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Laboratory investigation in the Hydrated Lime effect on asphalt

concrete mixture
Amjad Hamd Khalil Albayati 1

Ahmad mahir Mohammed Al-ani2

Assist prof. ,civil engineering.


university of Baghdad
07901873127
Sirtransportation@yahoo.com

M.Sc student. transportation engineering


University of Baghdad
07902291942
Ahmadgigs86@yahoo.com

ABS TRACT: This investigation was undertaken to evaluate the


effectiveness of using Hydrated lime as a (partial substitute ) by
weight of filler (lime stone powder) with five consecutive
percentage namely (1.0 , 1.5 , 2.0 , 2.5 , 3.0) % by means of
aggregate treatment , by introducing dry lime on dry an d 23%S aturated surface aggregate on both wearing and binder
coarse. Marshall design method , indirect tensile test and
permanent deformation under repeated loading of Pneumatic
repeated load system at full range of temperature (20 , 40 , 60) C0
were examined The study revealed that the use of 2.0% and 1.5
%
of dry and wet replacement extend the pavement
characteristics by improving the Marshall properties and
increasing the TS R% . finally increase permanent deformation
distress form by exhibiting mixture with lower slope value and
flatter curve trend of intercepts plus the improvement in resilient
modulus properties . the test result indicated that despite the less
effect of wet method in Marshall properties , it seems to most
effective in reduce the premature of combined moisture damage
and permanent deformation that were considered the major
distress form currently, better than dry method of replacement
Keywords-component; HMA; Marshal ,Indirect tensile,
permanent deformation, Hydrated Lime ,Asphalt,mineral filler

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I.

INT RODUCT ION

. Highway pavement design in Iraq has been adopting the


Marshall Method of mix design. Unfortunately, this design
method does not account for local environ ment and materials
characteristic that contributed to pavement failure on Baghdad
and other Provinces roads. Furthermore, studies had shown
that climate, traffic condition, type and use of the mix,
characteristics of the asphalt binder and the aggregate are
factors that can accelerate premature pavement failures. The
hot climate of Iraq has extreme of temperature ,which
combined with increasing of axle loads and lack of good
quality of aggregate used in pavement, result in severe asphalt
pavement failure that led to adequately pavement layer to

perform over the design life, the mixture must also withstand
the effect of air and water resist permanent deformation ,and
resist cracking caused by axle heavy load and environment .
The need to produce high performance asphalt pavements
increases the importance of lime as filler. Hydrated lime (Ca
(OH) 2 ) is a dry powder mainly co mposed of calciu m
hydroxide Ca(OH)2. It is obtained by hydrating quicklime
(essentially calciu m o xide CaO) using specific equip ment
called hydrators. Quicklime is manufactured by burning
limestone of very high purity (made of calciu m carbonate
CaCO3) at temperatures around 900C in dedicated kilns
(Boynton1980). Various experimental studies have been
conducted which reveals the improved performance and
extended pavement life of flexib le pavements when lime was
added as filler( Fayadh 1987, Al Suhai bani et. al 1992, Baig
1995, Mohammed et.al 2000, McCann&Sebbly 2003,
Little&Peterson 2005, Arag o 2008) The mixes showed higher
mo isture resistance, increased tensile strength, lesser
permanent deformation and provided h igh modulus mixtures.
According to (Sebaaly 2006) Hydrated lime rate mu ltip le
benefits for pavements:
Hydrated lime reduces stripping.
It acts as a mineral filler, stiffening the asphalt binder
and HMA.
It improves resistance to fracture growth (i.e., it
improves fracture toughness) at low temperatures.

It favorably alters o xidation kinetics and interacts with


products of oxidation to reduce their deleterious effects.

It alters the plastic properties of clay fines to improve


moisture stability and
durability. And this improvement has led to increase in
life and decrease in life cycle cost.
The reasons why hydrated lime is so effective in asphalt
mixtu res lie in the strong interactions between the major
components, i.e. aggregate and bitu men, and the co mbination
of 4 effects, two on the aggregate and two on the bitu men.
Hydrated lime mod ifies the surface properties of aggregate,
allo wing for the development of a surface co mposition
(calcium i ons) and roughness (precipitates) more favorable to
bitumen adhesion. Then, hydrated lime can treat the existing
clayey particles adhering to the aggregate surface, inh ibiting
their detrimental effect on the mixtu re. Also, hydrated lime
reacts chemically with the acids of the b itumen, which in turns
slows down the age hardening kinetics and neutralizes the

effect of the bad adhesion promoters originally present


inside the bitumen, enhancing the moisture resistance of the
mixtu re(European Li me Association 2010) . the application
of introducing hydrated lime have the great interest due to the
cost and field handling , it wider between aggregate and
asphalt treat ment , generally asphalt treat ment is much
economic and reflect a good result while adding dry lime to
dry aggregate or damp over 3% saturated and lime slurry is till
now hard to identify the best method .In this research an
attempt has been made to test the effect of Hydrated lime on
two pavement layer (wearing and Binder ) by introducing
hydrated lime with various dozes 1%, 1.5% , 2%, 2.5%, 3% as
a partial substitute of crushed lime stone powder . the
evaluation of impact methods using aggregate treatment on
local pavement is the main objective of this study.
II.

180C hot oven for 4 hours to dry out any moisture and mixed
with asphalt to produce final HMA specimen. the process were
not mariantion This is based on conclusions by(McCann
and Sebaaly 2003) They evaluated behavior o f d ifferent lime
application methods such as with and without a 48 h
marinating process of lime-aggregate mixtures and found no
statistical difference among treating methods. In fact, A 48
hour marination time was used to allow for any pozzolan ic
reaction that might occur between the aggregates and lime
figure 3 and 4 show the adding, mixing and heating. The wet
method gave a good vision co mprehensive that the aggregate
will be covered by hydrated lime ,and it will spread
throughout the mixture equally . that part of hydrated lime
which is not adhered to aggregate will remain through the
mixtu re and will improve the whole mixture and asphalt
properties (Sebaaly, 2006 )

M AT ERIALS

T ABLE 1 Physical properties of Asphalt 40/50

A. Asphalt
The asphalt in this study is produced in Dura refinray is
40/50 its widely used and accepetable in iraq. The physical
properties are shown in table 1

