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Thermochemistry

(a) A student carried out an experiment to determine the heat of combustion of ethanol using
the set-up of apparatus as shown in diagram 7.1.
Seorang pelajar menjalankan satu eksperimen untuk menentukan haba pembakaran
etanol dengan susunan radas seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 7.1.

thermometer [termometer]
Beaker [bikar]
water [air]

wire gauze
[kasai dawai]
tripod stand
[tungku kaki tiga]

xxxxxxxxx

lamp with ethanol


[pelita etanol]

DIAGRAM [RAJAH] 7.1


(i)

It was found that the the heat of combustion of ethanol obtained from the
experiment was lower than the therotical value. Suggest four methods in which the
set-up of apparatus in Figure 7.1 can be improved to obtain more accurate result.
Didapati bahawa haba pembakaran etanol yang ditentukan dari eksperimen
adalah lebih rendah daripada nilai teori.Cadangkan empat cara untuk
memperbaiki susunan radas Rajah 7.1 untuk memperoleh nilai yang lebih tepat.
[4 marks]

(ii)

After correcting his set-up of apparatus, the student found that the heat of
combustion
of ethanol obtained from the experiment is 1200 kJ mol -1, still less than the
therotical value of 1370 kJ mol -1. Identify two other sources of error that may have
caused this.
Selepas memperbaiki susunan radasnya, pelajar tersebut mendapati haba
pembakaran etanol yang ditentukan dari ekperimen ialah 1200 kJ mol -1, masih
lebih rendah daripada nilai teori yang sebanyak 1370 kJ mol-1. Kenalpastikan dua
punca lain yang mungkin menimbulkan perbezaan ini.
[2 marks]

(b) The heat of combustion of four types of alcohols are given in Table 7.1

Anita Md Saman
Ketua Panitia Kimia
SMK Kuala Nerang
2010

Thermochemistry
Haba pembakaran empat jenis alkohol adalah diberi dalam Jadual 7.1
Alcohol
[alcohol]
Methanol
[metanol]
Ethanol
[etanol]
Propanol
[propanol]
Butanol
[buatnol]
Pentanol
[pentanol]

Number of carbon
atom per molecule
[bilangan atom
karbon per molekul]

Relative
molecule mass
[Jisim atom
relatif]

Heat of
combustion [Haba
pembakaran] / kJ mol-1

32

710

46

1370

60

2000

74

2670

88

TABLE [JADUAL] 7.1


(i) Plot a graph of heat of combustion against the number of carbon atom per molecule
on the graph paper provided.
Lukiskan graf haba pembakaran melawan bilangan atom karbon per molekul pada
kertas graf yang disediakan
[3 marks]
(ii) Estimate the heat of combustion of pentanol from the graph in (b) (i)
Anggarkan haba pembakaran pentanol dari graph di (b) (i)
[2 marks]
(iii) Briefly explain the trend of change of the heat of combustion of alcohols in the
homologous series.
Secara ringkas terangkan corak perubahan haba pembakaran alkohol dalam siri
homolog.
[4 marks]
(c) (i) Write a balance equation for the complete combustion of ethanol.
Tuliskan persamaan seimbang bagi pembakaran lengkap etanol.
[1 mark]
(ii) Using the value in Table 7.1, calculate the mass of ethanol that is required to increase
the temperature of 500 cm3 of water by 500C. [Specific heat of water = 4.2 Jg-1C-1;
water density = 1 g cm-3]
Gunakan nilai dalam jadual 7.1, hitungkan jisim etanol yang diperlu untuk
meningkatkan suhu 500 cm3 air sebanyak 500C. [Muatan haba tentu air = 4.2 Jg-1C1
; ketumpatan air = 1 g cm-3]
Graph of heat of combustion versus number of carbon atom per molecule

Anita Md Saman
Ketua Panitia Kimia
SMK Kuala Nerang
2010

Thermochemistry
Graf haba pembakaran melawan bilangan atom karbon per molekul

(a)

(i)

remove wire gauze

Anita Md Saman
Ketua Panitia Kimia
SMK Kuala Nerang
2010

Thermochemistry
change beaker to copper container / metal container
use a wind shield
place the ethanol lamp on a piece of wood so as to be neared to the
(ii)

1
1
1

......4

copper container.
heat loss to the surroundings
the combustion of ethanol is incomplete
some mass of ethanol is lost during weighing due to evaporation.

(b)

(i)

[any 2 reasons]
- label y- axis and x-axis correctly with units, suitable scales ( size

1+1
1

.......2

of graph half of graph paper).

