Basic Sentence Pattern:

1. S

V(vi)
go, come, sleep, walk, live,
die, exist, fall, appear,
disappear, happen, occur, lie,
jump, jog, collapse, rise arrive,
hop, sit, stand, etc.

2. S

SC

(be) am, is, are, was, were

() become, get, grow,
come, go, turn, fall,
run, make
() seem appear
() look, feel, smell, taste,
sound

3.

Isaac lay on the bed.

The sun rises in the east.
Jason arrived at the meeting late.
The students disappeared during the accident.
Many buildings collapsed during the Tsunami
attack.

verb + to-inf
want, hope, wish, desire,
expect, decide, determine,
resolve, choose, mean,
promise, agree, consent,
refuse, pretend, afford,
manage, fail

She is the
head teacher
of this
school.
She has grown older because of her
problems.
John seems astonished because of the test
result.
Christy feels good after a long rest.

S
V(vt)
gerund / to-infinitive)

DO (noun / pronoun /

Nikki wants
to finish her course quickly.
Archie didnt mean to hurt you.
Isaac has promised to marry her in June.
John managed to pass the exam without reviewing.

She enjoys watching horror movies.

The students admitted cheating during the exam.

James denied dating his friends girlfriend.
They avoid
passing the
dark alley.

4.

(to)
give, bring, show, offer, lend,
pass, send, pay, sell, tell,
write, teach, owe, hand, grant

(for)
buy, make, get, find, choose,
order, sing, call, cook

(of)
ask, beg, inquire, require,
demand

V(vt)

IO

DO

She showed me her wedding dress.

She showed
her wedding
dress to me.
He ordered
me a
wedding
dress.
He ordered a
wedding
dress for
me.
The students asked their teacher some
questions.
They asked some questions of me.

5.

S V DO OC(noun/adj)
make, call, name, elect, think,
believe, consider, regard as,
think ofas, look uponas,
refer toas
S V DO OC(to-infinitive)
want, like, wish, desire,
expect, ask, require, request,
beg, tell, order, teach,
command, advise, encourage,
persuade, get, cause, enable,
force, compel, oblige, allow,
permit, forbid
S V DO OC(base form/ing)
(base form/ing)
see, watch, notice, observe,
hear, listen to, feel

( base form)
( pp form)
let,+have
make,
verb
ing
enjoy, practice, avoid, mind,
finish, stop, quit, give up,
postpone, put off, delay, defer,
admit, acknowledge, deny,
allow, permit, forbid, suggest,
advise, recommend, consider,
imagine, anticipate, involve,
appreciate

V(vt)

DO

OC
I call my
husband
honey.
I named my
daughter
Hannah.
I regard him
as a father.
JYP made
Rain famous.

Isaac wants a woman to love him.

The teacher obliged the student to buy the book.
The president permitted his guard to take a leave.

J
James saw the thief snatch the womans bag.
James saw the thief crawling in the yard.
The president had the SWAT guard the palace.
The president had the palace guarded.

Sentence Pattern Exercise: Determine the sentence pattern for each sentence in the article.
Bi Rain - Biography

Jeong Ji Hoon who is better known as

Rain, (born June 25, 1982) is a Korean
R&B singer, actor, and an international star.
From being a rapper in the boy band group,
Rain has become the international super
star he is today.
Before becoming the hit solo artist Rain,
Jeong Ji Hoon became a back up dancer
for Park Ji Yoon, another hit Korean singer. However, after Rain completed his first solo album titled
Bad Guy, the public saw Rain as a singer and a dancer. After his first solo album, Rain enjoyed

recording two other hit albums titled How to Avoid the Sun and It's Raining. Both albums made him
very popular. In September 2006, Rain went on to release another hit Korean album, Rain's World,
which featured two other hit singles, I'm Coming (feat. Tablo of Epik High) and In My Bed. After
becoming a success in Korea, Rain moved his success to Japan, releasing the single titled Sad
Tango. He gave his fans the best entertainment.
While releasing all of his hit albums and singles, Rain made himself shine as an actor through dramas
like Orange, Sang Doo! Let's Go to School. In 2004, He got his fans love him more in another korean
drama entitled Full House, which became a huge hit. The year after, Rain starred in a more emotional
drama, A Love to Kill. While excelling in almost all aspects of the entertainment world, Rain has won
many awards for his singing and acting. Many people all over the world elected his as People
Magazine's 100 Most Beautiful People and Time Magazine's 100 Most Influential People Who Shape
the World. In 2007, Rain topped Time Magazine's online pole but did not make the actual list. Rain
proceeded Stephan Colbert, a comedian, actor, and writer in the online pole. As a "response" for not
being number one, Colbert made a parody of Rain's hit song Ways to Avoid the Sun.

PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
Prepositional phrase functions as an adjective or an adverb.
Prepositional phrase = the preposition + object of the preposition

Crystal could hear her sister snoring across the room. (adverb phrase)
o Snoring where? across the room.

The pile of books under the staircase got wet during the
flood. (adjective phrase)
o

Which pile of books? The pile of books under the

staircase.

Prepositional Phrase Exercise: Underline the prepositional

phrase in each sentence and identify its function.
The year is 2009 in an alternate timeline where the Korean
Peninsula is still a part of Imperial Japan. In the city of Keijo (Seoul),

Japanese Bureau of Investigation (JBI) agents Masayuki Sakamoto

and Shojiro Saigo thwart a hostage crisis at a museum by a terrorist
group known as the Hureisenjin. The group's ulterior motives are
unknown, but during the investigation, Sakamoto discovers that
among the historical artifacts displayed at the museum, a crescentshaped rock known as the "Lunar Soul" was found next to one of the
slain terrorists - approximately 20 meters from its display location.
Because of this, Sakamoto is led to believe that the Hureisenjin were attempting to steal the Lunar
Soul during the incident. His investigation of the crime led him to a revelation of a temple stone that
has the ability to time-travel and eventually made him learn the alteration of history. Sakamoto then
joined the Hureisenjin, which helped him to go back to the year 1909. Sakamoto found himself in a
railway station where the assassination of Resident-General It is supposed to occur. The film ends
in the year 2009 at the Independence Hall of Korea, where a photo of Sakamoto is seen among the
gallery of Korean heroes.

Prepositional Phrase Exercise: Provide an appropriate prepositional phrase in each blank.

1. I cant complete the report _____________________

_________________________.

2. __________________________, Big Dog snatched the pork chop ________________.

3. Most women ________________ are attracted to a man ________________________.
4. My two feet __________________________ slipped ________________.
5. The stories ___________ were translated _____________by my professor.
6. Korean men are obliged to serve the army ____________________ so that they can become
men _____________________________.
7. The World Cup game ________________________ was held _______________________.
8. __________________________, John woke up gasping for breath _____________________.
9. When tough times hit the Kim family, they gather together ____________ and they are all
compelled to give suggestions ________________.

10. Baek Ji-young, who is famous a singer _____________________ made a come back with a
song ______________.

Prepositional Phrase Exercise: Write a paragraph about the first time you admire someone.
Make sure to use all the 5 sentence patterns with prepositional phrase(s).
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BUILDING SENTENCES
Independent Clause:

is a group of words with both a subject and a verb.

makes sense on its own and is a complete sentence.

Provide your own example._____________________________________________________.

Dependent clause:

has a subject and a verb but does not make a complete sense on its own.
begins with a telltale sign such as relative pronouns and subordinating conjunctions.
1. Adjective clause is a dependent clause which functions as an adjective,
answering questions like "which?" or "what kind of?".
Adjective clause

relative pronoun + subject + verb

relative pronoun + verb

the coat which I bought yesterday

Provide your own an example ____________________________________________.

2. Adverb clause is a dependent clause which functions as an adverb in another

clause or phrase, answering questions such as "when?", "where?", "why?", "with
what goal/result?", and "under what conditions?".
Adverb clause

conjunction + subject + verb

after they left the locker room

Provide your own example _______________________________________________.

3. Noun clause is an entire clause which takes the place of a noun in another clause
or phrase. Like a noun, a noun clause acts as the subject or object of a verb or
the object of a preposition, answering the questions "who(m)?" or "what?".
Usually noun clauses begin with that, what, where, when, who, whom, which,
whose, how, why, whether, etc.
Compare:I know Latin. (object noun)
I know that Latin is no longer spoken as a native language. (object noun
clause)
Provide
your
________________________________________________.

own

example

Clause Exercise: In each blank, write a dependent or an independent clause that could
complete the sentence.
1. If you were a badge with your name on it, ____________________________________________.
2. Before she moved to Idaho, _______________________________________________________.
3. ____________________________________________, where I found the wallet.
4. Unless you call before 2:00, _____________________________________________________

5. Whenever time passed slowly, __________________________________________________.

6. Mrs. Lee, who never spent a dime on any cosmetics, __________________________________.
7. Although getting exercise is important, ______________________________________________.
8. Because they won, _____________________________________________________________.
9. While visiting Jason in the hospital, _________________________________________________.
10. Until television was invented, _____________________________________________________.
Clause Exercise: Write a short story about the poem below. Modify your sentences using
prepositional phrases and at least 3 of each dependent clause.
THE LOOK
Strephon kissed me in the spring,
Robin in the fall,
But Colin only looked at me
And never kissed at all.
Stephrons kiss was lost in jest,
Robins lost in play,
But the kiss in Colins eyes
Haunts me night and day.
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REDUCED CLAUSES

is a common feature of written English. They are not much used in spoken language.

is created by 'reducing ' or contracting a standard clause.

is a stylistic device used in writing.

