STATE

AL

1orAll
Party
Consent

Summary

StatuteCommunications

StatuteVideos

Theconsentofatleastonepartytoacommunication
isneededtorecordaprivateconversation,though,
thereisnoneedtoobtainconsenttorecord
conversationsheldinpublicplaces,wherethereisno
reasonableexpectationofprivacy.

Apersoncommitsthecrimeofcriminaleavesdropping
(tooverhear,record,amplifyortransmitanypartof
theprivatecommunicationofotherswithoutthe
consentofatleastoneofthepersonsengagedinthe
communication)ifheintentionallyusesanydeviceto
eavesdrop,whetherornotheispresentatthetime.
Ala.Code13A1131

Apersoncommitsthecrimeofcriminalsurveillanceif
heintentionallyengagesinsurveillancewhile
trespassinginaprivateplace(aplacewhereonemay
reasonablyexpecttobesafefromcasualorhostile
intrusionorsurveillance,butsuchtermdoesnot
includeaplacetowhichthepublicorasubstantial
groupofthepublichasaccess.).Ala.Code13A1132

1
Secretobservationorphotographywhiletrespassing
onprivatepropertyisnotallowed,however,theuseof
anysuchrecordingdevicespositionedinareasto
whichthepublichasaccessisnotcriminalized.

AK

AZ

Theconsentofatleastonepartytoacommunication Apersonmaynotuseaneavesdroppingdevice(any
isneededtorecordaconversation.
devicecapableofbeingusedtohearorrecordoral
conversationwhethertheconversationisconductedin
Apersonmaynotphotographorrecordanintimate
person,bytelephone,orbyanyothermeans)tohear
partofapersonwithouttheconsentofthatperson.
orrecordalloranypartofanoralconversation
withouttheconsentofapartytotheconversation.
AlaskaStat.Ann.42.20.310

Apersonmaynotknowinglyview,orproduceapicture
of,theprivateexposureofthegenitals,anus,or
femalebreastofanotherpersonandtheviewor
productioniswithouttheknowledgeorconsentofthe
personviewedorshowninthepicture,iftheperson
viewedorshownisatleast13yearsofage.However,it
isanaffirmativedefensethattheviewingor
photographywasconductedasasecuritysurveillance
system,noticeoftheviewingorphotographywas
posted,andanyviewingoruseofpicturesproducedis
doneonlyintheinterestofcrimepreventionor
prosecution.AlaskaStat.Ann.11.61.123

Apersonmayrecordoralconversationswhereeither Apersonmaynotintentionallyintercept(theauralor Photographing,videotaping,filmingordigitally

thepersonisapartytotheconversationoratleast
otheracquisitionofthecontentsofanywire,
recordingforsecuritypurposesisallowedifnoticeof
oneoftheparticipantshasconsentedtotherecording. electronicororalcommunicationthroughtheuseof theuseofphotographing,videotaping,filmingor
anyelectronic,mechanicalorotherdevice)a
digitalrecordingequipmentisclearlypostedinthe
Surveillanceisallowedforsecuritypurposessolongas conversationordiscussionatwhichheisnotpresent, locationandthelocationisoneinwhichtheperson
hasareasonableexpectationofprivacy.Additionally,
noticeisposted.Childmonitoringdevices(ex.baby
oraids,authorizes,employs,procuresorpermits
anothertosodo,withouttheconsentofapartyto
theuseofachildmonitoringdevice(adevicethatis
cam)areallowedwheninstalledinaperson'sown
residence.
suchconversationordiscussion.Ariz.Rev.Stat.Ann. capableoftransmittinganaudiooraudiovisualsignal
133005
andthatisinstalledorusedinaresidenceforchild
supervisionorsafetymonitoringbyanyparent,
guardianorotherresponsiblepersonintheperson's
ownresidence)isallowed.Ariz.Rev.Stat.Ann.13
3019

STATE

AR

1orAll
Party
Consent

Summary

StatuteCommunications

StatuteVideos

Apersonmayrecordoralconversationswhereeither Itisunlawfulforapersontointerceptawire,landline, Itisunlawfultouseanycamera,videotape,photo

thepersonisapartytotheconversationoratleast
oral,telephoniccommunication,orwireless
optical,photoelectric,oranyotherimagerecording
oneoftheparticipantshasconsentedtotherecording. communication,andtorecordorpossessarecording deviceforthepurposeofsecretlyobserving,viewing,
ofthecommunicationunlessthepersonisapartyto photographing,filming,orvideotapingaperson
presentinaresidence,placeofbusiness,school,or
Itisprohibitedtosecretlyvieworvideotapeaperson thecommunicationoroneofthepartiestothe
otherstructure,oranyroomorparticularlocation
inanyplacewherethatpersonisinaprivateareaout communicationhasgivenpriorconsenttothe
ofpublicview,hasareasonableexpectationofprivacy, interceptionandrecording.Ark.CodeAnn.560120 withinthatstructure,ifthatperson:(1)Isinaprivate
andhasnotconsentedtotheobservation.
areaoutofpublicview;(2)Hasareasonable
expectationofprivacy;and(3)Hasnotconsentedto
theobservation.Ark.CodeAnn.516101
Allpartiestoanyconfidentialcommunicationmust
givepermissiontoberecorded,however,any
conversationsmadeinpublicplaces,government
proceedings,orincircumstanceswherethe
participantsoftheconversationcouldreasonably
expecttobeoverheardorrecordeddonotrequire
permission.

CA

CO

All

Itisunlawfulforapersonto,intentionallyandwithout Anypersonwholooksthroughaholeoropening,into,
orotherwiseviews,bymeansofanyinstrumentality,
theconsentofallpartiestoaconfidential
including,butnotlimitedto,aperiscope,telescope,
communication(anycommunicationcarriedonin
binoculars,camera,motionpicturecamera,
circumstancesasmayreasonablyindicatethatany
partytothecommunicationdesiresittobeconfined camcorder,ormobilephone,theinteriorofa
tothepartiesthereto,butexcludesacommunication bedroom,bathroom,changingroom,fittingroom,
madeinapublicgatheringorinanylegislative,judicial, dressingroom,ortanningbooth,ortheinteriorofany
executiveoradministrativeproceedingopentothe
otherareainwhichtheoccupanthasareasonable
Itisprohibitedtosecretlyrecordapersonwhileinany public,orinanyothercircumstanceinwhichthe
expectationofprivacy,withtheintenttoinvadethe
areawherethepersonhasareasonableexpectationof partiestothecommunicationmayreasonablyexpect privacyofapersonorpersonsinside.Cal.PenalCode
thatthecommunicationmaybeoverheardor
privacy.
647(j)
recorded),bymeansofanyelectronicamplifyingor
recordingdevice,eavesdropuponorrecordthe
confidentialcommunication,whetherthe
communicationiscarriedonamongthepartiesinthe
presenceofoneanother.Cal.PenalCode632
Theconsentofatleastoneparticipanttoa
Anypersonnotvisiblypresentduringaconversationor Apersonwhoknowinglyobservesortakesa
photographofanotherperson'sintimatepartswithout
conversationisrequiredbeforeanyrecordingcantake discussioncommitseavesdroppingifheknowingly
place.
overhearsorrecordssuchconversationordiscussion thatperson'sconsent,inasituationwheretheperson
withouttheconsentofatleastoneoftheprincipal
observedorphotographedhasareasonable
Thestateprohibitsunderitsprivacylawsanyonefrom partiesthereto,orattemptstodoso.Colo.Rev.Stat. expectationofprivacy,commitscriminalinvasionof
knowinglyobservingortakinganyvisualimagesof
189304
privacy.Colo.Rev.Stat.187801
anotherpersonsbodywithoutconsentinsituations
wherethesubjectofthefilmingorphotographyhasa
reasonableexpectationofprivacy.

STATE

CT

DE

D.C.