(ii)

(iii
)

(c)

(i)

- transfer all four points correctly

- draw best straight line

-show dotted line on graph corresponds to 5 carbon atoms per

molecule on x-axis to graph and then to y-axis.


heat of combustion of butanol between 3250-3450 kJ mol -1

the heat of combustion of alcohol increases down the homologous

series of alcohol
the number of carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms per molecule

increases down the series.


more number of molecules of

carbon dioxide and water are

formed per molecul of alcohol.


the formation of carbon dioxide and water releases heat.
2C2H5OH + 7/2 O2 2CO2 + 3H2O
// 4C2H5OH + 7 O2 4CO2 + 6H2O
Heat absorped by water = 500 x 4.2 x 50 // 105000J // 105kJ
-Number of mol of ethanol = 105000
// 0.077
370000
Mass of ethanol = 105000 x 46 // 0.077 x 46
1370000
Mass of ethanol = 3.53 g // 3.54 g

1
1

......3

....2

....4

1
1
1
1

......5

Graph of heat of combustion versus number of carbon atom per molecule


Graf haba pembakaran melawan bilangan atom karbon per molekul

Anita Md Saman
Ketua Panitia Kimia
SMK Kuala Nerang
2010

Thermochemistry

Heat of combustion / kJ mol-1

3000
x

2000

1000
x

(a) The heat of precipitation of silver chloride is H = -67.2 kJ mol-1.Haba What


is meant by H = - 67.2 kJ mol-1 .
Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan H = - 67.2 kJ mol-1 .
[2 marks]
[2 markah]

Anita Md Saman
Ketua Panitia Kimia
SMK Kuala Nerang
2010

Thermochemistry
(ii)

(iii)

Write the thermochemical equation for the precipitation of silver


chloride.
Tuliskan persamaan termokimia bagi pemendakan argentum klorida.
[3 marks]
[3 markah]
Draw the energy level diagram for the reaction
Lukiskan gambar rajah aras tenaga bagi tindak balas yang berlaku.
[2 mark]
[2 markah]

(b) Table 8 shows the heat of combustion of compound X, Y and Z.


Jadual 8 menunjukkan haba pembakaran bagi sebatian-sebatian X, Y dan Z.
Compound
Sebatian
X
Y
Z

Molecular mass
Jisim molekul
C3H7OH
C4H9OH
C5H11OH

Heat of combustion (kJ mol-1)


Haba Pembakaran (kJ mol-1)
2010
2680
3350

TABLE 8
JADUAL 8
Use the data from the Table 8 to answer the question:
Guna data daripada Jadual 8 untuk menjawab soalan :
[3 marks]
[3 markah]
(i) Draw the graph of the heat of combustion against the number of carbon atoms
on the graph paper.
Lukiskan graf bagi Haba pembakaran melawan bilangan atom karbon di atas
kertas graf.
[4 marks]
[4 markah]
(ii) Based on the graph in (b)(i), estimate the heat of combustion for the
compound with molecular formula, C2H5OH.
Berdasarkan graf di (b)(i), anggarkan haba pembakaran bagi sebatian
dengan formula molekul, C2H5OH.
[2 marks]
[2 markah]
(iii) Calculate the heat released when 15 g of compound X is completely burnt in
air.
[Relative atomic mass : C=12; O=16, H=1]
Anita Md Saman
Ketua Panitia Kimia
SMK Kuala Nerang
2010

Thermochemistry
Hitung haba yang dibebaskan apabila 15 g sebatian X terbakar dengan
lengkap dalam udara.
[ Jisim atom relatif : C=12; O=16, H=1]
[3 marks]
[3 markah]
(iv) Explain why the heat of combustion for compound Z is higher than
compound Y.
Terangkan mengapa haba pembakaran bagi sebatian Z lebih tinggi
berbanding sebatian Y.
[2 marks]
[2 markah]
(c) Diagram 8 shows the set up of the apparatus used to determine the heat of
combustion of methanol.
The result obtained was different from the theoretical value.
Rajah 8 menunjukkan susunan radas untuk menentukan haba pembakaran bagi
methanol.
Keputusan yang diperolehi berbeza daripada nilai teori.

Thermometer/Termometer
Glass beaker/ Bikar kaca
Water/ Air
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Wire gauze/ Kasa dawai


Lamp/Pelita
Methanol/Metanol

DIAGRAM 8
RAJAH 8

State two corrections should be done to get a more accurate result in the
experiment.
Nyata dua pembetulan yang perlu dilakukan untuk mendapatkan keputusan yang
lebih tepat dalam eksperimen itu.
Anita Md Saman
7
Ketua Panitia Kimia
SMK Kuala Nerang
2010

Thermochemistry
[2 marks]

(a)

(i)

H is the symbol for heat of precipitation


1. When 1 mole of silver nitrate is formed,
2. 67.2 kJ of heat is given out.

Anita Md Saman
Ketua Panitia Kimia
SMK Kuala Nerang
2010

Thermochemistry
(ii)

iii)

