EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY

I.

III.

Traditional Role
o Technology serves as source and presenter of
knowledge- knowledge is embedded in
technology and technology presents the
knowledge to the student.
o Technology is seen as productivity
tool.
Constructivist Rule
o Educational Technology serves
as learning tools that learners
learn with- it engages learners
as active, constructive,
intentional, authentic and
cooperative learning.
o Technology is not merely a delivery
vehicle for content, rather used as a
facilitator of thinking and knowledge
construction.

Definition of Educational Technology

II.

It is a theory about how problems in

human learning are identified and
solved. (David Jonassen, Kyle Peck
Brent Wilson)
It is consists of designs and
environments that engage learners
and reliable technique or method for
engaging learning such as cognitive
learning strategies and critical
thinking skills. (David H. Jonassen)
It is a field study which is concerned
with the practice of using educational
methods and resources for ultimate
goal of facilitating learning process.
(Lucido and Borabo, 1997)
It is a field involved in applying a
complex, integrated processs to
analyze and solve problems in human
learning. (Jonassen et. al 1999)
It is a complex, integrated process
involving people, procedures, ideas,
devices and organizations for
analyzing problems and devising,
implementing, evaluating and
managing solutions to the problems in
all aspects of human learning. (AECT )

IV.

Technology: BOON or BANE

Boon
o With technology, there is a lot
that a man can do which we
could not do then.
o Cell phones and webcam:
makes us closer to someone
who is miles away from us.
o Television: enables us to watch
and be updated with worldwide
events
o In teaching, multimedia in the
classroom makes the teachinglearning process a novel,
simulating, exciting and
engaging one.
Bane
o When technology is misused, it
could destroy relationships.
o We spend more time in using
cell phones than doing more
important and valuable things in
studies or works.
o A teacher may misuse
educational televisions in a
class when he/she lets these
technologies replace him/her
just to kill time
o Technology becomes a
detriment to learning and
development when not used
properly.

ROLES OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY

IN LEARNING

Systematic Approach to Teaching

SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO
INSTRUCTION
o It is the network of elements or
parts different from each other but
each one is special due to its unique
function for the life and
effectiveness of the instructional
system.
Formulation of Instructional
Objectives
(First phase)
o Process of Instruction Itself
(Second phase)
planning for instruction
implementation of the
instructional plan itself
o Assessment of Learning
(Third phase)

V.
VI.

The Cone of Experience

(Last page)
Using and Evaluating Instructional
Materials
Instructional Events and Materials
o Hayden Smith and Thomas Nagels
Effective use of instructional
materials.
"To select a good instructional
material is one thing; to use it well
is another thing"
Prepare yourself
Prepare your students
Present your materials
Follow-up
o

Robert Gagnes Instructional

Materials

 gain attention
inform learner of objectives
stimulate recall of prior
learning
present stimulus material
provide learner guidance
elicit performance
provide feedback
assess performance
enhance retention transfer
Preparation of:
o Self
- Gain Attention
- Provide Learner Guidance
o Students
- Inform Learner of Objectives
- Stimulate recall of prior learning
o Materials
- Present stimulus materials
o Follow-up
- Elicit Performance
- Provide Feedback
- Assess Performance
- Enhance Retention Transfer
VII.

VIII.

IX.

Teaching with Dramatized Experience

Dramatized Experiences
These are experiences which
are something stirring, affecting or
moving
o Plays- depict life, character or
culture or a combination of all three.
o Puppets- can present ideas with
extreme simplicity without
elaborate scenery or costume yet
effective.
o Shadow Puppet- flat-back
silhouette made form light-weight
cardboard and shown behind a
screen
Glove-and-finger puppetmake use of old gloves to
which small costumed figure
are attached
a. Marionettes- flexible,
jointed puppets operated
by strings or wires
attached to a cross bar and
maneuvered from directly
above the stage
o Rod Puppets- flat cut out figures
tacked to a stick, with one or more
movable parts and operated from
below stage level by wire rods or
slender sticks.
Hand Puppets- puppet's
head is operated by the
forefinger of the puppeteer,
the little finger and thumb
being used to animate the
puppet hands.
o Tableau- a picture-like scene
composed of people against a
background.
o Pageants- usually community
dramas that are based on local
history, presented by local actors.
o Pantomimes- art of conveying a
story through bodily movements
only.
o Role-playing- unprepared, spontaneous
dramatization of a lets pretend situation
where assigned participants are absorbed by
their own roles in the situation described by
the teachers.

