Professional Documents
Culture Documents
- rIMEIDI"" or Til
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34th
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FlREBRICICS.
FIRE CLAY and High Tem.,..ture
i'IRI CEMENT
ill the l81Vice of
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With over SO years experience, at our back. we serve our CUI~'. .iDdividual rcqlU~
ments. RBFRACfOIUES OF HIGH QUALITY for reliable sc~ can now roach
Swiftly frOm our Factories at Ishwarnaaar Niwar (Diat. laba1pur);
W. ...... the iadustry with Fire Bricks or all type., Iizea aad ....dea, with
from 30% to 12% Fire Clays, Hiah temperature Fire Cemeatl, 85% M.lpcl",
Compoaitioa, Etc. Etc. We also m_lIu(aet~,. complete requirements of Refraotofiea.
For the Iron. steOi ladUitry. RailWay. -04 Qrdaanoe Factories.
1'1111_,.
ranaml
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KAL Y ANPUR, KANPUR (India)
"The Association does not hold itself responsible for the opinions
expressed by the Authors of articles".
INDIAN SUGAR
INTRODUCING ... ... ... .. .
ISG ES
*
*
*
to it
Jt solicits your
__ _ _ warm
,
U. A. S. B{'}.NGr\LO" ~~
UNlVERSITY L1B ~AR Y
2GNO V1980
ACC. NO ..
~ ..9..9..16..
-------
CONT'ENTS '
1.
2.
1-... : 6
7- 18
3.
4.
5...
6.
7.
8.
9.
25- 31
39
41- 48
49- 52
53- 55
57-
62
10.
11.
12.
Harmones and Sugarcane - VJI The response of mata bolic water uptake and
. germination efficiency of seed to indole-3-acetic acid treatment and the
mutual relationship of the two. process
- By U. S. Singh
73 -
78
79 -
82
83 -
88
15.
Hath~
J.
Aldridge.
89- 96
97- 102
L03-107
109-111
113-114
1I5-IIS
President
S. K. Somaiya
Vice-President
BanslDhar
Vice-President
Vice-President
J.
S. C . Gupta (Ex-Officio)
M. Saha
Hony. Secretary
S. L. Saxena
Treasurer
J. P.
Editor
S. Mukherjee
Shukla
S, N. Gundu Rao
J.
S. C. Jolly
A. S. Bhatia
S. N.
B. L. Mlttal
N. R. Khanna
S. V. S. Sastr!.
S. HuJa
K. K.
Pran Kishan
~al
R.o
Assistant Secretary
G, L. Kapoor
Past Presidents
1915-1936 (late) Noel Deerr
PA"TIrONS
J.
2.
3.
4.
5.
t.
7.
8.
9.
10.
I I.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
.3 I.
32.
33 .
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50 .
51.
52.
53.
HONORARY FELLOWS
I.
2.
3.
B-
C-
Pre emergence spray of 2,4-D and Simazine each @ of 2.2 Kg. per hectare, and
post emergence spray of only Simazine
@ 2.2 Kg. per hectare.
J-
Control ( No hoeings ).
Unit Plot size - 11.5 Metres x SA
Metres = 1/ 161. 03 hectare.
Table
Germination percent, tillers per plant, millable canes per hectare at harvest and yield in lvI. T . per hectare.
Treatments
Genrmina
tion
percent.
Yield in
M.T. per
hectare
35.2
33.5
2.9
3.7
107568
121899
51.89
59.86
35 .1
35.2
36.4
3.8
3.3
3.9
121416
118196
1252&1
63.68
53.95
63.24
36.5
38.6
42.1
40.5
3.6
3.0
5.0
2.8
1318~3
124959
143638
115136
61.43
65.51
78.46
55.23
S E
4.21
Table II
Sucrose percent and purity coefficient.
Sucross
Treatments
A -
B -
c D E -
G -
H 1-
& juice
and
purity coefficient
DATES
24.11.64
21.12.64
14.1.65
Sucrose
13.53
17.78
16.16
Purity
82.19
87.31
89.08
Sucrose
14.lO
15.45
16.13
Purity
84.68
87.15
89.18
Sucrose
14.49
14.69
16.46
Purity
86.15
85.41
89.95
Sucrose
14.02
14.84
16.13
Purity
85.03
85.82
88.95
Sucrose
14.63
14.70
16.47
Purity
85.70
85.50
89.90
Sucrose
13.53
J5.49
16.47
Purity
82.76
87.44
89.37
Sucrose
15.29
15.36
16.58
Purity
87.14
86.38
89.16
Sucrose
15.48
15.83
16.41
Purity
87.16
87.57
90.l2
Sucrose
14.09
14.b6
16.15
Purity
84.82
84.29
89.26
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Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Panicum S1)., Andropogan annulatus, and Portulaca oleracea Cyperus
rotundus was suppressed by 2,4 O.
alone as reported earlier (Loc. cit) proved ineffective against this weed.
SUIDlDary
(3)
Simazine
proved
effective , againjit
Authots thank Sri R. K. Yadav, Junior Botanical Assistant and Sri R.R. Srivastava,...
Laboratory Assistant for the help rendered by them during taking observations of the trial.
RefereDces
(I ) Mathur P. S.
(1960)
On the untility of Trash mulch in Sugarcane-fields. Ind. Jour. or Sug. Res. and Dev..
p. 192-201.
On the use of 'Simazine as weedicides in _
Sugarcane fields' 30th Proc. Part I of Sug ....
Tech. Ass(. of India. p. 11-19.
(III)
' ~IV)
Mathur P. S.
& Saxena M.M.
Submitted
for PublicatIon.
Received 1-1-66
Table I
Cane acreage and sugar production.
Year
1954-55
1955-56
1956-57
1957-58
1958-59
1959-60
1960-61
1961-62
1962-63
1963-64
Cane acreage in
lac acres.
U. P.
india
39.94
45.64
50.57
50.80
48 .36
52.20
57.89
59.88
56.35
54.77
22.92
27.20
30.66
30.31
27.47
29.44
32.84
33.67
31.18
30.36
28.73
29.87
35.53
31.19
31.25
32.75
54.71
50.45
42.52
47.55
16.05
18.91
20.58
19.88
19.47
24.54
30.28
27'.30
31.35
25.62
9.17
10.06
10.98
9.57
9.02
]2.40
14.27
12.03
8.47
11.05
Table
II
Year
Western
Range
1942
1947
1948
1949
1951
Co. 453
Co.S.245
Co.S. 321
1953
1955
1956
1957
1960
Co. 527
Co.S. 186
Co.S.245
Co. 453
Co.S. 515
Co. 527
453
Eastern
Range
Mid-Eastern
Range
Co.S.109
Co. 453
Co.S.109
Co. 453
Co.
Co.
513
513
Co.K. 30
Co.S.443
Co.S.443
Co.S.416
Co.S.416
Co. 617
Co.
Co.
Co. 951
Co.S.510
Co.
Co.
Co.
B.D.
B.D.
975
17
1007
1148
859
Co.
Co.
Co.
1964
Co.S.574
Co.S.561
Co. 1081
Co. 1186
Co. 1111
Co. 6611
1966
Co.
Co.S.510
Co.S.514
1961
1962
1963
1965
Central
Range
Co.S. 510
1958
1959
Rohilkhand
Range
393
859
846
B. 0.10
Co.S.321
Co.S.443
Co.S.416
Co. 859
Co. 846
B.D. 17
17
Co.S.541
Co.S.568
Co. 1158
Co.S. 541
Co.S.568
B.O.
Co.
1158
Co.
1148
32
Co.S.562
B.D. 32
617
Co.S.51O
3
10
17
Co.S.524
Co.S.524
Co.
Co.
859
B.O.
32
B.D.
B.D.
B.D.
B.O.
859
32
Co.S.51O
3
IO
B.D.
B.D.
B.D.
17
Co.S.575
Co.S.575
Co. 1007
Co. 846
Co. 1223
Co. 1118
Co.S.583
Seed cane:
Table
nl
, Effect of thickness of seed cane on germination, millable canes and yield (1951 to 1954).
Germination
percent
MiIlable canes
Percentage increase
in cane yield pver
thin seed cane
36.2
29.2
. .421600 .
351000
S18.1
392.3
32.1
Thick canes
Thin canes
37.4
31.8
466100
419800
590.6
523.2
12.9
Average for
Thick canes
43.2
443900
554.4
Average for
Thin canes
33.7
385400
457.8
Treatment
N l -120 Ib N jacre.
1. Thick c~nes
2. Thin canes
N 2-200 Ib N jacre .
3.
4.
N . B. (i)
(ii)
.'.i
"
10
Under
are of poor juice quality and therefore, unsuitable for crush are very good for planting
purposes. The top portion being immature
gives better germination and reduces the
quantity of seed material required. Comparative results are given in table IV.
IV
Treatments.
Germination
percent.
October Planting.
(i) Top setts.
(ii) Lower setts .
58.7
33.4
1016.1
852.6
17.00
16.89
February Planting.
(i.l TQP setts.
(ii) Lower setts.
38.1
27.5
720.0
688.3
16.96
16.02
Average
(i) Top setts.
(ii) Lower setts.
48.4
30.4
868.1
770.4
16.98
16.45
A.
B.
Sucrose percent
in juice.
Seed Treatments
Dipping of setts in organo-mercurial compounds like aretan and agallol has been found
useful in improving germination (table V) and should universally be praticed to improve germination.