1orAll
Party
Consent

Summary

StatuteCommunications

StatuteVideos

Apersonmayrecordoralconversationswhereeither Apersonisguiltyofeavesdroppingwhenheunlawfully Apersonisguiltyofvoyeurismwhen,withmalice,such

thepersonisapartytotheconversationoratleast
engagesinwiretappingormechanicaloverhearingofa personknowinglyphotographs,films,videotapesor
oneoftheparticipantshasconsentedtotherecording. conversation,whichistheintentionaloverhearingor otherwiserecordstheimageofanotherperson
recordingofaconversationordiscussion,withoutthe withouttheknowledgeandconsentofsuchother
Apersonmaynotknowinglyphotographing,filmingor consentofatleastonepartythereto,byapersonnot person,whilesuchotherpersonisnotinplainview,
recordinginanywayanotherpersonsimagewithout presentthereat,bymeansofanyinstrument,deviceor andundercircumstanceswheresuchotherpersonhas
areasonableexpectationofprivacy.Conn.Gen.Stat.
consentinsituationswherethepersonisunawareof equipment.Conn.Gen.Stat.53a187,89
thefilming,notinplainviewandhasareasonable
53a189a
expectationofprivacy.
Apersonmayrecordoralconversationswhereeither Apersonmayinterceptawire,oralorelectronic
thepersonisapartytotheconversationoratleast
communicationwherethepersonisapartytothe
oneoftheparticipantshasconsentedtotherecording. communicationorwhereoneofthepartiestothe
communicationhasgivenpriorconsenttothe
Apersonmaynotinstallacameraorotherrecording interception,unlessthecommunicationisintercepted
deviceinaprivateplace,withoutconsentofthe
forthepurposeofcommittinganycriminalortortious
person(s)whoareentitledtoprivacythere.
actinviolationoftheconstitutionsorlawsofthe
UnitedStates,thisStateoranyotherstateorany
politicalsubdivisionoftheUnitedStatesorthisorany
otherstate.Del.CodeAnn.tit.11,2402(c)(4)

Apersonmaynotinstallinanyprivateplace,without
consentofthepersonorpersonsentitledtoprivacy
there,anydeviceforobserving,photographing,
recording,amplifyingorbroadcastingsoundsorevents
inthatplace;orinstalloruseoutsideaprivateplace
anydeviceforhearing,recording,amplifyingor
broadcastingsoundsoriginatinginthat
placewhichwouldnotordinarilybeaudibleor
comprehensibleoutside,withouttheconsentofthe
personorpersonsentitledtoprivacythere.Del.Code
Ann.tit.11,1335(2)(3)

Apersonmayrecordoralconversationswhereeither Apersonmayinterceptawireororalcommunication, Itisunlawfulforapersontoelectronicallyrecord,

wheresuchpersonisapartytothecommunication,or withouttheexpressandinformedconsentofthe
thepersonisapartytotheconversationoratleast
oneoftheparticipantshasconsentedtotherecording. whereoneofthepartiestothecommunicationhas
individualbeingrecorded,anindividualwhois:using
givenpriorconsenttosuchinterception,unlesssuch thebathroom;undressed;orengaginginsexual
activity.Though,apersonisnotprohibitedfrom
Apersonmayhavesecuritymonitoringtheirown
communicationisinterceptedforthepurposeof
home.
committinganycriminalortortiousactinviolationof securitymonitoringone'sownhomeorsecurity
monitoringinanybuildingwheretherearesigns
theConstitutionorlawsoftheUnitedStates,any
State,ortheDistrictofColumbia,orforthepurposeof prominentlydisplayedinformingpersonsthatthe
committinganyotherinjuriousact.D.C.Code23
entirepremisesordesignatedportionsofthepremises
542(b)(3)
areundersurveillance.D.C.Code223531(c),(e)(2)
(3)

STATE

FL

GA

HI

1orAll
Party
Consent

All

Summary

StatuteCommunications

StatuteVideos

Allpartiestoanyconfidentialcommunicationmust
givepermissiontoberecorded.

Itislawfulunderthissectionforapersontointercept
awire,oral,orelectroniccommunication(Oral
communicationmeansanyoralcommunication
Apersonmayhaveavideosurveillancesystemif
utteredbyapersonexhibitinganexpectationthat
writtennoticeisclearlypostedonthepremisesorthe suchcommunicationisnotsubjecttointerception
presenceofthedeviceisclearlyandimmediately
undercircumstancesjustifyingsuchexpectationand
obvious.
doesnotmeananypublicoralcommunicationuttered
atapublicmeetingoranyelectroniccommunication)
whenallofthepartiestothecommunicationhave
givenpriorconsenttosuchinterception.Fla.Stat.
934.03(2)(d)

Apersonmayhaveasecuritysystemwhenawritten
noticeisconspicuouslypostedonthepremisesstating
thatavideosurveillancesystemhasbeeninstalledfor
thepurposeofsecurityforthepremises;orhavea
videosurveillancedevicethatisinstalledinsucha
mannerthatthepresenceofthedeviceisclearlyand
immediatelyobvious.Fla.Stat.810.145(5)(b)(c)

Apersonmayrecordoralconversationswhereeither Apersonmayinterceptawire,oral,orelectronic
communicationwheresuchpersonisapartytothe
thepersonisapartytotheconversationoratleast
oneoftheparticipantshasconsentedtotherecording. communicationoroneofthepartiestothe
communicationhasgivenpriorconsenttosuch
Theuseofacameraisprohibitedwithoutconsentof interception.Ga.CodeAnn.161166(a)
allpersonsobservedforanyeventsthathappenina
privateplace.Except,apersonmayuseadevicefor
securityprivilegesintheirresidence.

Itisunlawfulforanyperson,throughtheuseofany
device,withouttheconsentofallpersonsobserved,to
observe,photograph,orrecordtheactivitiesof
anotherwhichoccurinanyprivateplaceandoutof
publicview.However,itisnotunlawfultousefor
securitypurposes,crimeprevention,orcrime
detectionanydevicetoobserve,photograph,or
recordtheactivitiesofpersonswhoarewithinthe
curtilageoftheresidenceofthepersonusingsuch
device,withouttheconsentofanypersonobserved,
photographed,orrecorded.161162(2)

Apersonmayrecordoralconversationswhereeither Itshallnotbeunlawfulforapersonnotactingunder
thepersonisapartytotheconversationoratleast
coloroflawtointerceptawire,oral,orelectronic
oneoftheparticipantshasconsentedtotherecording. communicationwhenthepersonisapartytothe
communicationorwhenoneofthepartiestothe
Apersonmaynotuseadeviceinaprivateplace
communicationhasgivenpriorconsenttothe
withoutconsentofthepersonsentitledtoprivacy
interceptionunlessthecommunicationisintercepted
therein.
forthepurposeofcommittinganycriminalortortious
actinviolationoftheConstitutionorlawsofthe
UnitedStatesorofthisState.Haw.Rev.Stat.803
42(3)(a)

Itisunlawfultoinstalloruse,orboth,inanyprivate
place,withoutconsentofthepersonorpersons
entitledtoprivacytherein,anymeansordevicefor
observing,recording,amplifying,orbroadcasting
soundsoreventsinthatplaceotherthananother
personinastageofundressorsexualactivity;orinstall
oruseoutsideaprivateplaceanydeviceforhearing,
recording,amplifying,orbroadcastingsounds
originatinginthatplacewhichwouldnotordinarilybe
audibleorcomprehensibleoutside,withoutthe
consentofthepersonorpersonsentitledtoprivacy
therein.Haw.Rev.Stat.7111111(d)(e)

STATE

ID

IL

1orAll
Party
Consent

All

Summary

StatuteCommunications

StatuteVideos

Apersonmayrecordoralconversationswhereatleast Itislawfulforapersontointerceptawire,electronic
oneoftheparticipantshasconsentedtotherecording. ororalcommunicationwhenoneofthepartiestothe
communicationhasgivenpriorconsenttosuch
Videolawsforsexualreasonsarenotpermitted
interception.Though,Itisunlawfultointerceptany
withoutconsent.
communicationforthepurposeofcommittingany
criminalact.IdahoCodeAnn.186702(2)(d)(e)

Itisunlawfulto,fortheintentofsexualgratification,
installoranimagingdeviceataplacewhereaperson
wouldhaveareasonableexpectationofprivacy,
withouttheknowledgeorconsentofthepersonusing
suchplace.IdahoCodeAnn.186609(2)(a).