Direct Purposeful Experience

These are concrete firsthand
experiences that make up the
foundation of our learning
Sensory experiences
These experiences undergone in
relation to purpose such as learning
Direct experiences
These experiences are purposeful in
the sense that these are internalized
which involves asking of questions
that have significance in life of the
person undergoing direct experience
Teaching with Contrive Experience

These are "edited" copies of reality

and are used as substitutes for real things
when it is not practical or not possible to
bring or do the real thing
Model- reproduction of a real thing
in a small scale, or exact size but
made of synthetic materials.
Specimen- any individual or item
considered typical of a group, class
or whole.
Object- (may also include artifacts)
displayed in museums or objects
displayed in exhibits or preserved
insects specimen in science
Games- similar to simulations but is
played to win
Simulation- representation of a manageable
real event in which the learner is a n active
participant engaged in learning a behavior or
in applying previously acquired skills or
knowledge

Mock-up- is arrangement of a real device or

associated devices, displayed in such a way
that representation of reality is created.

X.

Demonstrations in English

Guiding Principles
o Establish Rapport
o Avoid the COIK Fallacy (Clear
Only If Known)
o Watch for Key Points

XI.

Planning and Preparing

o Knowing the objectives
o Determine entry knowledge and
skills
o Replace the demonstration method
with the more effective one
o Have a checklist of necessary
equipment and materials
o Outline steps and rehearse the
demonstration
o Make time limits

Making the Most Community

Resources and Field Trips

XII.

Field Trip
Offers an Excellent bridge between
the work of school and the work of the
world outside
o Planning:

preliminary planning by
the teacher

preplanning with others

going on the trip

taking the field trip itself

post-field tip follow up

activities
o Educational
Benefits/Advantages:
opportunities for rich and
memorable experiences
bring us to the world beyond
classroom
has a wide range of
application
can bring about a lot of
realizations
o Disadvantages:
costly
involves logistics
extravagant with time
contains an element of
uncertainty
Power of Film, Video and TV in the
Classroom
Benefits
o Transmit a wide range of audio-visual
materials including still pictures, film,
objects, specimens and drama.
o Bring models of excellence to the
viewer
o Bring the world of reality to the home
and to the classroom through a live
broadcast or as mediated through film or
videotape
o Makes us see and hear for ourselves
world events as they happen
o Be the most believable news source
o Make some programs understandable
and appealing to a wide variety of age
and educational levels
o Become a great equalizer of educational
opportunity

Provides us with sounds and sights not

easily available even to the viewer of a
real event
o Can give opportunity to teachers for
purposes of self-improvement
o Can be both instructive and enjoyable
Limitations
o Television and Film are one-way
communication device, consequently
they encourage passivity
o The small screen size puts television at a
disadvantage when compared with the
possible size of projected motion picture
for example
o Excessive TV viewing works against the
development of childs ability to
visualize, be creative, and imaginative,
skills that are needed in problem
solving.
o There is much violence in TV.
Viewing violence increases violence
o

XIII.

Teaching with Visual Symbols.

Drawings- may not be real thing but

better to have a concrete visual aid
than nothing
Cartoons- can bring novelty to
teaching
o sketching cartoon
Strip Drawings- commonly known as
comics or comic strips
Diagrams- any line drawing that
shows arrangement and relations as of
parts tp the whole, relative values,
origins, development, etc.
o Affinity Diagram- clusters
complex apparently related
data into natural and
meaningful groups.
o Tree Diagram- charts out
increasing detail, the various
tasks that must be
accomplished to complete a
project, achieve a specific
objective.
o Fishbone Diagram- also called
cause-and-effect diagram.
Charts - diagrammatic representation
of relationships among individuals
within an organization.
o Flow Chart- visual way of
charting or showing process
from beginning to end
o Tree or Stream Chart- depicts
development, growth and
change by beginning with a
single course (trunk) which
spreads out into many branches
o Organizational Chart- shows
how one part of the
organization relates to other
parts of the organization
o Compare and Contrast Chart

Pareto Chart - a type of bar

chart
o Gannt Chart - an activity time
chart
Graphs
o Pie/circle Graph- recommended
for showing parts of a whole
o Bar Graph- used in comparing
the magnitude of similar items
at different ties
o Pictorial Graph- makes use of
picture symbols
o Graphic Organizers
Map - representation of the surface of
the earth or some part of it.
o Physical Map- combines in a
single projection data
o Relief Map- has threedimensional representation
o Commercial or Economic Mapshows land areas in relation to
economy
o Political Map - gives detailed
information about country,
provinces' cities and towns,
roads and highways. Oceans,
rivers and lakes are its main
features.