Table V
Effect of seed treatment on germination and
cane yield (VariefY B. O. 17)
Treatment
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Aretan
Avinol6%
Agallol
Tafasan 6 W.
Control
70.95
67.13
57.03
67.13
54.71
is
11
VI
~~~,,_1~9_
58_-~
59~ __~~__=-__~~1~95~9_-6-c0 _______
Month of planting
750.6
611.8
361.2
Sucrose
juice
15.3
571.6
15.2
447.0
438.1
13.4
Sucrose
juice
17.1
16.3
14.7
The results
Table VII
Ec0110mics of the mixed cro/JPing trial (J 961-62 to 1963-64) Sugarcane Research Station, Gorakhpur.
Treatments
Cost of cultivation/heet.
Yield /haet. in M.T.
Gross inNet
Caney ieW Yield of come per - Sugarcane Inter crops
profit
(Rs.)
(Rs.)
inM.T. inter crop. hact. (Rs.)
75 .39
Autumn sugarcane
2. Autumn sugarcane +
66.82
Berseem for fodder
3. Autumn sugarcane
75.13
+ Potato
4. Spring Sugarcane after
64.17
berseem for fodder
5. Spring sugarcane after
58 .15
potato
6. Spring sugarcane after
55.93
peas control
-1688
3800
2112
34.04
4389
2050
275
2064
7.60
5307
2050
620
2637
38.18
4379
2082
275
2022
10.12
4955
2082
720
2153
1.57
3681
2100
257
1324
1.
N. B.-Cost of the crops has been based at the rates prevailing in 1965.
1. Berseem-Rs. 3/- per quintal 2. Potato-Rs. 20/- per quintal
per quintal.
12
Interculture
Interculture of the crop receives adequateattention from only minority of growers result
ing in poor stands. First hoeing should be
done within a week followed' by second in the
third week after planting cane. One or two
hoeings should be given after each irrigation
during summer months. The hoeings result
in production of larger number of tillers,
eradication of weeds and preservation of soil
moisture. Spreading of cane trash 7 to 10 cm.
thick between cane rows soon after completion
of germination has been found useful in sup
pressing weeds and maintaining moisture status
of the soil.
Table
Vlll
Year
Kharif
Rabi
on cane y ield.
Western U. p.
Sugarcane
Ratoon
Wheat
Pea for fodder,
Sugarcane.
Sugarcane
Ratoon
Central U.P.
1st year
Sanai or Dhaincha
G. M. Lobia or
falloow.
2nd year Sugarcane
3rd year Ratoon
4th year Moong, Sanai or
Dhaincha G. M.
Sugarcane
Sugarcane
Ratoon
Wheat
Eastern U. P.
Treatmets
1. Use of cane
trash as
mulch.
6.4
7.7
773.5
2. Normal
boeings.
3.2
6.1
6622
3. No hoeing
and no cane
trash
(Control).
2.8
5.2
571.7
Irrigation
Sugarcane
Sugarcane
Pea or gram
- ,
IX
SI.
No. Nitrogen
1.
NI
2.
N2
3.
Na
WI '
469
594
589
Irrigation
W2
507
637
646
Wa
577
726
778
13
14
15
~crop
Table X
Cost
of nitrogen
Name of manure
SI. No.
Nitrogen percent
-----------------------------------------------------_.-----------------------1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
20.5
45.0
26.0
20.6
25.0
7.0
~::'~:~~'2"~. l! ~:'i,:~Y
0.80
0.67
0.84
0.85
0.97
3.70
~- 6936
1.-6
34~h Proce~di1:lgs . of
the Sugar
Te~hnologists'
red . rot which has been responsible for the plant protection measures is essential. Use or
dt;:terioratidn of important cotnmercial varieties healthy seed and elimination of inoculum or
like Co. 453, Co. 617 and Co.S. 321. Besides .diseases, on soil through proper rotations can
ted tot the other important diseases are Smut, go a long way in producing a disease freeWilt and Albino. For control of diseases, environment which will increase the usefu}
use of resistant varieties has been the most span of varieties and give the breeder a much.
. popular method, so far, .since it calls for least wider scope. Absence of proper handling..
effort po, part of growers as well as develop- thus results in premature deterioration of . usement workers. The limitations that this outlook ful varieties which require about six to seven.
places on _use of agronomically promising years to evolve. The possibilities of effectivevarieties which do not possess high degree of plant protection measures can be easily judged.
resistance is not fully appreciated. On account by the long span of Co. 527 and Co. 419 -in
of su'sceptibility to red rot, sugar industry in the South.
Sugarcane pests are taking heavy toll aU
North India is not able to make use of high
over
the state and are responsible for consisugared varieties like Co. 997. Some high
yielders like Co. 951 have succumbed to wilt. derable losses in yield and recovery. InsectiFor making full use of the production poten- cides found effective and economic in control
tial of improved varieties proper attention to of important pests are given below :-
Ip.secticidel'
1. Gama BHC 20% B.C.
5. BHC 5% dust
Pest
1. Shoot borers & Termites (1) Dipping the cane setts in 0.5%
emulsion.
(2) Sprinkling on cane setts @ 6.25
litres in 1900 litres of water.
0.9 litre in 625 litres of water.
2. Black bug.
0.62 litres in 1250 Htres in postI. Pyrilla
monsoon season.
0.9 litre in 625 litres of water.
2. Black bug.
1.25 htres in 250 litres of water.
3. Army worm
3.12 Iitres in 1250 Htres of water.
4. Whitefly
3.75 Htres in 1900 litres of water
1. Termites
on setts in furr6ws.
0.75 litres in 22.5 litres of water
2. Grass hoppers
by aircraft.
1. Shoot borers & Termites (1) 8.2 Htres in 1900 litres of water
on setts in furrows.
(2) Dipping the setts in 0.59%
emulsion.
Dipping the setts in 0.25%
2. Termites
emulsion.
Dusting on setts in furrows @
1. Termites
25 Kg. in case of light infestation
and 75 Kg. in case of severeinfestation.
34th PrQceedings of the Sugar Technologists' Association ' of India' Kanpur 1966
4.
1.
3.
2. Pyrilla
.\ .
Grass hoppers
1. Termites
2.
'17
Grass hoppers
It may be added that cultural methods will have to be adopted for other pests like
Gurdaspur border, which can be controlJed by removal of tops of affected canes. Shoot
border incidence has been kept in check by trash mulching.
For getting full advantage of the investments use of properly tested insecticides and
fungicides by the Indian Standards Institution bearing I. S. I. mark is essential. The proportionate importance of different factors in improving cane yield is indicated in the marginally
given figure.
'.
.,."
IN
UTTAR PRAIJESH
~
~
~ W.sTERN
TRACT
TRACT
.~'ASTRN
TRACT
ZONAL CENTRES
G. N. Misra
20
TABLE I.
Average response of sugarcane to different lerels of manuring (Nitrogm) at MuzoJfamagar.
Dose of Nitrogen
per acre ( lb. )
o
50
100
150
Yield of cane
per acre lMds)
333
480
600
660
147
267
327
2.94
2.67
2.18
TABLE II.
Gost of Production ter md. of cane on the basis
of
Vide Table I.
Dose of Nitrogen
per acre (lb.)
0
50
100
150
Rs.0.30*
0 ..36
0.42
0.49
Rs. 200
per acre
Rs. 300
per acre
Rs. 600
per acre.
0.60
0.57*
0.58
0.64
0.90
0.78
0.75*
080
1.79
1.41
1.25
1.21 *
i966
21
Cost of production per md. of cane ig relation to different costs of manuring under two
level s of
Dose of Nitrogen
per acre (lb.)
0
50
100
ISO
initial costs.
Rs. 1.50
per lb. N.
0.60
0.52
0.50
0.53
0.60
0.57*
0.58
0.64
Rs. 1.50
per lb. N.
1.50
1.15
1.00
0.98*
1.50
1.20
l.Ois*
1.10
Rs. 2.00
per lb. N.
1.50
1.25
1.17*
1.30
*Lowest cost of production under given initial cost and cost per lb. of Nitrogen.
Figures in table III clearly show that under
lower initial cost (Rs. 200/- per acre) 100 lb.
N. treatment produced cheapest cane when
the cost was Rs. 1/ - per lb. N. With higher
ost of fertilizer (Rs. 1.50 per lb. N.) the
dose of nitrogen which gave cheapest cane
rNas 50 lb. per acre while with still higher price
of fertilizer i. e. Rs. 2/- per lb. no manure
matment produced cheapest cane. Under
22
TABLE IV
COS! of production per md. oj cane as a.ffected by varying standards oj response oj sugarcane
to manuring
Dose of N. per
acre ( lb. )
50% of the
normal
0
50
100
ISO
0.60
0.68
0.75
0.86
150% of the
Normal
normal
( actual
vide table J.
0.60
0.57
0.58
0.64
0.60
0.52
O.4fs*
0.52
1.50
1.20
1.08*
1.10
1.50
1.08
0.89
0.88
::
23
G-6936
..trocluction
Soil moisture is related to pJant growth
in many ways, directly and indirectly. Direct
effects pertain to the adeq uacy of the moisture
supply on the readiness \\lith which the moisture in the vicinity of the root can enter the
plant through the roots surface. Indirectly,
soil moisture influences plant growth through
its effc::ct on properties of soil, which in turn
condition plant growth.
