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INTRODUCTION TO DATA COMMUNICATION

DATA COMMUNICATION
&NETWORK
CHAPTER 04
Network Architecture and Protocols

IEEE

4.1. Introduction
4.2. IEEE, Ethernet, Token Bus

and Token Ring

4.3. Network Interface cards
4.4. Interconnecting LANs

The IEEE and its predecessors, the AIEE (American Institute of Electrical
Engineers) and the IRE (Institute of Radio Engineers), date to 1884.

What is IEEE ORGANIZATION?

From its earliest origins, the IEEE has advanced the theory and
application of electro technology and allied sciences, served as a
catalyst for technological innovation and supported the needs of its
members through a wide variety of programs and services.
19th Century Growth
The last quarter of the nineteenth century was marked by a
tremendous growth in electrical technology. By the early 1880s.

The IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)

describes itself as "the world's largest technical

professional society -- promoting the development and
application of electro technology and allied sciences for
the benefit of humanity, the advancement of the profession,
and the well-being of our members.
AIEE, IRE Merge to form IEEE

Some of IEEE,AIEE & IRE CONTROLED ACHIVEMENTS:

1.
2.

The IEEE fosters the development of standards that often

become national and international standards. The

organization publishes a number of journals, has many
local chapters, and several large societies in special areas,
such as the IEEE Computer Society.

AIEE -- Wire Communications :

1.
2.

From the beginning, the major interests of the AIEE were:

wire communications and
light and power systems.
An early and active participant in the development of electrical
industry standards, the Institute laid the foundations for all work on
electrical standards done in the United States. During its first three
decades, the AIEE confronted and resolved such internal concerns as
locating permanent headquarters for the organization
providing mechanisms for contact with a far-flung membership and
with students.
fostering new technical interests through committees that were
established to meet the challenge of increasing specialization.

3.
4.
5.
6.

telegraph wires crisscrossed the United States.

Europe and America were connected by underwater cable.
arc lights were in use in several cities.
Thomas Edison's Pearl Street Station was supplying power for
incandescent lights in New York.
there were numerous firms manufacturing electrical equipment.
the telephone was growing in importance as a communication tool

The IRE -- Wireless Communications

Two largely local organizations -- the Society of
Wireless and Telegraph Engineers and the
Wireless Institute -- merged to form an
international society for scientists and engineers
involved in the development of wireless
communications -- the Institute of Radio
Engineers.

By 1912, however, the interests and needs of those specializing in the

expanding field of radio could no longer be satisfied by periodic
technical committee meetings in their local areas.

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Specialized segments were gathered into professional groups

under a central governing body they achieved the following:
1. Geographical units and student branches were formed.
2. Meetings and publications facilitated the creation of an
extensive literature and the exchange of knowledge.
3. Membership grades were established.
4. Standards development became a major effort.
The nature of radio technology meant that the interests of the

IRE went beyond national boundaries. Therefore, the new

organization sought and attracted members from many
countries and eventually established units in several areas
throughout the world. From the beginning the 'Proceedings of
the IRE' regularly published papers from authors outside the
United States.

ETHERNET
Ethernet is the most common LAN (Local Area

Network) technology in use today.

Higher level network protocols like Internet Protocol (IP) use

Ethernet as their transmission medium. Data travels over

Ethernet inside protocol units called frames.

Limit of Ethernet cable & solution?

The run length of individual

Ethernet cables is

limited to roughly 100 meters, but Ethernet

networks can be easily extended to link entire
schools or office buildings using network bridge
devices.

Ethernet Cabling:
The first Ethernet standard, 10Base-5, ran over thick coaxial cable. A

later standard, Ethernet 10Base-2, ran over a much thinner coaxial

cable. These two versions of Ethernet were colloquially known as
thicknet and thinnet.

Modern Ethernet standards run on UTP (Unshielded Twisted

Pair) or fiber-optic cabling.

Enter 'electronics'
In the 1930's, electronics became part of the vocabulary of electrical
engineering. Electronics engineers tended to become members of the
AIEE, but the applications of electron tube technology became so extensive
that the technical boundaries differentiating the IRE and the AIEE became
difficult to distinguish.
After World War II, the two organizations became increasingly competitive.
Problems of overlap and duplication of efforts arose, only partially resolved
by joint committees and meetings.
AIEE, IRE Merge to form IEEE
In 1961, the leadership of both the IRE and the AIEE resolved to seek an
end to these difficulties through consolidation. The next year a merger plan
was formulated and approved and became effective on 1 January 1963.