Allpartiestoaconversationtogiveconsentbeforeone Apersonmaynotuseaneavesdroppingdevice,ina
canrecordanypartofanoralconversation.
surreptitiousmanner,forthepurposeofoverhearing,
transmitting,orrecordingalloranypartofanyprivate
Apersonmaynotvideotapeanotherwithoutthat
conversationtowhichheorsheisnotapartyunless
heorshedoessowiththeconsentofalloftheparties
personsconsentinarestroom,tanningbed/salon,
lockerroom,changingroomorhotelbedroom,orin totheprivateconversation.720Ill.CompiledStat.
theirresidencewithouttheirconsent.
5/142(a)(1)

Itisunlawfulforanypersontoknowinglymakeavideo
recordortransmitlivevideoofanotherpersonina
restroom,tanningbed,tanningsalon,lockerroom,
changingroom,hotelbedroom,orinthatother
person'sresidencewithoutthatperson'sconsent.720
Ill.CompiledStat.5/264(a)(a5)

"Interception",meanstheintentionalrecordingor
Apersonwhoknowinglyorintentionally:peeps(any
acquisitionofthecontentsofanelectronic
lookingofaclandestine,surreptitious,prying,or
secretivenature,includingwithacamera);orgoes
communicationbyapersonotherthanasenderor
receiverofthatcommunication,withouttheconsent uponthelandofanotherwiththeintenttopeepinto
ofthesenderorreceiver,bymeansofanyinstrument, anoccupieddwellingofanotherperson;orwho
Apersonmaynotpeep(withorwithoutacamera)into device,orequipmentunderthisarticle.Ind.CodeAnn. knowinglyorintentionallypeepsintoanareawherean
anareawhereapersonhasanexpectationofprivacy 3531.52176
occupantoftheareareasonablycanbeexpectedto
withoutconsentoftheotherperson.
disrobe,including:restrooms;baths;showers;and
dressingrooms;withouttheconsentoftheother
person,commitsvoyeurism.Ind.CodeAnn.35454
5(d)

Apersonmaynotinterceptanytelephoneor
electroniccommunicationunlessatleastoneparty
givestheirconsent.Inpersonconversationsdonot
appeartobecoveredbythelaw.
IN

IA

Apersonmayrecordoralconversationswhereeither Anyperson,havingnorightorauthoritytodoso,who Apersonwhoknowinglyviews,photographs,orfilms

tapsintoorconnectsalisteningorrecordingdeviceto anotherperson,forthepurposeofarousingor
thepersonisapartytotheconversationoratleast
oneoftheparticipantshasconsentedtotherecording. anytelephoneorothercommunicationwire,orwho gratifyingthesexualdesireofanyperson,commits
byanyelectronicormechanicalmeanslistensto,
invasionofprivacyifallofthefollowingapply:The
otherpersondoesnothaveknowledgeaboutanddoes
Apersonmaynotsecretlyview,photographorfilma records,orotherwiseinterceptsaconversationor
personwhoiseitherfullyorpartiallynudewithout
notconsentorisunabletoconsenttobeingviewed,
communicationofanykind,commitsaserious
consent,solongasthatsubjecthasareasonable
misdemeanor;provided,thatthesenderorrecipientof photographed,orfilmed;theotherpersonisinastate
expectationofprivacy.
offullorpartialnudity;theotherpersonhasa
amessageoronewhoisopenlypresentand
participatinginorlisteningtoacommunicationshall reasonableexpectationofprivacywhileinastateof
notbeprohibitedherebyfromrecordingsuchmessage fullorpartialnudity.IowaCodeAnn.709.21
orcommunication.IowaCodeAnn.727.8

STATE

1orAll
Party
Consent

Summary
Apersonmaynotsecretlyuseanydevicetolistento,
recordoramplifyaprivateconversationinaprivate
placewithouttheconsentofatleastoneparty.

KS

Apersonmaynotfilmorphotographanotherperson
whoisnudeorinastateofundresswithoutthe
personsconsentinaplacewherethepersonhasa
reasonableexpectationofprivacy.

StatuteCommunications

StatuteVideos

Apersonmaynotknowinglyandwithoutlawful
authorityinstallingorusingoutsideorinsideaprivate
placeanydeviceforhearing,recording,amplifyingor
broadcastingsoundsoriginatinginsuchplace,which
soundswouldnotordinarilybeaudibleor
comprehensiblewithouttheuseofsuchdevice,
withouttheconsentofthepersonorpersonsentitled
toprivacytherein.Kan.Stat.Ann.216101(4)

Breachofprivacyisknowinglyandwithoutlawful
authorityinstallingorusingaconcealedcamcorder,
motionpicturecameraorphotographiccameraofany
type,tosecretlyvideotape,film,photographorrecord
byelectronicorothermeans,another,identifiable
personunderorthroughtheclothingbeingwornby
thatotherpersonoranother,identifiablepersonwho
isnudeorinastateofundress,forthepurposeof
viewingthebodyof,ortheundergarmentswornby,
thatotherperson,withouttheconsentorknowledge
ofthatotherperson,withtheintenttoinvadethe
privacyofthatotherperson,undercircumstancesin
whichtheotherpersonhasareasonableexpectation
ofprivacy.Kan.Stat.Ann.216101(6)

Apersonmaynotuseanycamera,videotape,photo
Apersonisguiltyofeavesdropping(tooverhear,
record,amplifyortransmitanypartofawireororal optical,photoelectric,orotherimagerecordingdevice
forthepurposeofobserving,viewing,photographing,
communicationofotherswithouttheconsentofat
filming,orvideotapingthesexualconduct,genitals,an
leastonepartytheretobymeansofanyelectronic,
Apersonmaynotuseahiddencameraoranyimage mechanicalorotherdevice)whenheintentionallyuses undergarmentwornwithoutbeingpubliclyvisible,or
recordingdevicetoview,photographorfilmaperson anydevicetoeavesdrop,whetherornotheispresent nippleofthefemalebreastofanotherpersonwithout
thatperson'sconsent,whentheotherpersonisina
whoisnudeorperformingsexualconductwithoutthe atthetime.Ky.Rev.Stat.Ann.526.020
placewhereareasonablepersonwouldbelievethat
personsconsentinaplacewherethepersonhasa
reasonableexpectationofprivacy
hisorhersexualconduct,genitals,undergarments,or
nippleofthefemalebreastwillnotbeobserved,
viewed,photographed,filmed,orvideotapedwithout
hisorherknowledgeKy.Rev.Stat.Ann.531.090
Apersonmaynotoverhearorrecordanoral
communicationwithouttheconsentofatleastone
partytothatcommunication.

KY

LA

Apersonmayrecordoralconversationswhereeither Apersonnotactingundercoloroflawmayintercepta Itisprohibitedtouseanycamera,videotape,photo

thepersonisapartytotheconversationoratleast
wire,electronic,ororalcommunicationwheresuch
optical,photoelectric,oranyotherimagerecording
oneoftheparticipantshasconsentedtotherecording. personisapartytothecommunicationorwhereone deviceforthepurposeofobserving,viewing,
ofthepartiestothecommunicationhasgivenprior
photographing,filming,orvideotapingapersonwhere
Apersonmaynotuseofanytypeofhiddencamerato consenttosuchinterception,unlesssuch
thatpersonhasnotconsentedtotheobserving,
observeorrecordapersonwherethatpersonhasnot communicationisinterceptedforthepurposeof
viewing,photographing,filming,orvideotapingandit
consentediftherecordingisforalewdorlascivious
committinganycriminalortortious.La.Rev.Stat.Ann. isforalewdorlasciviouspurpose.La.Rev.Stat.Ann.
purpose.
15:1303(c)(3)
14:283(a)(1)

