Professional Documents
Culture Documents
concrete mixture
Amjad Hamd Khalil Albayati 1
()
)(
%)
0.2, 0.1
, 0.2
, 5.1,
5.2 (
()
.
()
%0-.
0
)
(
)
(
)
(
%5.1
%0.2
. )
(
%
0.2
%
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. ) (
.
)
(
I.
perform over the design life, the mixture must also withstand
the effect of air and water resist permanent deformation ,and
resist cracking caused by axle heavy load and environment .
The need to produce high performance asphalt pavements
increases the importance of lime as filler. Hydrated lime (Ca
(OH) 2 ) is a dry powder mainly co mposed of calciu m
hydroxide Ca(OH)2. It is obtained by hydrating quicklime
(essentially calciu m o xide CaO) using specific equip ment
called hydrators. Quicklime is manufactured by burning
limestone of very high purity (made of calciu m carbonate
CaCO3) at temperatures around 900C in dedicated kilns
(Boynton1980). Various experimental studies have been
conducted which reveals the improved performance and
extended pavement life of flexib le pavements when lime was
added as filler( Fayadh 1987, Al Suhai bani et. al 1992, Baig
1995, Mohammed et.al 2000, McCann&Sebbly 2003,
Little&Peterson 2005, Arag o 2008) The mixes showed higher
mo isture resistance, increased tensile strength, lesser
permanent deformation and provided h igh modulus mixtures.
According to (Sebaaly 2006) Hydrated lime rate mu ltip le
benefits for pavements:
Hydrated lime reduces stripping.
It acts as a mineral filler, stiffening the asphalt binder
and HMA.
It improves resistance to fracture growth (i.e., it
improves fracture toughness) at low temperatures.
180C hot oven for 4 hours to dry out any moisture and mixed
with asphalt to produce final HMA specimen. the process were
not mariantion This is based on conclusions by(McCann
and Sebaaly 2003) They evaluated behavior o f d ifferent lime
application methods such as with and without a 48 h
marinating process of lime-aggregate mixtures and found no
statistical difference among treating methods. In fact, A 48
hour marination time was used to allow for any pozzolan ic
reaction that might occur between the aggregates and lime
figure 3 and 4 show the adding, mixing and heating. The wet
method gave a good vision co mprehensive that the aggregate
will be covered by hydrated lime ,and it will spread
throughout the mixture equally . that part of hydrated lime
which is not adhered to aggregate will remain through the
mixtu re and will improve the whole mixture and asphalt
properties (Sebaaly, 2006 )
M AT ERIALS
A. Asphalt
The asphalt in this study is produced in Dura refinray is
40/50 its widely used and accepetable in iraq. The physical
properties are shown in table 1
Penetration
Softening point
Specific gravity
Flash point
(ASTM-D5)
(ASTM-D36)
(ASTM-D70)
(ASTM-D92)
49 C0
45 mm
Ductility
(ASTM-D113)
290 C0
1.04
150cm
B. Aggregates
In this research Nib i crushed aggregate were used it tends to
brownish in color, for the Wearing and binder Courses the
gradation and physical properties were listed in table 2 , and
figure1 and 2 with maximu m size up to 12.5 mm and 19mm
respectively for each layer. One notice in this research should
be care that the gradation are below the restricted zone which
Another argument is that because mixes with gradations
violating the Restrict Zone are denser than others, the voids in
mineral aggregate (VMA) would be reduced and thus the mix
would not have sufficient effect ive binder content and air
voids. This scenario would result in mixes that are not
resistant to surface flushing and rutting under the high summer
temperatures (Arago 2007).
