Professional Documents
Culture Documents
IMPLEMENTING AGENCY
List of Acronyms/Abbreviations
CA
Compensatory Afforestation
CAT
CEA
CPCB
cumec
DPR
EA/EMP
EPP
EIA
GoHP
GOI
Government of India
HPSPCB
HRT
ITIs
LADC
MoEF
MOU
Memorandum of Understanding
NJHEP
O&M
PAPs
PFRs
PIA
PIIA
PIC
RAP
RHEP
SA
SCDP
SJVNL
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acronyms
Table of Contents
List of Tables
xiii
List of Figures
xviii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
E-1
Introduction
E-1
E-1
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
E-4
E-4
E-6
E-6
E-6
E-7
E-7
E-8
Analysis of Alternatives
E-9
E-9
Initial Ranking
E-9
E-9
E-10
E-10
E-12
E-12
Involuntary Resettlement
E-12
E-14
E-15
E-17
Construction-Related Impacts
E-19
E-20
E-21
E-21
Dam Safety
E-22
1.
E-22
Riparian Issues
E-22
E-23
Implementation Arrangements
E-24
Institutional Framework
E-24
E-24
E-25
E-25
E-25
1-1
1.1
1-1
1.2
Project Location
1-1
1.3
1-3
1.4
1.5
1.3.1
1-3
1.3.2
1-3
1-5
1.4.1
1-5
1.4.2
1-6
1.4.3
1-7
1.4.4
1-7
Analyses of Alternatives
1-7
1.5.1
1-7
1.5.2
1-8
1.5.3
1-8
1.5.4
1-8
1.5.5
1-8
1.5.6
1-12
1-12
1-14
1-16
1.5.7
ALTERNATIVE II
ALTERNATIVE III
ALTERNATIVE V
Overall Selection
1-17
1.6
1-18
1.7
Project Requirements
1-22
Land Acquisition
Construction Material
Construction Schedule
1-22
1-22
1-23
ii
1.8
1.9
1.10
1-23
1.8.1
1-23
1.8.2
1-24
1-24
1-26
1-29
Environment
Resettlement & Rehabilitation
Employee Welfare
1-29
1.9.1
1-29
1.9.2
1-30
1.9.3
1-31
1.9.4
1-31
1-31
2.2
1-32
2-1
Constitutional Provisions
2-1
2.1.1
Water Resources
2-1
2.1.2
Environment
2-1
2-1
2-2
2.2.1
2-2
2.2.2
2-3
2.2.3
2-4
2.2.4
2-5
2.3
2-6
2.4
Environmental Regulations
2-6
2.4.1
2-6
2-6
2-6
2-7
2-7
2-7
2-7
2-7
2-7
2-8
2-8
2-8
2-8
2-8
iii
2.5
2-8
2-8
2-8
2.4.2
2-8
2.4.3
2-9
2-10
2.5.1
At State Level
2-10
2-10
2-11
2.5.2
2-11
2-11
2-11
2-12
2.6
2-13
2.7
2-19
2-19
2-19
2-19
2-19
2-20
2-20
2-20
2-20
2-20
2.8
2-21
2.9
2-21
2.9.1
2-21
2.9.2
2-22
2.9.3
2-24
2.9.4
2-25
3-1
3-1
3.1.1
3-1
3.1.2
3-2
3.1.3
3-2
3-2
3-2
3-2
3-3
Spiti River
Baspa River
The Nogli Khad
Soan River
iv
3.1.4
3.2
3-3
3-3
3-3
3-4
3-4
3-4
3-4
3-4
3-6
3-6
3-6
3-6
3-7
3.2.1
3-7
3.2.2
Topography
3-9
3.2.3
Geology
3-9
3.2.4
Climate
3-10
3-10
3-10
3-11
3-11
3-12
3-12
3-12
3.2.5
3.3
Baseline
Rainfall & Cloud Cover
Relative Humidity
Temperature
Special Weather Phenomena
Wet Haze and Fog
Potential Impacts
Climate Change
3-12
3-12
3-14
3-14
Baseline
Potential Impact
Effect of Climate & Hydrological Variability on the Performance of the Project
3.2.6
3-19
3-20
3.2.7
Soils
3.2.8
3-22
3-22
3-24
3-24
3-24
Potential Impact
3-21
3-27
3.3.1
Geology
3-27
3.3.2
Seismology
3-28
3-30
3-30
3-30
3-30
3-30
3-30
3-30
3-27
3.3.3
3.4
3.6
Landslides
3-31
3-33
3-33
Potential Impacts
Mitigation Measures
3-33
3.4.1
Baseline Hydrology
3-33
3-34
3-45
3.4.2
3.4.3
3-45
3.4.4
Water Quality
3-46
3.4.5
3-50
3-51
3-53
3-54
3-54
3-54
3-54
3-55
3-45
3-55
3-56
Mitigation Measures
Land Environment
3-56
3.5.1
Land Use
3-56
3.5.2
Soil Quality
3-62
3-63
3.6.1
Aquatic Flora
3-63
3.6.2
Aquatic Fauna
3-63
3.6.3
Fish Habitats
3-63
3.6.4
3-68
3-69
3-69
3.6.5
3.7
3-31
3.4.6
3.5
Mitigation Measures
3-69
3-70
3-70
3-70
3-70
3-71
3-71
3-71
3-72
3-72
Terrestrial Biodiversity
3-72
3.7.1
Background
3-72
3.7.2
3-74
3-74
Flora Assessment
vi
3.7.3
3.7.4
3.7.5
3.7.6
3.7.7
3.7.8
3.7.9
Assessment Techniques
Shanon Weaver Index (1948)
Fauna Assessment
Public Consultation
3-74
3-74
3-74
3-75
3-75
3-75
3-76
3-77
3-77
3-77
3-78
Forest
Natural Flora
Natural Fauna
Traditional Timber Rights Followed in Himachal Pradesh
Procedure for Obtaining Timber
Timber Trees
3-78
3-79
3-79
3-79
Forest Types
Natural Flora
Natural Fauna
3-82
3-83
3-85
3-93
3-93
3-93
Forests
Flora
Ethno-Botanical Baseline
Fauna
Wildlife
3-95
3-95
3-95
3-97
Forest Types
Flora
Fauna
3-98
3-98
3-99
3-99
3-101
3-102
3-102
3-104
3-105
3-105
3-106
3-106
3-106
3-107
3-108
3-108
3-108
3-109
3-110
3-117
3-121
Loss of Forest
Mitigation Measures for Loss of Forest
Impact on Flora and Fauna
Quantitative Assessment of Flora in the Projects Directly Affected Area
Assessment of Flora of the Immediate Influence Area
Mitigation Measures for Impact on Flora and Fauna
vii
3.8
3.8.2
3.8.3
3.8.4
3.8.5
3.8.6
3.8.7
3.8.8
3.8.9
3.8.10
3.9
3-121
3-121
3-122
3-122
Baseline
Sources and Type of Impacts
Mitigation
3-123
3-124
3-124
3-125
3-125
3-125
3-125
3-125
3-125
3-126
3-130
Baseline
Source and Types of Impacts
Mitigation
Quarries
3-130
3-130
3-130
Types of impacts
Mitigation
3-130
3-130
3-131
Types of Impacts
Mitigation Measures
Work Camps, Work Areas & Labour Force Impacts & Mitigation
3-133
3-133
3-133
Impacts
Mitigation
3-133
3-133
3-134
Impacts
Mitigation
Construction of the Power House and Tailrace Channel - Impacts & Mitigation
3-134
3-134
3-134
Impacts
Mitigation
3-134
3-134
3-135
3-135
3-135
Impact
Indirect and Cumulative Impacts on Natural Resources
Interference with Movements of Wildlife
Mitigation
3-135
3-135
Mitigation Measures
3-121
3-136
3-136
3-137
3-138
3-138
Mitigation
HIV/AIDS Risk Level
Potential Management Interventions for HIV/AIDS
3.9.2
3-139
3.9.3
3-139
3.9.4
3-140
viii
3.9.5
3-143
3-143
3-144
3-145
3-147
Employment Benefits
Shift in Occupation Pattern
Accessibility to Basic Infrastructure
Power Generation and Transmission Benefits
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
Boundaries
Spatial Boundary
Temporal Boundaries
4-1
4-1
4-1
4-1
4-1
4-2
4.2.1
Stakeholder Consultations
4-2
4-2
4-2
4-3
4-3
4-3
4.3.1
4-4
4.3.2
4-4
4.3.3
4-4
4.3.4
4-5
4.3.5
4-6
4-6
4-6
4-6
4-6
4.4.1
4-6
4-7
4-8
4-9
4.4.2
4-9
4.4.3
4-9
4-9
4.5.1
4-10
4-10
4-10
4-11
4-12
4.5.2
Minimum Release
Waste Water Treatment
Control of Silt Runoff in the River
Fishery Management and Sustenance of Endemic Fisheries
Biodiversity Management
4-12
ix
4.5.3
4.5.4
4.5.5
4.5.6
4.5.7
4-14
4-14
4-14
4-15
4-15
4-15
4-16
4-16
4-17
4-17
4-18
4-18
4-19
4-20
4-21
4-24
4-26
4-26
4-27
4-27
4-28
4-28
4-30
4-31
4-32
4-33
4-34
4-35
4-36
4-37
4-37
4-38
4-38
4-38
4-39
4-39
Construction Camps
For Overall Workforce
Additional Malaria Control Measures
HIV/AIDS Prevention Measures
4-44
4-44
4-44
4-44
4-45
4-46
4-46
4-47
4-47
4-50
4-50
4-51
Notification Procedure
Notification Flowchart
Important Telephone Numbers
Early Warning System and Communication Network
Communication Systems
Access to Site
Response during Periods of Darkness
Response during Periods of Adverse Weather
Sources of Equipment
Stockpiling Supplies and Materials
Emergency Power Sources
Warning Systems (if used)
4-51
4-52
4-52
4-53
4-54
4-54
4-54
4-54
4-54
4-55
4-55
4-55
4.6
4-55
4.7
4-56
4.7.1
4.7.2
4-56
4-57
4-57
4-57
4-57
4-58
4-58
4.7.3
4.7.4
Water Quality
Ambient Air Quality and Meteorology
Noise
Ecology
Incidence of Water-Related Diseases
Land Use
4-59
4-59
4-59
4-59
4-60
4-60
4-60
4-60
4-60
4-60
4-60
4.8
4-61
4.9
4-63
4.9.1
4.9.2
4-64
4-64
4-68
4-68
4-70
4-70
4-72
4-73
4-73
4-73
4-74
4-74
xi
4.9.3
4.10
4-74
4-90
4.10.1
4-90
4.10.2
xii
List of Tables
Table E.1 - Baseline Characteristics of Project-Affected Persons
E-13
Table E.2 - Comparative Status of Forests and Natural Resources in the Project Area
E-16
Table E.3 - Minimum Flow at Various Locations from Khab to Suni (cumec)
E-18
E-25
1-3
1-5
1-5
1-13
1-14
1-15
1-16
1-16
1-17
1-18
1-20
1-22
1-22
2-14
3-1
3-3
3-4
3-9
Table 3.5 - Historical Monthly Rainfall (in mm) Data for Rampur
3-11
3-11
3-12
3-18
3-21
3-22
Table 3.11 - Silt Data at Khab, Powari, Nathpa, Jhakri, Bael, Nirath and Sunni, 2006
3-23
3-27
3-28
3-29
Table 3.15 - Historical Flow Data of River Satluj at Khab (downstream of Spiti Confluence):
Minimum, Maximum & Average Flow
3-37
xiii
Table 3.16 - Historical Flow Data of River Satluj at Nathpa Dam Intake:
Minimum, Maximum & Average Flow
3-38
3-39
Table 3.18 - Historical Flow Data of River Satluj at Luhri (downstream of Bael Village):
Minimum, Maximum & Average Flow
3-40
Table 3.19 - Measured Flow data for Tributaries of River Satluj (Nathpa to Jhakri Stretch)
for the months of October 2005 - April 2006
3-41
Table 3.20 Computed Lean Flow for Tributaries of River Satluj (Nathpa to Jhakri Stretch)
