Umandal, Larison P.

HUM 313
BSAeE 3-3
Sentillas Sr.

Dr. Manuel Corbo

REGION 1: Ilocos Region

INTRODUCTION
Ilocanos are descendants of Austronesian-speaking people from Taiwan. Families and
clans arrived by viray or bilog, meaning "boat". The term Ilokano originates from i-, "from",
and looc, "cove or bay", thus "people of the bay." Ilokanos also refer to themselves as
Samtoy, a contraction from the Ilokano phrase sao mi ditoy, "our language here". Ilocanos
are descendants of Austronesian-speaking people from southern China via Taiwan.

one of the most active tributaries to the general Philippine literature

PRECOLONIAL TIMES TO THE 19TH CENTURY

Earliest known written Iloko poems:
Romances translated from Spanish by Francisco Lopez, who published his own Iloko
translation of the
Doctrina Cristiana by Cardinal Bellarmine, the first book to be printed in Iloko.
Study of Iloko poetry:
Gramatica Ilokana, published in 1895, based on Lopez's Arte de la Lengua Iloca,
earlier published in 1627, but was probably written before 1606.
Pedro Bucaneg
collaborated with Lopez in the translation of the Doctrina into Iloko
the first known Ilokano poet
the "Father of Ilokano Poetry and Literature."
blind since childhood
authored the popular epic known as Biag ni Lam-ang, who published it in El Ilocano
from December 1889 to February 1890, with Spanish translation in prose, and also
reprinted it in his El Folklore Filipino, under the title Vida de Lam-ang.
Leona Florentino
considered by some as the "National Poetess of the Philippines"
her poems however, appear to the modern reader as being too syrupy for comfort,
too sentimental to the point of mawkishness, and utterly devoid of form.
Fr. Justo Claudio Fojas
Ilokano secular priest who wrote
Leona Florentino's contemporary.
novenas, prayerbooks, catechism, metrical romances, dramas, biographies, a
Spanish grammar and an Iloko-Spanish dictionary.
Comedia (moro-moro)
a highly picturesque presentation of the wars between Christians and Muslims
Zarzuela
an equally picturesque depiction of what is at once melodrama, comic-opera,
and the skit interminably preoccupied with the eternal theme of boy-meetsgirl-who-always-live-happily-ever-after-seemingly-impossible-odds
presented for the first time in the Ilocos in the 19th century.
Comedia scripted from corridos
Prince Don Juan
Ari Esteban ken Reyna Hipolita
Doce Paris

 Bernardo Carpio
Jaime Del Prado
Marcelino Mena Crisologo - helped popularize Zarzuela based on culture & traditions
of the Iocos Norte
Matilde de Sinapangan- first Iloko novel printed on 1892 and written by Rufino
Redondo
20TH CENTURY
more intense in literary activity
EXAMPLES:

Biag ti Maysa a Lakay, Wenno Nakaam-ames a Bales (Life of an old

Man, or a Dreadful Revenge) Mariano Gaerlan (1909)
Uray Narigat no Paguimbagan (Impovement Despite Obstacles) Facundo
Madriaga (1911)
Apay a Pinatayda ni Naw Simon? (Why did they Kill Don Simon?) - Leon C.
Pichay (1935) first known detective novel in Iloko

Iloko literature reached headland

Many Ilokanos started to write Literary pieces
Early Bannawag short stories in 1920s poor imitations of equally poor
American fiction
Bannawag resumed publication in 1947
War
Guerilla activities
Japanese Artrocities
Murder
Pillage
Death
Leopoldo Y. Yabes (UP) made a brief survey of Iloko Literature (1934)
Findings: Iloko Literature began with Pedro Bukaneg
Thomas B. Alcid (UST) made a study on Iloko prose fiction and discussed
the Iloko short story and the Iloko nevel and their possibilities in Philippine
Literature (1940)
Findings: Short stories and novels were still young and needed more
improvement
Mercedes F. Guerrero (MLQEI) - made a master thesis titled Critical
Analysis of the Outstanding Iloko Short Stories Published in the Bannawag
from 1948 to 1952
Findings: Iloko Stories offer a mine of information about the ideals and
customs of the Filipino people
Dalang: An Introduction to Philippine Literature in Iloko Dr.
Marcelino A. Foronda, Jr. (1967)
traits and characteristics of the Ilokanos
REGION 2: Cagayan Valley
The most important event in the history of Cagayan Valley took place in 1572
when Spanish Conquistador Don Juan de Salcedo traced the northern coast and
landed at the mouth of the Pamplona River. Before his visit, early Cagayanos
reveled in a civilization of their own.
The Spanish occupation in Cagayan was recorded to have started in 1581
when Gobernador Gonzalo Ronquillo de Penaloza sent Juan Pablo Carreon to the