STATE

ME

MD

MA

1orAll
Party
Consent

All

All

Summary

StatuteCommunications

StatuteVideos

Apersonmaynottapeaprivateconversationwithany Apersonmaynotintentionallyorknowinglyintercepts Apersonmaynot:installoruseinaprivateplace

deviceunlessheisintherangeofnormalunaided
withouttheconsentofthepersonorpersonsentitled
(tohear,recordoraidanothertohearorrecordthe
hearing,aparticipantintheconversationorconsentto contentsofanywireororalcommunicationthrough toprivacyinthatplace,anydeviceforobserving,
recordwasgivenbyatleastoneofthepartiestothe theuseofanyinterceptingdevicebyanypersonother photographing,recording,amplifyingorbroadcasting
conversation.
than:thesenderorreceiverofthatcommunication;a soundsoreventsinthatplace;orinstalloruseoutside
personwithintherangeofnormalunaidedhearingor aprivateplacewithouttheconsentofthepersonor
subnormalhearingcorrectedtonotbetterthan
personsentitledtoprivacytherein,anydevicefor
Apersonmaynotuseadeviceinaprivateplace
withoutconsentofthepersonsentitledtoprivacy
normal;orapersongivenpriorauthoritybythesender hearing,recording,amplifyingorbroadcastingsounds
therein.
orreceiver),attemptstointerceptorprocuresany
originatinginthatplacethatwouldnotordinarilybe
otherpersontointerceptorattempttointerceptany audibleorcomprehensibleoutsidethatplace.Me.
wireororalcommunication.Me.Rev.Stat.Ann.tit. Rev.Stat.Ann.tit.17A,511(1)(b)(c)
15,710
Allpartiestoaconversationtogiveconsentbeforeone Itislawfulforapersontointerceptawire,oral,or
canrecordanyprivateoralconversation.
electroniccommunicationwherethepersonisaparty
tothecommunicationandwhereallofthepartiesto
Apersonmaynotuseacameraonprivatepropertyto thecommunicationhavegivenpriorconsenttothe
interceptionunlessthecommunicationisintercepted
secretlyrecordorobservethoseinside,without
forthepurposeofcommittinganycriminalortortious
consentbythepersonsresidingtherein.Though,a
personmayplaceacameraonprivatepropertyifno act.Md.CodeAnn.,Cts.&Jud.Proc.10402(c)(3)
intenttoconductdeliberatesurreptitiousobservation
ofanindividualinsidetheprivateresidence.

Apersonmaynotplaceorprocureanothertoplacea
cameraonrealpropertywhereaprivateresidenceis
locatedtoconductdeliberatesurreptitious
observationofanindividualinsidetheprivate
residence.Thisdoesnotapplyto:anadultresidentof
theprivateresidencewhereacameraisplaced;a
personwhoplacesorprocuresanothertoplacea
cameraonrealpropertywithouttheintenttoconduct
deliberatesurreptitiousobservationofanindividual
insidetheprivateresidence;orapersonwhohas
obtainedtheconsentofanadultresident,ortheadult
resident'slegalguardian,toplaceacameraonreal
propertytoconductdeliberatesurreptitious
observationofanindividualinsidetheprivate
residence.Md.Crim.Law3903(b)(1)(3),(c)

Allpartiestoaconversationtogiveconsentbeforeone Apersonmaynotwillfullycommitaninterception(to
canrecordanyprivateoralconversation.
secretlyhear,secretlyrecord,oraidanotherto
secretlyhearorsecretlyrecordthecontentsofany
Apersonmaynotphotograph,videotapeoruseany wireororalcommunicationthroughtheuseofany
electronicdevicetosecretlyobserveanotherpersonin interceptingdevicebyanypersonotherthanaperson
thenudewithoutconsentinareaswherethesubject givenpriorauthoritybyallpartiestosuch
communication),attempttocommitaninterception,
wouldhaveareasonableexpectationofprivacy.
orprocureanyotherpersontocommitaninterception
ortoattempttocommitaninterceptionofanywireor
oralcommunication.Mass.Ann.Lawsch.272,99(C)

Apersonmaynotwillfullyphotograph,videotapeor
electronicallysurveilanotherpersonwhoisnudeor
partiallynude,withtheintenttosecretlyconductor
hidesuchactivity,whentheotherpersoninsuchplace
andcircumstancewouldhaveareasonable
expectationofprivacyinnotbeingsophotographed,
videotapedorelectronicallysurveilled,andwithout
thatperson'sknowledgeandconsent.Mass.Gen.
Lawsch.272,105(b)

STATE

MI

MN

MS

1orAll
Party
Consent

All

Summary

StatuteCommunications

Allpartiestoaconversationtogiveconsentbeforeone Apersonwhoispresentorwhoisnotpresentduringa
canrecordanyprivateoralconversation.
privateconversationandmaynotwillfullyuseany
devicetoeavesdropupontheconversationwithout
Apersonmaynotuseadeviceinaprivateplace
theconsentofallpartiesthereto.Mich.Comp.Laws
withoutconsentofthepersonsentitledtoprivacy
750.539c
therein.

StatuteVideos
Apersonmaynotinstall,place,oruseinanyprivate
place,withouttheconsentofthepersonorpersons
entitledtoprivacyinthatplace,anydevicefor
observing,recording,transmitting,photographing,or
eavesdroppinguponthesoundsoreventsinthat
place.Mich.Comp.Laws750.539d

Apersonmayrecordoralconversationswhereeither Itisnotunlawfulunderthischapterforapersonnot Apersonmaynotenter:uponanother'sproperty,

actingundercoloroflawtointerceptawire,
thepersonisapartytotheconversationoratleast
surreptitiouslyinstalloruseanydeviceforobserving,
oneoftheparticipantshasconsentedtotherecording. electronic,ororalcommunicationwheresuchperson photographing,recording,amplifying,orbroadcasting
isapartytothecommunicationorwhereoneofthe soundsoreventsthroughthewindoworanyother
Apersonmaynottrespassonprivatepropertyto
partiestothecommunicationhasgivenpriorconsent apertureofahouseorplaceofdwellingofanotherand
secretlyinstalloruseanytypeofdeviceforobserving, tosuchinterceptionunlesssuchcommunicationis
dosowithintenttointrudeuponorinterferewiththe
photographing,recording,amplifyingorbroadcasting interceptedforthepurposeofcommittinganycriminal privacyofamemberofthehousehold;or
soundsoreventseitheranotherpersonshome,a
ortortiousact.Minn.Stat.626A.02(2)(d)
surreptitiouslyinstalloruseanydeviceinasleeping
hotelroom,tanningboothoranylocationwherea
roominahotel,atanningbooth,orotherplacewhere
areasonablepersonwouldhaveanexpectationof
personwouldhaveareasonableexpectationofprivacy
privacyandhasexposedorislikelytoexposetheir
andeitherhasundressedorwilllikelyexposesome
partofthenakedbody.
intimatepartsortheclothingcoveringtheimmediate
areaoftheintimateparts,anddoessowithintentto
intrudeuponorinterferewiththeprivacyofthe
occupant.Minn.Stat.609.746(b)(c)
Apersonmayrecordoralconversationswhereeither Apersonnotactingundercoloroflawwhointercepts Apersonmaynotwithlewd,licentiousorindecent
thepersonisapartytotheconversationoratleast
awire,oralorothercommunicationifthepersonisa intenttophotograph,film,videotape,recordor
oneoftheparticipantshasconsentedtotherecording. partytothecommunication,orifoneofthepartiesto otherwisereproducestheimageofanotherperson
thecommunicationhasgivenpriorconsenttothe
withoutthepermissionoftheotherpersonwhenthe
Apersonmaynotsecretlyphotograph,filmorproduce interceptionunlessthecommunicationisintercepted otherpersonislocatedinaplacewhereaperson
anyimagesofanotherpersonwithlewd,licentiousor forthepurposeofcommittinganycriminalortortious wouldintendtobeinastateofundressandhavea
indecentintentwithoutthatpersonsconsentwhilein act.Miss.CodeAnn.4129531(e)
reasonableexpectationofprivacy,including,butnot
afittingroom,tanningboothorareawherethere
limitedto,privatedwellingsoranyfacility,publicor
private,usedasarestroom,bathroom,showerroom,
wouldbeareasonableexpectationofprivacy.
tanningbooth,lockerroom,fittingroom,dressing
roomorbedroom.Miss.CodeAnn.972963(1)

STATE

MO

1orAll
Party
Consent

Summary

NE

All

StatuteVideos

Apersonmayrecordoralconversationswhereeither Apersonnotactingunderlawmayinterceptawire
thepersonisapartytotheconversationoratleast
communicationwheresuchpersonisapartytothe
oneoftheparticipantshasconsentedtotherecording. communicationorwhereoneofthepartiestothe
communicationhasgivenpriorconsenttosuch
Apersonmaynotphotographorrecordafullyor
interceptionunlesssuchcommunicationisintercepted
partiallynudepersoninaplacewherethepersonhasa forthepurposeofcommittinganycriminalortortious
act.Mo.Rev.Stat.542.402.2(2)
reasonableexpectationofprivacy.