3-42
3-43
3-44
Table 3.23 - Measured Flow data for Tributaries of River Satluj (Jhakri to Bael Stretch)
for the months of February-March, 2006
3-44
3-45
Table 3.25 - Primary Water Quality Criteria as laid by the Central Pollution Control Board
3-46
3-47
Table 3.27 - Water Quality Profile of River Satluj, Year 2003 Monitoring Results
3-48
Table 3.28 - Water Quality Satluj, Year 2006 Monitoring Results Jhakri-Rampur-Bael Stretch 3-48
Table 3.29 - Water Quality Data of River Satluj, July 2004
3-49
Table 3.30 - Estimated Sewage Load of Villages at Right Bank of River Satluj, 2001-11
3-51
Table 3.31 - Estimated Sewage Load from Villages at Left Bank of river Satluj, 2001
3-52
3-54
Table 3.33 Land Use of the Project Influence Area (7km all around the Project)
3-56
3-61
Table 3.35 Land Use in the Study Area (7km all around the Project)
3-61
3-62
Table 3.37 - Analysis of Soil Samples near the Rampur Project Area
3-62
3-63
3-64
Table 3.40 - Fish Species Historically Reported in Upper Reaches of the Satluj River
3-64
Table 3.41 - Fish Species Reported Historically in River Satluj in Himachal Pradesh
3-67
Table 3.42 - Status of Forest in Himachal Pradesh, Kullu and Shimla Districts
3-73
3-73
Table 3.44 - National Parks/ Wild Life Sanctuaries in Eastern Himachal Pradesh
3-73
3-75
3-76
Table 3.47 - Timber Rights Marketed to Right Holders from Rampur Forest Division
3-78
3-78
3-82
3-83
3-83
3-83
Table 3.53 - Flora Recorded in the Project Influence Area (7km all around the Project)
3-86
xiv
3-87
Table 3.55 - Major Uses of Trees from Forests in the Project Influence Area
3-88
3-88
3-89
Table 3.58 - Ethno-Botanical Approach for Major Plant Species from Local Forests
3-89
Table 3.59 - Domestic Animal Census Data (2003) for Rampur Division
3-93
Table 3.60 - List of Wildlife Reported from the Study Area and Their Status
3-94
3-95
3-96
Table 3.63 - Avifauna Recorded in the Immediate Influence Area (500m around the Project) 3-97
Table 3.64 Purpose-wise Acquisition of Forest Land in the Project
3-98
3-99
Table 3.66 - Major Uses of Trees found in the Projects Directly Affected Area
3-100
3-101
3-102
3-102
3-103
3-104
3-105
3-106
3-107
3-107
3-108
Table 3.78 - Diversity Index of Flora found in the Immediate Influence Area of RHEP
3-109
Table 3.79 - Assessment of Flora on the Site of the Cut and Cover for the Head Race Tunnel 3-110
Table 3.80 - Assessment of Flora on the Site of the Dumping Area I near Kazo Adit
3-111
Table 3.81 - Assessment of Flora on the Site of the Job Facilities Area at Kazo Adit
3-111
Table 3.82 - Assessment of Flora on the Site of the Approach Road for Kazo Adit
3-112
3-112
Table 3.84 - Assessment of Flora on the Site of the Dumping Area II near Kunni Adit
3-112
3-113
3-113
Table 3.87 - Assessment of Flora on the Site of the Dumping Area III
downstream of the Nimrand Bridge
3-113
Table 3.88 - Assessment of Flora on the Site of the Dumping Area IV at Averi
3-114
Table 3.89 - Assessment of Flora on the Sites of the Surge Shaft and the
Approach Road to the Surge Shaft
3-114
Table 3.90 - Assessment of Flora on the Sites of the Power House Area &
Its Approach Road
3-114
3-115
3-116
3-116
xv
3-117
3-118
3-119
Table 3.97 - Assessment of Importance Value Index for Flora near Pashada Forest Area
3-120
3-123
3-123
Table 3.100 - Maximum, Minimum, Average Values of NOx, SO2, SPM, RPM in Ambient Air
3-124
3-126
3-126
3-127
3-127
3-127
3-128
3-128
3-129
3-129
3-131
3-131
3-136
3-136
Table 3.114 - Disease Profile in the Influence Area of the Project, 2005
3-137
Table 3.115 - IPH Department Water Supply Schemes Affected due to Nathpa-Jhakri Project 3-140
Table 3.116 Horticulture Crop Trees in the Nathpa-Jhakri Influence Area
3-141
3-141
3-142
3-144
3-144
3-148
Table 3.122 Time Lag for Peaking Power Generation among Projects in the Satluj Basin
3-149
Table 4.1 - Budget for Sanitary Facilities for Construction and Labour Camps
4-11
Table 4.2 - Farm Components in Snow Trout Facilities financed by the Project
4-12
4-14
4-16
4-17
4-17
4-18
4-19
4-24
Table 4.10 Budget for Reinstatement Works after Completion of Muck Disposal
4-24
4-33
xvi
Table 4.12 - Budget for Implementation of EMP Measures for Road Construction
4-36
4-40
Table 4.14 Response Level Matrix for Each Type of Emergency Events
4-48
4-53
4-53
4-58
4-58
4-61
4-62
4-66
4-77
4-80
4-81
4-82
4-90
4-91
xvii
List of Figures
Figure E.1 - Location of Satluj Basin in State of Himachal Pradesh, Northern India
E-2
E-3
Figure 1.1 Location of Shimla Town and the State of Himachal Pradesh India
1-2
1-2
Figure 1.3 Operating and Proposed Hydropower Projects in the Satluj Basin
1-4
1-19
1-24
1-25
1-26
1-27
1-28
1-29
3-5
3-7
3-8
3-8
Figure 3.5 - IRSWiFS Imagery showing Distribution of Snow Cover in Baspa Basin
(November 2000 to February 2001)
3-14
3-15
3-15
3-16
3-16
3-17
3-17
3-18
3-19
3-20
3-23
3-25
3-26
3-26
3-28
3-29
3-32
Figure 3.23 Digital Elevation Model of the Satluj Basin (in Himachal Pradesh)
3-35
xviii
3-49
3-50
3-57
3-58
3-59
3-60
3-66
3-80
Figure 3.33 National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries in the Satluj Basin
3-81
3-90
3-91
3-92
3-132
Figure 3.38 - Water Level along the River at a Flow of 1500 cumec
3-139
3-143
4-52
4-78
xix
xx
EXECUTIVE
SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Satluj Jal Vidyut Nigam Limited (SJVN) - a joint venture between the Government of India
(GOI) and the Government of Himachal Pradesh (GoHP) - has proposed construction of the 412
MW Rampur Hydro Electric project (RHEP) on the River Sutlej in Himachal Pradesh to tap the
hydropower potential of the Sutlej River between Jhakri and Bael village. The proposed project is
conceived as a tailrace development from the 1500 MW Nathpa-Jhakri Hydro Electric Project
(NJHEP); hence the operation of Rampur project would be closely interlinked with NJHEP. Thus,
the Rampur project will not include the construction of a dam, nor will it involve any land
inundation. The following summarises the studies and activities undertaken to assess the
environmental and social impacts of the Rampur Hydropower Project. Further details on all aspects
can be found in the Environmental Impact Assessment (EA) full report and its associated
documents, prepared by DHI (India) Water & Environment Pvt. Ltd., Himachal Pradesh University,
Consulting Engineering Services India Ltd.), FQA Management Services Pvt. Ltd., National Safety
Council of India, and the Himachal State Forest Department.
1.2
Project description
Analysis of alternatives
Implementation arrangements
development, the river basins can be divided into six major groups namely the Indus, the
Brahmaputra, the Ganges, the Central Indian Rivers, the West Flowing Rivers and the East Flowing
Rivers. There is a broad consensus in the Government of India to expand power generation by
developing the countrys hydropower potential.
2.2
Himachal Pradesh has a significant hydro-potential, indeed this is one of the states key
resources. The major river systems of the region are the Chandrabhaga or the Chenab, the Ravi,
the Beas, the Sutlej and the Yamuna. Through preliminary hydrological, topographical and
geological investigations, it has been estimated that about 18,820 MW of hydro power can be
generated in the State by constructing various major, medium, small and mini/micro hydel projects
on the five river basins. Out of the total hydropower potential a little over 6,000 MW has been
harnessed so far.
2.3
The River Sutlej, which is one of the key river basins featuring in the hydro development
plan of the state of Himachal Pradesh, rises in the Tibetan Plateau (Rakastal-Mansarovar lake; at
an elevation of about 4570m above mean sea level), travels about 1450km (320km in China,
758km in India, and 370km in Pakistan) before it meets the Chenab River and subsequently the
Indus. Governments of Himachal Pradesh and India are working to exploit the full hydro-potential
of the Sutlej river Basin though both private and public developers. The location of Sutlej basin is
shown in the map at Figure 1.