Ethernet technology history?

Ethernet was developed by Xerox in the 1970s, and became
popular after Digital Equipment Corporation and Intel joined
Xerox in developing the Ethernet standard in 1980.
Ethernet was officially accepted as IEEE standard 802.3 in
1985.

Range of Ethernet technology speed?

The original Xerox Ethernet operated at 3Mbps.
Ethernet networks up to modern 10Gbps now
exist.

Network interface card-1?

A network interface card, network adapter, network
interface controller (NIC), or LAN adapter is a
computer hardware component that interfaces to a
computer network.

Whereas network cards used to be expansion cards

that plug into a computer bus, the low cost and
ubiquity of the Ethernet standard means that most
newer computers have a network interface built into
the motherboard.

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network interface card (NIC)-2?

A network interface card (NIC) is a computer circuit board or card that is
installed in a computer so that it can be connected to a network.
Personal computers and workstations on a local area network (LAN)
typically contain a network interface card specifically designed for the
LAN transmission technology, NIC uses protocols such as Ethernet or
token ring to make data transmission possible. Network interface
cards provide a dedicated, full-time connection to a network. Most
home and portable computers connect to the Internet through asneeded dial-up connection.

A network interface card-3?

more commonly referred to as a NIC, is a device that allows
computers to be joined together in a LAN, or local area
network. Networked computers communicate with each
other using a given protocol or agreed-upon language
for transmitting data packets between the different machines,
known as nodes. The network interface card acts as the
liaison for the machine to both send and receive data on the
LAN.

ETHERNET-2:

Ethernet is a family of frame-based computer networking

technologies for local area networks (LANs). The name

came from the physical concept of the ether.
ETHERNET-1:
It defines a number of wiring and signalling standards
(protocols) for the Physical Layer of the OSI networking
model as well as a common addressing format and Media
Access Control at the Data Link Layer.

Ethernet is

standardized as IEEE 802.3.

The combination of the twisted pair versions of Ethernet

for connecting end systems to the network, along with the

fiber optic versions for site backbones, is the most
widespread wired LAN technology. It has been used from
around 1980 to the present, largely replacing competing
LAN standards such as token ring, FDDI, and ARCNET.

What is Ethernet-3?
Ethernet (the name commonly used for IEEE 802.3

The most common language or protocol for LANs is

Ethernet, sometimes referred to as IEEE 802.3. A

lesser-used protocol is Token Ring. When building a
LAN, a network interface card must be installed in
each computer on the network and all NICs in the
network must be of the same architecture. For
example, all must either be Ethernet cards, Token
Ring cards, or an alternate technology.

CSMA/CD) is the dominant cabling and low level data

delivery technology used in local area networks (LANs).
Ethernet is a protocol that controls the way data is transmitted over
a local area network (LAN). It uses wires (meaning it is not a wireless
technology).
First developed in the 1970s, it was published as an open standard by
DEC, Intel, and Xerox (or DIX), and later described as a formal standard
by the IEEE. Following are some Ethernet features:
Ethernet transmits data at up to ten million bits per second
(10Mbps). Fast Ethernet supports up to 100Mbps and Gigabit
Ethernet supports up to 1000Mbps.
Many buildings on the Indiana University campus are wired
with Fast Ethernet and the campus backbone is Gigabit
Ethernet.

OSI MODEL (OSI component )

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Ethernet DTE and DCE

All nodes on an Ethernet network are either DTE (Data Terminal

Equipment) or DCE (Data Communications Equipment).

Ethernet DTE : are devices such as computers and printers which

are trying to communicate on the Ethernet network.
Ethernet DCE : are devices such as switches and routers which are
trying to help other devices communicate on the Ethernet network.

Ethernet CSMA/CD
Like any network, Ethernet must have an algorithm for

determining when each network node is allowed to

communicate.
In Ethernet, this algorithm is known as CSMA/CD
(Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision
Detection).
CSMA/CD has proven to be a very capable, if highly anarchistic,
algorithm.

Ethernet is a standard communications protocol embedded

in software and hardware devices, intended for building a

local area network (LAN). Ethernet was designed by Bob
Metcalfe in 1973, and through the efforts of Digital, Intel and
Xerox (for which Metcalfe worked), "DIX" Ethernet became
the standard model for LANs worldwide.
A basic hard-wired LAN components should consists of ?