2.607 (gm/cm 3 )
Coarse
aggregate
Fine
aggregate
2.525 (gm/cm )
Apparent
Specific
gravity
Percent
water
absorption
2.637
gm/cm 3 )
2.557
(gm/cm 3 )
0.435
% wear
(Los Angles
Abrasion)
(ASTMC131)
10.89
1.40
-------
C. Mineral Filler
Calciu m carbonate CaCo 3 and hydrated lime (calciu m
hydroxide ) Ca(OH)2 , were used and collected from local
Vendor , hydrated lime were used a partial substitute of filler
with five percentage by weight of aggregate (1 , 1.5, 2 , 2.5 ,
3) % the properties of mineral filler is indicated in table 5 and
6
25
19
12.5
9.5
4.75
2.36
0.3
m
0.075m
0.075
m
(filler)
---100
100
95
95
80
83
69
59
50
37
35
13
13
7
6
7
6
Hydrated lime
Limestone
2.33
2.71
195
%100
%95
80
%100
%75
Hydrated lime
Chemical composition
limestone
% Ca(OH)2
% Mgo
% R2O3
% CaCo3
% Al2O3+ % Fe2O3
% SiO2
%Insoluble in acid
% loss of ignition
PH
92
0.3
0.6
2.3
0.5
0.9
1.0
24.2
12.2
% CaO
% SiO2
% Al2O3
% Fe2O3
% MgO
% SO3
% L. O. I.
56.1
01.38
0.72
0.12
0.13
0.21
40.65
E. speciman preparation
In order to determine the optimu m percent of bitumen in
asphaltic specimens a triplicate number of specimens for each
asphalt content by Marshall design method (ASTM D69262010a) were prepared for 22 mix of 20 treated with hydrated
lime by aggregate treatment . The Marshal test results showed
that 4.9% ,4.6% is the optimu m percent for asphalt to wearing
and binder control mixes respectively . the specimen prepared
for this study , have the diameter of 100mm and height of 63
mm fo r Marshal and tensile strength ratio (AS TM- D-486796. Specimen were co mpacted using marshal standard
compaction with 75 blows per each face , only for tensile
strength the blows will less in order to produce HMA with
targeted Air voids between 6-8% to accelerate the potential
damage of mo isture in specimen and simu late the actual filed .
Superpave Gyratory Co mpactor were used to fabricate HMA
specimens with 50 gyration of sample 101.1 mm diameter and
203.3 height to quantify the effect o f hydrated lime on rutting
potential under the repeated load .
M ixing
Compaction
F. Methodology
All
test
where
performed
at
Un iversity
of
Baghdad/Transportation lab. Marshall test device used to
evaluate the stability and flow p roperties if asphalt concrete
3
Figure 6 PRLS
(3)
were: p = permanent strain (microstrain), pd = permanent
axial deformation ,h= specimen height.Resilient strain is
the recoverable strain phase after a loading event.
Resilient strain is mainly affected by the density of mix,
moisture content, temperature, particle size and shape,
aggregate gradations, lateral confinement, loading
condition and bulk stress . Resilient strain can be
calculated using the following relation:
(4)
r = axial resilient strain ( microstrain),
= axial resilient
deformation,r = difference between high and low reading for
the LVDT where calculated for 50 to 100th
Resilient modulus is the most important variable to
mechanistic design approaches for pavement structures, The
resilient modules can be calculated as:
III.
ANYLSIS OF RESULTS
A.
Marshal properties
The result show that marshal properties will imp roved using
hydrated lime it can be observed that the improvement were
significant in dry method and less effect fro m wet method . in
this research all mixes design at optimu m that will gave high
stability and density to produce mixes at equal requirement .
the percent of optimu m asphalt content were increase due to
the increase in hydrated lime percentage show the need of the
(5)
Where M r= Resilient modulus (psi) , = repeated axial stress
(psi) , r= axial resilient strain (in/in).
Type of
adding
-----Dry
Dry
Dry
Dry
Dry
Wet
Wet
Wet
Wet
Wet
Control
1.0 re p
1.5 re p
2.0 re p
2.5 re p
3.0 re p
1.0 re p
1.5 re p
2.0 re p
2.5 re p
3.0 re p
Type of
adding
-----Dry
Dry
Dry
Dry
Dry
Wet
Wet
Wet
Wet
Wet
Flow
(0.25mm)Min.