1. Reactants
2. Products
3. H
Sample answer:
AgNO3 + NaCl AgCl + NaNO3 ,H = -67.2 kJ mol-1 .
1. Axis of energy and two correct level of energy
2. Formula / name of the reactant and products
Sample answer:
Energy

(b)

(i)

(ii)
iii)

iv)

(c)

1. Both axes with the label and unit


AgNO
+ NaCl
2. Transfer all the
data3correctly
3. Straight line graph
4. Size of graph more than 50% ofH=
graph-67.2
paperkJ mol-1
1. Show/mark on the graph
2. 1350 kJ mol-1
AgCl + NaNO3
Number of mole =

15
// 0.25 mol
60

Heat released = 0.25 x 2010


= 50.2 kJ
1. the number of carbon atom per molecule in compound Z is more
than compound Y
the burning of compound Z produced more carbon dioxide and
therefore more heat is released when more bonds are formed.
1. The wire gauze must be removed
2. The glass beaker should be replaced by a copper can
3. The flame from the spirit lamp must touch the bottom of the
beaker
4. The thermometer should not touch the base of the beaker.

Table 10 shows the molecular formula and heat of combustion of three types of alcohol.
Jadual 10 menunjukkan formula molekul dan haba pembakaran bagi tiga jenis alkohol.

Anita Md Saman
Ketua Panitia Kimia
SMK Kuala Nerang
2010

Thermochemistry
Alcohol/
Alkohol

Molecular formula /
Formula molekul

Haba pembakaran /
Heat of combustion
(kJ mol -1)

Methanol

CH3OH

725

Ethanol

C2H5OH

1 376

Propan-1-ol

C3H7OH

2 015

TABLE / JADUAL 10
(a)

(i)

What is the meaning of the heat of combustion of an alcohol?


Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan haba pembakaran alkohol?
[ 1 mark]

(ii)

(b)

Explain why there are differences in the value of heat of combustion of


the alcohols in Table 10.
Terangkan mengapa terdapat perbezaan nilai haba pembakaran bagi
alkohol-alkohol dalam Jadual 10.
[ 3 marks]

Describe an experiment that you can carry out in your school laboratory to
determine the heat of combustion of one of the alcohol in Table 10. Your

Anita Md Saman
Ketua Panitia Kimia
SMK Kuala Nerang
2010

10

Thermochemistry
description should include precautionary steps and the steps involved in the
calculation.
Huraikan satu eksperimen yang anda boleh jalankan di makmal sekolah anda
bagi menentukan haba pembakaran salah satu alkohol dalam Jadual 10.
Huraian anda perlu mengandungi langkah berjaga-jaga dan langkah-langkah
perhitungan yang terlibat.
[12 marks]
(c)

In another experiment to determine the heat of precipitation of lead (II) sulphate,


50.0 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 lead(II) nitrate solution is reacted with 50.0 cm3 of 2.0
mol dm-3 sodium sulphate solution. Increment of the temperature in the mixture
is 10 oC.
Dalam satu eksperimen lain bagi menentukan haba pemendakan plumbum(II)
sulfat, sejumlah 50 cm3 larutan plumbum(II) nitrat 2.0 mol dm-3 dicampur
dengan 50 cm3 larutan natrium sulfat 2.0 mol dm-3. Kenaikan suhu campuran
ialah 10 oC.
The equation for the reaction is :
Persamaan bagi tindak balas tersebut adalah :
Pb(NO3)2 + Na2SO4

PbSO4 + 2NaNO3

Calculate the value of the heat of precipitation of lead(II) sulphate in this


reaction.
Hitungkan haba pemendakan plumbum(II) sulfat dalam eksperimen ini.
[Use the information that the specific heat capacity of water is 4.2 J g -1 oC-1 ]
[Gunakan maklumat muatan haba tentu larutan adalah 4.2 J g -1 oC-1 ]
[4 marks]

(a) (i)
(ii)

The heat given off when one mole of an alcohol is burnt completely in an excess
of oxygen.
As the number of carbon atom increase, the value of heat combustion increase.
The greater the number of carbon atoms, the more products will be obtained.