2.4
Some of the projects proposed for construction are Khab and the 1000 MW Karcham
Wangtoo project upstream of Rampur and Luhri and 800 MW Kol dam projects down stream. The
1500 MW Nathpa Jhakri HEP, immediate upstream is already in stage of operation. The most
celebrated dam on the river is the Bhakra Dam, which was completed in 1963. Downstream of
Bhakra too there are structures on the river, including the Nangal diversion dam and Ropar
barrage.
Figure E.1 - Location of Sutlej Basin in State of Himachal Pradesh, Northern India
2.5
RHEP is located, near the town of Rampur in Shimla and Kullu districts of Himachal
Pradesh. The project area is enclosed by latitudes 77o35N and 77o43; and longitudes 31o23E and
31o30E.
E-2
E-3
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
3.1
The project is designed to divert water from the tail race pool of Nathpa Jhakri hydro-electric
power project (NJHEP) 1 project (located near the village of Jhakri on the east bank of the Sutlej)
through a 15km head race tunnel to a surface power station (located near the village of Bael on the
west bank of the Sutlej), from where the water will be returned to the river. The project does not
divert any additional water downstream of the Nathpa dam, and will not require any new dam to
divert the water, any de-silting chambers to clean the sediments flowing in the river and intake
arrangements, nor will it involve any additional land inundation.
3.2
The water from the Rampur Intake structure will be conveyed through a 484m long tunnel
before it crosses under the river to the right bank through a 43.2m cut-and-cover conduit, from
where it is conveyed via a 10.50m diameter head race tunnel (HRT) of 15.08km length terminating at
a 140m high, 38m diameter Surge Shaft. The water will then enter three surface penstocks of 5.4m
diameter each, which bifurcate into six branch tunnels, of 3.8m diameter. These feed six 68.7 MW
Francis turbines, housed in a surface power station.
3.3
On completion, the project would use a gross head of 139m to generate approximately 412
MW of peaking power and 1,770GWh of electricity in a 90% hydrological dependable year. The
Project office and construction sites will be approached by project roads connected to National
Highway-22A on the east bank of the river. This run-of river project will be located between the two
other run-of-river projects: the upstream and already operating 1500MW Nathpa-Jhakri project
(which has a small diurnal storage) and the proposed Luhri project downstream of Rampur.
3.4
The power generated by Rampur HEP will feed the Northern Indian Energy Grid, directly
benefiting consumers in the states of north India and improving the availability of power at
reasonable cost. Amongst other supplies being developed, this power can also be used to provide
service for those who currently have limited or no access to electricity. Sale of power will provide the
state of Himachal Pradesh with a royalty benefit of 12 per cent of the power generated equivalent
to some $12 million each year in addition to the states share in the plants dividends.
NJHEP was built on the River Sutlej and was commissioned in 2003-04. This project included construction
of a 60m high dam on a deep gorge, 27km headrace tunnel, a 1km tailrace tunnel; one of the worlds
deepest surge shafts; and one very large de-silting chamber. The project was financed by the World Bank.
E-4
4.2
An independent study of alternatives has also been carried out in anticipation of the
proposed Rampur scheme, confirming the prudence of investing further funds to utilize the flows
exiting the Nathpa Jhakri scheme.
4.3
Design flood: Both the permanent works and the temporary river diversion works will be
designed to withstand a river flow corresponding to a 10,000 years return period flood, which has
been assessed to be 7,150 cubic meters per second at Rampur.
4.4
Geology of the locale and lessons learnt in constructing Nathpa Jhakri: Due to
RHEPs proximity to Nathpa Jhakri, the geological experiences encountered in the construction of the
Nathpa Jhakri scheme are of direct relevance for the planned construction of the Rampur project.
Nathpa Jhakri and Rampur are located in the lesser Himalayas, which are characterized by very
rugged topography and lofty steep-sided mountains. The lithology in the area has played a significant
role in the development of its surface landforms. The granite and gneisses, with subordinate schist
bands, which are exposed in the eastern parts, form high peaks, steep escarpments, and glaciated
deep valleys. The terrain in the western part has subdued topography due to the presence of
essentially schistose rock. The rock types in the area of the two schemes comprise of a variety of
metamorphic rocks, including gneisses, schistose gneiss, schist and quartzite. Amphibolites as basic
intrusive, granite, and pegmatite and quartz veins as acidic intrusive were also encountered. These
unfossiliferous rocks belong to Jeori-Wangtu Gnessisic complex of the Precambrian age. The
geologists and construction engineers, employed on the NJHEP, successfully met the difficult
challenges, which the geology posed in the excavation and construction of the project and these
lessons will inform the development of the Rampur HEP, particularly the tunneling.
4.5
Seismicity: The project area lies in the seismic zone IV as per the seismic zoning map of
India as incorporated in Indian Standards, a high damage risk zone. It has been rocked by a number
of major earthquakes in the recent past. As far as the project area is concerned it is observed that no
epicenter of magnitude more than 5 lies within distance of 50 km. The Detailed Project Report (DPR)
prepared for the project addresses seismic performance by calculating stresses induced in key
components of the project under seismic loading. The considerations are also made on permanent
deformations induced by seismic loading.
4.6
Sedimentation and Silt Erosion: The Sutlej River normally carries a considerable volume
of sediments particularly during the high-flow season. Sediment and erosion control measures
upstream of Nathpa Jhakri, by soil management and afforestation, offer only very limited possibilities
to reduce the sedimentation load. This is because of - (a) the natural physiography and soil
morphology of the region and (b) it is not practical to introduce vegetation at the high altitudes
around the higher reaches of the river, from where much of the silt is derived. Recognizing that the
river silt loads will be high for the life of the project, the design of Nathpa Jhakri (a) provided for
gates in the dam to facilitate the periodic flushing of the fore-bay pond in its intake area; (b)
specified turbines materials to minimize equipment wear and down-time for maintenance; and (c)
includes, at the head of the power tunnel, wide underground de-silting chambers, where the water
flow reduces, and heavy sediments above 0.15 to 0.2mm in diameter settle into troughs. The
resulting slurry is returned to the river.
4.7
Extensive research and dimensional analysis modeling supported the inclusion of these
measures in the project design. However, silt erosion of the turbines runners (impellors) and the
associated equipment has been proved more deleterious during the first three years of operation
than was expected when the project was planned. This is mainly because the silt load content of hard
quartz is higher than was expected, when the river content was analyzed and the project designed in
the 1980s. Runners have been repaired by adding replacement metal to the runner blades and other
worn parts by specialized welding technique. This is an expensive and lengthy exercise and
necessitates each turbine being unavailable for generation while this work is carried out. SJVN is
E-5
carrying out experiments and research with modern ceramic and other coatings in an effort to reduce
this wear at Nathpa Jhakri. Modifications to the stations intake design to avoid the ingress of water
with high silt contents are also being investigated.
4.8
The design of the Rampur runners and other related equipment has taken into account the
considerable experience gained at Nathpa Jhakri project.
5
E-6
of the 10 World Bank safeguard policies 2 , and required comprehensive environmental assessments.
The project also required a comprehensive environmental impact assessment (EIA) stipulated by the
Government of India as well as the Government of Himachal Pradesh. An initial environmental
impact assessment was prepared by WAPCOS Ltd. (India) in parallel with the detailed project report.
The baseline surveys covered a period of June 2003 to September 2004. Subsequently, 6 supporting
studies by independent consultants were undertaken to enhance the analysis, which involved
additional detailed field investigation and community consultations over a period of about a year
(November 2005 November 2006). Further, the Himachal State Forest Department prepared the
catchment area treatment plan, and the emergency preparedness plan was prepared in-house. The
initial EIA, the background studies and plans have been integrated into a consolidated environmental
assessment and environmental management plan (EA/EMP) by DHI (India) Water & Environment Pvt.
Ltd.
Policy & Regulatory Framework
5.6
From environmental impact assessment point of view, the project is subject to a variety of
national and state laws, rules and regulations. Among these, the prominent are the following:
The Forest Act 1927; the Forest (Conservation) Act 1980; the Wildlife (Protection) Act
1972; National Wildlife Action Plan 1983; National Conservation Strategy 1992; National
Forest Policy, 1988;
The Environment (Protection) Act 1986; the Environmental Impact Assessment Notification,
1994
Government of Himachal Pradesh Order on Minimum Flow of Rivers, 2005.
5.7
As per the prevailing procedures, the project required (i) forestry clearances, (ii)
environmental clearances. Forestry clearances were required to acquire forest land (although none of
the area acquired was defined either as reserved forests or as demarcated protected forests) and
clear fell about 1000 trees on such land. These were obtained through a process of joint verification
of land and trees by the forest department of GoHP.
5.8
The project has obtained the 3-stage environmental clearance from the Ministry of
Environment, GoI (MOEF). The final environmental clearance to the project was granted on 31 March
2006. This was preceded by the Stage I and the Stage II clearances from MOEF; the forest and
environmental clearances by the GoHP; and a no-objection certificate from the Himachal Pradesh
State Pollution Control Board (HP SPCB), based on a formal public hearing of the project.
5.9
The project does not require any regulatory clearance under the GoI Ancient Sites and
Remains Act, as it does not impact, directly or indirectly any known or notified cultural heritage
resource. The State Department of Culture had also provided no-objection to the project on the basis
that no cultural property is impacted by the project.
Key Safeguard Documents
5.10
A detailed description of the projects baseline environmental conditions; probable adverse
social and environmental impacts; and detailed environmental and social management plans
including institutional responsibilities, implementation schedules, budget, arrangements for
monitoring and evaluation, are provided in the following documents (i) the Environmental
These 6 World Bank Safeguard Policies are those on - Environmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01), Forests
(OP/BP 4.36), Cultural Property (OPN 11.03), Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12), Safety of Dams
(OP/BP 4.37), and on Projects on International Waterways (OP/BP 7.50).
E-7
Assessment and Management Plan (EA/EMP) consolidated/prepared by DHI-India Pvt. Ltd.; (ii)
Baselin socio-economic survey of project affected people carried out by Himachal Pradesh University,
(iii) the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) prepared by Consulting Engineering Services India Ltd.; (iii)
the Social Impact Assessment (SA) prepared by FQA Management Services Pvt. Ltd.; and (iv)
Sustainable community Development Program (SCDP) was prepared by SJVN in assistance with CES..
