Professional Documents
Culture Documents
(a) A student carried out an experiment to determine the heat of combustion of ethanol using
the set-up of apparatus as shown in diagram 7.1.
Seorang pelajar menjalankan satu eksperimen untuk menentukan haba pembakaran
etanol dengan susunan radas seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 7.1.
thermometer [termometer]
Beaker [bikar]
water [air]
wire gauze
[kasai dawai]
tripod stand
[tungku kaki tiga]
xxxxxxxxx
It was found that the the heat of combustion of ethanol obtained from the
experiment was lower than the therotical value. Suggest four methods in which the
set-up of apparatus in Figure 7.1 can be improved to obtain more accurate result.
Didapati bahawa haba pembakaran etanol yang ditentukan dari eksperimen
adalah lebih rendah daripada nilai teori.Cadangkan empat cara untuk
memperbaiki susunan radas Rajah 7.1 untuk memperoleh nilai yang lebih tepat.
[4 marks]
(ii)
After correcting his set-up of apparatus, the student found that the heat of
combustion
of ethanol obtained from the experiment is 1200 kJ mol -1, still less than the
therotical value of 1370 kJ mol -1. Identify two other sources of error that may have
caused this.
Selepas memperbaiki susunan radasnya, pelajar tersebut mendapati haba
pembakaran etanol yang ditentukan dari ekperimen ialah 1200 kJ mol -1, masih
lebih rendah daripada nilai teori yang sebanyak 1370 kJ mol-1. Kenalpastikan dua
punca lain yang mungkin menimbulkan perbezaan ini.
[2 marks]
(b) The heat of combustion of four types of alcohols are given in Table 7.1
Anita Md Saman
Ketua Panitia Kimia
SMK Kuala Nerang
2010
Thermochemistry
Haba pembakaran empat jenis alkohol adalah diberi dalam Jadual 7.1
Alcohol
[alcohol]
Methanol
[metanol]
Ethanol
[etanol]
Propanol
[propanol]
Butanol
[buatnol]
Pentanol
[pentanol]
Number of carbon
atom per molecule
[bilangan atom
karbon per molekul]
Relative
molecule mass
[Jisim atom
relatif]
Heat of
combustion [Haba
pembakaran] / kJ mol-1
32
710
46
1370
60
2000
74
2670
88
Anita Md Saman
Ketua Panitia Kimia
SMK Kuala Nerang
2010
Thermochemistry
Graf haba pembakaran melawan bilangan atom karbon per molekul
(a)
(i)
Anita Md Saman
Ketua Panitia Kimia
SMK Kuala Nerang
2010
Thermochemistry
change beaker to copper container / metal container
use a wind shield
place the ethanol lamp on a piece of wood so as to be neared to the
(ii)
1
1
1
......4
copper container.
heat loss to the surroundings
the combustion of ethanol is incomplete
some mass of ethanol is lost during weighing due to evaporation.
(b)
(i)
[any 2 reasons]
- label y- axis and x-axis correctly with units, suitable scales ( size
1+1
1
.......2
(ii)
(iii
)
(c)
(i)
series of alcohol
the number of carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms per molecule
1
1
......3
....2
....4
1
1
1
1
......5
Anita Md Saman
Ketua Panitia Kimia
SMK Kuala Nerang
2010
Thermochemistry
3000
x
2000
1000
x
Anita Md Saman
Ketua Panitia Kimia
SMK Kuala Nerang
2010
Thermochemistry
(ii)
(iii)
Molecular mass
Jisim molekul
C3H7OH
C4H9OH
C5H11OH
TABLE 8
JADUAL 8
Use the data from the Table 8 to answer the question:
Guna data daripada Jadual 8 untuk menjawab soalan :
[3 marks]
[3 markah]
(i) Draw the graph of the heat of combustion against the number of carbon atoms
on the graph paper.
Lukiskan graf bagi Haba pembakaran melawan bilangan atom karbon di atas
kertas graf.
[4 marks]
[4 markah]
(ii) Based on the graph in (b)(i), estimate the heat of combustion for the
compound with molecular formula, C2H5OH.
