Bilad- Beare (Gney Lbnan,
Cebel-i Amil) 55, 65
Bild- am 18, 19, 20, 21, 35, 36,
37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 45, 46, 47,
48, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58,
60, 62, 63, 65, 67, 74, 75, 77, 80,
81, 82, 83, 88, 90, 94, 95, 96, 97,
106,114, 197, 198
Bismark 28, 30
Bitlis 78, 131, 133
Blunt (diplomat) 21, 105, 112,
123, 125
Bosna-Hersek 28, 32
Boad 158
Botan 130, 132, 146
Bradost 149
258
Caf 130
Cebel-imil (Gney Lbnan) 63,
64, 65, 66, 71, 86
Cebel-i Drz 69
Cebel-i Lbnan 3 5 ,4 1 ,4 3 ,5 3 ,6 7 ,
71, 73, 90, 167
Celile elil 131, 134, 135, 151
Cemaleddin Afgani 65
Cemiyet-i Maksd- Hayriye 88,
89, 90, 92
Cevdet Paa 58, 61, 73, 74, 75, 80,
84, 160
Cezair 38, 67
Ceziret ibni mer 136
Chabry L., 129, 130, 133, 149,
151,152,193
Cidde 50,102,104,105,112,121,
123, 125, 126
Cizre 130, 131, 132
Clayton 31,40, 79, 142
anakkale 78
eenistan 142
erkes-ler 74, 138
D
Dastan 142
Debre 31, 158, 174, 189
Deli Petro 26
Demmer 68, 69
Dersim 135
Dmak 35, 36, 37, 38, 46, 55, 56,
D ZN
F
Fadl el-Hadramut 125
Fahreddin el-Muni 37
Faris Nemr 91
Filistin 2 5 ,2 7 ,3 5 ,6 3 ,7 4
Finn (diplomat) 47, 51, 201, 202
Fransa 25, 28, 38, 46, 57, 60, 65,
67, 70 , 72, 74, 82, 84, 89, 104,
115,116,133, 199
Fransz-lar 20, 38, 49, 54, 55, 57,
65, 67, 83, 84, 88, 89, 92, 93, 123,
140, 169
Fraeri kardeler 168, 169
G
G. L. M. Birdwood 110
Ghegs-ler 153, 158
Girolamo de Rada 166
Gjirokaster 176
Gladstone (devlet adam) 93, 95,
107, 108
Gorakov (Rus diplomat) 28, 29
Goschen (diplomat)
111, 147,
181,186
Gostiva 31
Grice 158, 171, 174
Granville (ngiliz devlet adam)
48, 109, 110, 121, 126, 181, 182,
183,207
Gruda 184, 186, 187
Gusinye 31, 32, 175, 183, 184,
186
Grcistan 129
H
Hac Emirlii 36
Hakkari 131, 133, 135, 137, 142,
143, 148, 149, 152
259
Hizan 130
Horaman 130, 146
Hotti 31, 156
Hoy 149
Hufuf 105
Humus 69, 74
Hnkar skelesi 27
Hseyin b. Ali 199
Hseyin Beyhem 44, 62, 66, 88,
91
Hseyin Fevzi 94
Hseyin Paa 16, 136
Hseyn el-Cisr 98
260
J
John Morely 197
Joseph Cochran 145
K
Kaamik (yer ad) 31
Kafkasya 144
Kahire 16, 35, 36, 39, 65, 102,
122, 127, 130, 131, 132, 153
Kanun-i Esasi 29
Kapkulu askerleri 154
Karada 28, 29, 31, 32, 153, 174,
175, 177, 179, 183, 184, 185, 186,
189, 190
Karadallar 31
Karaha Komitesi 139
Kars 30, 31,32, 78, 107, 135
Kars Kalesi 30
Katde 100
Keldaniler 146
Kerbela 16, 136, 168
Kevserni, Vecih (tarihi) 56, 57,
65, 88, 90, 91
Krm harbi 15, 81, 106, 133
Kzl Deniz 102, 103, 105, 108,
198
Konstantin Kristofortdhi 165
Kosova 153,158
Kuds 35, 51, 71
Kurey 47, 51, 55, 112
Kk Kaynarca 26, 47
Krdistan 16, 17, 18, 20, 57, 83,
129, 130, 131, 133, 134, 135, 136,
137, 138, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144,
145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151,
152, 189, 191, 193, 195
Krt-ler 16, 18, 19, 59, 129, 130,
131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 138,
d iz in
L
Lawrence 113, 197
Layard (diplomat) 33, 50, 74, 75,
78, 82, 83, 93, 94, 109, 110, 111,
114, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124,
125, 182, 207, 210, 212, 215
Lazkiye 40, 63, 69, 95
Libya 63, 131, 172
Lidhja e Prizrendit 176
