TABLE OF CONTENTS

No.

Item

Page

2.1

Introduction

2.2

Objective

2.3

Apparatus

2.4

Procedures

2.5

Results

i Data Observation
ii Calculation

2.6

Discussion

2.7

Conclusion

2.8

Appendices

2.9

Reference

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Introduction
This experiment introduce a simple demonstration of two dimension fluid flow over and around
submerged objects to different shapes. The visualization of flow pattern is by introducing ink for
visual or photographic observation of flow along bodies, and reveal such special features of flow
as stagnation points, and formation of eddies. In addition the study of influence of airfoil
geometry on flow pattern is made possible by different wing shapes.
Objective
The objective of this experiment is to determine the flow pattern around different types of
geometry.
Apparatus
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Dye injection needles (5)

Dye reservoir capacity (0.5)
Width channel (15mm)
Length channel (620mm)
Depth of channel (180mm)

Models
1. Small and large cylinders
2. Narrow crested and bread crested weirs.
3. Crump weir.
Symmetrical and asymmetrical aerofoils.

Procedure
1. The amount of ink dye was adjusted to be dropped to get a clear flow pattern.
2. Try to have less body contact with the hydraulic bench to prevent vibration that
might affect the smoothness of flow lines.
3. Make sure the tap was closed. The nut was unscrewed which was situated at the
center and slip in any of the four shapes object into the tank and slowly screwed
it back.
4. The knob was turned which stated below the hydraulic bench to get the flow that
we desire. Turned more to obtain higher velocity.
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5. The flow patterns were observed and sketched it out.

6. The tap was closed and waited for the tank to empty.
7. The shaped of object was taken out and changed it with other shape.
8. The steps 3 to 7 were repeated until all the different shapes are observed.
Model for which it is necessary to study the flow pattern is in the channel at the determined angle
of attack of put the water ink / dye in dye injection system on top of the tank reservoir. The flow
of the dye and the height of the stream lines are adjusted to ensure full visibility. The flow
velocity is determined by volumetric method. There is also a need to examine the position of
undershot and overshot gates because they determine the level of fluid in the channel and the
flow velocity. The best vertical (form observation five dyed jets must be seen simultaneously)
position of 5 needles system been chosen, the features of flow pattern are analyzed. It is best to
place the channel noton the Hydraulic Bench but on a separate table to eliminate vibration, hence
stream lines formation. The channel discharge, however, should be still to the Hydraulics Bench

Results
Since there are no certain data or result for this experiment to be analysis or to be calculated,
hence the pictures which show the different flow patterns will be analysis in this part of the
report. For each picture showing a different flow pattern, there will be an explanation. However,
the pictures or basically the flow patterns, limitations and the problems that are likely to disturb
the flow pattern during performing the experiment will be explained again in the discussion part
of this report.

Figure 1 : Flow pattern around a broad crested weir model.

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Figure 2 : Flow pattern around a crump weir model.

Figure 3 : Flow pattern around small cylinder model.

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Figure 4 : Flow pattern around small crested weir model.

Figure 5 : Small pattern around aerofoil model.

Discussion
Due to blurry pictures, the results will not be as precise. This is also because of the
Ink injection into the water was inconsistent. Hence, it has made it difficult to see flow patterns
properly and to take a proper picture. Furthermore, the error that was encountered was the
inconsistency of water flow which affected the observation for the flow pattern of every shape of
models.

Conclusion

In conclusion, objective of this experiment is achieved which is to observe the flow around
bodies of two-dimensional flow patterns over and around submerged models of different shapes
and to indicate the point of stagnation, areas of separation and eddy-generation of the different
models. The phenomena of flow patterns around the models of air foil-like of different shapes
are observed and analysed. It can also be observed that most of the stagnation points are being
formed at the nose of models and the velocity of the flow determines the formation of the
streamlines of the flow. A clear picture on how different models such as triangular, cylindrical,
aerofoil and rectangular are giving effects to the flow pattern of a fluid was clearly understood by
conducting the experiment. Minor errors occurred while conducting the experiment such as
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minor parallax error during the adjustment of the value of the velocity and it does not affect the
results in any ways .These errors should be avoided in future experiment in order to obtain a real
accurate result.

Appendix

Figure 1 The line flow of water dye using

dye in narrow crested weir

Figure 2 Control the flow of water

dye water system

Reference

1. UNITEN Lab Manual for Hydrology and Hydraulic Engineering Laboratory.

2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagnation_point Accessed on June 16, 2016.
3. http://www.brighthubengineering.com/hydraulics-civil-engineering/61254-openchannel-flow-measurement-with-the-broad-crested-weir/ Accessed on June 16, 2016.
4. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261872718_Velocity_and_Pressure_Measur
ements_on_a_Broad-Crested_Weir_Physical_Measurements Accessed on June 16,
2016.
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5. https://www.academia.edu/17243384/Investigation_of_flow_characteristics_above_tr
apezoidal_broad-crested_weirs Accessed on June 16, 2016.

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