The sugar-cane plants have to grow under
very adverse conditions caused by high
temperatures, low humidity and reduced soil
moisture from the very beginning of its life
cycle. During this period of unfavourable
growth conditions germination is completed
and a very high perce?tage of successful tillers
are formed and thus two vital growth phases
which have got a profound effect on the
ultimate cane yield are affected adversely.
During this dry period soil moisture becomes
a limiting factor for growth.
The importance of soil moisture in relation
to cane growth has long been known in
other cane growing countries whereas in India
very limited work has been done on this line
and much has remained to be done yet. Therefore, in order to know the relation of soil
moisture to the rate of elongation of cane
26
Data of average soil moisture and elongation growth recorded in deficient (two)
irrigation are graphically represented in Fig I.
T"ble No.
Weekry rate of elongation
Variety
27
of cane
( ems ).
3/5
10/5
17/5
24/5
31/5
7/6
14/6
21/6
2.17
2.39
4.23
3.02
3.25
3.29
3.60
2.28
4.68
2.35
6.87
4.39
1. 72
1.25
0.85
3.45
1.67
4.67
3.45
7.32
6.59
6.83
9.35
5.35
6.45
2.03 17.90
1.51 13.85
1.12
3.35
2.41
28/9
28
of moisture
29
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT :
The authors are indebted to Dr. Kirtikar, Director, Sugarcane Research for his
valuable suggestions during the progress of the work.
REFERENCES
(I)
Celements, H. F. 1948
{2}
Celements, H. F. 1952
(3)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
'
.
1\
1\
\
\
'
,
\
,.
,:
I
..
,,..
\
"
..~
\'
I
I'
..
\,
I,
- - -.
.
.'
"
.I
I
I
311n..LSIOH -71OS
"II''
\a
('{
<:)
co
t-.:
....~
....~
f.,.
,"
I:
I:I ,
I'
I,
I:
,,
,"
I
I '
I ,
:19VJ.N3JIIJd
.3JJn.1SIOH-710S
G. N. Misra
J.
T: Trench planting
F: Flat planting
II - 'NuDlber of premonsoon irrigations
W3 : three irrigations
W6: six irrigations, "
III - Doses of nitrogen
34
Table (I)
rield attributes
Treatments
of cane
WI
Flat Planting
Wz
Means
Trench
WI
Wz
Means Means
W--;---N- -
Planting
Means
WI
1. Germination percentage.
Nt
Nz
Means
2.
Humber
Nt
Nz
Means
31.0
33.0
32.0
30.3
30.6
30.5
of shoots
per plant.
3.03
3.16
3.10
3.30
3.64
3.47
,
30.7
31.8
31.2
38.6
38.9
38.8
39.3
40.1
39.7
39.0
39.5
39.2
3.17
3.40
3.28
2.45
2.50
2.48
2.49
2.64
2.S7
81.5
90.2
34.8
36.0
35.4
34.8
35.4
35.1
34.8
35.7
35.2
2.47
2.57
2.52
2.74
2.83
2.79
2.90
3.14
3.02
2.S2
2.99
2.90
79.2
88.S
83.8
77.2
84.6
80.9
81.0
88.S
84.7
79.1
86.S
82.8
Nl
Nz
Means
77.6
82.8
80.1
SO.5
86.7
83.6
79.1
84.6
81.8
76.8
86.7
81.8
85.9
4.
35
Nl
N2
43.91
48 .94
46.43
Means
5.
48.89
54.68
51.79
43.98
51.27
47.63
49.14
58.06
53.60
46.56
54.67
50.61
43.95
50.11
47.03
49.02
56.37
52.69
46.48
53.24
49.86
57.4
58 .6
58.0
55.0
57.9
56.5
55.9
58.4
57.2
55.5
58.2
56.8
56.3
58.4
57.3
56.6
58.4
57.5
56.4
584
57.4
19.01
18.84
18.92
18.43
18.80
18.62
19.04
19.21
19.13
18.74
19.01
18.87
18.37
18.78
18.57
19.38
19.06
19.22
18.87
18.92
18.90
10.89
]0.90
10.89
10.11
10.88
10.50
10.64
1] .23
10.94
10.38
11.06
10.72
10.30
10.90
10.60
10.97
11.05
11.01
10.63
10.98
10.80
4.45
5.76
5.11
5.29
6.68
5.99
4.87
6.22
5.55
4.52
5.57
5.04
5.44
6.33
5.88
4.98
5.95
5.46
46.40
51.81
49.11
57.5
58.8
58.2
Nl
N2
Means
6.
57.2
58.4
57.8
Nt
N2
18.30
18.76
18.53
Means
19.71
18.91
19.31
7.
10.49
10.92
10.71
Nl
N2
Means
8.
Yieldj
Nl
N2
Means
gUT
11.29
10.87
11.08
4.59
5.37
4.98
5.58
5.98
5.78
5.09
5.68
5.38
36
The results further revealed that sugarcane responded to higher level of irrigations
and fc:rtilization better under trench method
of planting the overall improvement in yield
of cane due to W2 over WI and N2 over N 1
treatment under trench planting being 6.00
and 8.11 M. T. per hectare respecliv~ly while
under flat planting the respective increases
were 5.36 and 5.41 M. T. per hectare only.
Flat Planting
Wz
W1
Means
Trench Planting
W1
W2
Means
Means
WI
W2
N- -
Means
1.
79.7
79.6
79.7
80.3
79.9
80.1
77.9
80.5
79.2
79.1
80.2
79'7
80.0
79.1
79.5
78 .9
80.7
79.8
79.4
799
79:7
83.2
84.0
83.6
84 .3
84.4
84.4
82.2
84 .5
83.4
83.3
84.5
83.9
83.8
83 .8
83.8
82.6
84.7
83.6
83.2
84.2
83.7
5.11
4.50
4.48
4.49
4.68
4.33
4.51
5.59
4.21
4.90
5.14
4.27
4.70
4.53
4.48
4.50
4.17
4.69
4.82
4.37
4.59
2.930
2.895
2.912
2.893
2.787
2.840
2.667
2.818
2.743
2.780
2.803
2.791
2.943
2.828
2.886
2.767
2.870
2.818
2.855
2.849
2.852
65.0
65.0
65.0
65.5
65.8
65.7
63.0
68.1
65.6
64.3
67 .0
65.6
65.1
64.7
64 .9
64.2 64.6
66.3 65.5
65.2 65.0
37
The two methods of planting cane did not 26 percent under the latter treatment while the
'$how any marked differential effect on the increase in the number of tillers per plant was
quality of gur. Increasing the level of nitrogen higher under the fiat planting than trench
from Nl to N2 brought about on the whole planting by 30 per cent. Thus it is obvious
..adverse effects on the quality of gur when the that the increase in the production of tillers is
level of irrigation was low (3 irrigations) but . more than compensated for the poor germinaimproved it when applied under higher level of tion under flat planting. This might be due
-irrigation (6 irrigations). Best quality gur was to unfavourable soil moisture conditions in
-<>btained under 6 irrigations and 224 Kg. trenches during dry and hot summer months
nitrogen per hectare (W2 N2 treatment).
from April to June, the soil surface exposed to
sun being more and therefore quicker drying
Discussion :
up of soil in trenches after each irrigation.
Soil-air-moisture and temperature I relation-ship varies greatly with the depth of planting
cane. However, depth of soil cover over the
setts planted largely determines the amount of
resistance which a developing shoot has to
-encounter before coming up above ground.
Trench planted cane (Planting done about 2"
-deep), therefore, gave better germination than
flat planted cane (Planting done relatively deep
i.e. 5" to 6" below ground level). This is in
agreement with the earlier findings of Misra
.and Kar (1965) and Misra (1957) in U. P. and
Borden (1943) in Hawaii. DelJiwijn (1952)
recommended sh~lIow planting for securing
better germination under good soil moisture
-conditions. In Java as also in many other
-countries including southern parts of India
where planting is generally done in trenches
and adequate moisture is provided, care is taken
to plant setts very shallow so much so that
their upper side remains more or less visible.
Space available plays an important role in
the production of tillers per plant, larger
spacing giving comparatively larger number of
tillers per plant although compensation due to
increase in spacing i~ normally less than 100
percent.
Space available per plant was
-comparatively larger under fiat planting than
trench planting due to better germination by
38
References
1.
Borden, R. J.
( 1943 )
2.
Das, U. K.
( 1936 )
( 1936 )
( 1952 )
Botany of Sugarcane.
3. Das U. K. &
Cornelison, A. H.
-t
Dillewijn, C. V.
39
( 1957 )
(1965)
Sethi, R. L. et al
( 1936 )
Srivastava, D. P. &
Prasad, Kamta.
( 1954 )
( 1954 )
H.
J.
Spoerstra
42
juice:
I
S (standard value-table 3 )
Bleeding correction for
II
16.10
A = 7 + 5.46
s=
16.43
1 61
III
18.09
1.68
IV
20.31
1.89
----
----
----
21.56
14.82
16.41
18.42
S ( standard value )
Bleeding corr. for
"
"
"
s=
s=
II
111
IV
(new)
(I )
( II )
( III )
(IV)
+ 16.80
+ 4 .48
11.79
12.01
3.60
4.41
13.78
3.80
2.fsO
15.43
.-- 4.20
- 2.80
17.40
4.40
2.80
33.07
46.30
12.82
17.95
7.18
10.05
+
---- ---- ----
---- ---8.43
11.80
10.20
14:.28
dr
temperature difference between heating vapour
and vapour space.