5.11
The EA/EMP is supplemented by the following supporting documents: (i) Study of the
Managed River Flow in the project stretch of the river Sutlej prepared by DHI-India Pvt. Ltd.; (ii)
Assessment of the Terrestrial Biodiversity Impacts from the project prepared by Consulting
Engineering Services India Ltd.; (iii) Analyses of Induced Impacts of the Rampur Hydropower Project
& Cumulative Impacts of Hydropower Development in the Sutlej Basin in India prepared by DHI-India
Pvt. Ltd.; (iv) Safety Assurance Plan for the project prepared by National Safety Council of India; (vi)
Archaeological Study Report prepared by Archaeological Survey of India, Shimla Office, and (vii) a
Catchment Area Treatment Plan for the project prepared by the Himachal State Forest Department.
The project has also prepared an Emergency Preparedness Plan (EPP), summary recommendations
from which are incorporated in the EMP.
Disclosure & Consultation
5.12
The project has engaged stakeholders including the project-affected people in discussing
different aspects of the project over the last 3 years. SJVN has organized community meetings,
meetings with village elders and elected leaders of the villages. During the preparation of EA and
social assessments, a number of informal, but significant, meetings were organized. As part of the
regulatory clearance process, a formal public hearing was organized. At village Bael, a public
information centre (PIC) had been set up since December 2005, where the local community and any
other stakeholders have full access, and this public information centre has been helpful for the local
public in recording their views about the project. Additionally, SJVN has sponsored and participated in
the traditional village fairs, special events such as the Republic Day celebrations, and sports events in
all the villages in the project area.
5.13
As part of social assessment, 17 consultations were held with various stakeholders such as
local villagers, affected people elected representatives, Government officials, women and youth
organizations, media persons, etc. In all, 207 persons participated in these meetings. The key issues
discussed included employment opportunities, health and education facilities, concerns about drying
water sources, impact of tunnel construction, mobile health facilities, monitoring project
implementation of community development activities, etc. The proposed measures for the above
concerns are incorporated in the Resettlement Action Plan and the Sustainable Community
Development Plan. Similarly, as part of Resettlement Action Plan, seven consultations were held
which were participated by 142 persons discussing about the impact of land acquisition and proposed
resettlement measures, options for resettlement, site selection, opportunities for employment, etc.
5.14
The EIA report (based on which regulatory clearance for the project was granted) was
disclosed before the formal public hearing, with assistance from the state pollution control board. The
revised EA/EMP, SA, RAP (including its translation of Executive Summary in the local language Hindi) and SCDP reports have been disclosed, in October 2006 in public information centers in Bael
Village and Jhakri, public libraries in Shimla and Kullu, and in SJVN corporate office in Shimla. All the
documents are also available online in the Rampur Project webpage (accessible through the SJVN
website www.sjvn.nic.in). The availability of these documents was also announced in the local
newspapers (both English and Hindi newspapers) in October 2006. The current (January 2007)
version of the Executive Summary of the EA has also been locally disclosed.
5.15
A complete set of these safeguard documents can also be found in Banks Info Shop in
Washington DC and New Delhi, where these have been available since October 2006. A final round to
E-8
publicly disseminate the final versions of these safeguard documents was held at PIC in Bael village
on March 30, 2007 and was attended was more than 200 persons.
6
ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES
Identification of the Rampur Project
6.1
The key GoI policy statements that guide hydropower development are National Policy for
Hydropower Development (1998) and the 50,000 MW Hydroelectric Initiative (2003). The policy
statements describe the policy objectives of hydropower development as: (i) environmental benefits,
in particular avoidance of pollution and emissions from thermal plant, (ii) benefits for power system
operation, especially for meeting peak demand, (iii) energy security - reducing exposure to fuel price
and supply risks. The policy statements also propose several actions to promote hydropower.
6.2
A key feature of these policy statements is the concept of planning for the development of a
shelf (portfolio) of hydroelectric projects. India had adopted a portfolio approach to project
development given (i) the scale of projected demand increases relative to individual project size, and,
(ii) the benefits of having a portfolio of projects in terms of diversifying project development and
timing risks.
Initial Ranking
6.3
In October 2001, the Central Electricity Authority (CEA) produced a study which ranked 399
candidate hydro schemes (with an aggregate capacity of est. 106,910 MW) into three categories (A,B
& C) according to the following criteria: (i) rehabilitation and resettlement impacts, (ii) whether
projects are in areas subject to international water treaties, (iii) likelihood of delay due to
complexities of inter-state co-ordination, (iv) project size, (v) type of scheme, preference being given
to projects that do not involve large storage, (vi) height of dam, preference being given to projects
with lower dams, (vii) length of tunnel / channel, preference being to projects with shorter tunnels,
(vii) status of upstream and downstream hydroelectric project development, preference given to
projects on rivers were there are already other projects, (ix) accessibility of site, and, (x) status of
project development, preference being given to projects for which site investigations and feasibility
studies are ready. This approach, therefore, screened a large universe of candidate projects using
proxy indicators for (i) environmental and social impacts, (ii) political risk, (iii) construction risk, (iv)
project cost, and (v) development lead time. Rampur is a CEA category A project, high in the
development portfolio.
Analysis & Prioritization
6.4
A major activity under the 50,000 MW (2003) initiative was preparation of Preliminary
Feasibility Reports (PFRs) for 162 new hydroelectric projects. CEA was entrusted with responsibility
of leading this exercise, and it in turn tasked a number of agencies to prepare these reports following
a standard guideline. PFRs include a conceptual project design, preliminary project and equipment
layouts, environmental and geological studies, planning for power evacuation, cost estimates and
financial appraisal. The 162 PFRs where then screened according to the following criteria; (i)
projected levelised tariff below Rs 2.5 / kWh 78 met this criterion, (ii) excluding projects with major
environmental impacts or international issues 5 were excluded on this basis. Therefore, 73 projects
were selected for detailed feasibility analysis, i.e. preparation of detailed project reports - Rampur
project is one of these. Each of these projects is being followed up by Government of India. Rampur
falls within the top ten projects (excluding the small projects 27-85 MW) in the Indus basin and as
such is a Government priority.
E-9
6.5
Detailed Project Reports also follow a methodology specified by CEA. The main components
of this feasibility analysis are: (i) comparison of alternative technical options for exploitation of the
hydro resource, (ii) hydrological analysis, (iii) quantification of power generation potential, (iv) site
survey, (v) geological investigation, (vi) construction methodology and equipment design, (v)
environmental and social assessments, and (vi) financial analysis.
The No Project Alternative
6.6
NO PROJECT ALTERNATIVE: Rampur project is one of the priority elements in the
hydropower development program for India. Currently, India faces severe power shortages (10%
average, and 13.5% during peak hours), which translate into a substantial loss to the economy. India
will require an additional 100,000 MW of generating capacity by 2012, even with a significant pace of
loss reduction and enhanced efficiency gains, to continue with its current growth trajectory and to
provide universal access to electricity. If India continues to rely heavily on indigenous coal resources;
supplies and consumes energy under a business as usual scenario, it might produce 13% of the
worlds total CO2 emissions by 2031, up from the current share of 4% of global CO2 emissions. For a
lower carbon development path, it would be important that cleaner power generation activities,
such as hydro are scaled-up; and a substantial portion of the new and additional generation capacity
come from hydro.
6.7
A no-project scenario will ensure that the resulting increased demand-supply gap for
electricity will be filled up by development of additional coal fired power stations (the fuel of choice
given Indias abundant coal reserves) during off-peak time and small diesel or coal fired plants during
peak time. These would result in significant net increase in GHG emissions (12,000 tonnes of SOx,
6,000 tonnes of NOx, and about 2 million tonnes of CO2).
6.8
Due to the finite nature and limited number of feasible of hydropower project, it is unlikely
that a gap created by not developing Rampur project can be filled up by developing another
hydropower project which is currently low in CEAs ranking and feasibility studies. Even if any such
project replaces Rampur, the environmental and social impacts of that project will be higher than the
Rampur project (as the CEA studies are good proxy for environmental and social footprints).
6.9
At the state level, hydropower is a major resource in Himachal Pradesh, important for the
states economic progress and revenue accrual. The state is expected earn about US$245 million of
revenue as royalty from hydro projects in 2013, which is more than 17% of the States current level
of own tax and non-tax revenues and more than double the States current level of own non-tax
revenues. A no-project scenario would mean an annual revenue loss of US$18.25 million for the
state (which is equivalent to 1.25% of the states current revenue receipts, or about 16% of current
non-tax revenue receipt). It is unlikely that a coal fired plant (that would come up as a response to
the no project scenario) will come up within Himachal Pradesh, being away both from the coal
mines and the centers of power demand. The no-project scenario therefore will also mean a
forgone power production worth more than US$ 100 million, which is equivalent to 1.9% of the
current state gross domestic product.
6.10
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with an installed capacity of 412 MW. For this alternative no de-silting arrangement or storage
reservoir was envisaged since only silt free and regulated flows from tailrace of Jhakri powerhouse
are proposed to be used for power generation.
6.13
During construction, this alternative would have involved problems of handling a large
diameter steel lined inverted siphon aqueduct and problem of accumulation of silt at the bend
/depression points of the inverted siphon during operation. Further, the siphon will have to be long
due to (i) the need to achieve workable gradients and (ii) the requirement of clearance of its ends
from river banks.
6.14
ALTERNATIVE II: This was a modification of Alternative I. The difference was that the river
crossing was proposed by means of a 43.2m long cut and cover reinforced cement concrete conduit
in place of the deep siphon aqueduct of Alternative-I. In addition, construction of upstream and down
stream coffer dams and a concrete lined horseshoe shaped diversion tunnel are also involved.
6.15
ALTERNATIVE III: This was similar to alternative-II except that the powerhouse would be
located near village Behna at the confluence of Behna Khad with river Sutlej about 20km downstream
of outfall of alternative-II to gain an additional head of 80.22m. The unfavourable rock conditions for
the power house were found to add complexity to this alternative which already required a very long
(even longer than NJHEP) head race tunnel.
6.16
ALTERNATIVE IV: In this alternative, the powerhouse was envisaged on the left bank of
river Sutlej. It envisaged a 11km long head race tunnel on left bank of river Sutlej from Jhakri to
Nogli. A long tailrace tunnel of around 8.2km would be required for releasing water back to Sutlej
River.