Apersonmaynotphotograph,film,videotape,
produce,orotherwisecreateanimageofanother
person,withouttheperson'sconsent,whiletheperson
isinastateoffullorpartialnudityandisinaplace
whereonewouldhaveareasonableexpectationof
privacy;orphotograph,film,videotape,produce,or
otherwisecreateanimageofanotherpersonunderor
throughtheclothingwornbythatotherpersonforthe
purposeofviewingthebodyofortheundergarments
wornbythatotherpersonwithoutthatperson's
consent.Mo.Rev.Stat.565.252.1(1)(2)

Apersonmaynotrecordorcausetoberecordeda
conversationbyuseofahiddenelectronicor
mechanicaldevicethatreproducesahuman
conversationwithouttheknowledgeofallpartiesto
theconversation.Though,thisdoesnotapplyto
personsgivenwarningofthetranscriptionor
Apersonmaynotsurreptitiouslyphotographorrecord recording,andifonepersonprovidesthewarning,
anyoccupantofahome,apartmentorother
eitherpartymayrecord.Mont.CodeAnn.458
residence.
213(c)

Apersoncommitstheoffenseofsurreptitiousvisual
observationorrecordationinaplaceofresidenceif
thepersonpurposelyorknowinglyhides,waits,or
otherwiseloitersinpersonorbymeansofaremote
electronicdevicewithinorinthevicinityofaprivate
dwellinghouse,apartment,orotherplaceofresidence
forthepurposeof:watching,gazingat,orlooking
uponanyoccupantintheresidenceinasurreptitious
mannerwithouttheoccupant'sknowledge;orby
meansofanelectronicdevice,surreptitiously
observingorrecordingthevisualimageofany
occupantintheresidencewithouttheoccupant's
knowledge.Mont.CodeAnn.455223(1)

Apersonmaynotrecordaconversationbyuseofa
hiddenelectronicormechanicaldevicewithoutthe
knowledgeofallpartiestotheconversation.The
prohibitiondoesnotapply,however,totherecording
ofindividualsgivenwarningoftherecording.

MT

StatuteCommunications

Apersonmayrecordoralconversationswhereeither Apersonnotactingundercoloroflawmayintercepta Itshallbeunlawfulforanypersontoknowingly

photograph,film,record,orlivebroadcastanimageof
wire,electronic,ororalcommunicationwhensuch
thepersonisapartytotheconversationoratleast
oneoftheparticipantshasconsentedtotherecording. personisapartytothecommunicationorwhenoneof theintimatearea(thenakedorundergarmentclad
thepartiestothecommunicationhasgivenprior
genitalia,pubicarea,buttocks,orfemalebreastofan
Apersonmaynotphotographorrecordapersonina consenttosuchinterceptionunlesssuch
individual)ofanyotherpersonwithouthisorher
stateofundressinaplacewherethepersonhasa
communicationisinterceptedforthepurposeof
knowledgeandconsentwhenhisorherintimatearea
reasonableexpectationofprivacy.
committinganycriminalortortiousact.Neb.Rev.Stat. wouldnotbegenerallyvisibletothepublicregardless
ofwhethersuchotherpersonislocatedinapublicor
86290(2)(c)
privateplace.Neb.Rev.Stat.28311.08(2)

STATE

1orAll
Party
Consent

Summary
Apersonmaynotsurreptitiouslyrecordanyprivate
conversationengagedinbyotherpersonsunless
authorizedtodosobyoneofthepartiestothe
conversation.

NV

NH

NJ

All

Apersonmaynotphotographorrecordthe"private
areaofapersoninaplacewherethepersonhasa
reasonableexpectationofprivacy.

StatuteCommunications

StatuteVideos

Apersonshallnotintrudeupontheprivacyofother
Apersonshallnotknowinglyandintentionallycapture
personsbysurreptitiouslylisteningto,monitoringor animageoftheprivatearea(thenakedor
undergarmentcladgenitals,pubicarea,buttocksor
recording,orattemptingtolistento,monitoror
femalebreastofaperson)ofanotherperson:without
record,bymeansofanymechanical,electronicor
theconsentoftheotherperson;andunder
otherlisteningdevice,anyprivateconversation
circumstancesinwhichtheotherpersonhasa
engagedinbytheotherpersons,ordisclosethe
reasonableexpectationofprivacy.Nev.Rev.Stat.
existence,content,substance,purport,effector
meaningofanyconversationsolistenedto,monitored 200.604(1)
orrecorded,unlessauthorizedtodosobyoneofthe
personsengagingintheconversation.Nev.Rev.Stat.
200.650

Apersonmaynot,withouttheconsentofthepersons
Allpartiestoaconversationtogiveconsentbeforeone Aperson,withouttheconsentofallpartiestothe
canrecordanyoralconversation.
communication,maynot:willfullyintercept,endeavor entitledtoprivacytherein,installoruse:inanyprivate
tointercept,orprocureanyotherpersontointercept place,anydeviceforthepurposeofobserving,
Apersonmaynotuseadeviceinsideanyprivateplace orendeavortointercept,anytelecommunicationor
photographing,recording,amplifyingorbroadcasting,
tosecretlytransmitimagesorsounds,withoutconsent oralcommunication;orwillfullyuse,endeavortouse, orinanywaytransmittingimagesorsoundsinsuch
orprocureanyotherpersontouseorendeavortouse place;oroutsideaprivateplace,anydeviceforthe
bythepersonsentitledtoprivacytherein.Alsomay
notuseadeviceoutsideaprivateplacetransmitting anyelectronic,mechanical,orotherdevicetointercept purposeofhearing,recording,amplifying,
anyoralcommunication.N.H.Rev.Stat.Ann.570
imagesorsoundsoriginatinginsuchplacewhich
broadcasting,orinanywaytransmittingimagesor
wouldnotordinarilybeaudibleorcomprehensible
soundsoriginatinginsuchplacewhichwouldnot
A:2(1)
outsidesuchplace,withoutconsentbythepersons
ordinarilybeaudibleorcomprehensibleoutsidesuch
entitledtoprivacytherein.
place.N.H.Rev.Stat.Ann644:9(1)
Apersonmayrecordoralconversationswhereeither Apersonnotactingundercoloroflawmayintercepta Apersonmaynotphotograph,film,videotape,record,
orotherwisereproduceinanymanner,theimageof
wire,electronicororalcommunication,wheresuch
thepersonisapartytotheconversationoratleast
oneoftheparticipantshasconsentedtotherecording. personisapartytothecommunicationoroneofthe anotherpersonwhoseintimatepartsareexposedor
partiestothecommunicationhasgivenpriorconsent whoisengagedinanactofsexualpenetrationor
Apersonmaynotphotographorrecordtheintimate tosuchinterceptionunlesssuchcommunicationis
sexualcontact,withoutthatperson'sconsentand
partsofapersonoroneengagedinasexualactina
interceptedorusedforthepurposeofcommittingany undercircumstancesinwhichareasonableperson
placewherethepersonhasareasonableexpectation criminalortortiousact.N.J.Stat.Ann.2A:156A4(d) wouldnotexpecttobeobserved.N.J.Stat.Ann.
2C:149(b)
ofprivacy.