In the original situation of the IV -effect
we get according to Scheme I :
S
dT=
S
I
21.56
8
II
14.82
II
16.41
15
IV
18.42
25
2.70
1.44
1.09
0.74
JJ[
dT
For the V -effect we
corresponding vessels and
Scheme 2 :
S
dT
S
--=
II
17.95
9
HI
10.05
11
IV
11.80
14
V
14.28
19
1.99
0.91
0.84
0.75
dT
For vessel IV the specific heat load is
practically the same in both cases, but for
the other preceding vessels the new specific
load will be considerably lower, which means
that in hose vessels a relative smaller
temperature difference can be expected to the
benefit of the dT of vessel IV.
This could lead to an even higher capacity
increase than 40 la. We estimate that here
50 ,~ capacity increase can be attained by
transforming the IV-effect, into a V-effect,
provided that the first juice vapours can be
bled to a sufficient great extent.
In conclusion we want to make a comparisou between some figures, given by A. L.
43
; C=8.90
WI
W2
Wa
W4
Cycle XI
\\lebre Formulae
20.75
20.66
20.50
20.35
1903
- 1895
14.76
14.90
Cycle XII
Webre Formulae
2230
22.20
19.30
1946
20.40
2051
1293
12.78
W."
7.65
7.62
Wa
8.95
8.89
W,
9.41
9.57
W6
10.75
10.27
44
TABLE I
Approximation formulae for IV--e.f!ect with full condensate flashing (Scheme 1).
d l = 0.011 SI
Kl = 0.989 SI .
K2 = 0.985 S,
d 2 = 0.015 S2
d a = 0.027 S2
+ 0.020 Sa
Ks = 0.958 S2
K,
WI = (0.278 W -
4.60)
W 2 = (0.267 W -
2.20) -
W 3 = (0.245 W
W, = (0.210 W
+ 1.05) + 5.75) -
(0.285 W -
S2 =
(0.283 W -
SI
S3
.' (0.271 W -
S, = (0.259 W
IV
0.958 S2
+ 0.52 B + 0.27
0.24 A + 0.50 B + 0.25
0.25 A - 0.51 B + 0.24
0.76 A
0.27 A -
0.51 B -
0.980 Sa
+ 0.980 S3 + S,
C
C
C
0.76 C
5.28)
+ 0.88) -
C
C
C
0.76 C
WI = (0.286 W -
4.80)
SI = (0.293 W _ 5.49)
C
C
C
. S, = ' WI -A
S8 = W,,-B
S,=W8 -C
. . .i
;_ . ..... .
4th
Proceedings of the Sugar Technologists' Association of India Kanpur
1966
. .
.
.
.
T~LE
dl =
d2 =
da =
d, =
0.011 8 1
0.013 S2
0.020 S2 + 0.015 S3
0.024 S2 + 0.025 Sa + 0.020 S4
2).
KI = 0.989 SI
K2 = 0.987 S'2
Ka = 0.967 S2 + 0.985 Sa
K, = 0.943 S2 + 0.960 Sa + 0.980 S,
Ks = 0.943 S2 + 0.960 S3 + 0.980 S, + Si
C+
0.21 D
W,
=
=
Ws
Ws
SI = (0.233 W S2
(0.230 W -
5.24),- 0.18 A
+ 0.63 B +
0.43 C + 0.22 D
Ss
0.44 C
+ 0.23 D
' ,'
W 3 = (0.208 W -
0.32) -
0.20 A -
, SI
SI = WI - A
8,
Wa - C
I
8 6 = W, - D
45
-,
46
TABLE III
tStandard Values' for straight evaporation without vapour bleeding (all figures per 100 incoming juice)
IV
W
74.0
75.0
76.0
77.0
78.0
WI
15.97
16.25
16.53
16.81
17.08
Wz
17.56
17.83
1"8.09
18.36
18.63
Wa
WI.
19.18
19.43
19.67
19.92
20.16
21.29
21.50
21.71
21.92
22.13
SI
15.81
16.10
16.38
16.67
16.95
Sz
16.14
16.43
16.71
16.99
17.28
Sa
S,
17.81
1809
18.36
18.63
18.90
20.05
20.31
20.56
20.82
21.08
W
74.0
75.0
76.0
77.0
78.0
WI
W2
Wa
W,
SI
S2
Sa
S,
16.36
16.65
16.94
17.22
17.51
17.()3
18.20
18.47
18 .74
19.02
19.18
19.43
19.67
19.92
20.16
20.53
20.73
20.92
21.12
21.32
1619
16.49
16.78
17.07
17.36
16.36
16.65
16.94
17.22
17.51
17.93
18.20
18.47
18.74
19.02
19.18
19.43
19.67
19.92
20.16
WI
74.0
75 .0
76.0
77.0
78.0
11.61
lUl4
1206
12.29
12.52
WI
W.
13.33 14.83
13.55 1503
13.77 1523
13 .99 1544
14.20 15.64
W,
WI>
16.22 18.01
16.4t HU8
1660 18.34
16.78 18.51
16.97 18.67
S2
SI
Sa
S,
S5
WI
740
75.0
76.0
770
78.0
12.22
1246
12.70
12.94
13.17
WI
Wa
13.78 1507
14.01 15.28
14.2~
15.49
14.46 15.70
1469 15.90
W4 '
WI>
SI
16.09
16.28
I n 46
1664
1682
16.83
16.98
17.12
17.27
17.41
12.16
12.40
12.64
12.89
13.13
. Sa
St
12.22 13.78
12.46 14.01
12.70 14.24
12.94 14.46
13.17 14.69
S,
15.07
15.28
15.49
15.70
15.90
S5
1609
16.28
16.46
16.64
16.82
""
II
1""
"
x:
CD
.9L'
:Ii ..
(II
(II
<0
...
x:
el)
c:l
:aen
tIS
"
cu
::.:
en
c:l
cu
"C)
=
0
...
N
CD
1=1
II>
II
:e
..c:I
.~
III
.9
tIS
,...
CI>
"-
IX)
0.
tIS
CD
;>
~
II
,...
co
"
<II
( .)
CI>
II
J)
"0
~
~
.... u
I!)
""co '"
.J
;>
cu
1-4
'"
-.ear
otI
"
III
II
.n .,..
:::;
~
IJJ
.,
II ..,
co
~~
af
x
CD
ecu
.d
()
Vl
.,
50
. Purity.
11.37
10.73
9.40
8.90
7.32
6.72
6.51
5.11
7.76
3.15
3.55
2.92
44.60
42.87
45.11
29.33
13.11
10.56
15.66
9.94
29.38
42.70
29.00
28.06
Purity
Brix
22.30
292
3.08
21.75
..
2.84:
27.11'
2.84
19.01
i ;88
12.50
Reduc. Sugars%
0.97
pH
6.50
51
'52
APPENDIX I
'Reference
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
(x)
(xi)
Cl Juice
A massecuite
A Heavy
A light molasses
B massecuite
B Heavy
C massecuite
C Light molasses
Melt massecuites
Heavy molasses from melt
massecuite
Light molasses from Melt
Py
85.3
87.3
69.0
90.00
74.0
49.2
6.1.10
55.0
96.0 .
90.0
96.0
Ajit Singh
Som ~imes
54
ExperiInent at 'Yeshwant'
Factory
.
(1) Sugar from A inassecuites after washing conformed to 28 colour standards grain
size being C. & D. In appearance it was
brown coloured
(2) Sugar from melt massecuites was of '
29 colour with C & D grain size and crystals
showed brown tinge.
Discussion
55
This has
bee~
obs'erved
The
brown
tinge
in
white sugar
~rain
.meIt
tion.
In our existing
It would thus be
Tn
are
due
Yeshwant Sahakari
defe~
We must
to
Management
of
C. J. 95% cane.
Sulphur consumption
= 68.7 Ibs/hr.
Pseudo molecular wt of =
.'
stack gas
= 26.S
:b
J.J J ~.
IT
_,11 ~'J11Huq
2f .. ' 1/ , I)
1(,) Up'
S8
(Y
o .OOS)
x
1920-- = 7.SS - - - - - I-x
l-y
099S
Neglecting x in tenns of I-x, this equation
~an be solved for x.
x
y
0.00394-
l-y
Number of stages:
= 11140/200
-rr/ 4
= 2.7 ft.
59
22.S (
~-)
0.75
= 22.S X - - 0.08
0.34
2.62 ~ 06)
1195
22.S x O.75
- - -- - = 1.385 ft./sec.
13.8 x O.89
1195
Kya
The quantity - - is calculated for both
", .60
- - +--
98
--+--
Kya
Kya Kxa
16.5 912
Or, Kyle = 5.95 lbs. moleJft. 2 hr.
faction.
0.168
mole
.tl .l ."
ft.2
Equipment design:
61
Gy
B
Kya
Xa
Ya
ZT
References:
I.
2.
By
Introduction
Modifications
.'
:.' 1
Harbhajan Singh.
-:..
t ..._
0; :
64
Refereoces.
1.
2.
. i;
of Sulphur held
3.
Note
on
at
National Sugar
Possibilities
of reducing.
by
Shri
Suresh Chander
, '
.,
,, :,
,
'"
, :.
I
I
SYRUP 1~ LEi
UIJABSORBED
I'
,,
I'
.
So.z.
A
B
,, ,
,, ''
,,
I
, I
,
SYRUP [/<,TRACTfO;'"
SA MPLIA/G
COCK
SULPHURIAJG
JUte. IN LET
PIP.
B. B. Paul
India had no experience of ' manufacturing
raw sugar and selling the same in competitive
international market till 1961-62 ~eason.