6.17
In this alternative, the HRT would encounter overburden or inadequate rock cover in the
initial stretch. The powerhouse caverns would have to be set deep inside the hill and reinforced. The
tailrace would also pass through unfavorable rock classifications; and an additional surge shaft in the
downstream water conductor would be required, since it is so long. The only suitable site for an adit
is too close to the populated Rampur town, which was considered unlikely to be permitted.
6.18
ALTERNATIVE V: This Alternative comprised all the features of Alternative-II and also
involved picking up additional water from the Sutlej river at a point downstream of its inter section
with Kajo Khad by constructing a diversion dam. It was thus proposed to utilize additional water of
about 150 cumecs through a second parallel HRT. An underground de -silting chamber and additional
tail race tunnel would also be required. This alternative will utilize a gross head of 138.7 m with an
installed capacity of 574MW and a design discharge of 533.88 cumecs.
6.19
The geo-technical features of this proposal were similar to those for the alternative II. The
difference lies in the introduction of a diversion dam across the Sutlej, an additional HRT diameter
coupled with a de-silting chamber for picking up the additional 150 cumecs of water during the
monsoon months.
6.20
ALTERNATE VI: This alternative contemplated the construction of a pickup gravity dam with
a dam toe power house near the Village of Bael so as to utilize the entire releases of Jhakri power
house besides the additional waters generated from the intermediate catchment area. The height of
the dam was to be around 140m so as to fully utilize the available head between Jhakri power house
and Village Bael. The length of the dam at the top would have been more than 600m at this location.
I6.21 In this alternative, a large portion of Rampur Township, Brau, Nogli and other villages would
have to be displaced. A wide stretch of arable land would be submerged. Three main bridges, the
National Highway between Khaneri and Nirsu on the left bank and Rampur bypass road on the right
bank as also the link roads on the two banks would have been affected. In addition, the 2.5MW Nogli
power station and some of the transmission towers of SJVN would also be submerged.
E-11
Involuntary Resettlement
Dam Safety
Riparian Issues
Involuntary Resettlement
7.2
The land acquisition and resettlement impacts of this project are small compared to similar
hydropower projects. The total private land required for the project is estimated to be about 30
hectares belonging to about 167 landowners (141 families). Out of these, 35 families are likely to
become land less (less then 0.40 hectares of remaining land holding) and 28 families will be
physically displaced. There are no impacts to non-title holders except for two tenants. A rental
allowance and shifting allowances are proposed for those affected tenants. However, provisions for
assistance are kept in the policy provisions in case any non-titleholders are affected during the
implementation.
7.3
As part of Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) between the state Government and SJVN,
a Resettlement Policy has been executed. The policy includes several improvements over the
previous entitlements used for Nathpa-Jhakri project. The key improvement includes: top-up money
for loss of land, options for resettlement of displaced families (cash or cash and developed plot and
constructed house) and provision for award of small contracts to Project Affected Persons (PAPs).
The policy also incorporates several provisions for taking up community development works including
operation of a mobile health unit. A copy of the policy provisions (in English and Hindi) has been
E-12
circulated widely amongst the potential project affected people. However, there are a few gaps in
comparison with the Banks operational policy on Involuntary Resettlement. These gaps include: noninclusion of non-title holders as PAPs, lack of clarity of mitigation of impacts due to ancillary activities
such as transmission lines, access roads, borrower areas, and dump sites, cut off date for eligibility of
benefits as on the date of survey or land acquisition notification, developmental approach for income
restoration or improvements, valuation of loss of structures based on scheduled rates and excluding
the depreciated amounts; disclosure procedures. These gaps have been addressed through the
Resettlement Action Plan (RAP).
7.4
A Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) has been prepared, and the report is available both in
English and Hindi (Executive Summary only). This describes the policy provisions for payment of
compensation and resettlement assistance and implementation arrangements consisting of
institutional mechanisms, grievance procedures, monitoring and evaluation arrangements, time table
and budget provisions. It also contains the outcome of baseline socio-economic survey and
consultations and the baseline values for the key performance and impact indicators, which will be
used for measuring the outcomes of resettlement implementation. A transit plan for resettlement of
physically displaced families is in place and the livelihood support activities are also highlighted. The
Resettlement Action Plan contains the provisions for assistance to non-title holders, it has also taken
into account of the impacts related to land acquisition for ancillary services, dump sites, etc. The
compensation rates for private lands were assessed by a special committee based on various
parameters such a recent sale transactions, recent court order on enhanced compensation in the
near by projects and land rates paid for some private hydro projects. A third party assessment was
undertaken by approved valuers for payment of compensation to the structures which is based on
recent Himachal Government scheduled rates. The RAP also outlines the assistance for income
generation activities and the first notification under land acquisition act for land owners and date of
baseline survey for non- title holders will constitute the cut-off date. The draft documents are
disclosed in the Public information Centre and web site of SJVN. It was disclosed in the Banks Info
Shop. These provisions in RAP will address the gaps in relation to comparison of the resettlement
provisions of the client with the Banks involuntary resettlement provisions.
7.5
The key baseline socio-economic characteristics are summarized below and these will be
used during the impact evaluation to judge whether the objectives of resettlement have been realized
or not.
Table E.1 - Baseline Characteristics of Project-Affected Persons
No
Indicator
Value
Economic
1,20,648
Housing
2.76
29.0
13.0
35.0
578
79.0
Remarks
68
10.35
46
82
2.12
E-13
7.6
A separate Sustainable Community Development Program (SCDP), has been prepared
describing the proposed infrastructure facilities in the project area for next 5 years with an estimated
cost of INR 256.8 million (US$ 6.2 million). This program includes implementation of basic
infrastructure facilities in the affected villages, operation of mobile health van, scholarships to the
wards of affected and local people, sponsoring children to industrial training institutions for acquiring
technical skills, support services to agricultural and horticultural activities, improving drinking water
facilities in the local villages, support to educational institutions, etc.
7.7.
Implementation Progress (current status): The overall land acquisition is proceeding
satisfactorily. The principle approval has been obtained from MOEF for transfer of government land
(49 hectares). The private land acquisition is in advance stage and so far about 14 hectares of private
land (49%) has already been acquired and the compensation has been offered to the affected land
owners. This land is mostly required for the civil works and the balance land acquisition is required
for townships, for which construction is due to start only in the middle of 2008. Further, the options
for resettlement have been explained to all those affected and have been finalized for all the families
who have only one house and they have expressed their preference for cash and a developed plot on
which to construct a house. They will be offered developed plots shortly. The alternative sites have
been identified in consultations with the displaced families and it may take some time to acquire
these lands. Since the construction of houses will take about 12-18 months, the project authorities
have proposed transitional arrangements with an alternative of leased accommodation or rental
allowance of INR.2000 per month for a maximum of 18 months. The implementation of SCDP has
also commenced. Some of the facilities already initiated include a mobile health van, contribution
towards construction of a new bus station and parking space at Rampur, construction of school
buildings and a bridge. In addition, 35 youths, including 5 girls, belonging to the families of the
project affected area have been provided sponsorship for admission in Industrial Training Institutes
(ITIs) for acquiring technical skills. The first year annual program on small infrastructure, which is
based on the proposals received from each of the affected villages, is also in progress.
Impacts on Scheduled Tribes
7.8
The impact on scheduled tribes is negligible. Only two tribal families are being affected by
the project. The proportion of tribal families living in project area is about 3% compared to 4% in
Himachal Pradesh and 8% in India. The socio-economic characteristics of tribal people in the project
area reveal that they own agricultural land, livestock and also own material assets like television,
cooking gas etc i.e. similar to the non-tribal people. A social assessment was carried out by a team of
independent consultants and social scientists employed by the project developer (SJVN). It was
determined that the tribal families from the Negi and Gujjar tribes migrated to the project area some
50 years ago. Based on the screening of the representative sample of tribal families against the five
criteria listed in the World Banks OD 4.20, Indigenous Peoples, (which covers scheduled tribes),
paragraph 5, the social assessment team concluded that the families do not possess three of the five
characteristics (close attachment to ancestral territories; self-identification as members of distinct
cultural group and presence of customary social and political institutions). The World Bank social
scientist on the Task Team, who has been visiting the project site from time to time since 1998,
concurs with the determination and conclusion of the social assessment team that the families do not
meet the criteria of the Indigenous Peoples as listed in OD 4.20. This issue was subject to review by
the Indigenous Peoples Coordinator of the World Bank who concurred with this decision. Therefore,
the project will not trigger the Indigenous Peoples Policy (OD 4.20).
E-14
E-15
throughout the projects immediate influence and influence area. For each of the land parcels
affected by the project, the diversity is very low. The highest value of diversity index recorded is 1.28
for the powerhouse and approach road area. For all other sites, the diversity index is even lower than
that - indicating that the area is not rich in floral wealth and represents poor diversity.
7.16
No endangered, rare, threatened or endemic trees are lost due to felling in project. The
dominant shrubs are of species which are widely distributed throughout the project immediate
influence area as well as project influence area and are not endangered, rare, threatened, or
endemic in nature. Owing to their common distribution and not having significant ecological status
loss (although some of them have community use and medicinal values), losing these trees and
shrubs will not significantly affect existing biodiversity status of the project influence area, the Sutlej
Basin in general, or Himachal Pradesh in totality. It will also not affect the structure composition, of
existing forest types, forest cover or distribution characteristics of flora.
Table E.2 - Comparative Status of Forests and Natural Resources in the Project Area
Parameter
Forests
Himachal
Pradesh
Sutlej
Basin
Projects
Influence Area
Type
Sub-Groups
36
10
3256
NA
119
77
63
1.17 1.41
0.27 1.3
Protected
Areas
32
Existence of Endangered/
Threatened/ Rare fauna (number
of species)
11
11
1 (Common
Leopard)
Altitudinal Migration
3 more species
5710
NA
58
7.17
To compensate for the loss of the acquired forestland, a compensatory afforestation (CA)
plan will be implemented by State Forest Department. The Compensatory Afforestation will be carried
out on 139 ha as per the Forests (Conservation) Act 1980 in Arsu and Nichar ranges of Ani forest
division. The impacts of the project will be more than sufficiently compensated by such afforestation.
In fact, development of 139 ha of forested area instead of the 48.9 ha of degraded forest land will be
an environmental enhancement in the area. Additional measures by the project includes payment of
net present value of forests of about US$ 10 million (to generate forests of equivalent area elsewhere
in the projects influence area), and a catchment area treatment plan, costing US$ 5.3 million.