Anita Md Saman
Ketua Panitia Kimia
SMK Kuala Nerang
2010

11

Thermochemistry
More heat is released for the formation of bonds
(b)

Procedure :
1. Measure [100 -250] cm3 of water and pour it into the copper
container /aluminium can
2. Measure and record the initial temperature of the water.
3. Fill the small lamp with alcohol* then weigh it and record the initial
mass.
4. Light the wick of the lamp.
5. Place the lamp as near as possible to the copper container.//
[ Diagram : Using wooden block ]
6. [The apparatus is protected by a wind shield] // [Diagram]
7. Stir the water continuously.
8. Put out / blown out the flame when the temperature rises [ 10 30 ] oC
and record the highest temperature of the water.
9. Weigh the lamp as quickly as possible and record the final mass.
Result :
Initial temperature of the water/ oC
Highest temperature of the water/ oC
Temperature rise of the water/ oC

= T1
= T2
= T2 T1

Initial mass of lamp + alcohol* / g


Final mass of lamp + alcohol* / g
Mass of alcohol that was burnt / g

= m1
= m2
= m1 m2

Calculation :
Energy chage/heat given off

= 200 4.2 (T2 T1)

Number of mole of alcohol

Heat of combustion of alcohol*, H

m1 m2

Mr of alcohol*
=

Energy change
Number of mole of alcohol

200 4.2 (T2 T1)


m1 m2

Mr of alcohol*

(c)
Number of mole of lead(II) nitrate

= = 0.1 mol

or
Anita Md Saman
Ketua Panitia Kimia
SMK Kuala Nerang
2010

12

Thermochemistry
Number of mole of sodium sulphate

= = 0.1 mol

Ratio of mole :
1 mol Pb(NO3)2 / Na2SO4 1 mol PbSO4
0.1 mol Pb(NO3)2 / Na2SO4 0.1 mol PbSO4
Energy chage/heat given off

= 200 4.2 10
= 4200 J

Heat of precipitation of PbSO4 =

4200
0.1

= 42000 J mol-1 / 4.2 kJ mol-1

4
Anita Md Saman
Ketua Panitia Kimia
SMK Kuala Nerang
2010

13

Thermochemistry

The heat of combustion of ethanol is -1376 kJ mol-1.


a)

(i) What is the meant by the heat of combustion?


Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan haba pembakaran?
[ 1 marks]
(ii)

Write the chemical equation for combustion of ethanol.


Tulis persamaan kimia bagi pembakaran etanol.

(iii)

Draw an energy diagram for the combustion of ethanol.


Lukis rajah aras tenaga bagi pembakaran etanol

[ 2 marks]

[2 marks]
(iv)

0.23g of ethanol is used to heat 500 cm3 of water, calculate the final temperature of
the water if the initial temperature of water is 28.0 oC.
[ Relative atomic mass of H,1: C,12: O,16:
The specific heat of water is 4.2 J g-1 oC-1 ]
0.23 g etanol digunakan untuk memanaskan 500cm3 air, hitungkan suhu akhir air
sekiranya suhu awal air adalah 28.0oC.
[ Jisim atom relatif H,1; C,12; O,16:
haba muatan tentu air ialah 4.2 J g-1 oC-1 ]
[ 5 marks]

b) Derive an experiment to determine the heat of combustion of butanol in the laboratory.


In your description include a labelled diagram, procedure and tabulation of data.
Huraikan satu eksperimen untuk menentukan haba pembakaran butanol dalam makmal.
Dalam penjelasan anda masukkan gambarajah berlabel, prosedur dan penjadualan data.
[10 marks]

4.

(a)(i)
(ii)

Anita Md Saman
Ketua Panitia Kimia
SMK Kuala Nerang
2010

-heat of combustion is the heat released when 1 mole of


ethanol is burnt completely in oxygen.
C2H5OH + 3O2
2CO2 + 3H2O
- chemical formulae of reactants and products are
correct
- equation is balanced

1
1
1
14

Thermochemistry
(iii)

Energy
C2H5OH + 3O2
H = -1376 kJ mol-1
2CO2 + 3H2O
-

(iv)

energy is labeled for the y- axis and energy level


correctly drawn
reactants and product at the correct energy level

1
1

Relative molecular mass of ethanol = 2(12) + 6 + 16 / 46

Number of mole of ethanol = 2.3/46


= 0.05

Heat change = 0.05 x 1376 kJ


= 68.8 kJ /
= 68800 J

Temperature increased =

68800
4.2 x 500
= 32.8oC

(b)

Final temperature of water = 28.0 + 33.8


= 60.8 oC

-labelled diagram
-arrangement of apparatus

1
1

Procedure:
- 200 cm3 of water is measured using a measuring
cylinder
- and poured into a copper can.
- The intial temperature of water is measured and
recorded
- A spirit lamp is filled with butanol and weighed
- The spirit lamp is put under the copper can and
the wick of the lamp is lighted immediately.
- The water is stirred continuously with a
thermometer.
- When the temperature of the water increases by
Anita Md Saman
Ketua Panitia Kimia
SMK Kuala Nerang
2010

1
1

1
1
15

Thermochemistry

30oC, the flame is put off.


The spirit lamp is weighed again
The highest temperature is recorded.