STATE

NM

NY

1orAll
Party
Consent

Summary

Apersonmaynotcopyanymessageorcommunication Apersonmaynotread,interrupt,takeorcopyany
message,communicationorreportintendedfor
bytelephonewithouttheconsentofasenderor
anotherbytelegraphortelephonewithoutthe
intendedrecipientthereof.
consentofasenderorintendedrecipientthereof.
Apersonmaynotphotographorrecordtheintimate N.M.Stat.Ann.30121(c)
areasofapersoninaplacewherethepersonhasa
reasonableexpectationofprivacy.

StatuteVideos
Apersonmaynotintentionallyusingtheunaidedeye
tovieworintentionallyusinganinstrumentalityto
view,photograph,videotape,film,webcastorrecord
theintimateareasofanotherpersonwithoutthe
knowledgeandconsentofthatperson:whilethe
personisintheinteriorofabedroom,bathroom,
changingroom,fittingroom,dressingroomortanning
boothortheinteriorofanyotherareainwhichthe
personhasareasonableexpectationofprivacy;or
undercircumstanceswherethepersonhasa
reasonableexpectationofprivacy,whetherinapublic
orprivateplace.N.M.Stat.Ann.30920(A)

Apersonmayrecordoralconversationswhereatleast Apersonisguiltyofeavesdroppingwhenheunlawfully Apersonmaynot,fornolegitimatepurpose,

oneoftheparticipantshasconsentedtotherecording. engagesinwiretapping,mechanicaloverhearingofa intentionallyuseorinstall,orpermittheutilization
conversation(theintentionaloverhearingorrecording orinstallationofanimagingdevicetosurreptitiously
Apersonmayinstallasecuritysystemforthepurpose ofaconversationordiscussion,withouttheconsentof view,broadcastorrecordapersoninabedroom,
ofsecuritywherewrittennoticeisconspicuously
atleastonepartythereto,byapersonnotpresent
changingroom,fittingroom,restroom,toilet,
postedoriftheirpresenceisclearlyandimmediately thereat,bymeansofanyinstrument,deviceor
bathroom,washroom,showeroranyroomassigned
obvious.
equipment),orinterceptingoraccessingofan
toguestsorpatronsinamotel,hotelorinn,without
electroniccommunication.N.Y.PenalLaw250.05
suchperson'sknowledgeorconsent.Thisdoesnot
applywhenapersoninstallsasecuritysystemwherein
awrittennoticeisconspicuouslypostedonthe
premisesstatingthatavideosurveillancesystemhas
beeninstalledfor
thepurposeofsecurity;orvideosurveillancedevices
installedinsuchamannerthattheirpresenceisclearly
andimmediatelyobvious.N.Y.PenalLaw250.45,65
Apersonmayrecordanoralconversationwiththe
consentofatleastonepartytothecommunication.

NC

StatuteCommunications

Apersonmaynotphotographorrecord,forthe
purposeofarousingsexualdesireofanyperson,a
personinaroomwherethepersonhasareasonable
expectationofprivacy,withouttheirconsent.

Apersonmaynot,withouttheconsentofatleastone
partytothecommunication,willfullyintercept,
endeavortointercept,orprocureanyotherpersonto
interceptorendeavortointercept,anywire,oral(any
oralcommunicationutteredbyapersonexhibitingan
expectationthatsuchcommunicationisnotsubjectto
interceptionundercircumstancesjustifyingsuch
expectation),orelectroniccommunication.N.C.Gen.
Stat.Ann.15A287(a)(1)

Apersonmaynot,forthepurposeofarousingor
gratifyingthesexualdesireofanyperson,secretlyor
surreptitiouslyusesorinstallsinaroomanydevice
thatcanbeusedtocreateaphotographicimagewith
theintenttocapturetheimageofanotherwithout
theirconsent.N.C.Gen.Stat.Ann.14202(f)

STATE

ND

1orAll
Party
Consent

OH

OK

OR

All

Summary

StatuteCommunications

StatuteVideos

Apersonmayrecordoralconversationswhereeither Apersonmaynotintentionallyinterceptsanywireor Anindividual,withtheintenttoarouse,appealto,or

oralcommunicationbyuseofanyelectronic,
thepersonisapartytotheconversationoratleast
gratifythatindividual'slust,passions,orsexualdesires,
oneoftheparticipantshasconsentedtotherecording. mechanical,orotherdevice,unlessthepersonwasa isguiltyifthatindividualdoesanyofthefollowing:
partytothecommunicationoroneofthepartiesto
withintenttointrudeuponorinterferewiththe
privacyofanother,entersupon
Apersonmaynotenteranotherpersonspropertyto thecommunicationhadgivenpriorconsenttosuch
another'spropertyandsurreptitiouslyinstallsoruses
photographorrecordsoundsoreventsfroma
interception,andsuchcommunicationwasnot
residence.
interceptedforthepurposeofcommittingacrimeor anydeviceforobserving,photographing,recording,
otherunlawfulharm.N.D.Cent.Code12.115
amplifying,orbroadcastingsoundsoreventsfroma
02(1)(a),(3)(c)
houseorplaceofdwellingofanother.N.D.Cent.Code
12.12012.2(1)(b)
Nopersonshallsecretlyorsurreptitiouslyvideotape,
Apersonmayrecordoralconversationswhereeither Apersonmayinterceptsawire,oral,orelectronic
film,photograph,orotherwiserecordanotherperson
communication,ifthepersonisapartytothe
thepersonisapartytotheconversationoratleast
oneoftheparticipantshasconsentedtotherecording. communicationorifoneofthepartiestothe
underorthroughtheclothingbeingwornbythat
communicationhasgiventhepersonpriorconsentto otherpersonforthepurposeofviewingthebodyof,or
Apersonmaynotsurreptitiouslyvideotapeanother theinterception,andifthecommunicationisnot
theundergarmentswornby,thatotherperson.Ohio
forthepurposeofviewingthebody/undergarmentsof interceptedforthepurposeofcommittingacriminal Rev.CodeAnn.2907.08(D)
thatperson.
offenseortortious.OhioRev.CodeAnn.
2933 52(B)(4)
Apersonmayrecordoralconversationswhereeither Apersonnotactingundercoloroflawmayintercepta Apersonmaynotusephotographic,electronicor
thepersonisapartytotheconversationoratleast
videoequipmentinaclandestinemannerforany
wire,oralorelectroniccommunicationwhensuch
oneoftheparticipantshasconsentedtotherecording. personisapartytothecommunicationorwhenoneof illegal,illegitimate,prurient,lewdorlasciviouspurpose
withtheunlawfulandwillfulintenttoview,watch,
thepartiestothecommunicationhasgivenprior
Apersonmaynotphotographorrecord,ina
gazeorlookuponanypersonwithouttheknowledge
consenttosuchinterceptionunlessthe
andconsentofsuchpersonwhenthepersonviewedis
clandestinemannerforanyillegal,illegitimate,
communicationisinterceptedforthepurposeof
committinganycriminalact.Okla.Stat.Ann.tit.13, inaplacewherethereisarighttoareasonable
prurient,lewdorlasciviouspurpose,apersonina
176.4(5)
expectationofprivacy.Okla.Stat.Ann.tit.21,
placewherethereisareasonableexpectationof
privacy.
1171(B)
Apersonmaynotrecordaconversationunlessallof Apersonmaynotobtainorattempttoobtainthe
theparticipantsareinformedthattheconversationis wholeoranypartofaconversationbymeansofany
beingrecorded.
device,contrivance,machineorapparatus,whether
electrical,mechanical,manualorotherwise,ifnotall
Apersonmaynotphotographorrecordapersonina participantsintheconversationarespecifically
stateofnudityinaplacewherethereisareasonable informedthattheirconversationisbeingobtained.Or.
expectationofprivacy.
Rev.Stat.Ann.165.540(1)(c)

Apersonmaynotknowinglymakeorrecorda
photograph,motionpicture,videotapeorothervisual
recordingofanotherpersoninastateofnudity
withouttheconsentofthepersonbeingrecorded,ifat
thetimethevisualrecordingismadeorrecordedthe
personbeingrecordedisinaplaceandcircumstances
wherethepersonhasareasonableexpectationof
personalprivacy.Or.Rev.Stat.Ann.163.700(1)(a)

STATE

1orAll
Party
Consent

Summary
Apersonmaynotrecordanoralcommunication
wherethereisanexpectationofprivacyunlessall
partiesconsent.