Penetration

Softening point

Specific gravity

Flash point

(ASTM-D5)

(ASTM-D36)

(ASTM-D70)

(ASTM-D92)

49 C0

45 mm

Ductility
(ASTM-D113)

290 C0

1.04

150cm

T ABLE 2 Physical properties of Nibi aggregate


Bulk Specific
gravity
(ASTMC127
and C128)

B. Aggregates
In this research Nib i crushed aggregate were used it tends to
brownish in color, for the Wearing and binder Courses the
gradation and physical properties were listed in table 2 , and
figure1 and 2 with maximu m size up to 12.5 mm and 19mm
respectively for each layer. One notice in this research should
be care that the gradation are below the restricted zone which
Another argument is that because mixes with gradations
violating the Restrict Zone are denser than others, the voids in
mineral aggregate (VMA) would be reduced and thus the mix
would not have sufficient effect ive binder content and air
voids. This scenario would result in mixes that are not
resistant to surface flushing and rutting under the high summer
temperatures (Arago 2007).

2.607 (gm/cm 3 )

Coarse
aggregate
Fine
aggregate

2.525 (gm/cm )

Apparent
Specific
gravity

Percent
water
absorption

2.637
gm/cm 3 )
2.557
(gm/cm 3 )

0.435

% wear
(Los Angles
Abrasion)
(ASTMC131)
10.89

1.40

-------

T ABLE 3 aggregate gradation


Sieving
size
(mm)
Wearing
Binder

C. Mineral Filler
Calciu m carbonate CaCo 3 and hydrated lime (calciu m
hydroxide ) Ca(OH)2 , were used and collected from local
Vendor , hydrated lime were used a partial substitute of filler
with five percentage by weight of aggregate (1 , 1.5, 2 , 2.5 ,
3) % the properties of mineral filler is indicated in table 5 and
6

25

19

12.5

9.5

4.75

2.36

0.3
m

0.075m

0.075
m
(filler)

---100

100
95

95
80

83
69

59
50

37
35

13
13

7
6

7
6

Figure 1 wearing coarse gradation

D. Application of Itroducing Hydrated lime Into Mixture


As one of the objective is to evaluate the impact of different
method of adding lime to mixture behavior , two method were
used dry lime add directly to dry aggregate prior to asphalt
mixing Dry method follow the normal procedure for preparing
the general mix with notice the different amount of HL and
filler in each mix was prepared, wh ile for wet method it
involves spreading lime powder onto the aggregate that has
been wet to appro ximately 2 to 3% over its saturated surface
dry (SSD) condition after mixing , the specimen p laced in

Figure 2 Binder coarse gradation


T ABLE 4 physical properties for Mineral Filler
Material property
Specific gravity(gm/cm3)

Specific surface (m2/Kg)


-100 Mesh (150 m)
-200 Mesh (75 m)

Hydrated lime

Limestone

2.33

2.71

195
%100
%95

80
%100
%75

TABLE 5 Chemical composition and physical properties of mineral filler tests


are made by the National Center for Geological Survey and Mines
Chemical composition

Hydrated lime

Chemical composition

limestone

% Ca(OH)2
% Mgo
% R2O3
% CaCo3
% Al2O3+ % Fe2O3
% SiO2
%Insoluble in acid
% loss of ignition
PH

92
0.3
0.6
2.3
0.5
0.9
1.0
24.2
12.2

% CaO
% SiO2
% Al2O3
% Fe2O3
% MgO
% SO3
% L. O. I.

56.1
01.38
0.72
0.12
0.13
0.21
40.65

and indirect tensile test with loading strips. The Pneumat ic


Repeated Load System(PRLS) Was manufactured under the
auspices of the Civil Engineering Depart ment o f University of
Baghdad (Albayati 2006). Used haversine repeated loading to
achieve the rutting behavior of cylindrical specimens. For
marshal mix design (AS TM- D6927-2010b) , 20 of 22 treated
mixes of hydrated lime where tested in marshal device ,
triplicate number for each asphalt content increment , which
selected to increase by 3% to closeness the result and less the
difference between optimu m asphalt content. the Ms-2
manual reco mmend the use a range of 27020 centistokes for
mixing and 28030 centistokes for co mpaction temperatures
when performing a marshal mixture design , then asphalt
institutes superpave mix design SP-2 used the same range for
mixing and compaction , expected that the units have been
converted to metric (Pascal-second). For this reason the
viscosity for mixing and co mpaction temperature adopted in
this study by RV in range of 0.170.02 pa-s mixing and
0.280.03 pa-s compaction . two point of temperature (135
and 165 C0 ) were established and plotting in the figure 5
plotted in accordance of ASTM D-2493-01. The mixing
temperature was 155Co and co mpaction 140 Co .For
wearing (4.3 to 5.5%) and Binder (4 to 5.2 %) asphalt range
content was selected . The optimu m selected according to peak
value of density ,stability, and targeted air voids of 40.5 The
compacted specimen placed in water bath for 30 min and then
placed in breaking head with marshal device and stability and
flow were recorded for each specimen. the numerical average
of trip licate specimen were plotted against asphalt content for
each hydrated lime percentage , for each application o f adding
and layer.

E. speciman preparation
In order to determine the optimu m percent of bitumen in
asphaltic specimens a triplicate number of specimens for each
asphalt content by Marshall design method (ASTM D69262010a) were prepared for 22 mix of 20 treated with hydrated
lime by aggregate treatment . The Marshal test results showed
that 4.9% ,4.6% is the optimu m percent for asphalt to wearing
and binder control mixes respectively . the specimen prepared
for this study , have the diameter of 100mm and height of 63
mm fo r Marshal and tensile strength ratio (AS TM- D-486796. Specimen were co mpacted using marshal standard
compaction with 75 blows per each face , only for tensile
strength the blows will less in order to produce HMA with
targeted Air voids between 6-8% to accelerate the potential
damage of mo isture in specimen and simu late the actual filed .
Superpave Gyratory Co mpactor were used to fabricate HMA
specimens with 50 gyration of sample 101.1 mm diameter and
203.3 height to quantify the effect o f hydrated lime on rutting
potential under the repeated load .