Results:
Mass of spirit lamp + butanol before
burning/ g
Mass of spirit lamp + butanol after
burning/ g
Mass of butanol used/ g
Highest temperature of water /oC
Initial temperature of water /oC
Increased in temperature /oC
-results tabulated in table form
-unit stated
Calculation:
Heat given out by butanol = x J
Mol of butanol = y mol
Heat of combustion of butanol = x J y mol
= z J mol-1

1
1

1
1

Seorang pelajar telah menjalankan satu eksperimen untuk menentukan haba


pembakaran bagi etanol.
Jadual menunjukkan keputusan yang telah diperolehi oleh pelajar itu.

Jisim pelita + etanol sebelum dibakar /g


Anita Md Saman
Ketua Panitia Kimia
SMK Kuala Nerang
2010

30.50
16

Thermochemistry
Jisim pelita + etanol selepas dibakar / g
Isipadu air / cm3
Suhu awal air / C
Suhu tertinggi air /C

26.82
250
29.0
59.0

(a) Lukiskan gambar rajah berlabel bagi susunan radas yang digunakan dalam
eksperimen ini.

[ 2 markah ]
(b) Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi pembakaran lengkap etanol.

[ 2 markah ]
(c)

Berdasarkan jadual keputusan , hitungkan


(i) haba yang terbebas dalam unit Joule daripada pembakaran etanol
itu.
Diberi maklumat muatan haba tentu air ialah 4.2 J g-1 C-1

(ii)

Anita Md Saman
Ketua Panitia Kimia
SMK Kuala Nerang
2010

Bilangan mol etanol yang telah dibakar.


Diberi maklumat Jisim molekul relatif etanol ialah 46

17

Thermochemistry

[ 1 markah]
(iii)

Daripada (c)(i) dan (c)(ii), tentukan haba pembakaran bagi 1 mol


etanol.

Haba pembakaran etanol = kJ mol-1


[ 1 markah ]
(iv)

Lukiskan gambar rajah aras tenaga bagi tindak balas itu.

[ 2 markah ]
(d)

Didapati haba pembakaran yang diperoleh oleh pelajar itu kurang daripada
nilai haba pembakaran etanol yang sebenar.
Nyatakan satu langkah yang boleh diambil untuk mendapatkan nilai yang
lebih tepat.
....
.........
Termometer

5 (a)
Bekas
kuprum
Anita Md Saman
Ketua Panitia Kimia
SMK Kuala Nerang
2010
Pelita

18
etanol

Thermochemistry

Radas berfungsi
Label : etanol , pelita , air , bekas kuprum
(b)
C2H5OH + 3O2
2CO2 + 3H2O
Formula Bahan dan hasil betul
Persamaan seimbang
(c)(i) Haba yang dibebaskan
= 250 x 4.2 x (59 29)
( jalan kerja )
= 31500 J
(ii) Bilangan mol
=

3.68
46

= 0.08
(iii) Haba pembakaran
=

31500
0.08

= 393.75
Lukis dan label paksi tenaga dan dua aras tenaga
Formula/nama bahan & hasil betul
Tenaga

(iv)

C2H5OH + 3O2 // etanol + oksigen

2CO2 + 3H2O// karbon


dioksida + air
(d)

1. Gunakan penghadang angin


2. Sumbu mestilah dekat dengan tin kuprum
3. Timbang pelita dengan segera selepas pembakaran etanol
4. Kacau air dalam tin kuprum
[ mana-mana satu ]

(a)

Figures 9.1 and 9.2 show energy level diagrams.


(Rajah 9.1 dan 9.2 menunjukkan gambar rajah aras tenaga)
Energy

Anita Md Saman
Ketua Panitia Kimia
SMK Kuala Nerang
2010

Energy

19

Thermochemistry

CaCO3 + 2NaCl

Mg(s) + FeSO4
H= - 200 kJ

MgSO4 + Fe

FIGURE 9.1
(i)

(ii)

CaCl2 + Na2CO3

FIGURE 9.2

Compare both the energy level diagrams above. Your explanation should
include the following
(Bandingkan kedua-dua gambar rajah aras tenaga di atas. Penerangan
anda haruslah mengandungi perkara berikut.)