2.25
2.75
2.5
2.5
2.25
1.75
3
3
2.75
2.5
2.25
and gave higher TSR than dry method . the general trend has
been specific and tend to reduce after a certain level which
indicate that mixture had acquired the maximu m value for
TSR and then started to decrease , but still the decrement
result are favor than control mix , so for wearing and binder
coarse mixes with 2.0% and 2.5% replacement for dry and
wet method indicated the higher TSR and the wet method
present the higher values and This indicates that HMA
pavements constructed with lime treated mixtures for both
method , would have better long-term resistance to fatigue
and thermal cracking than ordinary mixes.
Method of
adding
Dry (2h at
25C0)
PSi
Wet(24h at
60 C0 + 2h at
25 C0) PSi
TSR %
Gains
%
Control
1.0 rep
1.5 rep
2.0 rep
2.5 rep
3.0 rep
1.0 rep
1.5 rep
2.0 rep
2.5 rep
3.0 rep
-------Dry
Dry
Dry
Dry
Dry
Wet
Wet
Wet
Wet
Wet
142.5455
150.8818
165.2
176.2727
167.6818
142.4818
196.1463
214.76
229.1545
217.9863
185.2263
113.2727
121.8636
135.7364
157.9455
149.5455
122.7545
162.1727
180.031
205.1237
204.3637
160.82
79.46429
80.76761
82.16487
89.60289
89.18406
86.15453
82.67946
83.82891
89.51327
93.75069
86.8235
0
1.6%
3.3%
12.8%
12.2%
8.4 %
4%
5.4%
12.6%
17.9%
9.2%
TSR %
TSR %
Gains %
Gains
%
79.46429
72.5814 0 0
80.76761
77.6933 1.6%7%
82.16487
79.389 3.3%9.3%
89.60289
89.9014 12.8%
23.8%
89.18406
83.1366 12.2%
14.5%
86.15453
73.6954 8.4 %
1.5%
82.67946
82.4761 4%8.6%
83.82891
85.6794 5.4%
10.1%
89.51327
87.0851 12.6%
19.9%
93.75069
92.5843 17.9%
27.5%
86.8235
88.9334 9.2%
22.5%
T able 9 effect of hydrated lime on tensile strength for binder coarse
C. Permanent Deformation
Permanent deformat
Figure
ion,
19or
effect
rutting,
of moisture
has been
damageand continues to
be a problem in the performance of HMA pavements. Rutting
is defined as the accumu lation of s mall amounts of
unrecoverable strain resulting fro m applied loads to the
pavement. This deformat ion is caused by the consolidation, a
lateral movement of the HMA under traffic, or both. Shear
failure (lateral movement) of the HMA courses generally
occurs in the top 100 mm of the pavement surface (Brown
and Cross 1992) . In PRLS, Controlled stress test applied
10,000 (rectangular haversine wave ) repeated load pulses,
7
@40 C
@60 C
@20 C
@40 C
Figure 19 effect of 2.0% hydrated lime replacement on permanent
deformation at various temperatures.
T able 11Rutting parameter at 20C-wearing
Mixture
Definition
Slope (a)
Inte rce pt
(b)
Alpha ( )
Mu( )
Control
1.0 rep
1.5 rep
2.0 rep
2.5 rep
3.0 rep
1.0 rep
1.5 rep
2.0 rep
2.5 rep
3.0 rep
High rutting
Low rutting
High rutting
Low rutting
High rutting
Low rutting
Method of
adding
------Dry
Dry
Dry
Dry
Dry
Wet
Wet
Wet
Wet
Wet
slope
0.2761
0.2758
0.2682
0.2632
0.2628
0.2619
0.2722
0.2681
0.267
0.259
0.2566
intercept
Alpha
Mu
115.72
110.32
106.57
95.071
83.904
72.659
113.72
101.13
83.159
78.063
68.633
0.7239
0.7242
0.7318
0.7368
0.7372
0.7381
0.7278
0.7319
0.733
0.741
0.7434
0.286077
0.304215
0.304827
0.292902
0.264558
0.240333
0.345485
0.325304
0.284159
0.281254
0.222423
the recorded data were obtained and drawn on log -log scale
figures 21 and 22 show an examp le . regression coefficients
i.e. intercept coefficients a & slope coefficients b are
based on log-log scale between load repetition and permanent
strain as already explained . Relationships have been plotted
for 22 mixes under each hydrated lime rep lacement with
respect to range of temperatures . rutting parameter are given
in tables 11,12,13, and 14 . Two very use full coefficients i.e.