M ixing
Compaction

Figure 3adding water to dry aggregate then mixing for 2min

Figure 5 mixing and compaction temperature

indirect tensile used to study the effect of mo isture on


compacted specimens by means of static load (50.8mm/ min )
using marshal device. compacted with 35 blow for wearing
and 45 for binder to ach ieve targeted air voids of 6-8 % . a set
of six specimen were used for each variable of lime
replacement. Two sets of triplicate specimens were immersed
in water bath (Dry for 25C0 at 2h) and (wet for 60 C0 at 24h +
25C0 at 2h). Then samples is subjected to compressive loads
between two loading strips, wh ich create tensile stress, along
the vertical d iametric p lane causing a splitting failure, Loading
strips consisting of 13 x 13 mm square steel bars .
The tensile strength ratio was calculated as:
S t = 2 P/ tD (psi)
(1)

Figure 4 adding and mixing dry lime to 3% SSD aggregate

F. Methodology
All
test
where
performed
at
Un iversity
of
Baghdad/Transportation lab. Marshall test device used to
evaluate the stability and flow p roperties if asphalt concrete
3

St = tensile strength, psi ,P = maximu m load, lb,t = specimen


height immediately before tensile test, (in.) , D = specimen
diameter, in .
the tensile strength ratio Calculate as follows:
%TSR =(Stm/Std)*100
(2)
TSR = tensile strength ratio, % S tm = average tensile strength
of the moisture conditioned subset, Psi, and , S td = average
tensile strength of the dry subset, Psi.
The PRLS was used to characterize the rutting behavior o f the
various mixtures treated with HL to Permanent Deformation,
cylindrical specimens dimension 4 inch diameter 8 inch
height . A mixture t reated with HL using both dry and wet
method on (Wearing and Binder course) were established. 3
samples per each HL replacement. To co mplete the full
season of climates variation in Iraq. The temperature were
selected 20C0 , 40C0 , 60C0 based on one devatrioc stress of
20Psi and A repeated Compressive loading for 10,000
repetitions with a loading cycle of 60 cycles per minute in
duration and consisting of 0.1 second rectangular wave load
followed by 0.9 second rest period was applied to determine
the permanent deformation characteristics of paving materials
to accomplish the effect of hydrated lime in different
temperature. Du ring the test the permanent axial defo rmation
determined Using Linear Variab le Differential Transducer
LVDT
,(Pd)
were
recorded
(1,2,10,100,500,1000,2000,3000,4000,5000,6000,7000,8000,9
000,10000) or until the specimen fail. The permanent strain
( p ) is calculated according to the following equation:

Figure 6 PRLS

Throughout this study emphasis is placed on methods and


parameters that are used to evaluate mixtu res for their
resistance to permanent deformation. The traditionally used
parameters such as the slope and intercept of the power model
are evaluated for their sensitivities to changes in volu metric
composition. This evaluation is based on the premises that any
measure of resistance to permanent deformation should be
sensitive to changes in volu metric co mposition to be good
Enough. This power model is often fitted to the accumulated
permanent deformation curve. It is p robably the most
commonly used permanent deformat ion equation. The power
model plots as straight line on log-log scale. It has also been
thought that the slope and intercept of this model when plotted
on log-log scale may be used as indicators of rutting
resistance. The basic permanent strain to load repetition model
expressed as :
(6)
Where a & b are intercept and slope coefficients and N is the
load repetition. It has also been thought that the slope and
intercept of this model when plotted on log scale may be used
as indicators of rutting resistance. With employing a & b are
intercept and slope coefficients A typical value for the
exponent b varies between 0.1 and 0.2; while a is highly
dependent upon the magnitude of the repeated stress state. It
was further noted that limiting the stress ratio (repeated
deviator stress/maximu m deviator stress) is a good approach to
minimize the permanent deformation, and that the stress ratios
(repeated stress/maximu m strength) less than approximately
60 to 70 percent will generally help to limit the accu mulation
of permanent deformation. Permanent deformation is also
somewhat dependent on the previous stress history to which
the material has been subjected(Hafeez,2009). The in itial
application of large stress repetitions is much more damagin g
than the initial application of low stresses (Hassan,1998).

(3)
were: p = permanent strain (microstrain), pd = permanent
axial deformation ,h= specimen height.Resilient strain is
the recoverable strain phase after a loading event.
Resilient strain is mainly affected by the density of mix,
moisture content, temperature, particle size and shape,
aggregate gradations, lateral confinement, loading
condition and bulk stress . Resilient strain can be
calculated using the following relation:
(4)
r = axial resilient strain ( microstrain),
= axial resilient
deformation,r = difference between high and low reading for
the LVDT where calculated for 50 to 100th
Resilient modulus is the most important variable to
mechanistic design approaches for pavement structures, The
resilient modules can be calculated as:

III.

ANYLSIS OF RESULTS

A.
Marshal properties
The result show that marshal properties will imp roved using
hydrated lime it can be observed that the improvement were
significant in dry method and less effect fro m wet method . in
this research all mixes design at optimu m that will gave high
stability and density to produce mixes at equal requirement .
the percent of optimu m asphalt content were increase due to
the increase in hydrated lime percentage show the need of the

(5)
Where M r= Resilient modulus (psi) , = repeated axial stress
(psi) , r= axial resilient strain (in/in).