north to drive away a Japanese fleet under the command of Taifusa. Carreon
succeeded in his mission and proceeded upriver to look for future pueblo sites and
thus making a name for himself in the process.
Cagayan Valley abounds with natural resources and exudes with development
potentials that consist of rich agricultural areas, forestland and grasslands, inland
and marine resources.
The Ybanags, Itawits and Malawegs are mainly lowland farmers whose
agricultural practices are similar to those of the Ilokanos. The Ybanags used to
inhabit the area along the Cagayan coast but migrated further inland. They
conducted trade with neighboring areas using distinctive seacrafts, and their
commercial interests made their language the medium of commerce throughout the
region before the influx of Ilokano migrants. They are also excellent blacksmiths and
continue to make good bolos. The Ybanags are reputed to be the tallest of all the
ethno-linguistic groups in the Philippines.
The Itawits are almost indistinguishable from the Ybanags. They build their
houses with separate kitchens, connected by a narrow walkway that is used as
washing area for hands and feet. The Itawits are noted for their pottery and basketweaving traditions.
The culture of Cagayan is showcased in museums, historical buildings and
archeological sites spread across the province. In Solana, the Neolithic archeological
sites in Lanna have yielded stone tools used as early as 20,000 years back. The
Cabarruan jar burial site, also in the town, features ancient Filipino traditions of
taking care of their dead. The Cagayan Museum is a repository of the provinces
cultural heritage. Iron Age pottery, Chinese Ming and Sung dynasty porcelain pieces
as well as Church paraphernalia are on display together with Paleolithic fossils. The
oldest bell in the country, cast in 1592, still peals from the tower of the church in
Camalaniugan. The old brick works in Tuguegarao lie inside the city and speak of a
time when bricks were extensively used to build the beautiful churches of the
Cagayan.
Ybanag Dialect: Potent Factor in Cagayan's Evangelization
The Ybanag dialect was a very potent factor in the difficult and hazardous
evangelization of the pagan and hostile inhabitants of the Cagayan Valley.
The evangelization and pacification of the valley were difficult because the
communities found by the colonizers were far apart, separated by primeval spans of
wild forests with crocodile-infested rivers to cross or along which the missionaries
and soldiers had to travel. There were also the great calamities--epidemic, locust
infestations, floods and earthquakes--which caused great difficulties and sufferings
to the people, and though to us today the calamities were natural phenomena, the
pagan natives blamed their occurences on the coming of the white people.
The early chronicles of Cagayan Valley , the natives, especially the Irrayas
and Gaddangs, were fierce and warlike. This was so, apparently because living in
separate communities, independent of each other, they cultivated fierce love for
freedom. Thus, they resisted the abuses committed by the officials and their
encomienderos, to the extent of rising a revolt--the history of the province tells of
numerous and frequent insurrections in some of which the native rebels killed all
the Spanish officials.
It was always the missionaries who consoled the natives in time of the
calamities and who pacified them when they revolted, for the guns of the Spanish
soldiers were

futile against the fury which the natives displayed in defense of their rights
and sense of freedom.
WRITERS AND LITERARY WORKS:
Fernando Maramag
Edith L. Tiempo
Florentino Hornedo
Born on October 16, 1938 in Batanes.
He was born to Leon Hornedo and Bienvenida Hontomin.
Hailing from Savidug, Sabtang, Batanes, Hornedo obtained his BSE from
the University of Santo Tomas in 1961. He received his Masters in English
and Philosophy from St. Louis University in 1966 and 1972 respectively and
his Ph.D. in Literature from UST in 1977.
IMPORTANT LITERARY PIECES:
NU NUNUK DU TUKUN
Nu Nunuk Du Tukun, minuhung
kadisi na;
Ichapungpung diya am yaken
nilangan na.
Kapatalamaran ava su avang
idaud
Ta miyan du inayebngan na,
miyan du inayebngan na.