Berdasarkan graf di (b)(i), anggarkan haba pembakaran bagi sebatian
dengan formula molekul, C2H5OH.
[2 marks]
[2 markah]
(iii) Calculate the heat released when 15 g of compound X is completely burnt in
air.
[Relative atomic mass : C=12; O=16, H=1]
Anita Md Saman
Ketua Panitia Kimia
SMK Kuala Nerang
2010
Thermochemistry
Hitung haba yang dibebaskan apabila 15 g sebatian X terbakar dengan
lengkap dalam udara.
[ Jisim atom relatif : C=12; O=16, H=1]
[3 marks]
[3 markah]
(iv) Explain why the heat of combustion for compound Z is higher than
compound Y.
Terangkan mengapa haba pembakaran bagi sebatian Z lebih tinggi
berbanding sebatian Y.
[2 marks]
[2 markah]
(c) Diagram 8 shows the set up of the apparatus used to determine the heat of
combustion of methanol.
The result obtained was different from the theoretical value.
Rajah 8 menunjukkan susunan radas untuk menentukan haba pembakaran bagi
methanol.
Keputusan yang diperolehi berbeza daripada nilai teori.
Thermometer/Termometer
Glass beaker/ Bikar kaca
Water/ Air
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
DIAGRAM 8
RAJAH 8
State two corrections should be done to get a more accurate result in the
experiment.
Nyata dua pembetulan yang perlu dilakukan untuk mendapatkan keputusan yang
lebih tepat dalam eksperimen itu.
Anita Md Saman
7
Ketua Panitia Kimia
SMK Kuala Nerang
2010
Thermochemistry
[2 marks]
(a)
(i)
Anita Md Saman
Ketua Panitia Kimia
SMK Kuala Nerang
2010
Thermochemistry
(ii)
iii)
1. Reactants
2. Products
3. H
Sample answer:
AgNO3 + NaCl AgCl + NaNO3 ,H = -67.2 kJ mol-1 .
1. Axis of energy and two correct level of energy
2. Formula / name of the reactant and products
Sample answer:
Energy
(b)
(i)
(ii)
iii)
iv)
(c)
15
// 0.25 mol
60
Table 10 shows the molecular formula and heat of combustion of three types of alcohol.
Jadual 10 menunjukkan formula molekul dan haba pembakaran bagi tiga jenis alkohol.
Anita Md Saman
Ketua Panitia Kimia
SMK Kuala Nerang
2010
Thermochemistry
Alcohol/
Alkohol
Molecular formula /
Formula molekul
Haba pembakaran /
Heat of combustion
(kJ mol -1)
Methanol
CH3OH
725
Ethanol
C2H5OH
1 376
Propan-1-ol
C3H7OH
2 015
TABLE / JADUAL 10
(a)
(i)
(ii)
(b)
Describe an experiment that you can carry out in your school laboratory to
determine the heat of combustion of one of the alcohol in Table 10. Your
Anita Md Saman
Ketua Panitia Kimia
SMK Kuala Nerang
2010
10
Thermochemistry
description should include precautionary steps and the steps involved in the
calculation.
Huraikan satu eksperimen yang anda boleh jalankan di makmal sekolah anda
bagi menentukan haba pembakaran salah satu alkohol dalam Jadual 10.
Huraian anda perlu mengandungi langkah berjaga-jaga dan langkah-langkah
perhitungan yang terlibat.
[12 marks]
(c)
PbSO4 + 2NaNO3
(a) (i)
(ii)
The heat given off when one mole of an alcohol is burnt completely in an excess
of oxygen.
As the number of carbon atom increase, the value of heat combustion increase.
The greater the number of carbon atoms, the more products will be obtained.
Anita Md Saman
Ketua Panitia Kimia
SMK Kuala Nerang
2010
11
Thermochemistry
More heat is released for the formation of bonds
(b)
Procedure :
1. Measure [100 -250] cm3 of water and pour it into the copper
container /aluminium can
2. Measure and record the initial temperature of the water.
3. Fill the small lamp with alcohol* then weigh it and record the initial
mass.