Lidhja Shqiptare 176
Logoreci (yazar) 161, 162, 164,
165, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 175,
179, 188
Londra 29, 48, 54, 118, 126, 174
M
Macaristan 28, 30, 154
Mahmud Manah 64
Mahmut Semre 89
Makedonya 3 1 ,3 2
Malet (diplomat) 111, 121, 122,
210, 214
Mama 149
Manah (Sulh) 21, 54, 61, 69, 71,
86, 88, 91
Manastr 153, 158
Mangur (Krt aireti) 144, 149,
150
Maraga 149
Mara 136
Mardin, 135
Maroni-ler 68, 90
Mason 64, 65, 66, 88, 91
Mason Locas 88, 91
261
Meclis-i Mebsn 44
Meclis-i Mebusn 64, 67, 169
Medine 100, 101, 102, 104, 114,
121,124
Mehmet Ali Paa 17, 18, 27, 37,
39, 63, 86, 101, 105, 132, 191
Mekke 19, 49, 50, 51, 59, 88, 99,
100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106,
108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114,
115, 116, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125,
126, 140, 152, 192, 198, 199, 202,
205, 206, 212, 215
Mekke eriflii 104
Memluk-lar 38, 101
Merkr (yer ad) 149
Meyan Zohab 193
Mezopotamya 17, 78
Msr 15, 17, 18, 27, 35, 38, 39,
40, 41, 52, 57, 60, 67, 70, 78, 79,
81, 83, 85, 86, 93, 101, 102, 103,
104, 105, 108, 112, 127, 136, 140,
1 6 1 ,1 6 7,168,186,191, 198
Milikan 149
Mir Muhammed 132
Mirdite 157, 167, 176
Mithat Paa 53, 62, 75, 77, 84,
85, 87, 88, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 105,
127, 140, 198
Miyandevav 149
Muhammed Abduh 65
Muhammed Arslan 50
Muhammed b. Avn 101,105
Muhammed b. Berekat 102
Muhammed Ebuz-Zeheb 101
Muhammed el-Emn 54, 61, 65,
68
Muhammed el-Estr 52
Muhammed Hseyn Merve 71
262
N
Nablus 46, 71, 95
Nakibendi 136, 137
Napoli 154
Nasra 46, 201
Nasruddin 66
Naum Veqiharxhi 165
Necef 16, 136
Necib Bek Esad 86
Necip Azuri 90
Necit 38
Nehri bkz. eyh Ubeydullah
Nesturiler 132, 139, 146
Novibazar 32
O
Ochsenwald (yazar) 22, 37,
103, 106, 108, 114, 121, 123,
159
Ohri 158, 177
Olson (yazar) 137, 138, 139,
145, 150, 151, 152
Omman 38
Ortodoks 25, 27, 31, 153,
164,173, 185
Osman Paa 16, 136
102,
124,
142,
163,
D ZN
263
Taif 105
Tanzimat 17, 19, 41, 44, 45, 47,
50, 77, 81, 105, 135, 139, 157,
160,164, 195
Talca 158
Tebriz 141, 149, 150
264
U
Ubeydullah
(Krt eyhi) 136,
137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143,
144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150,
151, 152, 191, 193, 194
Urma kalesi 152
Urmiye 145, 148, 149,150
lgn 186, 188, 189,190
skp 158,190
V
Vahhabi 17, 39, 104
Van 78, 132, 133, 139, 141, 142,
143, 146
Vatan Mdafileri (Ermeni rgt)
139
Vecih Hseyn Asirn 66
Venedik 154
Y
Yafa, 71
Yahya b. Srr 105
Yakova 175
Yanbu 102
Yanya 131, 153, 155, 158, 159,
169, 179, 187
Yekaterina 26
YeniBazar 158
Yenieri 132
Yeilky (Ayestafanos) 20, 27,
170.173.175, 176, 177, 178, 180
Yunan-llar 15, 27, 31, 72, 153,
156.159.176, 179, 181, 185, 187
Yunanistan 155, 156, 161, 183,
187, 188
Yusuf Kerem 5, 53, 61, 67, 68, 71,
72, 73, 90, 199
Z
Zahir el-mer 37, 38
Zefjubane 167
Zem nehri 184
Zeytin da 16, 136
Ziya Paa 58, 73
Zohab Anlamas 130
Zohrab (ngiliz diplomat) 104,
111, 112, 113, 115, 116, 117, 118,
119, 120, 122, 123, 125, 126, 197,
204, 205, 206, 210, 212, 213, 214
ARAPLAR
KRTLER
ARNAVUTLAR
Dr. Abdurrauf Sinno
S. SELENCE