English Translation
THE NUNUK ON THE HILL
as
u
di
ta

Nu itanis ko an nu an didien ko;

Ta nu taw aya u suminbang
diyaken;
Na
maliliyak
a
pahung
as
maheheyet a riyes.
U minahey niya diyaken.

The Nunuk on the hill short forth the

leaves and twigs;
Then suddenly all its branches fell and I
under it.
On what is left I cannot watch the boats
on the sea
For I stand on the side from the sea.
I weep in my grief?
It was the sea that made me an orphan;
The sad news came to me in the roar of
the breakers,
From the voice of the mighty sea
currents.

WHAT CAUSES EARTHQUAKES

(Y Paggafuanan na Lunig)
Once upon a time, there was a very poor couple who had only one son. His
name was Bernard Carpio. Since this family led only a hand to mouth existence,
both husband and wife had to work for living. Whenever the mother went out to
work, she would lock up the baby in the house. She would just give him something
to play with. Upon coming home, she would find all the toys of the baby broken into
small pieces. This happened everyday until the mother could no longer give the
baby anything to play with. So the baby was lest in the house without any toy, when
she came home to feed him, the mother was surprised that the walls and studs of
their house were either destroy or broken. She remains silent but observant. As
soon as these parts of the house had been repaired, she again left Bernardo Carpio
alone. When she came home, she found the same in shambles. Next time, the
mother deliberately gave her son an iron rod to play with. Again he broke rod into
pieces. Now the parents were growing alarmed over the extraordinary strength of
Bernardo. News of it also spread in the neighborhood.
As a child grew up, he was recognized as the strongest boy in the village. He
challenged to fight those who dared him and defeated them all. As man, hid
prowess was also acclaimed in the whole country. This popularity made him very

proud. He was so proud that even he dared challenged God. At first, God gave him
the upper hand. But on the third trial, when God asked him to stop the quarrel
between the two big mountains, Bernardo failed. In a conceited gesture, he
impulsively went between the warring mountains. He extended his arms to stop
them but instead, he got between the two mountains and was buried alive with his
head out.
Today, it was believed that whenever Bernardo Carpio struggles to free
himself from the grip of the mountains, the earth quakes. The old folks also say that
when he finally frees himself, that will be the end of the world.
REGION 3: Central Luzon
In 1571, when the Spanish took hold of Central Luzon, they renamed the area
to La Pampanga. Central Luzon is mostly composed of 'Tagalog' speaking natives.
During this period of time, many different literary works arose.
Pampanga Literature
A showcase of unique and diverse words of art shaped by rich and
colorful traditions.
Highlights of the local traditions

Giant Lantern Festival San Fernando Pampanga

Lubenas Angeles City

Lenten Ritual

Self flagellation
Putting up puni
Singing of pasyon
Tumaila (Pampango Lullabies)

Familiar to all Grandmothers in Pampanga

Atin Cu Pung Singsing

Basulto
march (flute and drums)
Courage, sense of pride, and the moral values of the people of Pampanga are
seen in the often categorized as seditious plays of Aurelio Tolentino.

Aurelio Tolentino Plays in Pampango are:

Sinukuan
Aslag Tala
Ing Sundang ning Mengubie
Bayung Cristo
Filipinas at Espaa
Lua ning Balen

Holy Angel University - center of Kapampangan studies and with the

direction of Mr. Robby Tantingco an Outstanding Kapampangan awardee
Riddles

 aeta riddles
Kapampangan riddles

EXAMPLE:
Are you that Someone
by: Lori Ungacta
Are you that someone
who will love me so deep,
Are you that someone
who won't make me weep......
Are you that someone
who will hold my hand,
Are you that someone
who would be my man......
Are you that someone
who would hold me in your arms,
Are you that someone
who would protect me from harm.....
Are you that someone
who will make me smile,
Are you that someone
who would go the extra mile......

Are you that someone

who will grow old with me,
Are you that someone
who sees my true beauty......
Are you that someone
who will make my life complete,
Are you that someone
who no other can compete......
Are you that someone
who will share good times and bad,
Are you that someone
who with me is always glad......
Are you that someone
who I will love for life,
Are you that someone
willing to have me as your wife.....