4. Light the wick of the lamp.
5. Place the lamp as near as possible to the copper container.//
[ Diagram : Using wooden block ]
6. [The apparatus is protected by a wind shield] // [Diagram]
7. Stir the water continuously.
8. Put out / blown out the flame when the temperature rises [ 10 30 ] oC
and record the highest temperature of the water.
9. Weigh the lamp as quickly as possible and record the final mass.
Result :
Initial temperature of the water/ oC
Highest temperature of the water/ oC
Temperature rise of the water/ oC
= T1
= T2
= T2 T1
= m1
= m2
= m1 m2
Calculation :
Energy chage/heat given off
m1 m2
Mr of alcohol*
=
Energy change
Number of mole of alcohol
Mr of alcohol*
(c)
Number of mole of lead(II) nitrate
= = 0.1 mol
or
Anita Md Saman
Ketua Panitia Kimia
SMK Kuala Nerang
2010
12
Thermochemistry
Number of mole of sodium sulphate
= = 0.1 mol
Ratio of mole :
1 mol Pb(NO3)2 / Na2SO4 1 mol PbSO4
0.1 mol Pb(NO3)2 / Na2SO4 0.1 mol PbSO4
Energy chage/heat given off
= 200 4.2 10
= 4200 J
4200
0.1
4
Anita Md Saman
Ketua Panitia Kimia
SMK Kuala Nerang
2010
13
Thermochemistry
(iii)
[ 2 marks]
[2 marks]
(iv)
0.23g of ethanol is used to heat 500 cm3 of water, calculate the final temperature of
the water if the initial temperature of water is 28.0 oC.
[ Relative atomic mass of H,1: C,12: O,16:
The specific heat of water is 4.2 J g-1 oC-1 ]
0.23 g etanol digunakan untuk memanaskan 500cm3 air, hitungkan suhu akhir air
sekiranya suhu awal air adalah 28.0oC.
[ Jisim atom relatif H,1; C,12; O,16:
haba muatan tentu air ialah 4.2 J g-1 oC-1 ]
[ 5 marks]
4.
(a)(i)
(ii)
Anita Md Saman
Ketua Panitia Kimia
SMK Kuala Nerang
2010
1
1
1
14
Thermochemistry
(iii)
Energy
C2H5OH + 3O2
H = -1376 kJ mol-1
2CO2 + 3H2O
-
(iv)
1
1
Temperature increased =
68800
4.2 x 500
= 32.8oC
(b)
-labelled diagram
-arrangement of apparatus
1
1
Procedure:
- 200 cm3 of water is measured using a measuring
cylinder
- and poured into a copper can.
- The intial temperature of water is measured and
recorded
- A spirit lamp is filled with butanol and weighed
- The spirit lamp is put under the copper can and
the wick of the lamp is lighted immediately.
- The water is stirred continuously with a
thermometer.
- When the temperature of the water increases by
Anita Md Saman
Ketua Panitia Kimia
SMK Kuala Nerang
2010
1
1
1
1
15
Thermochemistry
Results:
Mass of spirit lamp + butanol before
burning/ g
Mass of spirit lamp + butanol after
burning/ g
Mass of butanol used/ g
Highest temperature of water /oC
Initial temperature of water /oC
Increased in temperature /oC
-results tabulated in table form
-unit stated
Calculation:
Heat given out by butanol = x J
Mol of butanol = y mol
Heat of combustion of butanol = x J y mol
= z J mol-1
1
1
1
1
30.50
16
Thermochemistry
Jisim pelita + etanol selepas dibakar / g
Isipadu air / cm3
Suhu awal air / C
Suhu tertinggi air /C
26.82
250
29.0
59.0
(a) Lukiskan gambar rajah berlabel bagi susunan radas yang digunakan dalam
eksperimen ini.
[ 2 markah ]
(b) Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi pembakaran lengkap etanol.