Adjective Clause

Reduced Clause

Teachers who work here come from many

different countries

Teachers working here come from many

different countries.

Oil which is produced here is exported

elsewhere.

Oil produced here is exported elsewhere.

Adverb Clause can only be reduced only when the subject of the Adverb Clause and the
subject of the Main Clause are the same:
1. Omit the Subject of the clause and the BE form of the verb:
While I was watching TV, I fell asleep.
While watching TV, I fell asleep.
2. If there is no " BE " , omit the subject and change the verb to " -ing " form :
After I signed the report, I gave it to the director.
After signing the report, I gave it to the director.
Careful writers put modifiers as
3. Two actions happening at the same time:
Janet was sitting in an armchair and reading a book.
Janet was sitting in an armchair reading a book.

close as possible to the words they

modify. Study the following
examples to see when modifiers are
misplaced or dangling.

4. One action happens during another action :

David was watching TV while she fell asleep.
David fell asleep watching TV.

Misplaced Modifiers:

5. One action happens before another action :

After they found a hotel, they looked for a restaurant.
Having found a hotel, they looked for a restaurant.

_________________________________

6. The sentences answering " WHY " questions :

Since she felt sick, she went to bed early.
Feeling sick, she went to bed early.
7. Negative :
I didn't know his address, so I couldn't contact him.
Not knowing his address, I couldn't contact him.

A man fell over a rock running in a

race.

Squinting Modifiers:
She heard upon her arrival that Lee
had resigned.
_________________________________
Dangling Modifiers
While watching the game, another
goal was made.

8. Negative, (one action happens before another action):

I had not understood what he said, so I asked him to repeat the directions.
Not having understood what he said, I asked him to repeat the directions.

Reduced Clause Exercise: Rewrite the following sentences to make them shorter.
1. Athletes who use these techniques show a marked improvement in performance.
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. Cyclist who was found guilty of cheating was banned for life.
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. Competitors who are selected when they are young stand a greater chance of being successful.
_____________________________________________________________________________
4. The stadium which is being built for the event is already an architectural talking point.
_____________________________________________________________________________
5. After they had found a hotel, they immediately checked-in.
_____________________________________________________________________________

Correct the following sentences to remove misplaced and dangling modifiers.

6. Having been raised in a luxurious life, the army life almost killed him.
_____________________________________________________________________________
7. Thinking of how their lives would be together, the vicar announced them husband and wife.
______________________________________________________________________________
8. We saw the seagulls sitting at the sidewalk caf.
______________________________________________________________________________
9. Whirling round and round, we saw our clothes in the drier.
______________________________________________________________________________
10. Looking through the binoculars, the distant eagle seemed to be preparing to swoop on its prey.
______________________________________________________________________________

Reduced Clause Exercise: Write about the most unforgettable experience you have had as a
child. Use at least 10 reduced clauses.

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THE FOUR STRUCTURES OF SENTENCES

1. Simple Sentence
It consists of one independent clause.
1. Hannah sang in front of the strangers without inhibitions.
2. Either John or Isaac will render the invocation for tomorrows church service.
3. Frightened by her laid up body, she immediately consulted the doctor.
Provide your own example: ____________________________________________________
2. Compound Sentence
It consists of two or more independent clauses joined by a comma and a coordinating
conjunction or by a semicolon. (and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet)

Our Heavenly Father wants husbands and wives to be faithful to each other and to esteem
and treat their children as a heritage from the Lord, so family should study the scriptures
and pray together.

Spring has arrived in Korea: flowers bloom everywhere.

Provide your own example: ____________________________________________________

3. Complex Sentence
It consists of one independent clause and one or more subordinate clause.

Eternal life is a conditional gift which has been established by the Lord, who told us that if
we keep his commandments and endure to the end, we shall have eternal life, which gift is
the greatest of all the gifts of God.

When he realized that he was being taught by an Apostle of the Lord, he was deeply
moved.

Although the internet connection was very unbearable, they were able to conclude their
conversation well.