FAMOUS WRITERS OF THE REGION:

Tomas Pinpin - he first Filipino printer and is sometimes referred as the
"Prince of the Filipino Printers." Pinpin is remembered for being the first native
Filipino to publish and print a book, "Librong Pagaaralan nang mga Tagalog
nang Uicang Castilla" in 1610, entirely written by himself in the old Tagalog
orthography.
Francisco Balagtas - a prominent Filipino poet, and is widely considered
one of the greatest Filipino literary laureates for his impact on Filipino
literature. The famous epic, Florante at Laura, is regarded as his defining
work.
Nicanor Abelardo - a Filipino composer known for his Kundiman songs,
especially before the Second World War.
Damiana L. Eugenio - a Filipino female author and professor who was
known as the Mother of Philippine Folklore, a title she received in 1986. Apart
from teaching at the University of the Philippines, she has several
publications in the field of Philippine folklore, among them a series of seven
books which she compiled and edited.
Rogelio R. SIkat - a prolific Filipino novelist, playwright and short story
writer. Sikat is best known for his classic masterpieces particularly Impeng
Negro, a short story based on a half-black, half-Filipino boy and Moses, Moses,
a play in one act that depicts the social injustices and the abuse of the
countrys oppressive politicians. Apart from being one of the Philippines
finest modern literary figures, Sikat was also a distinguished educator. He was
a former university professor and former college dean of the University of the
Philippines College of Arts and Letters.
Gregorio C. Brillantes - a Palanca Award Hall of Famer and a multi-awarded
fiction writer,is one of the Philippines' most popular writers in English. Known
for his sophisticated and elegant style, he has been compared to James Joyce.
[citation needed] He often writes about individuals under thirty, adolescent or
post adolescent ones who struggle with alienation from family, society and
from themselves. His earlier collection of short stories earned him the title of
the "Catholic Writer".
REGION 4-A: CALABARZON (Southern Tagalog Mainland)
CALABARZON is one of the regions of the Philippines. It is also designated as
Region IV-A and its regional capital is Calamba City in Laguna. The region is
composed of five provinces, namely: Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal, and Quezon.
The region's name is an acronym of the names of these provinces.
Because of its proximity to the national capital, CALABARZON has seen
steady industrial growth and urbanization in recent years. But the local culture is
still very much alive. Historical landmarks, monuments, old churches, and shrines
dot the regions landscape.
The area is rich in history. Its where the Philippines independence from
Spain was first declared in 1898. Its the birthplace of national heroes such as Jose
Rizal (from Calamba, Laguna), Emilio Aguinaldo (from Kawit, Cavite), Apolinario
Mabini (from Tanauan, Batangas) and Miguel Malvar (from Sto. Tomas, Batangas).
CALABARZON is also rich in cultural traditions. Laguna is known for
embroidery, wood carving, and papier-mch (locally known as taka). Quezon has
harvest festivals and flamboyantly decorated houses. Rizal has artisan villages and
art galleries. Its a colorful region.

FAMOUS WRITERS OF THE REGION:

Dr. Jose P. Rizal
ABOUT THE AUTHOR:
Rizal was a prolific writer and was anti-violence. He rather fight using his pen
than his might.
Rizal's two books "Noli Me Tangere" (Touch Me Not) which he wrote while he
was in Berlin, Germany in 1887 and "El Filibusterismo" (The Rebel) in Ghent,
Belgiun in 1891 exposed the cruelties of the Spanish friars in the Philippines,
the defects of the Spanish administration and the vices of the clergy, these
books told about the oppression of the Spanish colonial rule. These two books
made Rizal as a marked man to the Spanish friars.
EXAMPLES OF HIS WORK:
Sa aking mga kababata
Noli Me Tangere ( Huwag mo akong salingin)
El Filibusterismo -1891
Huling Paalam -1896
Sobre la indolencia de los filipinos ( Hinggil sa
katamanran ng mga Flipino.)
Ala Juventud Filipina ( Sa kabataan Pilipino)
Filipinas Dendro de cien anos ( Ang Pilipinas sa
loob ng Isangdaang taon).
Teo S. Baylen
Tinig ng Teenager
Takipsilim at lumang lambat
Rev. Fr. Arnel S. Vitor
Ang tutong
Buenaventura S. Medina Jr.
kapangyarihan at punong-kahoy
Alejandro S. Abadilla
Ako ang daigdig at sanaysay sa Tula
Claro M. Recto
Noong bata pa ako
Ligaya Tiamson Rubin
Taga- Angono , Rizal
Kasalukuyang nagtuturo sa U.P
Tagapangulo ng Departamento ng Filipino at Literatura.
EXAMPLE
Our Mother Tongue
(Jose P. Rizal)
IF truly a people dearly love
The tongue to them by Heaven sent,
Theyll surely yearn for liberty

Like a bird above in the firmament.