XIV.

XV.

Maximizing the Use of Overhead

Projector and Chalkboard
Effective use of chalkboards
o Write clearly and legibly on the
board.
o Don't crowd your notes on the
board.
o Make use of colored chalk to
highlight key points.
o Do not turn back on the class
while writing on the board
o Write "Please Save" if you need
to have a board work in
advance for tomorrow's use and
cover with curtain.
o Make full use of the chalkboard.
Effective use of overhead
projectors.
o Stand off to one while facing to
the students.
o Have the top of the screen tilted
forward towards the OHP to
prevent the keystone effect.
o Do not talk to the screen, face
to the students instead.
o Place the OHP to a table low
enough so it won't block your
screen.
o Avoid too much text and
including too much detail on an
image.
o The presentation must be
readable from far afar.
Project-Based Learning and
Multimedia: What is it?

XVI.

Has seven key dimensions

o Core Curriculum
o Real-World Connection
o Extended Time Frame
o Student Decision Making
o Collaboration
o Assessment
o Multimedia
Value-added to teaching
o -it is a powerful motivation
o -students can acquire new
knowledge and skills in the
course of designing, planning
and producing multimedia
product.
Using the Project-Based Learning
Multimedia as a Teaching Strategy

XVII.

Initial Planning
o Clarifying goals and objectives
o Determining how much time is
needed and extent of students'
involvement in decision-making
o Setting up forms of
collaboration
o Identifying and determining
what resources are needed
o Deciding on the mode to
measure what students learn
Phases Of The Project
o Before the projects starts
o Introduction of the project
o Learning the technology
o Preliminary research and
planning
o Concept design and storyboarding
o First draft production
o Assessing, testing and finalizing
presentations
o Concluding activities
Assessment of Constructivist
Technology-Supported Learning

Assessment in Congruent
Thinking
is a higher level form of
assessment that will require the
display of basic skills, writing,
speaking, computing and the more
complex skills of applying concepts
learned, analyzing, integrating,
creating, critiquing, evaluating and the
social skills of working with others.
How will the assessment become
authentic?
It is when a student performs
real world tasks where there is a
reliable measure of skills learned. The

XVIII.

proof of acquisition of skills is the

product.
How will the teacher assess this
product?
By observing, evaluating and
doing it more objectively with the aid
of a scoring rubric.
Roles and Function of an Educational
Media Center
o

renders various kinds of services

o
o

functions as a vital instrument as

well as a basic requirement for
quality education
enriches all parts of the schools
educational process
facility designed for the housing and
utilization of all educational media
within the school
a unit in the school that cooperates
with other units or departments
vision by living up to the school's
philosophy and aims that helps the
school fulfill its mission and realize

CONE OF EXPERIENCE

DtCoSExMgRVerlPvyhbuimTscnd,apf

VIETJM t h i i s Oe s u fa h E D a l i vr g Er t e h rLp e l y y r e ay r s re o e c nu a o t am m o t if o m o v k n e n no o a fd w e l e a l d e a y d r t nhf g r ia eo n t m g c a a r t l ne h e s e a b o r ebu n ar e c s r e sp o r a f o r t rc h a e e n e g dc e o s d n f e r o, tm h e t h m e o E r e N a A b s C t r T a I c V t t E h e t o t h e I C O N I C

laDEA e cn pa N c d r o n e D o r i s d n e i g l n y gt r e e a td s f o ot a e ud nr re d c t g o e r l e tb eh a e er co n o f S e m a Yd b e M i s s n t . r B at h c O r t ie L o e I n C d . i s t i n c t
s te p s
GRG R A P H
AO
F O R
RME X P E R I E
E
N C E S A N D
DB
L E A R N I N
AR
GLU
EN
'E
RS
'
S

Third

Secon
d
First

Through a
series of
Symbols
Through a
series of
Illustrations
Through a
Sequence of
Actions

SYMBOLIC

ICONIC

ENACTIVE

SYMBOLIC

ICONIC

ENACTIVE

Increasing

SYMBOLICAbstraction
ICONIC

Abstracti
ENACTIVEon

Verbal Symbols
Visual Symbols
Recordings, Radio, Still Pictures
Educational Television
Exhibits
Study Trips
Demonstrations
Dramatized Experiences
Contrived Experiences
Direct Purposeful Experiences