Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2, 22-27
Available online at http://pubs.sciepub.com/ijp/1/2/1
Science and Education Publishing
DOI:10.12691/ijp-1-2-1
Received December 13, 2012; Revised April 21, 2013; Accepted April 24, 2013
Abstract The application of waterjets is rapidly growing and they are increasingly being chosen for propulsion in
high-speed crafts. Waterjet as a propulsion system of a vessel is also favorable when it comes to maneuvering,
appendage drag, draft and fuel consumption at high speeds. Furthermore, waterjet system has recently gained more
credibility for its acceptable efficiency because of the advent of more efficient and large pumps. This type of
propulsion system consists of many components working together harmoniously, thus establishing a complex system.
A significant problem facing designers when predicting performance of the waterjet is the interaction between the
hull and the waterjet. This paper describes the powering performance of a vessel equipped with a waterjet system.
The interaction between the hull and waterjet is studied in order to predict the powering characteristics. The work
starts with an introduction of the waterjet and a review of its current status in design and analysis. Subsequently,
hydrodynamic properties of its components are computed and interactions among them are analyzed. Finally,
numerical computation is performed for acquiring pressure distribution by a two dimensional computer code in the
suction area of the waterjet inlet to predict the possible occurrence of cavitation for the inlet duct.
1. Introduction
In 16Th century, Toogood and Hays for the first time
proposed waterjet propulsion system, as reported by J.S.
Carlton [1]. At that period of time, waterjet propulsions
were used in high-speed pleasure craft and work boats.
However, in recent years, this system has been considered
for large high-speed crafts. Accordingly, many huge
waterjet units have been used in wide range of ships such
as passenger and naval crafts.
The waterjet propulsion is a complex system. On the
contrary, the screw propellers are simpler, lighter and
more efficient than waterjet system. However, the arrival
of more efficient pumps, the necessity for timely
delivering the critical commercial cargoes, and the
required maneuverability for particular vessels have made
the usage of waterjets more attractive.
It is normal to divide this type of propulsion system into
a hull and a waterjet. It has been demonstrated that
waterjet-hull interaction can affect the overall efficiency
more than 20% [2]. Usually, waterjet system is broken
down into subsystems and an explicit modular approach is
applied to analyze them. In order to assess the interaction
between the hull and the jet, a parametric method is used.
In 1980, an early contribution related to the jet-hull
interaction is attributed to Etter et al. [3]. A complete
review of the existing relations for waterjet-hull
performance is presented by Allison [4]. Van Terwisga [2]
23
jet
IVR
A jetV jet
m
(2)
S V jet Vin
PE TVS mV
(3)
Vin
VS
(6)
(1)
(5)
where
PE
PE Losses
hInlet Vin2 2 g
(7)
2
hOutlet V jet
2g
(8)
1 2
Ppump m V jet
Vin2 g h j hloss (9)
2
P1 V12
P V2
H P 2 2 H hloss
g 2g
g 2g
where
H P : Pump head
H : Vertical distance between inlet and outlet
hloss : Total head loss.
The jet efficiency is defined as
m 2
2
[V jet 1 1 1 Vs 2 2 gh j ] (10)
2
(4)
2 (1 (1 ) )
1 (1 )(1 )
2
(11)
2 ghi
Vs2
opt
where
is given by
1 1
1
(12)
24
1 1
2
2 gh j
1 1
VS2
(13)
(14)
1 t
1
(15)
0.27 Lx Re
0.9
16
where
Rex
4.0
Efficiency
Jet Diameter
U Lx
3.5
17
0.8
3.0
2.5
0.6
0.5
2.0
0.4
1.5
Efficiency
0.7
U y
U
0.3
1.0
0.2
(18)
0.5
0.1
0.0
where
0.0
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Velocity Ratio
0.7
0.8
0.9
n log10 Rex
500
Head
Mass Flow
450
250
350
300
150
250
200
100
150
400
200
Head [m]
100
50
50
0
0
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Velocity Ratio
(19)
Um
(20)
U m 1 U
(21)
25
CCDOTT
WJ
Design Point
65
0.096
1.10
1.00
[m]
0.95
Head Rise
60
1.05
0.094
0.092
55
50
[m]
Wake
0.90
0.090
0.85
45
0.80
40
0.088
0.6
0.75
0.62
0.64
0.66
0.68
0.7
0.72
Velocity Ratio
0.70
0.086
0.65
0.084
0.60
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
59000
58500
58000
95
CCDOTT
90
57500
57000
56500
56000
WJ
55500
Design Point
85
55000
Flow Rate
80
54500
75
54000
0.600
70
0.610
0.620
0.630
0.640
0.650
0.660
0.670
0.680
0.690
0.700
0.710
Velocity Ratio
65
60
55
50
0.6
0.62
0.64
0.66
0.68
0.7
0.72
Velocity Ratio
26
p pv
1 U 2
(22)
Figure 13. Cavitation number around inlet duct (Inlet angle 26)
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
Inlet Angle=28
0.2
0
Inlet Angle=34
-0.2
0
10
12
14
X[m]
Figure 14. Cavitation number on top inlet wall at two inlet angle (see
Figure 9)
7. Conclusion
Simultaneous accomplishment of the conceptual and
basic design as well as the analysis of waterjet propulsion
system in a single process is a cumbersome task. Many
analytic and empirical methods have been proposed to
evaluate the influential parameters of this system.
Numerical methods are used for the analysis of the system
Nomenclature
m :
:
Ajet :
Vjet :
T:
Vin :
PE :
VS :
HP :
hloss :
jet :
IVR :
hInlet :
hOutlet :
:
:
PPump :
hj :
:
:
Pump :
Hull :
t:
:
LX :
Rex :
:
y:
U :
Um :
:
p:
pv :
27
References
Carlton.J.S. (John S.), Marine Propeller and Propulsion, Oxford,
Butterworth-Heinemann, 1994T.J.C. Van Terwisga, A
Parametric Propulsion Prediction Method For Waterjet Driven
Craft, Fast97 Conference, paper No. 151, 1997.
[2] T.J.C. Van Terwisga, A Parametric Propulsion Prediction
Method For Waterjet Driven Craft, Fast97 Conference, paper No.
151, 1997.
[3] Etter, R.J., Krishnamoorthy, V. and Sherer, J.O., Model Testing
of waterjet Propelled Draft, Proceedings of the 19 th ATTC, 1980.
[4] Allison, J.L., Marine Waterjet Propulsion, SNAME Annual
meeting, New York, 1993.
[5] ITTC, The Specialist Committee on Waterjets, 22th ITTC,
International Towing Tank Conference, 1998.
[6] Stanley Wheatley, Development of a High-speed Sealift Waterjet
Propulsion System, Final Report, Center for the Commercial
Deployment of Transportation Technologies California State
University, Long Beach Foundation, September 30, 2003.
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System, PhD Thesis, Technical University of Eindhoven, 2006.
[8] Moon-Chan Kim, Ho-Hwan Chun, Experimental Investigation
into the performance of the Axial-Flow-Type Waterjet according
to the Variation of Impeller Tip Clearance, Ocean Engineering 34,
pp.275-283, 2007.
[9] Hong Gao, Wanlai Lim, Zhaohui Du, Numerical Flow and
Performance Analysis of a Waterjet Axial Flow Pump, Ocean
Engineering 35, pp.1604-1614, 2008.
[10] Svensson, R., etal., Trial Results Including Wake Measurements
from the Worlds Largest Waterjet Installation, RINA
International Conference on Waterjet Propulsion, Amsterdam, 2223 October 1998.
[11] Donald M. MacPherson, A Universal Parametric Model for
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