7.18
Indirect impacts of project activities on flora are expected to be mostly limited to projects
immediate influence area. Indirect impacts will be due to various construction activities such as
generation of dust due to earthwork, excavation, transportation of construction materials (sand,
aggregate, cement etc), quarry, crusher & blasting operations; air pollution due to movement of
construction vehicles, equipments and machinery; influx of laborers; and pollution generated through
provision of labor camps established temporarily at construction sites etc. These impacts will be
short term and limited to construction period only. Long-term exposure of dust may affect some
vegetation and lead to various morphological effects such as chlorosis, necrosis, discoloration and
ultimately reduction in primary productivity. This is important for the vast number of orchards in the
project area. The project will take sufficient measures to control dust during the construction period.
E-16
Blasting will be controlled, so as not to create great noise, although noise impacts on wildlife would
not be significant owing to the lack of wildlife in the area.
7.19
The EMP also includes measures related to prevention of disturbance to forests and wildlife
by construction labourers, procedures for disposal and management of muck and debris, and
redevelopment of muck disposal sites (see below). Dumping areas are either devoid of vegetation or
show a few weedy shrubs. Very limited adverse impact on flora is expected as these shrubs are
widely distributed in project immediate influence area as well as project influence area. To mitigate
this loss of shrubs, an approved muck disposal plan should be strictly implemented. As such no
vegetation was recorded at the proposed quarry site, however to avoid impacts due to quarry
operations on surrounding quarry site, adequate dust suppression measures should be implemented.
After completion the quarry operation, the area would be redeveloped.
Instream Flow Impacts & Water Quality Issues
7.20
The Rampur Hydroelectric project will in effect be operated as a cascade station to the
Nathpa-Jhakri run of the river power plant. The only change in the river flow will occur between the
intake works at Jhakri (where the Nathpa-Jhakri tailrace water is currently re-entering the river
Sutlej), and the tailrace outlet at Bael village. At Jhakri, the current flow of river is constituted by (i)
the water from Nathpa-Jhakri tailrace, and (ii) the combined flow of all tributaries joining the river
Sutlej between the Nathpa dam and Jhakri (except a stream called Shoulding, where 6 cumec of
water is diverted to augment the Nathpa-Jhakri lean season peaking power generation). The project
uses all the water coming from the Nathpa-Jhakri tailrace, but does not use any of the water coming
through the tributaries.
7.21
The Government of Himachal Pradesh requires all projects to provide an instream flow of a
minimum of 15% of the lean season flow, immediately downstream of any dam/diversion structure.
The minimum lean season flow available at Nathpa dam is 47.4 cumec. Thus a minimum lean season
flow of about 7 cumec would be required to meet the spirit of the GoHP regulatory guidelines. The
actual lean season flow that would be available from tributaries (at Jhakri, Rampur and upstream of
the RHEP tailrace outfall at Bael village) is more than this required minimum flow.
7.22
Detailed studies carried out examining the issues of water pollution, flushing required to take
care of the pollution and sewage load in the stretch between the intake and outlet works of the
project, suggest that the available minimum lean season flow would be sufficient. There is no direct
consumptive use of water (for drinking, irrigation and other household purposes) from the Sutlej
since it sits in such a deep gorge in this area. The natural springs and chashme are the key sources
of water for people living in the area for their own consumption, livestock use and irrigation
purposes. In most of the villages except those, situated on high hills, the state department of water
supply (department of public health) has provided piped water supply for domestic purposes. The
existing plans to augment water supply also do not include use of any water from the Sutlej.
Irrigation in the area is rain fed or the very limited water demand for agriculture practice (only about
10% of the land area is under agriculture) is being fulfilled by khuls (canal). Therefore, the reduced
flow in the river due to proposed project will not hamper the water supply schemes in the area.
7.23
Maximum discharge of river Sutlej goes up to 10000-12000 cumec and minimum discharge
remains in the range of 70-80 cumec. The absolute minimum 10-day flow at the Nathpa dam is 47.4
cumec (see table E-3 below).
7.24
Owing to geographical reasons, and very high silt load coming from snow melts in China and
cold desert areas of Spiti Vally, the acquatic life in the river is poor. Great hazards are caused due to
variable velocities of water, ice formation during winter, occurrence of periodic floods due to cloud
burst and continuous rolling of bottom material consisting of boulders, stones, gravels etc. High flood
E-17
causes dislodging of benthic animals, but still the turbulent river Sutlej has provided microhabitats for
a few micro-organisms to get suitably adapted to the environment.
Table E.3 - Minimum Flow at Various Locations from Khab to Suni (cumec)
Monthly min
10 Daily min
Absolute Minimum
Site
90 percentile
60 percentile
90 percentile
60 percentile
Monthly
10 Daily
Khab
64
46
59
44
17
Nathpa
116
91
106
93
59
48
Rapmur
104
92
102
89
69
65
Luhri
108
98
104
90
70
56
Suni
110
99
106
96
72
71
7.25
To assess the existing scenario of fish type available in the river body, 20 days monitoring
was carried out in month of March 2006. No fish were reported in the Sutlej River in the project area
during surveys of 1998, 2004 and 2006. However, fishes were monitored in the side streams
particularly Nogli Khad, Sumej Khad and Kajo Khad, near the confluences with Sutlej River. These
side streams have less flow instability, favorable temperature and less turbidity than the main Sutlej.
The sole fish species monitored was a trout (Schizothorax spp, Schizothoraichthys spp.) and it was
caught downstream of the confluence of Nogli khad with main Sutlej River. This is a small sized,
migratory fish variety and is locally known as asla. Market surveys (in 4 markets where fish is
available in the project area - Tapri, Bhabanagar, Rampur and Bael) and consultation with community
and experts suggest that the main Sutlej river has very little fish population in the stretch between
Jhakri and Bael. Only one person was found involved in fishing activity that too on one of the side
streams. For commercial purposes, the fish is mainly brought from downstream areas like Bilaspur.
Upstream, a few sites such as Sangla, are being developed by the state fisheries department for
sport fishing. Mahseer is migratory fish, and was historically reported to be present in Sutlej.
However, for about 50 years now its migration is affected by construction of Bhakra dam on the
Sutlej. Even without the Bhakra dam, its availability in project area is a remote possibility due to the
low water temperature.
7.26
Rampur, which is only town in the project area has a sewerage scheme. The sewerage
treatment plants have been damaged by floods and are only partially operating and repairs are being
taken up. In the mean time most of the population of the town is served by septic tanks. Other than
Rampur, no other town puts effluent into the river. In Jhakri township, established under NathpaJhakri project, the households are connected to sewage pipeline network, which is finally connected
to eight septic tanks. Most of the villages have provision of soak pits (some up to 20-30ft deep) for
collection of human excreta. Liquid effluent leaches into the ground and solid effluent is converted
into manure after mixing with soil. There are no industries that could result in pollution. SJVN has
proposed to fund establishing a sewerage treatment plant, as part of the EMP, to treat the sewage
flowing into Sutlej river from the Jagatkhan and Brow villages located opposite Rampur town, to
further improve the water quality.
7.27
As per the primary water quality criteria as laid by the Central Pollution Control Board, the
Himachal Pradesh State Pollution Control Board, has kept the river Sutlej under A category of water
quality with respect to pH, DO and BOD in general. The critical parameters observed in past in some
stretches of the river is total coliform for which category of river comes down to C category. The
level of dissolved Oxygen (DO) in the project stretch varies from 8 to 8.5 (mg/l) between Jhakri to
Bael. The high DO levels in the river indicate high water quality in the study stretch. This may be
because of higher water flow in the river and low environmental temperature. The pH value is 8.1
E-18
and 7.88 at Bael and Jhakri respectively indicates that the river water is slightly alkaline in nature.
The level of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) in the river is around 1.0 mg/l at all places except at
downstream of Rampur town, where value observed was 1.2 mg/l. The BOD and COD values are
very low, which indicates the absence of organic pollution loading. This is mainly due to the low
population density, low agro-chemical dosing and absence of industries in the area. Water quality in
terms of pathogenic bacteria appears to be good except at immediately downstream of Rampur
town, where faecal coliform was observed as 4 MPN/100ml and the value of total Coliform was
observed as 14. Otherwise none of the samples (Jhakri outfall, Rampur u/s, Bael) has shown the
presence of faecal contamination. Iron and Zinc were found <.05 at Jahkri outfall and at Bael but
value of mercury was observed on higher side. Mercury was found 7.11 ppb at Jhakri outfall that
may be due to mecahnical processing taking place in Jhakri Power house. However, all these values
are much below the standard water quality norms. However, the fluorides level was of the order 1
mg/l which just meets the permissible limit for drinking purposes (note that there is no supply of
drinking water from the Sutlej).
7.28
In past, no major epidemic has been reported in the area. Thus, even without lots of sewage
treatment facilities in the area, the pollution loading (organic and bacteriological) is well within the
carrying capacity of the water available for dilution in river Sutlej and its tributaries. The findings of
the village level surveys, data collected from the Health Department and Government hospital,
Rampur do not indicate prevalence of water borne diseases in the area. However, during summers
(April-July) about 50 cases on an average have been recorded related to gastroenteritis, diarrhea and
dysentery from the project area.
7.29
In light of the above, the parameters on which the medium and long term adequacy of river
flow will depend include desired dilution to the sewage, limited functions as aquatic habitation, and
favourable flow condition for flushing of sediments. Adequate flow in the river especially during lean
season becomes essential to provide the desired dilution to the sewage, which is being disposed into
the river with or without treatment. It is important to maintain the river ecology aesthetically as well
as for the sustenance of its natural functions i.e. aquatic habitation etc. Several different scenarios of
water demand due to increased population in the project area, and increased sewage load have been
simulated for different flow releases varying from 1 cumec to 10 cumec as well as zero release. The
studies suggest that the available minimum lean flow would be adequate for the needs of the water
quality impacts in the Jhakri-Bael stretch. However, for maintaining water quality in the Nathpa-Jhakri
stretch, a release of 5 cumec from the dam would be necessary. The project will, in fact, release
more water from the dam (7 cumec), as per the regulatory requirement of the GoHP, which,
according to the studies should be more than sufficient for water quality and aquatic life. All residual
impacts due to managed river flow will be monitored by SJVN as part of the projects overall adaptive
monitoring program, and all relevant actions including augmentation of lean season managed flow
will be taken up if warranted by such monitoring.