mix to asphalt for both layer such by dry or wet method ,


figure 7 show the Variation in optimu m asphalt content .the
same behavior was for binder coarse but The increase is much
more at higher percentage , this is normally to the redu ction
happened in limestone content and with 3% replacement gave
equal amount of filler by weight of aggregate and this
increase in the optimu m asphalt content. In view of fact the
increase of optimu m was attributed to the higher specific area
of 190 m2 /Kg of hydrated lime as indicated by(Al
Suhai bani,1992).When we see the indiv idual effect of
different types of hydrated lime in the optimu m asphalt
content, mixtures 3% hydrated lime rep lacement with dry
method possess higher asphalt content than the control mixes
or lo wer rep lacement percentage . in fact the mixes using 3 %
replacement have higher asphalt cement Absorption . This is
evidenced by the calculation made to obtain effect ive asphalt
content, as shown in Figure 8,and where almost in all cases
lower effect ive asphalt content was obtained. The effect of
both dry and wet of substituting hydrated lime on the unit
weight of co mpacted mixes is shown in Figures 9,10,11,12.
Mixes made with hydrated lime showed a trend of decrease in
unit weight as filler content decrease for both dry and wet
especially in wet method. This may be exp lained by the fact
that the specific gravity for HL 2.331g m/cm3 is less than for
filler (limestone ) 2.71 g m./cm3 and swelling for hydrated
lime up by the effect of mixing heating as ind icated by other
researcher (Fayadh1987,Baig 1995) . although there is
significant variation between wet and dry treat ment method ,
this well apparent at wet due to the reduction happened in
mineral filler as a loss of weight HL and filler when using
water in treat ment . mixes with 3 % rep lacement for wearing
and binder coarse show the lower density in compare with
control mix . the effect of density will reflect on the
percentage of air voids and increasing to max limit 5% , this
increase could result in potential for moisture damage and loss
of adhesion (stripping) ,the increase in in asphalt absorption
will increase air voids as shown in figure 13,14 ,15 and 16
Mixes with 2%, 2.5% , 3% possess higher increase in air voids
for wearing and this increase passing the allowab le limit for
marshal criteria especially with 3.0 % dry and 2.5 % , 3 %
wet. While the increment where very significant in wet
method for binder coarse with wet method and this is probably
due to the fact that hydrated lime had better coverage on
aggregate particles and this gave higher absorption leading to
stiffens the mix and increase the percentage of air voids. The
effect of hydrated lime on marshal stability and flow were
indicated in table 6 and 7 below.

Figure 8 effect of dry HL on density-wearing

Figure 9 effect of wet HL on density- wearing

Figure 11effect of Dry HL on density-Binder

Figure 11 effect of Wet HL on density-Binder

Figure 12 effect of dry HL on Air voidswearing

Figure 13 effect of Wet HL on Air voidswearing


Figure 7 effect of hydrated lime on optimum asphalt content

increase then increasing in stiffens that generate the increase


in stability
. after a certain level of replacement ,mixes
become stiffer and require a greater co mpaction effort and was
shown as air voids percentage increase. similar research has
been done by (Al-Suhai bani 1992,Baig 1995 , Sengul et
al.2001). Addition of HL started to increase the flow
properties of marshal specimen and this was a result of
increasing air voids in the mix . mixes with 2.5, 3 % using dry
treatment violate the minimu m flow requirement and gave
lowest flo w for wearing and binder coarse, this a good
indication for asphalt stiffness and less rut susceptible but
could not be considered due to the volumetric changes in
HMA. While the flow p roperties increase drastically when
using wet method violating the minimu m requirement for
SCRB/ R9 by showing higher flo w for 2.0 , 2.5 3.0%
replacement on wearing coarse and it much border on binder
coarse .As can be seen fro m the result fo r marshal design
method mixes with 2% replacement show better results by
giving high stability and minimu m flo w and air voids for both
dry and wet respectively for dry and wet indicate the best
proportion of replacing hydrated lime for b inder coarse with
notice that best volumetric properties with dry aggregate
treatment method.

Figure 14 effect of Dry HL on Air voidsBinder

Figure 15 effect of Wet HL on Air voidsBinder


T able 6 marshal stability and flow for wearing coarse
Wearing

Type of
adding
-----Dry
Dry
Dry
Dry
Dry
Wet
Wet
Wet
Wet
Wet

Control
1.0 re p
1.5 re p
2.0 re p
2.5 re p
3.0 re p
1.0 re p
1.5 re p
2.0 re p
2.5 re p
3.0 re p

Marshal stability (KN)


at 60C0 for 24 h
11.6725
12.1285
12.4773
14.3775
13.7755
12.0183
12
11.844
12.2234
11.51
10.224

Min. Flow (mm)


2.5
2
2.5
2.1
1.9
1.75
2.25
2
2.75
2.25
2

B. Indirect tensile strength


Moisture-related damage is one of the most widespread and
most severe forms of pavement distress that leads to early
pavement failure. Mo isture damage may result in stripping,
raveling, fatigue damage, and/or permanent deformat ion. In
this research (ASTM-D D-4867-96) used to indicate the
mo isture susceptibility of asphalt concrete mixes treated with
hydrated lime . specimen 4inch diameter 2.5inch height
were co mpacted using Marshall co mpacter with targeted air
voids 70.5. according to Iraqi standard specification for roads
and Bridges /R9 2003 the minimu m TSR% is 70% . the treated
mixtu re are designed on their optimu m asphalt content to
provide mixture with sufficient asphalt cement due to high
absorption of hydrated lime.
The results of indirect tensile strength test of control mix with
lime treated mix in vary ing percentage are shown in table 8
and 9 for wearing and binder coarse respectively. It is
observed from the results that addition of hydrated lime can
increase the indirect tensile strength of conditioned specimens
(immersed in water at 60 C0 for 24 h p lus 25 C0 for 2h) o f lime
treated mixes to achieve the desired targeted of tensile strength
ratio (TSR). In co mparison to the TSR of Control mix , for
wearing coarse , using dry hydrated lime method to dry
aggregate there is an increase in TSR of lime treated mixture
by 1.6%, 3.3%, 12.8%, 12.2%, 8.4%, when 1%, 1.5%, 2%,
2.5% and 3%, hydrated lime is added to replace the lime stone
dust , wh ile the gains in TSR using the wet method for
adding hydrated lime seems to be very effective and
significant in improving the bonding between aggregate and
film thickness , it can be see that the TSR increase by 4%,
5.4%, 12.6%, 17.9%, 9.2% respectively fro m 1 to 3%
replacement. similar the same behavior are pres ented in binder
coarse , were mixes exh ibit higher TSR for both treatment dry
and wet . the improvement result fro m using hydrated lime as

T able 7 marshal stability and flow for Binder coarse


Binder
Control
1.0 re p
1.5 re p
2.0 re p
2.5 re p
3.0 re p
1.0 re p
1.5 re p
2.0 re p
2.5 re p
3.0 re p