H= + 12.6 kJ

ionic equations (persamaan ion)


type of chemical reactions (jenis tindak balas kimia)
energy content of reactants and products (kandungan tenaga bahan
dan hasil tindak balas)
[6 marks]

Based on Figure 9.1, calculate the change in temperature of the solution if


excess magnesium powder is added to 50 cm 3 of 0.2 mol dm-3 iron(II)
sulphate solution.
(Berdasarkan Rajah 9.1, hitung perubahan suhu larutan jika serbuk
magnesium berlebihan ditambah kepada 50 cm3 larutan ferum(II) sulfat
0.2 mol dm-3) .
[ Specific heat capacity of solution : 4.2 J g -1 oC-1]
[Muatan haba tentu larutan : 4.2 J g -1 oC -1 ]
[3 marks]

(b)

Explain why the heat of reaction between 1.0 mole of silver nitrate solution and
1.0 mole of sodium chloride solution is the same as the heat of reaction between
1.0 mole of silver nitrate solution and 0.5 mole of magnesium chloride solution.
(Terangkan mengapa haba tindak balas antara satu mol larutan argentum nitrat
dengan satu mol larutan natrium klorida sama dengan haba tindak balas antara
satu mol larutan argentum nitrat dengan 0.5 mol larutan magnesium klorida).
[4 marks]

(c)

A student carried out an experiment to determine the heat of neutralisation for the
reaction between 50 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid and 50 cm3 of

Anita Md Saman
Ketua Panitia Kimia
SMK Kuala Nerang
2010

20

Thermochemistry
2.0 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution.
(Seorang pelajar telah menjalankan satu eksperimen untuk menentukan haba
peneutralan bagi tindak balas antara 50 cm3 asid hidroklorik 2.0 mol dm-3
dengan 50 cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida 2.0 mol dm-3.)
The following data was obtained: (Data berikut telah diperoleh:)
Initial temperature of hydrochloric acid = 30.2 oC
(Suhu awal asid hidroklorik)
Initial temperature of sodium hydroxide solution
(Suhu awal larutan natrium hidroksida)

= 30.2 oC

Highest temperature of the mixture of the solutions = 42.2 oC


(Suhu maksimum campuran larutan)
(i)

Calculate the heat of neutralisation for this reaction.


(Hitungkan haba peneutralan bagi tindak balas ini)
[Specific heat capacity of solution = 4.2 J g -1 oC -1]
[Muatan haba tentu larutan = 4.2 J g -1 oC -1]
[3 marks]

(ii)

If the experiment is repeated using sulphuric acid to replace hydrochloric


acid and all other conditions are the same, predict the heat change. Explain
your answer.
(Jika eksperimen diulang dengan menggunakan asid sulfurik untuk
menggantikan asid hidroklorik tetapi semua keadaan lain adalah sama,
ramalkan perubahan haba yang dijangkakan.Terangkan jawapan anda)
[4 marks]

Anita Md Saman
Ketua Panitia Kimia
SMK Kuala Nerang
2010

21

Thermochemistry
6

(a)

(i)
Characteristic
(Ciri)
Type of
chemical
reaction
(Jenis tindak
balas kimia)

Figure 9(i)
(Rajah 9(i))
Exothermic reaction
(Tindak balas
eksotermik)

Figure 9(ii)
(Rajah 9(ii))
Endothermic reaction
(Tindak balas endotermik)

Energy content
of reactants
and products
(Kandungan
tenaga bahan
tindak balas
dan hasil
tindak balas)

The energy content in


the reactants exceed the
energy content in the
products
(Kandungan tenaga
bahan tindak balas
melebihi kandungan
tenaga hasil tindak
balas)
Mg + Fe2+ Mg2+ + Fe

The energy content in the


reactants less than the
energy content in the
products
(Kandungan tenaga bahan
tindak balas kurang
daripada kandungan
tenaga hasil tindak balas)

Ionic equation
(Persamaan
ion)

(ii)

Ca2+ + CO32- CaCO3

Number of moles of FeSO4 = MV


1000
= (0.2)(50)
1000
= 0.01 mol
Heat change = 0.01 x 200 kJ
= 2 kJ // 2000 J

(b)

Heat change = mc
= 2000
(50)(4.2)
= 9.5 oC
1 mole of silver nitrate solution produces 1 mole of Ag+ ion
1 mole of sodium chloride solution produces 1 mole of Cl- ion
(1 mol larutan argentum nitrat menghasilkan 1 mol ion Ag+ )
(1 mol larutan natrium klorida menghasilkan 1 mol ion Cl- )
The heat of reaction of silver chloride is heat that released when 1 mole of Ag + ion react with 1
mole Cl- ion // Ag+ + Cl- AgCl
(Haba tindak balas argentum klorida ialah haba yang dibebaskan apabila 1 mol ion Ag+
bertindak balas dengan 1 mol ion Cl- // Ag+ + Cl- AgCl)
Half of the mole of magnesium chloride produces 1 mole of Cl - ion

Anita Md Saman
Ketua Panitia Kimia
SMK Kuala Nerang
2010

22

Thermochemistry
(Setengah mol magnesium klorida menghasilkan 1 mol ion Cl- )
Number of mole of Cl- ion in 1 mole of sodium chloride same as number of mole of Cl- ion in
half mol of magnesium chloride
(Bilangan mol ion Cl- dalam 1 mol natrium klorida adalah sama dengan bilangan mol ion Cldalam setengah mol magnesium klorida.)
(c)

