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Introduction
This chapter provides principles of design, types of electrical machines, limitations in design and recent
trends in electrical machine design. A chapter-wise detail outline of the text has also been presented.
Flux linkages, = N
N = number of turns of coil
= flux linking with all the turns
The e.m.f. induced in the coil
where,
e=
or
d
dt
e = N
d
dt
The negative sign in above expression indicates that the current produced due to induced e.m.f.
always opposes the change in flux linkages. The change in the flux linkages can be achieved by
(i) a stationary coil with respect to flux but magnitude of flux varying with respect to time.
(ii) the coils moving through a flux which is constant with respect to time.
(iii) the coils moving through a flux with varying magnitude with respect to time.
When a conductor moving at right angles to a uniform, stationary and constant magnetic field an
e.m.f. is induced and is expressed by
e = B l v volts
where,
B = flux density of magnetic fields (Wb/m2)
l = length of conductor perpendicular to the magnetic field (m)
v = velocity of conductor (m/sec)
The force produced by the interaction of magnetic field and current carrying conductor is given by
the Biot-Savarts law and can be expressed by
F=BlI
where,
B = flux density of magnetic fields (Wb/m2)
l = length of conductor perpendicular to magnetic field (m)
I = currents (Amp)
When a conductor is placed on a rotor with radius r and the torque produced by the current in the
conductor is given by
Torque = F r
Torque, T = B l I r Newton-metre
This is an electro-magnetic torque.
Power = Torque Angular velocity
= T
It is, therefore, concluded that the design and construction of generators and motors are based
upon the facts given below:
(i) An e.m.f. is induced in a conductor or a set of conductors subjected to a magnetic field in such
a manner that either conductor moves and cuts the stationary lines of flux or it (stationary
conductors) is cut by the varying lines of flux. In both the cases there will be a relative motion
between the conductor and the magnetic field. This is the characteristics of the generator
action.
(ii) When a conductor or a set of conductors are placed in a magnetic field and an electric current
is supplied through the conductor then conductor observes a mechanical force. This is the
characteristics of the motor action.
(iii) The armature of an electrical machine carries the conductors in which the e.m.f. is induced.
The field portion of the machine produces the magnetic field. The armature may be rotating
with stationary field or the armature may be stationary with rotating field. Usually in large
machines the armature is stationary (called stator) and the field is rotating (rotor). Relative
advantages and disadvantages are discussed in detail in 5.2 Chapter 5.
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
when opposite poles of stator fields and rotor fields come in contact (polar region), the speed of rotor
suddenly jumps from induction motor speed to synchronous speed and poles are coupled (magnetically locked) with each other and rotor rotates at synchronous speed. The three-phase synchronous
motor runs only at synchronous speed or not at all.
An induction machine has polyphase winding on the stator as well as on the rotor. The three-phase
supply to the stator winding produces a rotating magnetic field (r.m.f.) in the air gap. This field links
with the rotor conductors and due to change in time an e.m.f. is induced in the rotor winding and hence
a current is produced in the rotor winding. The field produced by the rotor current reacts with the stator
field and tries to oppose the cause by which it is being produced. The cause due to which e.m.f. is
induced in rotor conductor is relative speed between rotor and stator field. So induction motor starts
running in the direction of r.m.f. to minimize the cause (relative speed).
A d.c. machine has stationary poles on the stationary part. The field winding is provided for poles
which produces a stationary field in the air gap of the machine. The armature winding is placed on the
rotor of the machine.
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Chapter 8 elaborates different types of transformers, stepped core and yoke, output equation,
window space factor, e.m.f. per turn and different dimensions of transformers. The steps to design a
transformer, estimation of no loud current, leakage reactance and regulation, design of tank etc. are
also provided in this chapter.
In chapter 9, general principles of computer aided design are discussed. The different approaches
for computer aided design, optimization and standardization of design are also discussed in this
chapter.
Chapter 10 provides the computer aided design of transformer, three-phase alternator, three-phase
induction machines and d.c. machines. Different design problems for each machines are solved with
the help of computer programme in C. The related flow chart for these problems are given. The flow
chart for overall design of the machines are also provided in this chapter.
Some tables which are required in the design of different machines are given in appendices.