Provide your own example: _____________________________________________________

4. Compound-Complex Sentence
It consists of two or more independent and one or more subordinate clauses.

A husband is to love his wife, a wife is to love her husband, and parents and children are to
love one another in a home which is Gods laboratory of love and service.

Women should find some time for themselves to cultivate their gifts and interests, so they
should pick one or two things that they would like to learn or do that will enrich their lives.

Provide your own example: ____________________________________________________

Sentence Structure Exercise: Expand each sentence using prepositional phrase(s) and the
structure required in each number.
1. (compound) The man denied the story.
______________________________________________________________________________
2. (complex) Many people keep diaries.
______________________________________________________________________________
3. (compound-complex) Sailing is fun.
______________________________________________________________________________
4. (complex) She is a generous woman.
______________________________________________________________________________
5. (compound-complex) Good life is inspired by love.
______________________________________________________________________________
6. (complex) I could not believe my eyes.
______________________________________________________________________________
7. (complex) Democracy is based on the will of people.
______________________________________________________________________________
8. (compound-complex) Jason has a nickname.
______________________________________________________________________________
Sentence Structure Exercise: Rewrite each paragraph below to eliminate the choppy effect
of too many simple sentences. First, read the sentences aloud to determine the
relationship between them. Then reduce the number of simple sentences by combining
some into compound, complex, and compound-complex sentences.
On Monday nothing seemed right. On Friday Archie was pleased with his life. He had called
his mother. His mother had been feeling sick. On the phone she sounded chipper. Archie felt
relieved. He decided to go camping in the mountains. His friend had a cabin there. He would
fish all weekend. He would be alone. He liked being alone. The weekend would cost little. He
would only have to buy groceries for himself. He had enough money. He had just gotten a
paycheck. He would wear old clothes. He would lounge by the river. He would sleep late.
There would be no alarm clock. Nobody would bother him. Archie thought, Everything turns
out for the best.
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Most college students juggle the hours in their day. They play sports and go to parties. Many
also have jobs. They try to include serving on committees. They perform volunteer work. They
go to lectures. The many options do evoke a great deal of anxiety. The choices are unlimited.
Students feel pressured to get good grades. They feel pressured to experience life fully. They
have to decide how much time they can spare outside of class and work for general
enrichment. That decision is not always easy to make.
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Sentence Structure Exercise: Make a list of 10-15 things that happened to you today- big or
small. Choose the most boring one as your starting point. Now write a few paragraphs about
that things you did, making it sound overly dramatic. Make sure to use all the sentence
structures.
(Ex. Swallowed up by the thoughts of a busy weekend that had gone by, I turned on the old
laptop which made a whooshing sound loud enough to deafen the silence of the office in an
early Monday morning.)
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DIFFERENT WAYS TO BEGIN SENTENCES

Subject/Verb

Sightseers visited the Great Pyramid.

___________________________________________________________________________

Adjectives

Worn-out and exhausted, Jason finished the last page of

his homework.

___________________________________________________________________________

Prepositional Phrase

In the midst of a crowded room, John plunged himself

into his studies.

___________________________________________________________________________

Participial Phrase

Gripping her pen tightly, she summoned all her

strength to control herself from slapping the man who
humiliated her.

___________________________________________________________________________

Infinitive Phrase

To finish his school project, Isaac hired a tutor.

___________________________________________________________________________

Subject with Apposite Phrase No Mu-Hyeon, a self-made man, was the 16th president
of Korea.
___________________________________________________________________________

Adverb Clause

Before the tide was at its ebb, we returned the rowboats

to the boathose.

___________________________________________________________________________

One-word Transition

Eventually, Isaac found the woman he had long been

waiting for.

___________________________________________________________________________

Transitional Phrase

As a result, Christy had perfected her dance steps and

made it to the finals.

___________________________________________________________________________

Inverted Order

Within the cloud of galactic dust appeared three huge

asteroids.

Different Sentence Openers Exercise: Using different sentence openers, rewrite the beginning
of each sentence below.
1. They felt that they could not leave the place until they had fulfilled their obligations.
______________________________________________________________________________
2. A faint glimmer appeared through the window.
______________________________________________________________________________
3. The dog, lonely and sad, watched me through the window.
______________________________________________________________________________
4. He sprained his ankle, dashing for a bus.
______________________________________________________________________________
5. Antique jewelry and furniture are smart investments because they appreciate in value rather
than depreciate.
______________________________________________________________________________

Sentence Openers Exercise: Write about Koreans pop-culture on blood type. Use the different
types of sentence openers.
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