[ 2 markah ]
(c)
(ii)
Anita Md Saman
Ketua Panitia Kimia
SMK Kuala Nerang
2010
17
Thermochemistry
[ 1 markah]
(iii)
[ 2 markah ]
(d)
Didapati haba pembakaran yang diperoleh oleh pelajar itu kurang daripada
nilai haba pembakaran etanol yang sebenar.
Nyatakan satu langkah yang boleh diambil untuk mendapatkan nilai yang
lebih tepat.
....
.........
Termometer
5 (a)
Bekas
kuprum
Anita Md Saman
Ketua Panitia Kimia
SMK Kuala Nerang
2010
Pelita
18
etanol
Thermochemistry
Radas berfungsi
Label : etanol , pelita , air , bekas kuprum
(b)
C2H5OH + 3O2
2CO2 + 3H2O
Formula Bahan dan hasil betul
Persamaan seimbang
(c)(i) Haba yang dibebaskan
= 250 x 4.2 x (59 29)
( jalan kerja )
= 31500 J
(ii) Bilangan mol
=
3.68
46
= 0.08
(iii) Haba pembakaran
=
31500
0.08
= 393.75
Lukis dan label paksi tenaga dan dua aras tenaga
Formula/nama bahan & hasil betul
Tenaga
(iv)
(a)
Anita Md Saman
Ketua Panitia Kimia
SMK Kuala Nerang
2010
Energy
19
Thermochemistry
CaCO3 + 2NaCl
Mg(s) + FeSO4
H= - 200 kJ
MgSO4 + Fe
FIGURE 9.1
(i)
(ii)
CaCl2 + Na2CO3
FIGURE 9.2
Compare both the energy level diagrams above. Your explanation should
include the following
(Bandingkan kedua-dua gambar rajah aras tenaga di atas. Penerangan
anda haruslah mengandungi perkara berikut.)
H= + 12.6 kJ
(b)
Explain why the heat of reaction between 1.0 mole of silver nitrate solution and
1.0 mole of sodium chloride solution is the same as the heat of reaction between
1.0 mole of silver nitrate solution and 0.5 mole of magnesium chloride solution.
(Terangkan mengapa haba tindak balas antara satu mol larutan argentum nitrat
dengan satu mol larutan natrium klorida sama dengan haba tindak balas antara
satu mol larutan argentum nitrat dengan 0.5 mol larutan magnesium klorida).
[4 marks]
(c)
A student carried out an experiment to determine the heat of neutralisation for the
reaction between 50 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid and 50 cm3 of
Anita Md Saman
Ketua Panitia Kimia
SMK Kuala Nerang
2010
20
Thermochemistry
2.0 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution.
(Seorang pelajar telah menjalankan satu eksperimen untuk menentukan haba
peneutralan bagi tindak balas antara 50 cm3 asid hidroklorik 2.0 mol dm-3
dengan 50 cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida 2.0 mol dm-3.)
The following data was obtained: (Data berikut telah diperoleh:)
Initial temperature of hydrochloric acid = 30.2 oC
(Suhu awal asid hidroklorik)
Initial temperature of sodium hydroxide solution
(Suhu awal larutan natrium hidroksida)
= 30.2 oC
(ii)
Anita Md Saman
Ketua Panitia Kimia
SMK Kuala Nerang
2010
21
Thermochemistry
6
(a)
(i)
Characteristic
(Ciri)
Type of
chemical
reaction
(Jenis tindak
balas kimia)
Figure 9(i)
(Rajah 9(i))
Exothermic reaction
(Tindak balas
eksotermik)
Figure 9(ii)
(Rajah 9(ii))
Endothermic reaction
(Tindak balas endotermik)
Energy content
of reactants
and products
(Kandungan
tenaga bahan
tindak balas
dan hasil
tindak balas)
Ionic equation
(Persamaan
ion)
(ii)
(b)
Heat change = mc
= 2000
(50)(4.2)
= 9.5 oC
1 mole of silver nitrate solution produces 1 mole of Ag+ ion
1 mole of sodium chloride solution produces 1 mole of Cl- ion
(1 mol larutan argentum nitrat menghasilkan 1 mol ion Ag+ )
(1 mol larutan natrium klorida menghasilkan 1 mol ion Cl- )
The heat of reaction of silver chloride is heat that released when 1 mole of Ag + ion react with 1
mole Cl- ion // Ag+ + Cl- AgCl
(Haba tindak balas argentum klorida ialah haba yang dibebaskan apabila 1 mol ion Ag+
bertindak balas dengan 1 mol ion Cl- // Ag+ + Cl- AgCl)
Half of the mole of magnesium chloride produces 1 mole of Cl - ion
Anita Md Saman
Ketua Panitia Kimia
SMK Kuala Nerang
2010
22
Thermochemistry
(Setengah mol magnesium klorida menghasilkan 1 mol ion Cl- )
Number of mole of Cl- ion in 1 mole of sodium chloride same as number of mole of Cl- ion in
half mol of magnesium chloride
(Bilangan mol ion Cl- dalam 1 mol natrium klorida adalah sama dengan bilangan mol ion Cldalam setengah mol magnesium klorida.)