BECAUSE by its language one can judge
A town, a barrio, and kingdom;
And like any other created thing
Every human being loves his freedom.
ONE who doesnt love his mother tongue;
Is worse than putrid fish and a beast;
And like a truly precious thing
It therefore deserves to be cherished.
THE Tagalog language akin to Latin,
To English, Spanish, angelical tongue;
For God who knows how to look after us
This language He bestowed us upon.
AS others, our language is the same
With alphabet and letters of its own,
It was lost because a storm did destroy
On the lake the bangka in years bygone
REGION 4-B: MIMAROPA (Southern Tagalog Islands)
The name of this region is an acronym that combines the names of its
provinces: Occidental Mindoro, Oriental Mindoro, Marinduque, Romblon and
Palawan.
With its National Parks, World Heritage Sites, protected marine areas and
even wild safari parks, the MIMAROPA region is definitely something different. You
wont find big cities, bustling highways, or traffic jams here. You will find rugged
roads, palm-fringed beaches, and peace and serenity.
Theres an enchantment to this region, especially underwater. Above land
youll find simple towns, delicious seafood, and the quiet, laid-back island life that
the people of MIMAROPA have had for centuries.
EXAMPLE:
Suan, The Good Guesser
There was once an old woman who had an only son named Suan. Suan was a
clever, sharp-witted boy. His mother sent him to school. Instead of going to school,
however, Suan climbed up the tree that stood by the roadside. As soon as his
mother had passed by from the market, Suan hurried home ahead of her. When she
reached home, he cried, Mother, I know what you bought in the market to-day. He
then told her, article by article. This same thing happened so repeatedly, that his
mother began to believe in his skill as a diviner.
One day the ring of the datus daughter disappeared. All the people in the
locality searched for it, but in vain. The datu called for volunteers to find the lost
ring, and he offered his daughters hand as a prize to the one who should succeed.
Suans mother heard of the proclamation. So she went to the palace and presented
Suan to the datu. Well, Suan, tomorrow tell me where the ring is, said the datu.
Yes, my lord, I will tell you, if you will give your soldiers over to me for tonight,
Suan replied. You shall have everything you need, said the datu.

That evening Suan ordered the soldiers to stand around him in a semicircle.
When all were ready, Suan pointed at each one of them, and said, The ring is here,
and nowhere else. It so happened that Suan fixed his eyes on the guilty soldier,
who trembled and became pale. I know who has it, said Suan. Then he ordered
them to retire. Late in the night this soldier came to Suan, and said, I will get the
ring you are in search of, and will give it to you if you will promise me my safety.
Give it to me, and you shall be safe, said Suan.
Very early the next morning Suan came to the palace with a turkey in his
arms. Where is the ring? the datu demanded. Why, sir, it is in this turkeys
intestines, Suan replied. The turkey was then killed, and the ring was found inside
it. You have done very well, Suan. Now you shall have my daughters hand, said
the datu. So Suan became the princesss husband.
One day the datu proposed a bet with anyone who wished to prove Suans
skill. Accordingly another datu came. He offered to bet seven cascos of treasure
that Suan could not tell the number of seeds that were in his orange. Suan did not
know what to do. At midnight he went secretly to the cascos. Here he heard their
conversation, and from it he learned the number of seeds in the orange. In the
morning Suan said boastfully, I tell you, your orange has nine seeds. Thus Suan
won the whole treasure. Hoping to recover his loss, the datu came again. This time
he had with him fourteen cascos full of gold. He asked Suan to tell him what was
inside his golden ball. Suan did not know what to say. So in the dead of night he
went out to the cascos, but he could learn nothing there. The next morning Suan
was summoned into the presence of the two datus. He had no idea whatever as to
what was in the ball; so he said scornfully, Nonsense! That is right, that is right!
shouted a man. The ball contains nine cents. Consequently Suan won the fourteen
cascos full of gold. From now on, nobody doubted Suans merit.