Alpha () & Mu () have been computed in this study fro m
straight line trends from straight line trends reported above .
by using the derivation of base log-log scale of power model
as explained earlier.
= ab/r ..(7)
= 1-b...(8)
Mixture
Control
1.0 rep
1.5 rep
2.0 rep
2.5 rep
3.0 rep
1.0 rep
1.5 rep
2.0 rep
2.5 rep
3.0 rep
Method of
adding
------Dry
Dry
Dry
Dry
Dry
Wet
Wet
Wet
Wet
Wet
slope
0.454
0.446
0.4435
0.4414
0.4397
0.4519
0.4439
0.4435
0.4405
0.4572
0.4654
intercept
Alpha
Mu
337.71
314.5
273.95
235.65
201.08
220.14
271.98
257.73
223.57
256.47
262.93
0.546
0.554
0.5565
0.5586
0.5603
0.5481
0.5561
0.5565
0.5595
0.5428
0.5346
0.88017
0.885757
0.782885
0.729821
0.656849
0.675488
0.831571
0.791329
0.755405
0.959383
1.032476
Mu
1.244801
1.197108
1.177549
1.054867
1.096916
1.114436
1.181228
1.060027
0.928158
1.059933
1.195747
Method of
slope
intercept
Alpha
adding
------0.2771
119.14
0.7229
Dry
0.2745
117.49
0.7255
Dry
0.2729
105.09
0.7271
Dry
0.2716
87.88
0.7284
Dry
0.2671
83.578
0.7329
Dry
0.2658
76.711
0.7342
Wet
0.2769
114.66
0.7231
Wet
0.2756
112.15
0.7244
Wet
0.2731
92.006
0.7269
Wet
0.2728
77.601
0.7272
Wet
0.2693
69.352
0.7307
T able 15 Rutting parameter at 40C-Binder
Method
of adding
------Dry
Dry
Dry
Dry
Dry
Wet
Wet
Wet
Wet
Wet
slope
0.4634
0.4552
0.4527
0.432
0.4441
0.4483
0.4454
0.4429
0.4408
0.4441
0.4516
intercept
Alpha
349.28
315.77
302.44
280.78
288.83
308.76
304.04
282.89
24023
258.82
266.87
0.5366
0.5448
0.5473
0.568
0.5559
0.5517
0.5546
0.5571
0.5592
0.5559
0.5484
Mu
0.249121
0.266863
0.250251
0.224607
0.214274
0.203866
0.282172
0.290858
0.253873
0.2419
0.194854
Mu
0.732266
0.67631
0.649398
0.609743
0.698525
0.707904
0.685831
0.662433
62.13194
0.621368
0.616859
Method of
adding
------Dry
Dry
Dry
Dry
Dry
Wet
Wet
Wet
Wet
Wet
slope
0.5799
0.5732
0.5672
0.5661
0.5681
0.5693
0.5489
0.5323
0.5399
0.541
0.5437
intercept
Alpha
Mu
585.64
549.86
503.58
433.69
457.49
470.66
510.16
479.74
482.99
516.45
542.68
0.4201
0.4268
0.4328
0.4339
0.4319
0.4307
0.4511
0.4677
0.4601
0.459
0.4563
1.19774
1.163557
1.079379
1.061506
1.057054
1.11821
1.014277
0.996392
1.060577
1.197238
1.200035
D. Resilient modulas
The resilient modulus (Mr) is an engineering property that describes the
stress-strain relationship of the HMA mix. A reduction in the Mr property
under Different dozes of hydrated lime replacement leads to an increase in the
strains experienced by the HMA mixture due to traffic induced stresses. As
the HMA pavement is subjected to higher strains, its tendency to experience
rutting and fatigue cracking would increase. The data show that mixtures
treated with hydrated lime performed significantly better than the control.