Since then it has been a contraversy "What
should be the possible recovery if raw sugar
is manufactured instead of white sugar?"
Varied openion ranges 0.3 - 0.5 extra
recovery but in reality it has been found that
0.7 - 0.8 higher recovery has been obtained.
Till now no theoretical explanation was
available. In this article it has been tried to
elCpose the inside mechanism of pol balance in
raw sugar when manufactured from different
massecuites . Emperical formulae have been
developed predicting the costing of raw sugar
at different factories with different pUQties of
massecuites and molasses.
Normally raw sugar is manufactured by
following simple defecation process and three
massecuites system. Sugar is bagged from
1st and 2nd massecuites and double cured third
masscuitee and used as seed for 1st and 2nd
massecuites . Three massecuite system has been
taken into account in the present discussion.
(ii)
(iii)
Pol WS
RS
IOO-P.yAH
1I
I
68
Where
Recovery
RWS
Pol
Pol
Pole
WS
Pol
RS
PY
% White
% Raw
Moisture
% White
Sugar
Sugar
Sugar
% Raw
Sugar
AH
% A - Massecuites.
% B - Massecuites.
Similarly extra recovery from B- Massecuites due to presence of molasses film .
rI - - - - - - - - ------ - - - - - - PolWS
Pol RS -
(IOO - M - Pol RS )
Sampl~
I
I
PY
BH
l
Where PY
Bm
- -- -- -
Am
Bm
100-PY BH
Purity B - Heavy Molasses
BH
( assumed )
99.8
96.5
0. 75
Moisture
PY
68.0
AH
Am
Therefore
0.64
+ Bm
substituting
99.8
10.0
------------__.. ~--..-~
[ 96.5 -
68
100 - 6S
1.02 x. .64
0653
,64
69
PY BH
SO.OO
0.36
.,
XI~
10.0
063 x ,36
.653
I]
0.36
0.227
0.88
.227
In the non-sugar balance it will be found that a fraction of non-sugar is escaping along
with raw sugar whereas when white sugar is manufactured the entire non-sugar is expected to
leave the boiling house in the form of final molasses. This infiltration of non-sugar in Raw
Sugar results reduction in the production of Final Molasses. Consequently less loss in final
molasses . Extra recovery due to less production of final molasses when raw sugar is produced
can be calculated as follows :Extra Recovery due to less molasses
( (lOO-- m) - P RS
l
100
I.
I
I
( (lOO- m) - P RS )
I -- l
-._ I
x R. S. Recovery
x R. S. x
L ._
(100 -
% x molasses
Where :M
PRS
R Re
M
Sample Calculations
Raw Sugar Pol
Moisture O
i , Raw Sugar
Molasses Purity
Raw Sugar Recovery
96.5
0.7
36.
10.96
)
)
factor .
70
' . 34th Proc~edings of the Sugar Technologists' Association of India Kanpur 1966
Extra Recovery =
II
r '(100 -
~~ - 96.5
r 99 .3 -
96.5 I
= I
"
'1 .
x 10.96 x
36
100 - 36
x 10.96 x 0.56
100
J
2.8 x 0.1096 x .56
0.178
Extra recovery due to less production of Press Mud when Raw Sugar is manufactured :- In
manufacturing raw sugar in comparison to white sugar process approximately 1/3rd to 1/5th
quantity of lime is used. This results less press mud production and consequently less loss
in press cake.
Less loss in press cake or in other words extra recovery due to less production
of press m\!d can be calculated with certain assumptions, e.g. (i) Solid content of milk of
lime remains same, (2) Clarification factor remains same, (3) production of press mud is
proportioned to lime dose only, (4) effect of non-sugar input in boiling house does not vary
the production. of press mud.
Extra recovery due to less press mud loss :-
E.R p .C.
P.M
10 Cane 1/31
100
E.R p . C .
3.5 x 0.33
x 3
~~100- -~-
0.0348
0.035
Thus, theoretically possible extra recovery when White Sugar Factory is converted to
raw sugar factory comprises the following:-
Tatal
1.093
71
Acknowledgment :-
The Author expresses his heart felt thanks to Mr. B. M . Thapar, Director Incharge of
Thapar Group of Sugar & Distillery Industries & Mr. O. P. Verma, Head Admn. for their
kind interest and encouragement. Thanks are also due to Mr. D. K. Roychowdhury,
Chemical Engineer, Sugar Deptt. for testing the emperical formula, developed for calculating
theoretical yield of Raw Sugar when .manufactured in white sugar factory.
o. Phil.
degree of Allahabad
74
solutions of 0,10,20,40,80 or /100 ppm concentration for three, six, twelve or twentyfour
hours. After the expiry of soaking periods,
!letts were taken out from the solutions and
were washed with tap water. These were then
kept in the laboratory for about 24 hours
uuder moist condition to enable them to attain
normal conditions.
.The respiration rate of the individual sett
was then determined by the gas stream collection method at a constant temperature of 30C.
The CO 2 liberated by the setts in one hour was
conected in O . 1N ~aryta solution which was
titrated against the Hcl solution of the same
strenght. The quantity of CO 2 evolved per
TABLE
M.
Variation due to
D. F.
S.
S.
12
24
Hours
Hours
Hours
Hours
:) **
***
***
***
Concentrations
44864 .0
24451.0
16303.1
12057.7
Replications
2650.5
848.6
490.4
18.1
10
2045.7
1659.9
Error
***
1967.25
514.2
Significant at 0.1 %
In case of 3 hours soaking, all the concentrations of I A A except 10 ppm increased the
rate of respiration significantly over control (0 ppm). The maximum respiration was observed
in setts soaked in 80 ppm concentration but it was at par with that observed in 40 and
7S
TABLE II
Effect of different concentrations of I A A on respiration.
(Mgm of CO 2 evolved/Kg dry weight of cane)
per hour
Concentrations
24
298.0
373.3
403 .0
421.1
10 ppm
371.0
415.3
501.3
559.0
20 ppm
512.0
565.0
570.3
592.0
40 ppm
553.0
579.3
612.0
558.3
80 ppm
605.0
582.3
545 .0
535.3
100 ppm
569.0
521.7
481.0
475.0
S. E.
26.1
23.5
25.6
13.1
82.2
74.0
80.6
41.2
Control (0 ppm)
C. ID. at
570
76
TABLE III
Control (Oppm)
10 ppm
24.5
11.3
244
32.8
20 ppm
71.8
51.4
41.5
40 ..6
40 ppm
856
552
51.9
326
80 ppm
103.0
56.0
35.2
27.1
100 ppm
90.9
398
19.4
128
~----_-o
_______
" "'"
3 Hou ...S .
bHOUt'.&.
12
24
Hou(~ .
HOtJ(~.
DISCUSSION
Respiration of the sugarcane setts that
provided necessary energy to the dormant
organs for resumption of their activities and
consequent growth was significantly influenced
by indole - 3 - acetic acid . With a few exceptions, all concentrations increased the rate of
respiration under various durations of soaking.
The findings were, therefore, in close confirmity
to those of Commoner et al. (1941), Brown
(1946), and Khan and Hall (1954) who
obtained enhanced respiration in various plant
tissues treated with hormones.
As to the extent of increase in the
respiration rate, it was observed that maximum
enhancement occured at different concentration
j
6 00
?
~
~
~ 500
~
.. 400
~
10
II\A
20
BO
40
F~.l- I,,~u.o<q oj
"\ ::;~()nr
d<Jjooonl
s.el",!
CO",
\lftd,,.,,
100
(.
P-t" "'" )
l'-"'"~
aflAA on
-r.r""~
._._. \ ...-_.
..--.
--""- .
.
................ 1
._
r
10
000
"'''
(;)E>
0 00
""
0 00
""
<PG)
00
006
1\."
0 0
"""
0(,1
00
008
0 00
"' 1'1
00
.....
00 0
F'S.2-T.e.1IG
Q~ 51"1\;.<>'1
,, :'1 ()
6
12 34
Dur<Il""",,o.f SO<Jk,"S ( I:,s )
77
"
..
~
.
...
80
100
C p p.'1T> )
~~
u.~ O'Ol!r
ro'"
or
(.om.'f"Ql ..
have a direct relationship, and the improvement in germination may be the consequence
of enhanced respiration observed in the
present studies.
Summary and Conclusions
78
REFERENCES
Bonner, J. The action of plant growth
hormone. Jour. Gen. Physio., 17: 63-76,
1933.
u. S. Singh
Introduction.
80
d. f.
Variation
due to
Concentrations.
Replications
Error
5
3
15
3
m.s.s. 'F'
19.3 1l.4
3.4
1.7
29.6 29.6
1.8
1.0
19.9
0.7
1.1
18.7
31 .8
0.9
0.9
'F'
expected at
'F' Slo
1%
353
2.9
Table II
Loss in JDoisture of cane setts under different treatJDents
s. E.
C.D. at 5%
3
33.53
29.79
28 .89
27.93
27.87
27.92
0.65
1.96
4.6
0.51
1 55
24
45.34
. 43.51
41.32
41.14
40.02
37.35
0.47
1.43
81
Table III
Loss of lDoisture/hour froID cane setts.
Concentrations of
IAA
o ppm
0.6985
0.7145
0.88]4
0.9445 '
10 ppm
0.6206
0.6708
0.8502
0.9064
20 ppm
.
40 ppm
0.6.QI8
0.6635
0.7973
0.5818
0 ..6460
0.7&87
0.8363
80 ppm
0.5806
0.6245
0~7804
0.8337 : .