PA

RI

SC

All

StatuteCommunications

Apersonmayinterceptawire,electronicororal
communication(anyoralcommunicationutteredbya
personpossessinganexpectationthatsuch
communicationisnotsubjecttointerceptionunder
Apersonmaynotphotographorrecordafullyor
circumstancesjustifyingsuchexpectation),whereall
partiallynudepersoninaplacewherethepersonhasa partiestothecommunicationhavegivenpriorconsent
reasonableexpectationofprivacy.
tosuchinterception.18Pa.Cons.Stat.Ann.5704(4)

StatuteVideos
Apersonmaynot,forthepurposeofarousingor
gratifyingthesexualdesireofanyperson,view,
photograph,videotape,electronicallydepict,filmor
otherwiserecordanotherpersonwithoutthatperson's
knowledgeandconsentwhilethatpersonisinastate
offullorpartialnudityandisinaplacewherethat
personwouldhaveareasonableexpectationof
privacy.18Pa.Cons.Stat.Ann.7507.1(a)(1)

Apersonmayrecordoralconversationswhereeither Apersonnotactingundercoloroflawmayintercepta Apersonmaynot,forthepurposeofsexualarousal,

thepersonisapartytotheconversationoratleast
wire,electronic,ororalcommunication,wherethe
gratificationorstimulation,use,installorpermitthe
oneoftheparticipantshasconsentedtotherecording. personisapartytothecommunication,oroneofthe useorinstallationofanimagingdevicetocapture,
partiestothecommunicationhasgivenpriorconsent record,storeortransmitvisualimagesoftheintimate
areasofanotherpersonwithoutthatotherperson's
Apersonmaynotphotographorrecordtheintimate totheinterceptionunlessthecommunicationis
areasofapersoninaplacewherethepersonhasa
interceptedforthepurposeofcommittinganycriminal knowledgeandconsent,andundercircumstancesin
reasonableexpectationofprivacy.
ortortiousact.R.I.Gen.Laws113521(c)(3)
whichthatotherpersonwouldhaveareasonable
expectationofprivacy.R.I.Gen.Laws11642(1)(a)
Apersonmayrecordoralconversationswhereeither Itislawfulforapersonnotactingundercoloroflawto Itisunlawfulforapersontobeaneavesdropperora
thepersonisapartytotheconversationoratleast
interceptawire,oral,orelectroniccommunication
peepingtomonoraboutthepremisesofanotherorto
oneoftheparticipantshasconsentedtotherecording. wherethepersonisapartytothecommunicationor gouponthepremisesofanotherforthepurposeof
whereoneofthepartiestothecommunicationhas
becominganeavesdropperorapeepingtom.Theterm
Apersonmaynoteavesdroporuseaudioorvideo
givenpriorconsenttotheinterception.S.C.CodeAnn. "peepingtom",asusedinthissection,isdefinedasa
equipmenttospyonorinvadetheprivacyofothers. 173035(C)
personwhopeepsthroughwindows,doors,orother
likeplaces,onoraboutthepremisesofanother,for
thepurposeofspyinguponorinvadingtheprivacyof
thepersonsspieduponandanyotherconductofa
similarnature,thattendstoinvadetheprivacyof
others.Theterm"peepingtom"alsoincludesany
personwhoemploystheuseofvideooraudio
equipmentforthepurposessetforthinthissection.
Thisdoesnotapplytosecuritysurveillanceforthe
purposesofdecreasingorprosecutingtheft,
shoplifting,orothersecuritysurveillancemeasuresin
bonafidebusinessestablishmentsoranybonafide
newsgatheringactivities.S.C.CodeAnn.1617
470(A),(E)

STATE

SD

TN

TX

UT

1orAll
Party
Consent

Summary

StatuteCommunications

StatuteVideos

Apersonmayrecordoralconversationswhereatleast Aperson,whoisnotpresentduringaconversationor ApersonmaynotInstallinanyprivateplace,without

oneoftheparticipantshasconsentedtotherecording. discussion,maynotintentionallyandbymeansofan theconsentofthepersonorpersonsentitledto
eavesdroppingdeviceoverhearsorrecordssuch
privacythere,anydeviceforobserving,photographing,
Apersonmaynotusearecordingdeviceinaprivate conversationordiscussion,oraids,authorizes,
recording,amplifying,orbroadcastingsoundsor
placewithouttheconsentofthepersonsentitledto employs,procures,orpermitsanothertosodo,
eventsinsuchplace,oruseanysuchunauthorized
privacytherein.
withouttheconsentofapartytosuchconversationor installation.S.D.CodifiedLaws22211(2)
discussion.S.D.CodifiedLaws23A35A20(2)

Apersonmayrecordoralconversationswhereeither Apersonnotactingundercoloroflawmayintercepta Apersonmaynotknowinglyphotograph,orcauseto

thepersonisapartytotheconversationoratleast
wire,oral,orelectroniccommunication,wherethe
bephotographedanindividual,whentheindividual
oneoftheparticipantshasconsentedtotherecording. personisapartytothecommunicationorwhereone hasareasonableexpectationofprivacy,withoutthe
ofthepartiestothecommunicationhasgivenprior
prioreffectiveconsentoftheindividual,ifthe
Apersonmaynotphotographorrecord,forthe
consenttotheinterception,unlessthecommunication photograph:wouldoffendorembarrassanordinary
isinterceptedforthepurposeofcommittingany
personifsuchpersonappearedinthephotograph;and
purposeofsexualarousalorgratification,aperson
criminalortortiousact.Tenn.CodeAnn.3913
wastakenforthepurposeofsexualarousalor
whenthepersonhasareasonableexpectationof
601(b)(5)
gratificationofthedefendant.Tenn.CodeAnn.39
privacyiftheimagewouldoffendorembarrassan
ordinaryperson.
13605(a)

Apersonmayrecordoralconversationswhereeither Apersonnotactingundercoloroflawmayintercepta Apersonmaynotphotographorbyvideotapeorother

wire,oral,orelectroniccommunication,iftheperson electronicmeansrecord,broadcast,ortransmita
thepersonisapartytotheconversationoratleast
oneoftheparticipantshasconsentedtotherecording. isapartytothecommunicationoroneoftheparties visualimageofanotheratalocationthatisa
tothecommunicationhasgivenpriorconsenttothe bathroomorprivatedressingroomwithouttheother
Apersonmaynotphotographorrecordaperson
interception,unlessthecommunicationisintercepted person'sconsent;andwithintentto:invadethe
withoutthepersonsconsentinabathroomorprivate forthepurposeofcommittinganunlawfulact.Tex.
privacyoftheotherperson;orarouseorgratifythe
sexualdesireofanyperson.Tex.PenalCodeAnn.
dressingroomwiththeintenttoinvadetheprivacyof PenalCodeAnn.16.02(c)(4)
21.15(b)(2)
theperson.