1. Two or more computers to be linked together, or

networked.
2. A network interface card (NIC) in each computer.
3. Ethernet cable to connect to each computer.
4. A networking switch or networking hub to direct network

traffic.
5. Networking software.

Explain the operating environment of wired NIC?

A NIC is installed in each computer, and is assigned a
unique address. An Ethernet cable runs from each NIC to
the central switch or hub. The switch or hub will act as a
relay , receiving and directing packets of data across the
LAN. Thus, Ethernet networking creates a
communications system that allows the sharing of data
and resources, including printers, fax machines and
scanners.

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Explain the operating environment of wired NIC?

Ethernet networks can also be wireless. Rather than using
Ethernet cable to connect the computers, wireless NICs
use radio waves for two-way communication with a
wireless switch or hub. In lieu of Ethernet ports, wireless
NICs, switches and hubs each feature (has) a small
antenna. Wireless networks can be more flexible
to use, but also require extra care in configuring
security.

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The formal designation for standardization of the Ethernet

protocol is sometimes referred to as IEEE 802.3.

Alternate technologies to Ethernet include the pass

"Token Ring" protocol designed by IBM, and the far

newer asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) technology.

ATM allows devices to be connected over very wide

distances to create WANs (wide area networks) that
behave like LANs. However, for an inexpensive network
located in a single building, Ethernet is a well-established
standard with a solid record, boasting over three decades
of providing reliable networking environments.

TOKEN BUS NETWORK

Token bus was used by GM (General Motors) for their
Token-procedure: Only someone who possesses a certain token

( bit sequence or data ),may be able to send through the

communication channel.

Token bus

is a network implementing the token ring

protocol over a "virtual ring" on a coaxial cable. A token is
passed around the network nodes and only the node
possessing the token may transmit. If a node doesn't have
anything to send, the token is passed on to the next node
on the virtual ring. Each node must know the address of its
neighbour in the ring, so a special protocol is needed to
notify the other nodes of connections to, and
disconnections from, the ring.
Token bus was standardized by IEEE standard 802.4. It is
mainly used for industrial applications.

Manufacturing Automation Protocol (MAP) standardization

effort. This is an application of the concepts used in token
ring networks.
IMPORTANT NOTE:
The main difference is that the endpoints of the bus do not
meet to form a physical ring. The IEEE 802.4 Working
Group is disbanded. In order to guarantee the packet delay
and transmission in Token bus protocol, a modified Token
bus was proposed in Manufacturing Automation Systems
and flexible manufacturing system (FMS).

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Message Exchange in Token Bus

type of messages used:
Token messages
A. ID nextID.
B. ID Data
Token messages are used for passing on the sending

permission from station ID to station nextID.

Data messages contain the data to be sent

Having the token, a station is allowed to send a message.

After this (or if nothing is to be sent) the token is passed on.

Traffic on the bus e.g.:

WHAT IS DATA COLLISION?

Ethernet is about shooting (SENDING DATA) packets from
source to destination. If there is another packet being shot
(SENT) at the same time a collision will happen (occur) ,
then packets (DATA) are lost and shooters (sending
devices) agree to re-shoot (re-send) at a random (different)
time hopefully and likely they will avoid the collision
again, but if it happens again & again the communication
system will crash (fail) because of the heat that the
collision energy will cause.

Token Ring
TOKEN RING:
Its referred as standard IEEE 802.5 Token Ring the stations

share a ring of point-to-point connections. the token is

cyclically passed & this protocol (token ring) is particularly
designed for ring topology. Token Ring speed range is
(4/16/100 Mbit/s).

Characteristics:
1. If access is guaranteed then there will be no
collisions.
2. very good utilization of the network capacity.
3. high efficiency
4. fair & guaranteed response times
5. possible to use & implement multiple tokens.
6. however its complex and expensive.

Medium: twisted pair, coaxial cable or optical fiber

Capacity of (4 ,16 MBit/s,100Mb/s)
The stations are actively attached, i.e. received

signals are regenerated (same principle as for

repeaters, therefore no restriction of the rings
expansion)

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DATA COMMUNICATION
&NETWORK
END of CHAPTER 04
Network Architecture and Protocols

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THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME

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