(c)
(i)
Heat change = mc
= (100)(4.2)(42.2 30.2)
= 5040 J / 5.04 kJ
Number of moles of HCl / H + ion
= (50)(2)
1000
= 0.1 mol
= 5.04
0.1
H = - 50.4 kJ mol -1
The heat of neutralisation is two times
(Haba peneutralan adalah dua kali ganda)
Hydrochloride acid is monoprotic acid , sulphuric acid is diprotic acid
(Asid hidroklorik ialah asid monoprotik, asid sulfuric ialah asid diprotik)
1 mole HCl produces 1 mole H+ ion // HCl H+ + Cl(1 mol HCl menghasilkan 1 mol ion H+ ion // HCl H+ + Cl-)
1 mole H2SO4 produces 2 mole H+ ion // H2SO4 2H+ + SO42(1 mol H2SO4menghasilakan 2 mol ion H+ // H2SO4 2H+ + SO42-
Anita Md Saman
Ketua Panitia Kimia
SMK Kuala Nerang
2010
23
Thermochemistry
7.
[6 marks]
[2 marks]
[4 marks]
(c) Explain in terms of breaking and making of bonds why the heat of combustion of
hexane is higher than the heat of combustion of pentane, C5H12.
[6 marks]
Anita Md Saman
Ketua Panitia Kimia
SMK Kuala Nerang
2010
24
Thermochemistry
SECTION B
7) (a) The heat of combustion of a substance is the heat energy released when one mole of
the substance is completely burnt in air.
(b)
(i) Procedure
(a) A spirit lamp containing hexane was weighed accurately.
(1)
(b) 200 cm3 of water was measured using a measuring cylinder and poured into a metal
can.
(1)
(c) The metal can was placed on a clay-pipe triangle supported by a tripod stand. The
initial temperature of the water was recorded.
(1)
(d) The spirit lamp was lit and placed below the metal can.
(1)
(e) The can was heated until the temperature of the water rose by about 50oC.
(1)
(f) The fire was put off and the final temperature of the water recorded.
(1)
(g) The spirit lamp was reweighed.
(1)
(Maximum 6 marks)
(ii) Tabulation
Initial temperature of water = t1 oC
Final temperature of water = t2 oC
(1)
Mass of spirit lamp before combustion = m1 gram
Mass of spirit lamp after combustion = m2 gram
(1)
(iii) Calculation
(a) Rise in temperature is (t2 t1) = T oC
Mass of ethanol burnt is (m1 m2) = M gram
(1)
(b) Heat given out during reaction is mc = (200)(4.2)(T) Joule
= 840T Joule
(1)
(c) M gram of C6H14 burnt releases 840T J of heat.
Therefore 1 mole of hexane, (86 g) burnt will release
86 840T
x
kJ of heat
(1)
M
1000
Anita Md Saman
Ketua Panitia Kimia
SMK Kuala Nerang
2010
25
Thermochemistry
72.24T
kJ
M
72.24T
kJ mol-1.