Type of
adding
-----Dry
Dry
Dry
Dry
Dry
Wet
Wet
Wet
Wet
Wet

Marshal stability (KN)


at 60C0 for 24 h
10.57
10.32
10.79
11.5
11.83
11.06
11.26
11.21
12.42
11.4
10.63

Flow
(0.25mm)Min.
2.25
2.75
2.5
2.5
2.25
1.75
3
3
2.75
2.5
2.25

Using dry method HL rep lacement of 2 % possess higher


stability of 14.47KN for wearing and 2.5 % exh ibits 11.83 KN
for binder coarse show a Gains in stability by18.2% and
10.6% respectively , while for the wet method the effect were
insignificant in spite of increasing the stability fo r both layer
form table mixture with 2 % for wearing and binder
respectively were show gains by 4.5% and 14.8% respectively
. Hydrated lime mixes for marshal stability show a trend of
proportionate of increase up to maximu m value and then
started to decrease as the % of HL increase .this can be easily
explained by the fact that HL is finer than limestone dust as
compare to limestone ,hence it increase viscosity of the asphalt
cement , consequently, increase marshal stability as its content

anti-stripping agent to mitigate mo isture related damage can


be attributed to some concepts . As shown in Table 5, the
hydrated lime used composes of approximately 92% Ca(OH)2
and has a pH o f 12.2, which indicates a strong alkaline
compound that attributes to the chemical reaction between
asphalt binder and aggregate(Atud et.al 2007). In the wet
process, the hydrated lime reacts with the asphalt binder by
neutralizing its acidity, and releasing the opposite charge
which results in a stronger bond between asphalt binder and
acidic aggregate. In the dry process, the hydrated lime alters
the surface chemistry of acidic aggregate, causes a basic
coating, and develops a strong bond between aggregate and
acidic asphalt binder. Such bonding developed between
asphalt binder and aggregate results in the reduction of
moisture sensitivity in the asphalt mixtures.

and gave higher TSR than dry method . the general trend has
been specific and tend to reduce after a certain level which
indicate that mixture had acquired the maximu m value for
TSR and then started to decrease , but still the decrement
result are favor than control mix , so for wearing and binder
coarse mixes with 2.0% and 2.5% replacement for dry and
wet method indicated the higher TSR and the wet method
present the higher values and This indicates that HMA
pavements constructed with lime treated mixtures for both
method , would have better long-term resistance to fatigue
and thermal cracking than ordinary mixes.

T able 8 effect of hydrated lime on tensile strength for wearing coarse


Mixture

Method of
adding

Dry (2h at
25C0)
PSi

Wet(24h at
60 C0 + 2h at
25 C0) PSi

TSR %

Gains
%

Control
1.0 rep
1.5 rep
2.0 rep
2.5 rep
3.0 rep
1.0 rep
1.5 rep
2.0 rep
2.5 rep
3.0 rep

-------Dry
Dry
Dry
Dry
Dry
Wet
Wet
Wet
Wet
Wet

142.5455
150.8818
165.2
176.2727
167.6818
142.4818
196.1463
214.76
229.1545
217.9863
185.2263

113.2727
121.8636
135.7364
157.9455
149.5455
122.7545
162.1727
180.031
205.1237
204.3637
160.82

79.46429
80.76761
82.16487
89.60289
89.18406
86.15453
82.67946
83.82891
89.51327
93.75069
86.8235

0
1.6%
3.3%
12.8%
12.2%
8.4 %
4%
5.4%
12.6%
17.9%
9.2%

Figure 16 comparison effect of different HL replacement on T SR for


wearing coarse

T able 9 effect of hydrated lime on tensile strength for binder coarse


Mixture
Method of
Dry (2h at
Wet(24h at
0
Mixture
Method
of
Dry (2h25C
at 0) Wet(24h
adding
60 Cat
+ 2h
0
0
adding
25C ) PSi 60 C +at2h
25at
C0)
0
PSi
25 C ) PSi
PSi
Control
Control --------------- 142.5455
100.1 113.2727
72.654
1.0 rep
Dry Dry 150.8818
1.0 rep
111.85 121.8636
86.9
1.5 rep
Dry Dry
165.2
1.5 rep
132.89 135.7364
105.5
2.0 rep
Dry Dry 176.2727
2.0 rep
130.81 157.9455
117.6
2.5 rep
Dry Dry 167.6818
2.5 rep
118.6 149.5455
98.6
3.0 rep
Dry Dry 142.4818
122.7545
3.0 rep
93.9
69.2
1.0 rep
WetWet 196.1463
1.0 rep
109.85 162.1727
90.6
1.5 rep
WetWet 214.76
1.5 rep
122.9 180.031
105.3
2.0 rep
WetWet 229.1545
2.0 rep
138.6 205.1237
120.7
2.5 rep
WetWet 217.9863
2.5 rep
133.5 204.3637
123.6
3.0 rep
WetWet 185.2263
3.0 rep
124.7 160.82
110.9

TSR %
TSR %

Gains %
Gains
%

79.46429
72.5814 0 0
80.76761
77.6933 1.6%7%
82.16487
79.389 3.3%9.3%
89.60289
89.9014 12.8%
23.8%
89.18406
83.1366 12.2%
14.5%
86.15453
73.6954 8.4 %
1.5%
82.67946
82.4761 4%8.6%
83.82891
85.6794 5.4%
10.1%
89.51327
87.0851 12.6%
19.9%
93.75069
92.5843 17.9%
27.5%
86.8235
88.9334 9.2%
22.5%
T able 9 effect of hydrated lime on tensile strength for binder coarse

Figure 17 comparison effect of different HL replacement on T SR for


Binder coarse

Figure 18 comparison effect of different HL replacement on T SR for


Binder coarse

The data indicated in tables 8 and 9 show that the


unconditioned and conditioned TS are significantly imp roved
with the addition of lime in any amount for both methods The
tensile strength data generated fro m this study show that lime treated mixtures would exh ibit significantly higher
unconditioned and mo isture conditioned TS properties than
untreated mixes i.e.: the hydrated lime content had a dominant
effect. Lo w levels of hydrated lime reduced the stripping
rating drastically. Increasing the hydrated lime content beyond
a threshold value and did not seem to reduce the stripping
resistance any further. A conclusion can be made through the
comparison between dry and wet method effect on both
(wearing and binder). Figure 17 and 18 show the effect of
different method TSR. Wet method seems to be mo re effective