100 ppm
0.5816
0.5458
0.7589
0.7781
24
. 0.8608
,'.
frotfi
82
References
Dillewijn, C . Van
Khanna K. L.
1933
1964
s.
U. S. Singh
Introduction
A part of the Thesis approved for the award of D. Phil. degree to the author.
84
EXPERIMENTAL FINDINGS
The
resul~s
Table I
<a>
Concentrations of
IAA
12
24
(ppm) -
..
! ,
2.045
2.410
2.483
3.779
10 ,
2.196
2.491
2.599
4.618
20
2.294
2.622
2.705
5.852
40 ,-,
2.367
3.110
3.217
5.633
80
2A68
3.732
3.924
5.438
100
-2.676
3.253
3.867
5.396
0.274
0.217
0.654
0.143
0.431
0.155
0.467
S.Em
L.S.D. at 5%
(b)
Not sig.
Concentrations of
IAA (ppm) :
80
Gm of water
absorbed /l00 gm fresh 3.890
cane weight
100
.40
20
10
3.798
3.582
3.368
2.972
2.680
S.Em
0.190
L.S.D. at 5% - . 0.572
85
Durations (Hours)
Gm. of water absorbed/IOO gm
24
12
5.198
3.130
2.945
2.336
0.084
L.S.D. at
5%- 0.267
86
Concentrations of
in
hour~
fAA (ppm)
o
10
20
40
80
100
12
24
0.425
0.533
0.715
0.783
0.873
0'790
0.468
0.578
0.790
0.8 80
0.814
0.780
0.518
0.700
0.803
0.837
0 .760
0.729
0526
0746
0.848
0,814
0.777
0.770
y=
0 56.18" 0 046::2,x
= N ',Jt"
"'I;ai~
v =- tj~'n,,,n~!/ :&7'
-.,.
f.J/;,Ui"'7 In,!(,.
...
~ ~~-----T------'_------r-----~--1M
roO
,t:- J:.Jtf)(l}r
87
. -88
'_. 34th Proceedings of the Sugar Te'c hnologists' Association of India Kanpur 1966
---
devices (3)
n = roller speed in r, p. m.
L = length of rollers in ft.
D = diameter of rollers in ft.
N = number of rollers in the tandem.
f = fibre content per unit of cane.
If one calculates openings to pass through
more cane than that indicated by the above
formula, then extraction will suffer.
90
"
24 {o oiL. :JUIC .
20t. DIL. JUICE
.::
. -"l
-907"
=
fl8
':... ."
."
\ :'
. ~ r ' ::
r ... '.~.'
'
',
'
';1'1'
' 34th Proceedings of the'Sugar Technologists' .Associatio"n 'of "India "Kanpur 11966
'!il
-'
Mill No . .
Residual Juice
(Assumed)
.Fibre
carie
35
25
19
15
13
+
+
Cr.
1
2
3
4
' Bagasse
Density of bagasse .
(Assumed)
' % cane
=
=
=
=
15
15
IS
15
15
50
40
34
30
= 28
lbs./C. ft.
-do-do+
+
-do+
79 -doThe above approximations are found to be adequate for the purpose of this calculation.
Now the weight of compressed bagasse per hour from each mill is calculated from the
weight of cane per hour and the bagasse % cane.
50 tons cane/Hr. = SOx 2240 -= 1,12,000 Ibs./Hr.
Wt. of bagasse/Hr.
Crusher - 1,12,000 x .50 = 56,000 lbs.
1st mill - 1,12,000 x .40 = 44,800 ..
2nd mill - 1,12,OOO.x .34 ' 38,080"
3rd mill - 1,12,000 x .30 = 33,600 "
4th mill - 1,12,000 x .28 .=7 31,360 ""
The operating deljvery opening (K) :s now available by equating the volume of
compressed bagasse passing tp,rough th,e opening ,multiplied by: its density. to the weight "of
compressed bagasse, as shown in the following equation: .
K
60 11 x D x n X L x d x 12 = B where "
.D =
L =
n =
d =
K=
B=
"
75
76
77
78
Hence K
15.7 X L X D X n X d "
Now, the operating delivery opening (K) of the crusher and the various mills in our
example, are given"below :co
h
K
56,000
I 12w
Grus er = 158.96 X 4.2 X 75 = .
15t Mill -
K =
44,800
158.06 X 3.7 X 76
38,080
2nd Mill -K=
158.96 X 3.5 X 77
33,600
3rd Mill -K= 158.96 X 3.6 X 78
31.360
4th Mill - K = 158.96 X 3.8 X 79
1.002"
.889"
::::
.7531/
.657"
92
From the delivery openings, the operating feed opening is calculated, taking ratio
of feed to delivery opening in operation as 2.0 for the 1st three mills and 2.2. for the salt
mill. This ratio may be suitably changed on the basis of experience and observation of the
functioning of each mill. The height of the trash plates is also fixed as 1.5 times the
operating feed opening. All these calculated openings are tabulated below:Mill
No
Ratio
FjD
Delivery
op.
Operating openings
Fedd
op.
Ratio
TpjF
Tp.
op.
1.12
Crusher
2
.889
.753
2.0
2.0
2,0
.657
2.0
1.002
2.004
1.5
1.778
1.5
2.667
1.506
1.5
2.259
1.440
1.5
3.006
.\
2.16
Calculation af empty mill settings : In calculating the 'settings' when the mill 1S empty,
a safety factor (*5) is provided t~ take care of fluctuations in the feed which reduce the
thickness of the bagasse blanket. This safety factor which is the ratio of empty delivery
setting to the operating delivery opening of the crusher and the mills, are given below : .
2 roll crusher
.6
.5
1st mill after 3 roll crusher or 2nd mill after 2 roll crusher
intermediate mills
last mill
.4
.3 or
.2
.1
Now the empty delivery settings and maximum roll lifts are given below:
Empty delivery settings
Crusher
1st mill
2nd mill
3rd mill
.4th mill
1.12
1.002
.889
.753
.657
X.6
X .5
X .4
X.3
X .1
=
=
.672
.501
.356
.226
.066
1.12
1.002
.889
.753
.657
.672 =
.501 .356 =
.226 =
.066 =
.448
.501
.533
.527
.591
Empty feed settings are obtained by subtracting the roll lin from the operating feed
opening of each mill. The calculated figures of empty settings of feed, delivery and trash
plate are given below :
Pr~ceedj-ngs'
34th
Mill
No
93 ..-
.-
Crusher
.672
.501
.356
.226
.066
1 502
1.245
.979
.849
3
4
2.473
2.134
1.732
1.569
.-
17
13
9
6
2
38
32
25
22
..
63
54
44
40
Method II.
J/
This method requires the use of two charts published by sugar _. mill designers (* 6)
who: have studied both the theoretical and practical aspects of mill seftings. The first chart
which is a guide for figuring moisture per cent bagasse from ~ach' mill, is given in Fig. 1
below :
MOISTURE.
.,0
..,~
68
66
00
I
UNI15
tl:
PE.RCE.NT
IU
::r
V)
UNI'IS
:;,
C(
LJ
0 -
Ci: --
It)
,';
--
tr ,
:r
III
cr
4-
;,
. -.
U""'T~
00
2
_.
0'1
..
-J
(\j
.,
4VloJfn
3
UN'7~
- .
00
2
o~ .
00
,3
0
0 4-0
0
0 .36
06
00
--
---
09
ONlr..s
UN''''~
00
2
<46
0';0
00
G
0
0~0 . Q~O
0
030
, -.
48
~o
00
00
5
~
.3
.~
oq
-7. UN ' T~
~2
54
00
00
2
._
MII.I.
56
--
00
I
UNrrs
~8
00
2
,
_ ,
::)
_6_O
...6.2-
o~o
UN"~
.,J
.,J
I.U
_-----
.~
--;_......
0
0 10
6-4'
FROM
BAGASSE.
a
4
00
2_
.~,
o~o
'.
" -.
oq
0
40
ocgo
0
. -04
o,!p .
"
()
FIGURING
--
o,l]
..
,MOISTURE z_ BAGAS;2E: , ..
"
0 .
--
00
:.5
06
4
'0 0 '
~
Eo:
--
., _.
00'
'3'
--
FOR
00
-
, 0
0<;0' ----
00
6
00
- 'o~o
09
FIG. f. CHART
0
O:?P
..
"
--,
-'
94 '
Af!er a practical moisture per cent bagasse leaving each mill has been determined, the basic
delivery roll opening '0' is obtained for each mill from the second chart given below: (Fig. 2)
MO'STURE.
66
64
. 62
PERCE-NT
60
~8
BAGASSE
56
~4
52
jO
1.0
.,J
..J
T 0
It
>-
6 Q:
IJJ
>
.:;J
L&J
o
.4V
DE-LIVE.RY OPENING =-0-)( FPCTOR
F~TOR
J
TONNN5E.. X F/SRf.
ROLL FJlCE(/r<t4E~)( SPED(FPr'/)X"
.!)
.2
~U
...
~--~--------------------------~----------------------------~.,
FlG.2 CHART
'0' -
~OR
FIGURING
ROlt. QPNING
total delivery roll opening per ton of cane per day, per inch of roll face,
per foot per minute of roll speed, for cane with 10 % fibre.