M
(1)
(c) A chemical reaction involves breaking and making of bonds. Energy is needed to
break bonds before a reaction can take place.
(1)
Energy is released when bonds are made.
(1)
Combustion of pentane and hexane is exothermic because the energy needed to
break bonds CC and CH bonds is less then the energy liberated when bonds
are formed when O=C=O and HOH molecules are formed.
(2)
Hexane has more carbon and hydrogen atoms than pentane.
(1)
Thus it releases more heat energy when burnt.
(1)
Anita Md Saman
Ketua Panitia Kimia
SMK Kuala Nerang
2010
[2
26
Thermochemistry
markah]
(b)
[3
markah]
(ii) Berdasarkan gambar rajah di (b) (i), huraikan dengan ringkas cara
menentukan haba pembakaran etanol di makmal. Jawapan anda mesti
mengandungi yang berikut:
Prosedur eksperimen
[7
markah]
Penjadualan data
[2
markah]
Penghitungan
[3
markah]
markah]
(a)
(b)
Anita Md Saman
Ketua Panitia Kimia
SMK Kuala Nerang
2010
27
Thermochemistry
(c)
(ii).Procedure :
- 200 cm3 of water is measured and poured into a copper can and
the copper can is placed on a tripod stand
- the initial temperature of the water is measured and recorded
- a spirit lamp with ethanol is weighed and its mass is recorded
- the lamp is then placed beneath the copper can and the wick of
The lamp is lighted up immediately
- the water in the can is stirred continuously until the temperature
of the water increases by about 30oC.
- the flame is put off and the highest temperature reached by the
Water is recorded.
- the lamp and its content is weighed and the mass is recorded
Data
The highest temperature of water
The initial temperature of water
Increase in temperature,
=
=
=
t2
t1
t2
=
=
m2
m1
=
t1
m2
m1
Calculation :
Anita Md Saman
Ketua Panitia Kimia
SMK Kuala Nerang
2010
28
Thermochemistry
Number of mole of ethanol, C2H5OH, n
m
46
The heat energy given out during combustion by ethanol
= the heat energy absorbed by water
= m c kJ
Heat of combustion of ethanol
= m c
kJmol-1
n
:
There precautions taken to achieve accurate results(any three)
make sure the flame from the combustion of ethanol
touches the bottom of the copper can. / the spirit lamp
is placed very close or just beneath the bottom of the
copper can.
stir the water in the copper can continuously
1
the spirit lamp must be weighed immediately
(because the ethanol is very volatile)
a wind shield must be used during experiment
Anita Md Saman
Ketua Panitia Kimia
SMK Kuala Nerang
2010
29
Thermochemistry
Thermometer
Polystyrene cup
100 cm3of 2.0 moldm-3
hydrochloric acid
DIAGRAM 6
The following data was obtained;
Initial temperature of hydrochloric acid
Initial temperature of sodium hydroxide solution
Highest temperature of the mixture of product
= 28oC
= 28oC
= 41oC
[3 marks]
30
Thermochemistry
[2 marks]
(d) Based on the experiment, what is meant by the heat of neutralisation?
.......
[1 mark]
(e) The pupil repeats the experiment by replacing hydrochloric acid with
ethanoic acid. All the other conditions remain unchanged.
(i) Predict the value of the heat of neutralisation?
.........
[1 mark]
(ii) Explain why?
........
....
........
....................................................................................................................
[2 marks]
(a)
Anita Md Saman
Ketua Panitia Kimia
SMK Kuala Nerang
2010
31
Thermochemistry
(b)(i)
(b)(ii)
(c)
H+ + OH-
H2O
1. Label the energy axis & correct energy level of the reactants and product
2. Correct chemical equation// ionic equation
Heat released/ produced when 1 mol of water is formed
(d)
decreases
(e)(i)
(ii)
Anita Md Saman
Ketua Panitia Kimia
SMK Kuala Nerang
2010
32
Thermochemistry
Anita Md Saman
Ketua Panitia Kimia
SMK Kuala Nerang
2010
33