Figure 18 effect of moisture damage

C. Permanent Deformation
Permanent deformat
Figure
ion,
19or
effect
rutting,
of moisture
has been
damageand continues to
be a problem in the performance of HMA pavements. Rutting
is defined as the accumu lation of s mall amounts of
unrecoverable strain resulting fro m applied loads to the
pavement. This deformat ion is caused by the consolidation, a
lateral movement of the HMA under traffic, or both. Shear
failure (lateral movement) of the HMA courses generally
occurs in the top 100 mm of the pavement surface (Brown
and Cross 1992) . In PRLS, Controlled stress test applied
10,000 (rectangular haversine wave ) repeated load pulses,
7

with a load period of 0.1 second and 0.9 second respectively,


to the specimens to make maximu m damage to the specimens.
With the stress levels of 20 psi temperature 20C,40 and 60C
shear mode of failure for so me specimens were observed
before 10,000 cycles conditioning time of 2 hours was also
applied prior to co mmencement of actual test. Following the
conditioning period. Data is collected fro m the loading pulses
by data acquisition system that already connected to LVDT at
time interval and then recorded using Digital camera record
the data at various stages of its capture . The intercept
represents the permanent strain at N=1, where N is the nu mber
of the load cycles. The h igher the value of intercept, the larger
the strain and hence the larger the potential for permanent
deformation as mentioned in the Superpave study carried out
by (Witczak et.al 1999). While The slope coefficient
represents the rate of change in the permanent strain as a
function of the change in loading cycles (N) in the log -log
scale when the rutting behavior is modeled using a Power
model. High slope values for a mix indicates an increase in the
material deformation rate hence less resistance against rutting.
A mix with a low slope value is preferable as it p revents the
occurrence of the rutting distress mechanism at a slower rate
(Gul 2008). Table 10 show Selected rutting parameters and
their descriptions

value of the power model appears to be sensitive to changes


in both method of adding lime. Figure 18 represent examp le of
power model representing the effect of hydrated lime by 2.0%
replacement on permanent deformation of wearing coarse at
various temperatures.

@40 C
@60 C

@20 C

@40 C
Figure 19 effect of 2.0% hydrated lime replacement on permanent
deformation at various temperatures.
T able 11Rutting parameter at 20C-wearing
Mixture

T able 10 rutting paramet ers


Parameter

Definition

Slope (a)

T he rate of change in the


permanent strain
as a function of the change in
loading cycles
T he permanent strain at number
of cycles
(N) equal to 1
rate of decrease in permanent
deformation as the number of
load applications increases
represent the constant of
proportionality between
permanent and elastic strains

Inte rce pt
(b)
Alpha ( )
Mu( )

Control
1.0 rep
1.5 rep
2.0 rep
2.5 rep
3.0 rep
1.0 rep
1.5 rep
2.0 rep
2.5 rep
3.0 rep

Effect on rutting behavior of


asphalt mix
High value
Low Value
High rutting Low rutting

High rutting

Low rutting

High rutting

Low rutting

High rutting

Low rutting

Method of
adding
------Dry
Dry
Dry
Dry
Dry
Wet
Wet
Wet
Wet
Wet

slope
0.2761
0.2758
0.2682
0.2632
0.2628
0.2619
0.2722
0.2681
0.267
0.259
0.2566

intercept

Alpha

Mu

115.72
110.32
106.57
95.071
83.904
72.659
113.72
101.13
83.159
78.063
68.633

0.7239
0.7242
0.7318
0.7368
0.7372
0.7381
0.7278
0.7319
0.733
0.741
0.7434

0.286077
0.304215
0.304827
0.292902
0.264558
0.240333
0.345485
0.325304
0.284159
0.281254
0.222423

T able 12Rutting parameter at 40C-wearing


Mixture
Control
1.0 rep
1.5 rep
2.0 rep
2.5 rep
3.0 rep
1.0 rep
1.5 rep
2.0 rep
2.5 rep
3.0 rep

the recorded data were obtained and drawn on log -log scale
figures 21 and 22 show an examp le . regression coefficients
i.e. intercept coefficients a & slope coefficients b are
based on log-log scale between load repetition and permanent
strain as already explained . Relationships have been plotted
for 22 mixes under each hydrated lime rep lacement with
respect to range of temperatures . rutting parameter are given
in tables 11,12,13, and 14 . Two very use full coefficients i.e.
Alpha () & Mu () have been computed in this study fro m
straight line trends from straight line trends reported above .
by using the derivation of base log-log scale of power model
as explained earlier.
= ab/r ..(7)
= 1-b...(8)

Mixture

the effect of hydrated lime on the mixture under the variation


of temperatures can be easily exp lained by the slope and
intercept as indicated in tables listed above The intercept (a)
8

Control
1.0 rep
1.5 rep
2.0 rep
2.5 rep
3.0 rep
1.0 rep
1.5 rep
2.0 rep
2.5 rep
3.0 rep

Method of
adding
------Dry
Dry
Dry
Dry
Dry
Wet
Wet
Wet
Wet
Wet

slope
0.454
0.446
0.4435
0.4414
0.4397
0.4519
0.4439
0.4435
0.4405
0.4572
0.4654

intercept

Alpha

Mu

337.71
314.5
273.95
235.65
201.08
220.14
271.98
257.73
223.57
256.47
262.93

0.546
0.554
0.5565
0.5586
0.5603
0.5481
0.5561
0.5565
0.5595
0.5428
0.5346

0.88017
0.885757
0.782885
0.729821
0.656849
0.675488
0.831571
0.791329
0.755405
0.959383
1.032476

T able 13 Rutting parameter at 60C-wearing


Method of
slope
intercept Alpha
adding
------0.5438
572.36 0.4562
Dry
0.5318
553.47 0.4682
Dry
0.5302
477.58 0.4698
Dry
0.5235
461.85 0.4765
Dry
0.5285
497.34 0.4715
Dry
0.5313
513.11 0.4687
Wet
0.5381
535.16 0.4619
Wet
0.5266
488.64 0.4734
Wet
0.5123
420.92 0.4877
Wet
0.5244
459.06 0.4756
Wet
0.547
473.71
0.453