Tables 17 and 18 show the contribution of hydrated lime with Gains% rate
and method of adding on Mr in Psi .As showing in table below hydrated lime
show gains in Mr property neglecting the effect at 20C. increase the Mr with
increasing hydrated lime content for dry and wet replacement at higher
temperature , hydrated lime behave as active filler and reduced the tensile
strains within the mix help to reduce the damage effect induced form heavy
vehicles traffic . Also a care should be interesting about Mr value that higher
value could exhibits low temperature cracking and this approved by Lesueur
and Little 1999), , states that it is important for mixtures to be stiff at high
pavement temperatures it is critical that the bitumen is able to relax at low
temperatures to avoid thermal cracking. At low temperatures hydrated limes
chemical activity is reduced. In that state it contributes to improved pavement
toughness, while the and an increased capacity for the mastic to relax during
times when thermal cracking is an issue.
From all the result tables above in can be inferred that hydrated lime
improve the permanent deformation parameter . it can be noted that at
lower temperature HL did not extend a significant effect on treated
mixture ,this due to that fact that hydrated lime behave as inert
filler and work less active chemically. at low temperature the
effects of HL are diminished ,acts a inert filler and did not exhibits
a significant decrease in (a) value as the temperature is lowered. In
fact, at very low temperatures, the stiffness increase due to the
addition of HL is similar to that of any other filler with a similar
particle size distribution. Although stiffness is increased ( Little and
Peterson 2005) ,this effect was apparent at both replacement
T able 18 effect of HL on Resilient modulus at range of temperatures in Psi-Wearing
producer . At moderate and higher temperatures 40 and 60 hydrated
lime show better performance , mixture that exhibit lower intercept
value with flatter slope trend represent a higher rutting resistance at
Mixture
20C0
Gains
40C0
Gains
60C0
Gains
all . as well as for wearing mixture replaced with 2.5% and 2%
%
%
%
179076
0
114814
0
79987
0
show the lower intercept value with 201.08 and 461.85 at 40 and 60
Control
--199968
11.6
126295
9.9
88059
10
1.0 rep
Dry
respectively, intercept parameter represents the permanent
213299
19.1
128873
12.2
93008
16.2
1.5 rep
Dry
deformation in e first cycle of loading. Hence, it might be argued
234109
30.7
140328
22.2
97943
22.4
2.0 rep
Dry
for this study due to same materials used with convergent HL
239962
34
157352
37
94566
18.2
2.5 rep
Dry
replacement, the difference in accumulated permanent deformation
252591
41
150730
31.2
88546
10.7
3.0 rep
Dry
occurs in the first few cycles and the rate of accumulation of the
24.6
137754
19.9
85700
7.1
1.0 rep
Wet 223220
permanent deformation is significantly different and could be used
34
159119
38.5
90126
12.6
1.5 rep
Wet 239962
as an indicator of the resistance to rutting. While using wet method
42.9
182591
59
117772 32.08
2.0 rep
Wet 255959
55.3
163636
42
95034
18.8
mixes replaced with 2 replacement indicated the improvement by
2.5 rep
Wet 278217
3.0 rep
Wet
299952
67.5
150258
30.8
89705
12.1
20C0
--Dry
Dry
Dry
Dry
Dry
We t
We t
We t
We t
We t
150919
165491
174518
188205
191969
199968
177749
188205
202073
213299
222187
Gains
%
0
9.6
15.6
24.7
27.2
32.5
17.7
24.7
33.8
41.3
47.2
40C0
90483
100465
103005
107279
108915
102285
101289
108124
111877
109350
105750
IV.
Gains
%
0
11
13.8
18.5
20.3
13.04
11.9
19.4
23.6
20.8
16.8
60C0
70535
74988
78036
82038
80659
79326
74406
78676
82461
81550
78676
Gains
%
0
6.3
10.6
16.3
14.3
12.4
5.4
11.5
16.9
15.6
11.5
VI.
CONCULSION
V.
REFERENCESES
10