For particular mill conditions the actual operating delivery roll opening ' = '0' X factor
Wh ere r:lac t or
_'
='---;7.---;-~~c.....,-~,7,~~",,-~,--,-
The ratio of feed to delivery openings in operation should increase progressively from
2.0 on the 1st mill to 3.0 on the last mill, when using the above charts.
9S
The trash plate height should be about 1.1/2 times the feed opening.
The example of our mill setting calculation by this method and a suggested form for a
work sheet is given below:
Operating roll openings
...'"
o
z
....
....
o
..c
Cr.
- -
. ...
Cl~
00-:::
1J.o
:>..
"0.
Uo
~o
1.09
Up,.
-p,.
71
4.2
30
.985
1.111
1.09
59
3.7
26
.580
1.282
0.743
2.2
1.634
1.5
2.451
54
3.5
24.7
.450
1.350
0.607
2.4
1.457
1.5
2185
51
3.6
25.4
.375
1.312
0.492
2.6
1.279
1.5
1.919
48
3.8
26.8
.340
1.244
0.423
2.8
1.184
1.5
1.776
For empty settings, subtract J/4" roll float from both feed and delivery openings .
Mill No.
Cr.
1
2
3
4
Mill size -
Roll settings
Roll float 1/4"
Feed
Dely.
Tp.
0.84
1.384
1.207
1.029
0.934
0.84
0.493
0.357
0.242
0.173
27" x 54" -
2.201
1.935
1.669
1.526
14 rolls,
Roll settings
adjusted to m.m.
Feed
Dely.
Tp.
21
35
31
26
24
Tonnage -
21
12
9
6
4
56
49
42
39
1200 tons/day,
Fibre 15%
It will be seen that the results of C'.alculated openings obtained by the 2 methods differ
only very slightly and either of these methods can be profitably used in calculations .
Conclusion : - The calculation of mill settings and the correct adjustment of roll openings form a very important part of the technology of sugar cane milling, because the difference
between good milling and mediocre milling will amount to a few lakbs of rupees in one
crushing season alone of any sugar factory. Of the different methods tried and tested by us
during the course of the last few years, those we consider most easy to figure and useful in
performance have been described and illustrated above.
96 "
,r
, Acknowledgment:
o~
Ihdia'Kanpur'19.66':
c' We , are , gre~~l,y indebted to Mis. Farrel Co.rporatio Tl . Ansonia, Connecticut, U ,S.A. for
freely supplying us their various charts, bulletins and technical literatur.e. _
We are also thankful to Sri V. C. Bahree, our Chief Engineer, for his interest and
co-operation in OUT milling and mill-setting experiments ,
References:
L.A Tromp.
(*2)
(*3)
(*4)
(*5)
(*6)
' __
Page 154.
Page 153.
Page 165 & 168.
Page 166.
.,
SlIL.PHlrATION ARRANG~M~NT.
,t.o . CAR80NATO
J'UIC INLET .
JUICt SUl-PHITOR
. SYRU".
; 9:9", '
L~
Fi.f.j,
_
.7_
1 CO
It was interesting to note here that on been already achieved by carefully using
account of juice shower falling in the stack sulphur dioxide gas, yet the scope of further
gas recovery tower the incoming gases at the reducing sulphur continued to engage our
bottom had to face resistance from the down attention. As a next step we started examining
coming juice Fig. 1. Since the syrup supply the chemistry of 1st sulphitation in detail. If
in the syrup tower was not continuous from it was revealed that the aim of 1st sulphitation
the last body of evaporator, there were is to bring down the pH of second filtered
periods when the syrup tower did not receive juice from 8.5 to 7.0. The object of reducing pH
any syrup for short durations there by of the juice to neutral is to avoid decomposileaving the syrup over flow pipe empty tion of the reducing sugars at higher temperaduring that period. Such periods were usually tuers in the alkaline medium. In neutral or
of 5 to 10 minutes duration in each hour acidic medium reducing sugars are not attacked
depending upon the evaporator working. It even at higher temperatures as found in the
could not be possible to just tune the juice vapour cell or first body of the evaporator.
valves of the evaporators to get a ste&dy Guided by the theoretical considerations as
flow of material from last body as it is above it was decided to try out neutralisation
greatly governed by the availability of exhaust of the 2nd carbonated juice by the help of
steam, consumption of bled vapours and carbon dioxide gas. A 3'" pipe line connection
consistency of syrup in the last body, besides for carbon dioxide gas was therefore provided
vacuum fluctions and condensate removal in the existing sulphur dioxide gas line to the
difficulties. During the periods when syrup juice sulpbitation tank and the sulphur dioxide
over flow pipe is empty, it provides a path supply was stopped by providing a blind in
of comparatively lesser resistance for the the line.
stack gases to go out, without playing upon
The other arrangements were same as
the juice in the stack gas recovery tower.
shown
in Fig. 1. This worked very well and
The over flow pipe of the juice sulphitation
we
could
bring down the pH of the clear
vessel also offered a yet another opening for
stack gases to escape; at times when the juice to neutral as can be seen from the table
over flow pipe is running partially filled. The given below.
gases thus escaping out are lost to the
Table No. I
atmosphere. In order to chek this loss Ubends were provided (Fig. 2) in the sulphurpH of 2nd
pH of clear juice
S. No.
ing towers which sealed these vents and there
filtered juice.
using carbon
dioxide
was no other course left for the gases except
- - --to pass through the stack gas recovery unit.
8.7
6.7
1.
8.7
2.
6.9
This brought down the sulphur consumption
9.1
3.
6.7
from 0 018 to 0.012.
8.9
4.
6.9
8.7
5.
6.8
Further Reduction in Sulphur
8.9
6.
7.6
ConBulDptioD ;9.0
7.
7.0
8.
8.9
7.5
Although a reduction in sulphur consum8.85
7.01
ption to the tune of 50% on cane had _ Average
_______
_______
_ _ __
101
2.
8.9
6.9
3.
8.4
67
4.
5.
8.4
6.9
8.3
6.7
6.
8.8
7.2
7.
8.6
7.1
8.
8.5
6.9
8.54
6.94
Average
Conclusion: -
..
. 102
,
,. .
"
",I .
'
:,1/. .
,_..
R~ference: -
;,'
, :.
rrr.
'art ' equally thankfu,l '. tol Shri .: R. Sahai . 'Hatloff ~nd Schmidth : Plantation white Sugar
, ,
General , Manager, ,DauraJa ,' S1,1gar .works" , . , Manllfa~ture. I
' 'Daurala for ' his , pe.rs~nel int.~est and care : Hoin'g. P.: Principles of:' Sugar! IT.ec~l;lo)ogy
which has mado. it 1?ossible , to c~mp]ete the
Vol. 1 ' , , ,
I"
trials in time. We arc also thankful to Shri
K. D. Puri Chief Engineer for necessary help,l S. n G1.lpta, N. A. R. & N :' C. ; lain: , ~ndian
he had been rendering from time to time.
Sugar 1965:VoLXV No. 11.
,
F.
J.
Aldridge
",
'!.'
not I te~Tl y Important so ' smg e stage ra er
Then, the ' I cOl)cept 'Of higher ' efficiency 'than ,M,ulti;Stage :.r~rbine 'were used. This
overall the Sugar Industry developed, Wit)1- gave l c~e~priess , .and 'robustness and has
' out doubt the st~a~ generation! pressures ~nd ," become ~ ~ractiee all 'o'ver the world. There
temperatures' bad to be increased ,t o take ' are {moves now that with either lower flbre
advant,age of the higher r~ciehcy av~~abie ' content ' of cilOe or profitable bye-product
in the water tube b~~ler. T~e horizpnt~l mill ' usage of baggasse to become eve~ more
engine was unable t6 take advantage of these ,
.
( ,'
d '
rt f th
' .,
' .' , ,
"
conditIons.
Generally speakmg,
one ' w()uld
, effiCJenqy
" conscIous an JO. some pa so be ... e
J
:pos!u'bly ,'accept
,
TurbJDe are now
wg
,p resures. 0' f .' 300 p. S. I,' g, world. ' MultI~Stage
"
.
maximum for this type of engine altho\lg~ tlsed for, MIll 'DrIve.
most man~fa:cturers would s,et the limiting
, being much
'' .
. say
,
To establish the points made I would
factor , as
lower,
22S/~SO .
p. s. 'J.. g.
' , like you to consider the following diagrams :_
"
104
Fig. 1.
500
...;
vi
Q:
4,
Vl
'"
I.(j
~
~
:::!
II:)
I~O
I~
1~60
19"'10
TRE'ND OF'
fie. , .
SANkEr
.t,...", c,,..r
~OII
BOILER PRESSURfS
ClNtfSIN61J "."" " . N#",.".. "l.A""
FIGURE
Fig. 2.
V/,-XI
tl:'
50
Cl
".....
I;)
.....
1\
00
ntlOREnCAL INC'IlAS IN
It' LowtlltlNG
SACK
....s
po~
PIlESSUli
.~
.....
5D
35
.2.5
.'<
--
1--2
~,
6.T I!IRse
{;
/
'- t---.I(',
auc. "I!!"~.LI
10
12
I"
25
50
Z FULL
__
&.
2-
B~ ~o I~/sj- '~
f'~~s,!!pg~
l!>'
I(J
75
SPEED
TURBINE' TORQUE
COMPARISON
ENGINE
F,,~.
with
cy
3'.
tWos,. l,if.
FIGURE
5.
100
~ !1')
en
"";t
~
It)
o:r
~
~ ~ :
<'(
..:
,.., itt\I
I;)
III
11'1
61
It'I
t"4
c:o
~ ~
..:
<'(
~
"l
...