Mu
1.244801
1.197108
1.177549
1.054867
1.096916
1.114436
1.181228
1.060027
0.928158
1.059933
1.195747

T able 14 Rutting parameter at 20C-Binder


Mixture
Control
1.0 rep
1.5 rep
2.0 rep
2.5 rep
3.0 rep
1.0 rep
1.5 rep
2.0 rep
2.5 rep
3.0 rep
Mixture
Control
1.0 rep
1.5 rep
2.0 rep
2.5 rep
3.0 rep
1.0 rep
1.5 rep
2.0 rep
2.5 rep
3.0 rep

Method of
slope
intercept
Alpha
adding
------0.2771
119.14
0.7229
Dry
0.2745
117.49
0.7255
Dry
0.2729
105.09
0.7271
Dry
0.2716
87.88
0.7284
Dry
0.2671
83.578
0.7329
Dry
0.2658
76.711
0.7342
Wet
0.2769
114.66
0.7231
Wet
0.2756
112.15
0.7244
Wet
0.2731
92.006
0.7269
Wet
0.2728
77.601
0.7272
Wet
0.2693
69.352
0.7307
T able 15 Rutting parameter at 40C-Binder
Method
of adding
------Dry
Dry
Dry
Dry
Dry
Wet
Wet
Wet
Wet
Wet

slope
0.4634
0.4552
0.4527
0.432
0.4441
0.4483
0.4454
0.4429
0.4408
0.4441
0.4516

intercept

Alpha

349.28
315.77
302.44
280.78
288.83
308.76
304.04
282.89
24023
258.82
266.87

0.5366
0.5448
0.5473
0.568
0.5559
0.5517
0.5546
0.5571
0.5592
0.5559
0.5484

Mu
0.249121
0.266863
0.250251
0.224607
0.214274
0.203866
0.282172
0.290858
0.253873
0.2419
0.194854

lowering the intercept to 223.57 and 420.92 with respect to 40 and


60 C as a summery from this results The higher the value of intercept,
the larger the strain and hence the larger the potential for permanent
deformation, as mentioned in the Superpave study carried out by
(Witczak et.al 1999 ). it is clearly shown from test result that
increasing trend of resistance to rutting occurred as more hydrated
lime was added to the mixtures, which is in good agreement at high
temperature conditions (i.e., low loading frequencies) as shown in
Fig. it also appears that the addition of more than 2.0% of hydrat ed
lime especially using wet method did not improve the resistance of
the mixtures to permanent deformations (can easy explained by
increasing in plastic deformation properties of the mixture and
excessive air voids including) , as the time to failure for the 3.0%
case was not different from the time to failure of the 2.0% case. It
should be known that over all evaluation can led to observe that dry
method could exhibits lower intercept value than wet method but wet
method extend lower rate of decreasing in (a) vale, thus for both
method a significant increasing to the desired stiffness to withstand
the loads and the desired elasticity to accumulate only minimal
permanent deformation ; therefore ,the hydrated lime mixture will
provide higher rut resistance to a specific point . Synergistic trends
was found when replacing hydrated lime by both methods on Binder
coarse, (a) value increased with increase irrespective of aggregate .
mixes with 2% replacement and 1.5% replacement exhibits lower
intercept value at using dry and wet replacement respectively at 40
and 60C.with notice that binder mixture replaced with 2% hydrated
lime at 40C could be the best value but show a slight increase at 60 C
this could be to the higher deformation at higher temperature.

Mu
0.732266
0.67631
0.649398
0.609743
0.698525
0.707904
0.685831
0.662433
62.13194
0.621368
0.616859

T able 16 Rutting parameter at 60C-Binder


Mixture
Control
1.0 rep
1.5 rep
2.0 rep
2.5 rep
3.0 rep
1.0 rep
1.5 rep
2.0 rep
2.5 rep
3.0 rep

Method of
adding
------Dry
Dry
Dry
Dry
Dry
Wet
Wet
Wet
Wet
Wet

slope
0.5799
0.5732
0.5672
0.5661
0.5681
0.5693
0.5489
0.5323
0.5399
0.541
0.5437

intercept

Alpha

Mu

585.64
549.86
503.58
433.69
457.49
470.66
510.16
479.74
482.99
516.45
542.68

0.4201
0.4268
0.4328
0.4339
0.4319
0.4307
0.4511
0.4677
0.4601
0.459
0.4563

1.19774
1.163557
1.079379
1.061506
1.057054
1.11821
1.014277
0.996392
1.060577
1.197238
1.200035

D. Resilient modulas
The resilient modulus (Mr) is an engineering property that describes the
stress-strain relationship of the HMA mix. A reduction in the Mr property
under Different dozes of hydrated lime replacement leads to an increase in the
strains experienced by the HMA mixture due to traffic induced stresses. As
the HMA pavement is subjected to higher strains, its tendency to experience
rutting and fatigue cracking would increase. The data show that mixtures
treated with hydrated lime performed significantly better than the control.
Tables 17 and 18 show the contribution of hydrated lime with Gains% rate
and method of adding on Mr in Psi .As showing in table below hydrated lime
show gains in Mr property neglecting the effect at 20C. increase the Mr with
increasing hydrated lime content for dry and wet replacement at higher
temperature , hydrated lime behave as active filler and reduced the tensile
strains within the mix help to reduce the damage effect induced form heavy
vehicles traffic . Also a care should be interesting about Mr value that higher
value could exhibits low temperature cracking and this approved by Lesueur
and Little 1999), , states that it is important for mixtures to be stiff at high
pavement temperatures it is critical that the bitumen is able to relax at low
temperatures to avoid thermal cracking. At low temperatures hydrated limes
chemical activity is reduced. In that state it contributes to improved pavement
toughness, while the and an increased capacity for the mastic to relax during
times when thermal cracking is an issue.