Construction-Related Impacts
7.30
Management of construction-related impacts would be the responsibility of the SJVN
(through its contractors, as and where relevant, and as described in the EMP). The plans for
managing the construction site impacts include plans and guidelines for managing and restoring the
muck disposal sites (including advance protection measures for the sites, before muck is actually
disposed in these sites), management and reinstatements for the quarries, management of effluent
discharge, management of safety and health issues (including a plan to manage the HIV/AIDS risks),
and a chance find procedure for conservation of cultural properties. These measures are described in
detail in the EMP, and in the supporting environmental documents. Supervision and monitoring will
be essential to ensure full implementation of the detailed plans. These arrangements have been
described as part of the EMP.
E-19
7.31
Control of Pollution from Labour Camps during Construction Phase: The aggregation of large
labour population and technical staff during construction phase is likely to put significant stress as a
result of discharge of sewage, solid wastes and other pollutants. The total population due to
congregation of work force and their families during construction phase is expected to increase the
local population significantly. This is likely to affect the existing infrastructure. Thus, the EMP has
identified a number of measures to be implemented to maintain the facilities in labour camps,
sanitation and sewage treatment facilities, solid waste management, and provision of community
kitchen.
7.32
Environmental Management in Road Construction: In hilly terrain, road construction often
generates significant quantity of wastes (muck) due to the stripping of the rocks to make way for the
roads. The stripped muck is generally cleared by dumping the material along the slopes. These
dumped materials finally flow down to the valleys and ultimately finds its way in to the river. The
EMP includes measures so that the stripped material would be collected and dumped in the
designated muck disposal areas, protection against erosion, and bio-engineering measures to protect
the road slopes.
7.33
Muck Disposal: For managing the 3 million m3 of muck to be generated by the project, a
muck disposal plan has been prepared. The plan includes, over an above reuse of part of the muck
as construction material for the project, site protection and rehabilitation measures which includes
civil works, vegetative measures, fencing and planting. As three of the four dumping areas are
located closed to river Sutlej, there are chances of rolling down of muck/ loose material leading to
blockage in river flow or contamination of water due to silting. To avoid this, retaining walls of 27m
height are to be developed along the bank of the river at all muck disposal areas.
7.34
The EMP includes measures related to the control of air pollution and noise pollution. All
crushers will have cyclone, and particulate filters. Workers would be provided with effective personal
protective gears such as masks, ear muffs or ear plugs. Equipment and machinery should be
maintained regularly to keep the noise generation at the design level. Silencers and mufflers of the
individual machinery are to be regularly checked. The sewage generated from various labour camps
shall be treated in septic tanks before disposal by discharging into the river. The septic tanks shall be
located so as not to pollute the drinking water sources.
7.35
Transmission, Township, and Workers Camps: The project does not construct any new
power transmission lines. Power would be evacuated through a short loop-in loop-out arrangement
by connecting to the existing high voltage transmission line at Duttanagar. The existing transmission
line was built following the environmental and social standards of the Power grid Corporation, which
is recognized to be among the best in India. Similarly, the project does not construct any new
township, and instead uses the existing facilities at the Jhakri Township constructed by the Nathpa
Jhakri project. The small project facility at Bael village and the camp sites for the contractors had
been included in assessments of impacts related to land acquisition and resettlement, biodiversity
and forest, etc.
Safety of Workers and Communities
7.36
Given the typical context of Himalayan geology, and the substantial underground
construction works, the project involves serious potential safety risks for the workers. SJVN has
adopted, as part of its overall environment policy, a Health, Safety and Environment Directive
which includes the commitment to provide a safe place to work for SJVN employees; and
acknowledges that SJVN has the ultimate responsibility for compliance with all the requirements of
applicable safety rules and regulations. To implement this directive for the Rampur project, a site
safety assurance plan has been prepared. This plan will install systems so that safe procedures are
followed in construction of the project (documented in the safety manual of the project).
E-20
7.37
The safety manual for the project describes a systems approach using an established
standard similar to the well known ISO 9001 standard. Describes the applicable safety policies and
rules; specifies the use of personal protective equipment for all workers. It also specifies the
standards and methods to adhere to in the various stages of project construction period such as in
cutting and welding operations, excavation and trenching, tunnel excavations and drill operations; in
using explosives, cranes, ladders scaffolds and stairways; in working around high voltage and in
other electrical safety contexts, etc.
7.38
The site safety assurance plan represents a program approach to safety in which specific
documentation and practices had been developed for the Rampur project. This project specific plan
describes responsibilities for safety assurance, including the organizational set-up to effectively
monitor and manage compliance with SJVNs corporate safety directives. It specifies methods and
schedule for hazard identification, employee orientation, subcontractor orientation and training;
accident investigation and reporting, contractor/SJVN interface, safety documentation and record
keeping, and a safety incentive program. The plan also includes provisions for securing occupational
health by ensuring hazard communication, hearing conservation and protection, respiratory
protection, and prevention of infectious diseases. The plan detailed the requirements for emergency
response including worker refuge stations, evacuation of work area or jobsite, tunnel rescue team,
and securing the accident scenes.
Impacts on Physical Cultural Resources
7.39
The project area does not have known archaeological or historical sites or remains. This has
been confirmed by a field based archaeological examination of the project area. There is only a small
possibility of impacts on cultural properties (such as community religious properties, sacred groves,
and chance-finds). The EMP includes procedures to identify such properties, and mitigate and
manage impacts in the case such properties are affected.
Other Induced Impacts and Cumulative Effects
7.40
The induced impacts of the project could include increasing urbanization of the area around
the project, particularly at Rampur town, and the consequent demand for water, effects on water
quality due to increased sewage load, increased demand for timber rights from the forests, possible
drying up of small water sources, and perceived damage to built properties. The GoHP is constructing
sewage treatment facilities at Rampur. The state forest department has already exhausted the stock
to cater to the future demand for traditional timber rights (for which new settlers also become
eligible), and will not entertain demands from new settlers in the area. The states Hydropower Policy
commits that in the event of increased future demand for drinking water, all water allocation could be
reviewed to ensure primacy of drinking water supply. The project has committed that any water
source that dries up during construction or operation of the project will be compensated by the
project, either by supplying water directly or by developing and protecting alternative sources. For
this, the project, jointly with the villagers, has collected baseline data (on flow, location, use)
including videographs of all the water sources in the villages in the vicinity. These water sources will
be monitored as part of the adaptive monitoring program for the project. In addition, the project is
providing for some augmentation of water supply to the villages as part of the SCDP. On the
perceived damage to built properties although it is unlikely that the underground works hundreds
of meters below the surface could result into such damages the project agreed to develop a
baseline jointly with the villagers (complete with photographs and video) so as to use this baseline as
a basis for compensation in the event of damages. Progress on this baseline is uneven given the
varied willingness of individuals to document their properties.
7.41
Major cumulative effects of hydropower development in the Sutlej basin include the creation
of additional employment, including that for the local communities. In addition, parts of the revenue
E-21
from the projects, and the Rampur project in particular, goes to the state which could be used to
provide better access to social amenities. The possible negative cumulative affects relate to the influx
of population to the project area, and include threats to biodiversity, deterioration of water quality,
increased pollution levels all over the Sutlej basin, and increased HIV/AIDS risks. Most of these
possible effects had been described in the preceding paragraphs. For addressing the HIV/AIDS
issues, the project will partner with the state level initiatives under the National HIV/AIDS program,
and will have close cooperation with state AIDS control society. The project will implement through
its contractors a program for awareness, diagnosis and referral as is the spirit of the National
HIV/AIDS control programs. Climate change, extreme weather events and increasing flash floods
could also pose a set of risks to the project. These risks had been analyzed for the project. The
Rampur project uses water which is available through the Nathpa Jhakri tailrace, and is therefore
protected from the impacts of flash floods or increasing/decreasing water flows unless the Nathpa
Jhakri project is also impacted. Further, the economic and the financial sensitivity analyses suggest
that viability of the project is not affected by the worst-case scenarios for the climate change and the
possible extreme events.
Dam Safety
7.42
This project does not construct any dam, but uses tailrace water diverted by the dam earlier
constructed by the Nathpa-Jhakri Power project. The Nathpa-Jhakri Dam was constructed following
the Banks policy on safety of dams (as the project was funded by the World Bank). During
construction of the Nathpa-Jhakri project, a panel of experts was in place to advise SJVN on all
aspects of construction of the dam and the underground works. In Rampur project, therefore,
aspects related to safety of dam needed to be only re-confirmed. Accordingly, SJVN engaged the
Dam Safety Organization, from Nashik to examine the dam and related works with respect to stability
and maintenance of the structures. The safety of the dam was confirmed and this review will now be
regularly followed up.
Operations manual and emergency preparedness
7.43
Additionally, an Operations and Maintenance (O&M) Manual has been drafted, which
incorporates elements pertaining to civil works and addresses the issues of instrumentation, rock
anchors in the rock slope upstream on the dam, tunnel de-watering and filling procedures, and gate
operation in case of floods. The O&M manual will integrate the relevant elements of the emergency
preparedness plan (EPP), which covers emergency identification, evaluation, and classification, where
each emergency situation is analyzed in terms of identification (observations, monitoring, instrument
readings), evaluation (comparison with reference values, descriptions, etc.), classification (what
measures to take). The EPP covers potential emergency situations such as excessive uplift pressures
on the dam-concrete foundation contact, slope instability upstream of the dam (rock slope with
anchors), emergency evacuation of the power house (flooding, fires, etc.), and underground water
ways incidents (partial or total tunnel collapses).
Riparian Issues
7.44
The River Sutlej (a tributary of the Indus) is an international river (flowing through China,
India and Pakistan). This run-of the river project is located in between two existing dams. The
upstream dam at Nathpa, about 50 km upstream of the project, has a small storage (an inundation
of about 22 ha, all within the river gorge, mainly for producing peaking power for the 1500MW
Nathpa-Jhakri project). The downstream Bhakra dam and the storage of Govindsagar were
completed in 1960s, and constitute a major multi-purpose project of Northern India. The Bhakra Dam
has a gross storage of 9621 million m3, and is about 200km downstream of the Rampur project.
Thus, there is no significant impact of the project related to water flow and availability on either the
upstream or downstream riparian countries. The water quality impacts of the project are assessed to
E-22
be minor even at the immediate project area, and would be truly negligible downstream of Bhakra. In
addition, the Sutlej is one of the 3 eastern rivers defined by the Indus Treaty (between India and
Pakistan), and is earmarked for sole (consumptive) use by India.
