48-8

C I V I L

E N G I N E E R I N G

R E F E R E N C E

M A N U A L

and labor to complete, an RCC dam costs about half the

price of a conventional concrete gravity dam and about
one-third less than an earth or a rockfill dam.

22. CONTROLLED LOW-STRENGTH

MATERIAL
. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .

Scrapers and bulldozers spread and compact RCC in

broad 12 ft (3071 cm) thick lifts, and vibratory rollers
or dozers consolidate it to the specified density with
multiple (410) passes. A compressive strength of
approximately 10004500 psi (730 MPa) is achieved,
identical to the strength of a conventional mixture with
the same water-cement ratio.

Controlled low-strength material (CLSM) is a mixture of

fly ash, fine aggregates, cement (about 5%), and water.
Delivered in a semifluid state, it flows readily into place,
needs no tamping or vibration, and achieves a compressive strength of 100 psi (700 kPa) within 24 hours. It has
proven to be an efficient and economical backfilling
material for floor leveling, culverts, bridge abutments,
and trenches.

Seepage in RCC dams occurs primarily through the interfaces between the lifts, but this seepage can be controlled
or eliminated with a variety of practices. The abutments
and one or both faces should be constructed from normal
concrete. Each new lift of RCC should be bedded in a
1= 1=
4 2 in (612 mm) thin layer of high-slump cementpaste mortar. The time between lifts can be reduced, and
slightly wetter mixes can be used. Other methods of
reducing seepage include using more cement, fly ash,
and water in the core of the dam; incorporating a PVC
membrane between the cast-in-place face and the RCC;
and building up the lifts in small 6 in (150 mm) layers.
Since RCC tends to clump in temperatures greater than
90! F (32 ! C), in extreme cases placement can be limited
to winter months or cooler nights.
21.
SOIL CEMENT
. . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. .

Structural

Soil cement is a combination of soil, water, and a small

amount of cement (about 10%). Soil cement is low in
price, strong, and easy to work with, can take repeated
wetting and heavy wave action, and can stand up to
freeze-thaw cycles. Placed soil cement looks like concrete or rock. It has proven to be an ideal material for
pavement base courses (where it is referred to as
cement-treated base) but can also be used for river
bank protection, reservoir and channel lining, facing
for earthfill dams, seepage control, pipe bedding, and
foundation stabilization.

23. REINFORCING STEEL

. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .

Steel is an alloy consisting almost entirely of iron. It also

contains small quantities of carbon, silicon, manganese,
sulfur, phosphorus, and other elements. Carbon has the
greatest effect on the steels properties. The carbon
content is normally less than 0.5% by weight, with
0.20.3% being common percentages.
The density of steel is essentially unaffected by its composition, and a value of 0.283 lbf/in3 (7820 kg/m3) can
be used.
Reinforcing steel for use in steel-reinforced concrete
may be formed from billet steel, axle steel, or rail steel.
Most modern reinforcing bars are made from new billet
steel. (Special bars of titanium, stainless steel, corrosionresistant alloys, and glass fiber composites may see
extremely limited use in corrosion-sensitive applications.)
The following ASTM designations are used for steel reinforcing bars. (See Table 48.3 for ASTM standards.)
ASTM A615: carbon steel, grades 40 (280 MPa),
60 (420 MPa), and 75 (520 MPa) (symbol S)
ASTM A996: rail steel, grades 50 (350 MPa)
and 60 (420 MPa) (symbols R and \; only
R is permitted to be used by ACI 318), and
axle steel, grades 40 (280 MPa) and 60
(420 MPa) (symbol A)

Table 48.3 ASTM Standards for Reinforcing Bars

customary U.S.
bar no.

nominal
soft metric diameter
bar no.
(in)

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
14
18

10
13
16
19
22
25
29
32
36
43
57

(Multiply in by 25.4 to obtain mm.)

(Multiply in2 by 6.452 to obtain cm2.)
(Multiply lbf/ft by 1.488 to obtain kg/m.)

P P I

w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m

0.375
0.500
0.625
0.750
0.875
1.000
1.128
1.270
1.410
1.693
2.257

nominal
diameter
(mm)

nominal
area
(in2)

nominal
area
(mm2)

nominal
weight
(lbf/ft)

nominal
mass
(kg/m)

9.5
12.7
15.9
19.1
22.2
25.4
28.7
32.3
35.8
43.0
57.3

0.11
0.20
0.31
0.44
0.60
0.79
1.00
1.27
1.56
2.25
4.00

71
129
200
284
387
510
645
819
1006
1452
2581

0.376
0.668
1.043
1.502
2.044
2.670
3.400
4.303
5.313
7.650
13.600

0.560
0.994
1.552
2.235
3.042
3.974
5.060
6.404
7.907
11.39
20.24