~ ~
tt:
\l)
'0
til
In
~
c<i
~
~ 2 ~
::;)
CII d;
~ en
t<I
~ !f!i
!::
(I')
In
cq
.:
~
."
'<I
o:
...Il.
~
~
.... q
.J
r-
t(-
I)
~ ~
~
~ ~ -'
a:
~
,~
~
lQ
In
I('>
- -
"I
I['J
CI(
I('>
CI\
~
0
I<)
\l)
...
II>
<'(
;;
~
If)
>Q
I'<)
In
10
0 '
(r\
C"'I
ClQ
(f\
I<)
It)
q-
'".".
"t
~
'or
I('>
~
(\')
~
."..
Q
'0
"'"
0
i()
11"1
ctl
ctl
III
'0
I(l
(Il
rt
Ii)
<:)
en
\D
':I-
on
It)
I('>
1'\
\Q
('t)
In
C'<
...,~
-0
.'
I<)
in
*
~
<'(
1&.1
&..:' l:
-e
C")
+-
10
C'l
1"'1
6'1 r--
&n
\Q
t"(
....
If\
I()
It)
In
Q)
In
.".
C'I'I
!'<l
....<!I
0
jQ
III
.,.co ...
C'I)
I['J
I('>
<'(
10
0
III
In
:t)
III
"
'0
\I)
8
\Q
f).
or>
!i
::i
. rnmss3Zfd
In
Q)
I/)
."
I"(
'()
0
C'f
('t)
In
10
M
In
<'(
.".
""t
It)
' 0
~
'()
10
<:I
N
,...
,
. I
:I
:e
III
..r
"t
rt
"'t
....'"
on
'0
C')
'Ot
('0
11"1
\Q
In
I"(
~I
&Cl
!:
~!>nifb
r.C\
C"(
c:'t
.,1011/ct' . 3l1nSS3l1d
0
0
Ii)
UlHl
106
own. However, you will see that the unit efficiency would be 51 % and 68,% respectively. This
demonstrates that neither the Engine nor the
Turbine are the most efficient unit for Mill
Drive although they have very considerabie
advantages in other directions.
The power generating unit of the Mill, a
back pressure Turbo Alternator could take
advantage of higher steam conditions and
produce a unit effiiciency of 72%. How then
to use this efficiency and implement it for the
advantage of the Mill? Drive by variable speed
electric motors has been tried. My information
is that the high capital costs and high maintenance costs of this type of drive outweighs
the efficiency of operation obtained. It might
be worthwhile considering another form of
Drive, i.e. taking advantage of power generation and driving the Mill 'by constant speed
electric motor through a variable speed
hydrulic coupling. The full torque full speed
efficiency of such a coupling would be approximately 78%. The half torque halfspeed efficiency
would be 74%. You willsee from the foregoing
that with an electric motor running at constant
speed with the speed variation taken by a
coupling. a high efficiency could be expected.
low speed efficiency, i. e. below 1/4 speed at
all torque condition, is very poor.
We have considered generally the known
possibilities for Mill Drive. Let us now
consider a particular case as it applies to the
Sugar Industry in this country-an Industry with
a huge internal market, a considerable potential
for export - indeed a considerable export
market. New Mills must take advantage of
the search for higher efficiency and developments of to-day but there are many existing
Mills where engines are old and their steam
raising conditions low. Without going to the
high cost of re-orientating their plant to
107
SINGLE STAGE
STEAM TURBINE
NOW BEING MANUFACTURED
IN INDIA
~
BELLISS &
MORCOM
Beiliu & Morcom Single Stage Steam Turbines are built to
suit any combination of steam and exhaust conditions .
AVailable Range: I SO to 1,200 BHP; Speed 1,000 to 6,000
RPM; Maximum steam conditions 600 psig.750F (400C),
exhausting up to 80 pslg. or to vacuum.
After-sales service Is guaranteed
Manufactured by
...
A. C.
C~atterjee
;'
) 10
Phosphate added
to Mixed Juice.
Rate of
cru~hing/hr.
(quintals).
% Cane.
% Cane.
Sugar Grade.
Phosphate. added
to Clear Juice.
366
473
11070
17222
4.50
4.87
33.66
31.52
8.60
9.52
D.30, E.30.
D.29 & E.29
E.30
79 40
79.17
79.61
79.30
PH of Clear Juice.
6.85
6.80
11 J
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:
Thanks are also due to Shri V.I. V. ChelJam (Former Chief Chemist of Aruna Sugars
Limited) and Shri K. T. PiUai (Lab.-in-cbarge of Aruna Sugars Limited) for suggestions.
and help.
REFERENCE:
Penn.dam.
Madras - State.
Clarifl cation
Factor
,
"
By
A. C. Chatterjee
I '
The simple formula followed for reporting the Clarification Factory gives the p~rce~tagec
of total non-sugar removal.
Non-sucrose in Mixed Jtiice_:Non~sucrose in Clear Juice.
K=
"
"
(2) It has been rightly poillted out that "Loss of non-su~rose from Mixed Juice to
Clear Juice takes place through 'Removal' of non-sucrose due' to the process of clarification."
Chemical and heat treatments of Juice only precipitate non-sucrose in the clarifier qr it,m~y be
said, non-sucrose is separated in the clarifier, but actually removed by filtration only: '::
".:
(3)
:1';
114
fiiter, the loss of sugar, and hence non-sugar too, in filter cake varies with the variation of thedatification process For example, during the last season in this factory (Aruna Sugars-.
Limited, Pennadam, Madras state to Pol in Filter Cake (Oliver Vacuum Filter) was increased.
when addition of phosphate in mixed juice was stopped on experimental purpose. It is.
needless to mention that everything was running as usual, maintaining similar vacuum,.
washing, temperature, Liming & SuJphitation, etc., etc.
Table showing the effect of clarification on filtration.
1.10
1.13
1.17
(Daily average)
Without Phosphate
1.40
1.50
1.83
1.43
1.50
1.50
It is also known that some of the clarification processes developed by the eminent
which gave marvellous results, so for juice clarification is concerned...
had to be abandoned due to adverse effect on filtration.
su~r T.ec~nologists,
(4) "The values of clarifiication factor increase with the increase in loss of sugar in
: filter cake". As a matter of fact, it should happen, because non-sugar is also removed in
filter cake juice along with sugar.
(5) In the formula
(Pm-Pc) x 100
(Pc x 100 - Pc)
- - - - - - - (Pm-Pc) + ------Pej
(Pej)
K = 100 - - - - - - - - - x 100
(Bm-Pm)
.
Pc
.
the non-sugar removed in the juice in filter cake, i.e . . ( - - x 100 - Pc) has been conSidered
P~
~.
Introduction
116
- , _
.1
. ,.
Refined sugars
D M C [sugars
2- 15 x 10' mho:
30- 60 "
'U
"
,;
"
"
"
"
"
"
. 111
, TABLE No.
..
..; _'"
..:
_., ~
sugars
47.6
61.7 '
', . -,2.7,
;;, '1,5,.4,:
40.5
I,
44.6
, : .. I..' ; Or9 . .. ;
" , 4.8' , . .
, ,-;8.9' ',,'
, ..' 2.~
, t 12:4
:: '
,0
",
58.7
57.0
I
,!
, 4~,4
47.9
, 60.6
55.3
I,
. , ' : 0'
DMCII
Sugars ,
..
". '
47~2
139'.9
184.0
. ' 366..3.
", 1~0.5
247.9,
46.4
45:9
44.4
86.4
55.3
, 123.5
36().3 ,
', .:: '.. 130.6
, . '
113.0
~4.Q
~n6 .
51.7
34.1
, 47.6
Raw
Sugars
511.1
630.4
622.3
612.1
408.1
383.4
334.4
'-
148 ~8
32~ .9"
,," "
: 1~0~~,
"
Khandsari
sugars
68.1
68.1
"
."
. , : '3.1 ;
.- " :....
I
.,
95.7
404 ~8
' 29 8.8 ,
282:4 .
.. ; ;
,,~,;~4;7.6
_; ':,-,; 3.~~.4 J:
..
..415.0
302.8
, i .:: ..
64.9
A '.
~.
'
REFERENCES
2.
3. Indian Sugar. Vol. XV. Jan. 1966-P-653. of NSI News. 1966. 1 (3),5.
4.
~~.
A~, pr~vious
8. Ca~~fui correction of the typographical and othet: . 'errors ~should be' carried
out by the author~; this would
eq,itor I!nd printers.
- save time on the part of
.
. ' . .
9~,." An a6~ract of the paper should be given iq 'the beginning ufthe article ....... ",
.~)
~ang~age of
their
~pe~~
... ~ .
SUGARP
"YES, dUST ASPOONFUL PLEASE
Even this one spoonful of sugar is, not 10
simple to get from its basic: raw material 'the
sugarcane plant. It requires the use of
machinery specially designed with years of
research and technical experience.
PORT ENGINEERING are specialists in designing and manufacturing such equipment. Their
range of sugar mills equipment includes.
among otbers, Centrifugals, Vacuum ,Pans,
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the world renowned Mirlees Watson Co.
Ltd., Blairs Ltd. and Watson Laidlaw of
Bri,tain, and quality tested in theCompany"s
own laboratory. Port EQsinccring are also
exporting sugar mUll equipment, 'carnin,
valuable foreiSD elCbaDae fOfthc COUbtry.
ANDREW YULE
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