From all the result tables above in can be inferred that hydrated lime
improve the permanent deformation parameter . it can be noted that at
lower temperature HL did not extend a significant effect on treated
mixture ,this due to that fact that hydrated lime behave as inert
filler and work less active chemically. at low temperature the
effects of HL are diminished ,acts a inert filler and did not exhibits
a significant decrease in (a) value as the temperature is lowered. In
fact, at very low temperatures, the stiffness increase due to the
addition of HL is similar to that of any other filler with a similar
particle size distribution. Although stiffness is increased ( Little and
Peterson 2005) ,this effect was apparent at both replacement
T able 18 effect of HL on Resilient modulus at range of temperatures in Psi-Wearing
producer . At moderate and higher temperatures 40 and 60 hydrated
lime show better performance , mixture that exhibit lower intercept
value with flatter slope trend represent a higher rutting resistance at
Mixture
20C0
Gains
40C0
Gains
60C0
Gains
all . as well as for wearing mixture replaced with 2.5% and 2%
%
%
%
179076
0
114814
0
79987
0
show the lower intercept value with 201.08 and 461.85 at 40 and 60
Control
--199968
11.6
126295
9.9
88059
10
1.0 rep
Dry
respectively, intercept parameter represents the permanent
213299
19.1
128873
12.2
93008
16.2
1.5 rep
Dry
deformation in e first cycle of loading. Hence, it might be argued
234109
30.7
140328
22.2
97943
22.4
2.0 rep
Dry
for this study due to same materials used with convergent HL
239962
34
157352
37
94566
18.2
2.5 rep
Dry
replacement, the difference in accumulated permanent deformation
252591
41
150730
31.2
88546
10.7
3.0 rep
Dry
occurs in the first few cycles and the rate of accumulation of the
24.6
137754
19.9
85700
7.1
1.0 rep
Wet 223220
permanent deformation is significantly different and could be used
34
159119
38.5
90126
12.6
1.5 rep
Wet 239962
as an indicator of the resistance to rutting. While using wet method
42.9
182591
59
117772 32.08
2.0 rep
Wet 255959
55.3
163636
42
95034
18.8
mixes replaced with 2 replacement indicated the improvement by
2.5 rep
Wet 278217
3.0 rep

Wet

299952

67.5

150258

30.8

89705

12.1

T able 19 effect of HL on Resilient modulus at range of temperatures in Psi-Binder


Mixture
Control
1.0 re p
1.5 re p
2.0 re p
2.5 re p
3.0 re p
1.0 re p
1.5 re p
2.0 re p
2.5 re p
3.0 re p

20C0
--Dry
Dry
Dry
Dry
Dry
We t
We t
We t
We t
We t

150919
165491
174518
188205
191969
199968
177749
188205
202073
213299
222187

Gains
%
0
9.6
15.6
24.7
27.2
32.5
17.7
24.7
33.8
41.3
47.2

40C0
90483
100465
103005
107279
108915
102285
101289
108124
111877
109350
105750

IV.

Gains
%
0
11
13.8
18.5
20.3
13.04
11.9
19.4
23.6
20.8
16.8

60C0
70535
74988
78036
82038
80659
79326
74406
78676
82461
81550
78676

Gains
%
0
6.3
10.6
16.3
14.3
12.4
5.4
11.5
16.9
15.6
11.5

VI.

CONCULSION

Based on this study, the following conclusions can be drawn:


1. mixes replaced with dry and wet hydrated lime replacement show better
performance than control mixes.
2. Using 2.0% for dry method and 1.5% seems to be the best Hydrated lime
replacement percentage for both dry and wet replacement .
3. Replacing 2.0% hydrated lime by dry method increasing the stability of
control mixture by 18.2% and 10.6% for wearing and binder respectively
with notice that the increase beyond thresholds of this percentage may
degrade marshal properties as well as reduce the stability and increasing
air voids , while this effect could be less effect when implementing the
wet replacement using the same percentage showing increase stability by
4.5% and 14.8% for wearing and binders coarse respectively
4.
With increasing of lime replacement percentage T SR% will increase
due to the effect of hydrated lime as anti-stripping agent , using the two
method on both layers T SR% show a gains by at 2.0% replacement by
12.8 % and 23.8% for dry replacement wearing and binder and 12.6%
and 19.9% for dry method with respect to these layers . the result
indicated that Hydrated lime acts as anti-stripping agent by enhance
asphalt-aggregate interfacial bonding that produces better resistance to
stripping.
5. Hydrated lime improve the rutting resistance of HMA mixtures by
increasing the stiffness , this effect adverse on rutting parameter .
exhibiting mixes with lower slope value and flatter intercept . reaching
its optimum value then started to increase due to the variation in
volumetric properties .
6. Resilient modules will improve adding hydrated lime at three
temperatures specifically when using wet method at higher temperature
,this will help by decreasing the value of permanent strains and gave
higher resilient modules at higher temperature .
7. Overall description aids that the wet method is better than dry method
despite the little effect on Marshall properties when comparing all the
test result and seems to provide l better performance for pavement.

V.

REFERENCESES

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RECOMINDATION AND FUTUR REASEARCH

.the results of this research are expected to aid in predicating improvement in


the performance of pavements that are constructed with hot mix asphalt
contain the lime filler. The study recommended to use 2% replacement of
lime stone filler by hydrated lime by weight of aggregate using dry method
and 1.5% hydrated lime replacement is the can be the appropriate
replacement percentage . The use and implementing the wet method is much
concern matter and should studying with cost in Iraq. It seems clear from the
results of this study that the addition of hydrated lime to hot mix asphalt is a
promising area for the future research. As the observations taken for this study
turned out to be insufficient for generating a suitable statistical model, more
observations of different percentages of hydrated lime , if add to a series of
different gradations of HMA, might result in the generation of an acceptable
statistical model for regression analysis. The test parameters and parameter
levels can be varied, such as finding out the flexural strength or resilient
modulus of the specimens prepared with addition of slurry lime to HMA.
Additional research can be initiated to provide an in-depth analysis of other
available method when blending the neat asphalt with lime and finally a
rheological study on hydrated lime asphalt mastics with different dust ratio.
Acknowledgements
This manuscript was based on the thesis research( effect of hydrated lime on
performance related properties of asphalt concrete mixture ) for the second
author in thesis research years in university of Baghdad .

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