Apersonmayrecordoralconversationswhereeither Apersonnotactingundercoloroflawmayintercepta Apersonmaynotinstallinanyprivateplace,without

thepersonisapartytotheconversationoratleast
wire,electronic,ororalcommunicationifthatperson theconsentofthepersonorpersonsentitledto
oneoftheparticipantshasconsentedtotherecording. isapartytothecommunicationoroneoftheparties privacythere,anydeviceforobserving,photographing,
tothecommunicationhasgivenpriorconsenttothe recording,amplifying,orbroadcastingsoundsor
Apersonmaynotusearecordingdeviceinaprivate interception,unlessthecommunicationisintercepted eventsintheplaceorusesanysuchunauthorized
placewithouttheconsentofthepersonsentitledto forthepurposeofcommittinganycriminalortortious installation;orinstallsoruseoutsideofaprivateplace
privacythereinorusearecordingdeviceoutsidea
act.UtahCodeAnn.7723a4(7)(b)
anydeviceforhearing,recording,amplifying,or
privateplaceforsoundsthatwouldnotbeordinarily
broadcastingsoundsoriginatingintheplacewhich
wouldnotordinarilybeaudibleorcomprehensible
audibleoutside.
outside,withouttheconsentofthepersonorpersons
entitledtoprivacythere.UtahCodeAnn.769
402(1)

STATE

VT

VA

1orAll
Party
Consent

N/A

Summary

StatuteCommunications

StatuteVideos

Nospecificstatelaw,butcaselawhassaidthat
TherearenospecificstatutesinVermontaddressing
surreptitiouselectronicmonitoringofcommunications interceptionofcommunications,buttheState
inapersonshomeisanunlawfulinvasionofprivacy. SupremeCourthasheldthatsurreptitiouselectronic
monitoringofcommunicationsinapersonshomeis
Apersonmaynotsecretlyphotographorrecorda
anunlawfulinvasionofprivacy.Vermontv.Geraw,
personinaplacewherethepersonhasareasonable 795A.2d1219(Vt.2002)
expectationofprivacywithinaresidence.

Nopersonshallintentionallyconductsurveillanceor
intentionallyphotograph,film,orrecordinanyformat
apersonwithoutthatperson'sknowledgeandconsent
whilethepersonbeingsurveilled,photographed,
filmed,orrecordedisinaplacewhereheorshewould
haveareasonableexpectationofprivacywithina
homeorresidence.Vt.Stat.Ann.tit.13,2605(d)

Apersonmayrecordoralconversationswhereeither Apersonmayinterceptawire,electronicororal
thepersonisapartytotheconversationoratleast
communication,wheresuchpersonisapartytothe
oneoftheparticipantshasconsentedtotherecording. communicationoroneofthepartiestothe
communicationhasgivenpriorconsenttosuch
Apersonmaynotphotographorrecordafullyor
interception.Va.CodeAnn.19.262(B)(2)
partiallynudeperson,inaplacewherethepersonhas
areasonableexpectationofprivacy.

Itshallbeunlawfulforanypersontoknowinglyand
intentionallycreateanyvideographicorstillimageby
anymeanswhatsoeverofanynonconsentingpersonif
(i)thatpersonistotallynude,cladinundergarments,
orinastateofundresssoastoexposethegenitals,
pubicarea,buttocksorfemalebreastinarestroom,
dressingroom,lockerroom,hotelroom,motelroom,
tanningbed,tanningbooth,bedroomorother
location;or(ii)thevideographicorstillimageis
createdbyplacingthelensorimagegathering
componentoftherecordingdeviceinaposition
directlybeneathorbetweenaperson'slegsforthe
purposeofcapturinganimageoftheperson'sintimate
partsorundergarmentscoveringthoseintimateparts
whentheintimatepartsorundergarmentswouldnot
otherwisebevisibletothegeneralpublic;andwhen
thecircumstancessetforthinclause(i)or(ii)are
otherwisesuchthatthepersonbeingrecordedwould
haveareasonableexpectationofprivacy.Va.Code
Ann.18.2386.1(A)

STATE

WA

WV

WI

1orAll
Party
Consent

Summary

StatuteCommunications

StatuteVideos

Apersonmaynotrecordaconversationunlessallof
theparticipantsgiveconsentorareinformedthatthe
conversationisbeingrecordedandtheannouncement
isrecordedaswell.

Apersonmaynotinterceptorrecordaprivate
conversation,byanydeviceelectronicorotherwise
designedtorecordortransmitsuchconversation
regardlesshowthedeviceispoweredoractuated
withoutfirstobtainingtheconsentofallthepersons
engagedintheconversation.However,consentshall
Apersonmaynotphotographorrecord,forthe
purposeofarousingorgratifyingthesexualdesireof beconsideredobtainedwheneveronepartyhas
anyperson,anotherpersoninaplacewhereheorshe announcedtoallotherpartiesengagedinthe
hasareasonableexpectationofprivacy.
communicationorconversation,inanyreasonably
effectivemanner,thatsuchcommunicationor
conversationisabouttoberecordedortransmitted:
PROVIDED,Thatiftheconversationistoberecorded
thatsaidannouncementshallalsoberecorded.Wash.
Rev.CodeAnn.9.73.030(1)(b),(3)

Apersonmaynot,forthepurposeofarousingor
gratifyingthesexualdesireofanyperson,knowingly
view,photograph,orfilm:anotherpersonwithoutthat
person'sknowledgeandconsentwhiletheperson
beingviewed,photographed,orfilmedisinaplace
whereheorshewouldhaveareasonableexpectation
ofprivacy;ortheintimateareasofanotherperson
withoutthatperson'sknowledgeandconsentand
undercircumstanceswherethepersonhasa
reasonableexpectationofprivacy,whetherinapublic
orprivateplace.Wash.Rev.CodeAnn.9A.44.115(2)

Apersonmayrecordoralconversationswhereeither Apersonmayinterceptawire,oralorelectronic
thepersonisapartytotheconversationoratleast
communicationwherethepersonisapartytothe
oneoftheparticipantshasconsentedtotherecording. communicationorwhereoneofthepartiestothe
communicationhasgivenpriorconsenttothe
Apersonmaynotphotographorrecordafullyor
interceptionunlessthecommunicationisintercepted
partiallynudepersoninaplacewherethepersonhasa forthepurposeofcommittinganycriminalortortious
reasonableexpectationofprivacy.
act.W.Va.Code621D3(e)

Itisunlawfulforapersontoknowinglyvisuallyportray
anotherpersonwithoutthatotherperson's
knowledge,whilethatotherpersonisfullyorpartially
nudeandisinaplacewhereareasonableperson
wouldhaveanexpectationofprivacy.W.Va.Code
61828(b)

Apersonmayrecordoralconversationswhereeither Apersonnotactingundercoloroflawmayintercepta Apersonmaynotknowinglyinstallasurveillance

wire,electronicororalcommunicationwherethe
thepersonisapartytotheconversationoratleast
deviceinanyprivateplace,orusesasurveillance
oneoftheparticipantshasconsentedtotherecording. personisapartytothecommunicationorwhereone devicethathasbeeninstalledinaprivateplace,with
theintenttoobserveanynudeorpartiallynude
ofthepartiestothecommunicationhasgivenprior
Apersonmaynotinstalloruseasurveillancedevicein consenttotheinterceptionunlessthecommunication personwithouttheconsentofthepersonobserved.
aprivateplacetoviewanudeorpartiallynudeperson. isinterceptedforthepurposeofcommittingany
Wis.Stat.Ann.942.08(2)(a)
criminalortortiousactorforthepurposeof
committinganyotherinjuriousact.Wis.Stat.Ann.
968.31(2)(c)

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Party
Consent

Summary

StatuteCommunications

Apersonmayrecordoralconversationswhereeither Apersonmayinterceptanoral,wireorelectronic
thepersonisapartytotheconversationoratleast
communicationwherethepersonisapartytothe
oneoftheparticipantshasconsentedtotherecording. communicationorwhereoneofthepartiestothe
communicationhasgivenpriorconsenttothe
Apersonmaynotphotographorrecord,ina
interceptionunlessthecommunicationisintercepted
surreptitiousnature,apersoninanenclosedplace
forthepurposeofcommittinganycriminalortortious
act.Wyo.Stat.Ann.73702(b)(iv)
wherethepersonhasareasonableexpectationof
privacy.

StatuteVideos
Apersonmaynot,withouttheconsentoftheperson
beingviewed,lookinaclandestine,surreptitious,
pryingorsecretivenatureintoanenclosedareawhere
thepersonbeingviewedhasareasonableexpectation
ofprivacy,including,butnotlimitedto:restrooms;
baths;showers;ordressingorfittingrooms.Wyo.Stat.
Ann.64304(a)