(i)

Heat change = mc
= (100)(4.2)(42.2 30.2)
= 5040 J / 5.04 kJ
Number of moles of HCl / H + ion

= (50)(2)
1000
= 0.1 mol

Number of moles of NaOH / OH - ion = (50)(2)


1000
= 0.1 mol
The heat of neutralization
(ii)

= 5.04
0.1
H = - 50.4 kJ mol -1
The heat of neutralisation is two times
(Haba peneutralan adalah dua kali ganda)
Hydrochloride acid is monoprotic acid , sulphuric acid is diprotic acid
(Asid hidroklorik ialah asid monoprotik, asid sulfuric ialah asid diprotik)
1 mole HCl produces 1 mole H+ ion // HCl H+ + Cl(1 mol HCl menghasilkan 1 mol ion H+ ion // HCl H+ + Cl-)
1 mole H2SO4 produces 2 mole H+ ion // H2SO4 2H+ + SO42(1 mol H2SO4menghasilakan 2 mol ion H+ // H2SO4 2H+ + SO42-

Anita Md Saman
Ketua Panitia Kimia
SMK Kuala Nerang
2010

23

Thermochemistry

7.

(a) Define the meaning of heat of combustion.


[2 marks]
(b) Describe an experiment how you can determine the heat of combustion of hexane,
C6H14. Your answer should include:
(i) Procedure of experiment
(ii) Tabulation of results
(iii) Calculation steps to show how the heat of combustion of hexane is
determined. (H=1, C=12)

[6 marks]
[2 marks]
[4 marks]

(c) Explain in terms of breaking and making of bonds why the heat of combustion of
hexane is higher than the heat of combustion of pentane, C5H12.
[6 marks]

Anita Md Saman
Ketua Panitia Kimia
SMK Kuala Nerang
2010

24

Thermochemistry

SECTION B
7) (a) The heat of combustion of a substance is the heat energy released when one mole of
the substance is completely burnt in air.
(b)

(i) Procedure
(a) A spirit lamp containing hexane was weighed accurately.
(1)
(b) 200 cm3 of water was measured using a measuring cylinder and poured into a metal
can.
(1)
(c) The metal can was placed on a clay-pipe triangle supported by a tripod stand. The
initial temperature of the water was recorded.
(1)
(d) The spirit lamp was lit and placed below the metal can.
(1)
(e) The can was heated until the temperature of the water rose by about 50oC.
(1)
(f) The fire was put off and the final temperature of the water recorded.
(1)
(g) The spirit lamp was reweighed.
(1)
(Maximum 6 marks)
(ii) Tabulation
Initial temperature of water = t1 oC
Final temperature of water = t2 oC
(1)
Mass of spirit lamp before combustion = m1 gram
Mass of spirit lamp after combustion = m2 gram
(1)
(iii) Calculation
(a) Rise in temperature is (t2 t1) = T oC
Mass of ethanol burnt is (m1 m2) = M gram
(1)
(b) Heat given out during reaction is mc = (200)(4.2)(T) Joule
= 840T Joule
(1)
(c) M gram of C6H14 burnt releases 840T J of heat.
Therefore 1 mole of hexane, (86 g) burnt will release
86 840T
x
kJ of heat
(1)
M
1000
Anita Md Saman
Ketua Panitia Kimia
SMK Kuala Nerang
2010

25

Thermochemistry

72.24T
kJ
M

Heat of combustion of hexane, H is

72.24T
kJ mol-1.
M

(1)

(c) A chemical reaction involves breaking and making of bonds. Energy is needed to
break bonds before a reaction can take place.
(1)
Energy is released when bonds are made.
(1)
Combustion of pentane and hexane is exothermic because the energy needed to
break bonds CC and CH bonds is less then the energy liberated when bonds
are formed when O=C=O and HOH molecules are formed.
(2)
Hexane has more carbon and hydrogen atoms than pentane.
(1)
Thus it releases more heat energy when burnt.
(1)

Pernyataan di bawah adalah mengenai haba tindak balas.


Pembakaran satu mol of etanol menghasilkan 1317 kJ
tenaga haba apabila terbakar dengan lengkap.
(a)

Apakah haba pembakaran etanol ?

Anita Md Saman
Ketua Panitia Kimia
SMK Kuala Nerang
2010

[2
26

Thermochemistry
markah]
(b)

Haba pembakaran etanol boleh ditentukan di makmal sekolah.


(i) Lukiskan satu gambar rajah susunan radas yang berlabel untuk menentukan
haba pembakaran etanol.

[3

markah]
(ii) Berdasarkan gambar rajah di (b) (i), huraikan dengan ringkas cara
menentukan haba pembakaran etanol di makmal. Jawapan anda mesti
mengandungi yang berikut:

Prosedur eksperimen

[7

markah]

Penjadualan data

[2

markah]

Penghitungan

[3

markah]

Tiga langkah berjaga-jaga untuk mendapat keputusan yang tepat.


[3

markah]

(a)
(b)

Heat of combustion of ethanol is the heat energy released


When 1 mole of ethanol completely burnt
(i)

Anita Md Saman
Ketua Panitia Kimia
SMK Kuala Nerang
2010

27

Thermochemistry

(c)

(ii).Procedure :
- 200 cm3 of water is measured and poured into a copper can and
the copper can is placed on a tripod stand
- the initial temperature of the water is measured and recorded
- a spirit lamp with ethanol is weighed and its mass is recorded
- the lamp is then placed beneath the copper can and the wick of
The lamp is lighted up immediately
- the water in the can is stirred continuously until the temperature
of the water increases by about 30oC.
- the flame is put off and the highest temperature reached by the
Water is recorded.
- the lamp and its content is weighed and the mass is recorded
Data
The highest temperature of water
The initial temperature of water
Increase in temperature,

=
=
=

t2
t1
t2

Mass of lamp after burning


Mass of lamp before burning
Mass of lamp ethanol burnt, m

=
=

m2
m1
=

t1

m2

m1

Calculation :
Anita Md Saman
Ketua Panitia Kimia
SMK Kuala Nerang
2010

28

Thermochemistry
Number of mole of ethanol, C2H5OH, n

m
46
The heat energy given out during combustion by ethanol
= the heat energy absorbed by water
= m c kJ
Heat of combustion of ethanol
= m c
kJmol-1
n
:
There precautions taken to achieve accurate results(any three)
make sure the flame from the combustion of ethanol
touches the bottom of the copper can. / the spirit lamp
is placed very close or just beneath the bottom of the
copper can.
stir the water in the copper can continuously
1
the spirit lamp must be weighed immediately
(because the ethanol is very volatile)
a wind shield must be used during experiment

A pupil carried out an experiment to determine the value of heat of neutralization.


Diagram 6
shows the set up of the
apparatus used in
the experiment.

Anita Md Saman
Ketua Panitia Kimia
SMK Kuala Nerang
2010

29

Thermochemistry
Thermometer

100 cm3of 2.0 mol dm-3


Sodium hydroxide solution

Polystyrene cup
100 cm3of 2.0 moldm-3
hydrochloric acid

DIAGRAM 6
The following data was obtained;
Initial temperature of hydrochloric acid
Initial temperature of sodium hydroxide solution
Highest temperature of the mixture of product

= 28oC
= 28oC
= 41oC

a) Why was a polystyrene cup used in this experiment?


..
[1 mark]
(b) Given that the specific heat capacity of the solution is 4.2 Jg-1oC-1 and the
density of the solution is 1.0 gcm-3.
(i) Calculate the change of heat in the experiment.

(ii) Calculate the heat of displacement in the experiment.

[3 marks]

(c) Draw the energy level diagram for the reaction.


Anita Md Saman
Ketua Panitia Kimia
SMK Kuala Nerang
2010

30

Thermochemistry

[2 marks]
(d) Based on the experiment, what is meant by the heat of neutralisation?
.......
[1 mark]
(e) The pupil repeats the experiment by replacing hydrochloric acid with
ethanoic acid. All the other conditions remain unchanged.
(i) Predict the value of the heat of neutralisation?
.........
[1 mark]
(ii) Explain why?
........
....
........
....................................................................................................................
[2 marks]

(a)

Reduce heat released to the surrounding

Anita Md Saman
Ketua Panitia Kimia
SMK Kuala Nerang
2010

31

Thermochemistry

(b)(i)

Heat change = 200 x 4.2 x 13


= 10920 J

(b)(ii)

Mole of H+/OH-/water = 100 x 2.0 // 0.2 mol


1000
Heat of displacement = - 10920 J // -54.6 kJmol-1
0.2 mol
Energy

(c)
H+ + OH-

H2O

1. Label the energy axis & correct energy level of the reactants and product
2. Correct chemical equation// ionic equation
Heat released/ produced when 1 mol of water is formed
(d)
decreases
(e)(i)
(ii)

1. Ethanoic acid is a weak acid


2. Some of the heat given out during the neutralization is used to
ionize/dissociate the ethanoic acid

Anita Md Saman
Ketua Panitia Kimia
SMK Kuala Nerang
2010

32

Thermochemistry

Anita Md Saman
Ketua Panitia Kimia
SMK Kuala Nerang
2010

33

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