7.45
According to the World Bank policy on International Waterways, both the upstream and
downstream riparian countries, China and Pakistan were notified and provided with relevant project
details. No objection to the project was raised by either of the riparian countries.
Catchment Area Treatment Plan & Other Environmental Enhancements
7.46
The Saltuj River flows in narrow deep channels with steep hills rising on either side in the
project area. The hills are very steep with poor or no vegetation cover. Due to poor vegetation cover
the rate of soil erosion is high. Different forms of erosion such as sheet erosion, gully erosion,
riverbank erosion are quite prevalent throughout the project affected/immediate influence and
project influence area. Common anthropogenic factors leading to erosion are over gazing, collection
of trees for fuel, fodder, timber and unscientific farming practices. The project activities accelerating
soil erosion will be quite significant during construction phase such excavation work,
tunneling/blasting, construction of temporary and permanent road in project area to move vehicle/
machinery/equipments and workforce.
7.47
The induced impacts of the project are largely confined to the projects influence area, and
relate to the dependency of local people on forests. These impacts include various anthropogenic
activities affecting forest such as traditional timber rights, new migrant laborers, associated
development, and induced commercial developments.
7.48
To address these catchment-wise issues, the Forest Department, Government of Himachal
Pradesh has formulated a catchment area treatment (CAT) plan for the Rampur hydroelectric project.
The objective of this plan is to ensure that the sediment load does not increase due to construction
and operation of the project. The CAT plan also addresses the need to protect the watersheds in the
region and, as per the directives of the GoHP; covers area treatment measures, soil conservation
measures, and includes measures for improvement of degraded forest areas within the project
catchment. The plan will be implemented over a 10 year period, at a cost of Rs.220 million.
7.49
The CAT plan will cover the following types of degraded area - degraded forest, degraded
pasture and barren land, erosion prone area, treatment of active land slides, treatment of drains. In
the open forest areas, the CAT plan will support replenishment afforestation, assisted natural
regeneration, development of NTFPs. As part of pasture improvement, it will provide for subsidiary
silvicultural operation, treatment of erosion prone area, stabilization of active landslides, roadside
erosion control, avenue plantation and landscaping. It will also support village infrastructure
development, such as village ponds and tanks, soil/water conservation structures, repair of
springs/baunes/water sources, strengthening of village paths/roads, treatment of private lands,
distribution of seedlings, etc.
7.50
The project will support the GoHP program for development of fisheries in the state. The
GoHP has proposed to implement supplementary stocking program for snow trout (Schizothorax
richardsonii) an endemic species. The stocking will be done annually by the Fisheries Department.
To achieve this, facilities to produce seed of trout need to be developed at suitable sites, for which
the project will contribute Rs.10 million, to be utilized for developing hatcheries. Similarly, to support
the GoHP programs for conservation of wildlife, the project will contribute Rs. 6.25 million.
E-23
IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS
Institutional Framework
8.1
Whereas the primary responsibility to implement the EMP is of the SJVN, a number of EMP
activities, such as the compensatory afforestation, the CAT plan, the fisheries and the wildlife
conservation support activities will be implemented by the state government agencies.
8.2
In view of the extensive hydropower development planned in Himachal Pradesh and the
limited capacity of the Forest Department of GoHP to implement the compensatory afforestation and
catchment area treatment plan in the Sutlej basin, the Forest Department and the hydropower
development agencies (particularly SJVN) will share the implementation responsibility. The overall
principle of such division of responsibility would be to make best use of the comparative advantages
for implementation (which suggests that all mechanical, i.e. non-plantation works will be
implemented directly by the hydropower agencies). The cost norms will be as per the Forest
Department norms, and overall monitoring will be done by the Upper Satluj Watershed Society (a
part of the Forest Department). For the Nathpa-Jhakri and the Rampur projects, SJVN will discuss on
the actual division of works with the Conservator of Forests (CF), Rampur Circle. The forest
department will also modify the catchment area treatment plans, so as to treat the priority areas
(such as current landslides) first. To this end SJVN and the CF, Rampur Circle will review and agree
on the modified CAT plan. Additionally, as per the recent discussion between the SJVN and the GoHP,
an integrated CAT plan will be prepared for the entire Sutlej basin, based on satellite imageries and
remote sensed data. SJVN will prepare this plan.
8.3
As per the hydropower policy of the state, the GoHP will constitute a multi-disciplinary
committee under the chairmanship of Chief Minister. Other members shall be state Power Minister
(Vice Chairman), Minister/Member of Legislative Assembly of the area where Projects are being
executed, representatives of the hydropower company, representatives from various concerned state
government departments, Chairman/Managing Director of the concerned Power Utility and Chairman,
Local Area Development Committee (LADC). The Committee will be monitoring the issues arising
during the implementation of the project; employment related monitoring, relief and rehabilitation,
review of progress of LADC schemes, implementation of CAT plan, compensatory afforestation,
environmental management plan, and restoration of facilities which get damaged because of the
implementation of the project. The committee will also review the recommendations (and
implementation thereof) of the Forum of Hydroelectric Power Producers. The Committee will draw up
the methodology to regulate the payments to be made by the Company to the various departments
of the Government in connection with the implementation of the project.
8.4
The World Bank (financed by PPIAF) is also supporting the GoHP through a technical
assistance in preparing river basin development optimization strategies, for the Sutlej basin. The
ongoing study would demonstrate the methodology for optimization of hydro-development in the
Sutlej basin with the goal of facilitating coordinated and sustainable development by private and
public sector developers, with due regard for the environmental and social impact of river-basin-wide
development. The optimization study will cover environmental and social implications of multi-project
development, including but not limited to: (i) implications for water resource management, (ii)
catchment area treatment plans, (iii) potential cumulative impact on natural forests and other
protected areas; (iv) social impacts arising from multiple projects; and (v) communication/public
outreach issues.
Adaptive Management of Environmental Issues
8.5
SJVN has adopted a corporate environmental mission statement and environmental policies.
The SJVN mission statement (developing and supplying to the nation, state and local communities,
E-24
and efficient, economic, environmentally sustainable, and socially responsible hydropower) stresses
the need to develop adequate long-term capacity to mange environmental issues in all its projects.
The environment policy specifically requires SJVN to develop and maintain adaptive environmental
management mechanisms and adequate risk management systems. To this end, SJVN has prepared
an adaptive environmental management plan for its corporate operations. This would help managing
environmental issues in the Rampur project.
Continuous Stakeholder Consultation
8.6
The project will continue to engage the local communities and stakeholders, through periodic
public consultation meeting, special events such as cultural programs, and will take community view
in consideration in all stages of the project construction and operation. A community communication
plan has also been prepared, and will be implemented by SJVN. The PIC will also continue to function
throughout the project construction and operation period for continued public disclosure, and for
recording public comments and suggestions. A committee consisting of representatives from the
state government, elected representatives, PAPs and project implementing agency has been
constituted to serve as grievance redressal committee to deal with the grievances of the project
affected people.
Institutional Capacity Building
8.7
SJVN has already taken a number of actions to augment the capacity of the environmental
cell. For medium term capacity building, a capacity building plan has been prepared. It includes the
development plan for staffing of the environmental cell, and procurement of monitoring equipments.
Additionally, a detailed training plan has been prepared, which includes training of the staff of the
environmental and social cell, training of contractors staff, as well as training of the corporate and
project level managerial staff on environmental management.
9
Item
Compensatory Afforestation including payment of NPV of Forests
Wildlife Conservation
HP State Forest
Department (SFD)
SJVN
Budget
Million INR
Million USD
66.03
1.59
6.25
0.15
219.90
5.30
23.66
0.57
SJVN
2.50
0.06
Hp Fisheries Department
10.00
0.24
Sanitation Facilities
SJVN
21.86
0.53
SJVN
11.11
0.27
SJVN
2.00
0.05
SJVN
10.00
0.24
SJVN
5.00
0.12
SJVN
0.50
0.01
SJVN
1.95
0.05
E-25
Item
Implementation
Responsibility
Budget
Million INR
Million USD
7.50
0.18
10.00
0.24
Environmental Monitoring
SJVN
5.50
0.13
Silt Analysis
SJVN
3.00
0.07
3.50
0.08
SJVN
2.50
0.06
SJVN
5.00
0.12
SJVN
2.00
0.05
SJVN
6.60
0.16
On-Site Training
SJVN
17.20
0.41
SJVN
5.60
0.13
SJVN
6.00
0.14
455.16
10.97
NOTE: In addition to the above budget for implementation of the EMP, the budget for Implementation of the RAP and the SCDP are INR
320 million (USD 7.7 million) and INR 256.8 million (USD 6.2 million).
The budget for implementing the RAP (INR 320 million ~ US$ 7.7 million) and the Sustainable
Community Development Plan (INR 256.8 million ~ US$ 6.2 million) is not included in the Table
above. The total budget for managing social and environmental issues in the project is US$ 25
million, which is about 4% of the overall project cost.
E-26
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION &
PROJECT
BACKGROUND
1.1
1.2
Project Location
The Rampur hydroelectric project is located about 115km east of Shimla, the capital of the state of
Himachal Pradesh (Figure 1.1). The project area falls within latitudes 77o35N to 77o43 N and
longitudes 31o23E to 31o30E (Figure 1.2).
Various sites of the Project are approachable by project roads connected to National Highway-22
on the left bank of the river stream. RHEP project is one among series of projects that are being
developed on river Satluj. It is located in the Jhakri village on the left bank of Satluj.
The catchment area of Satluj at Rampur discharge site, about 7 km up stream of the proposed
RHEP Power House site, is about 50,800 sq. km, of which about 30% falls in India and the
remaining portion in China, which is mainly covered with snow.
1-1
Figure 1.1 Location of Shimla Town and the State of Himachal Pradesh India
There are number of tributaries flowing into the Satluj between Nathpa Dam and Rampur tailrace
outfall. Both of its banks have population residing at high elevation as well as close to the river. In
the project affected stretch of river Satluj (of about 23km from Jhakri to Bael villages) the major
town is Rampur, and there are another 53 villages (24 villages on left bank and 29 villages on right
bank) Right bank is relatively less populated or developed. The RHEP would use right bank for
headrace tunnel and other facilities of the project. Rampur town is the main human settlement with
a population of about 10,000, and offers relatively better socio economic conditions.
Boundary of
Satluj Basin
Rampur
project
1-2
1.3
1.3.1
Feasible
Installed
Capacity in MW
Potential in
billion kWh
per year
Pumped Storage
Feasible Installed
Capacity in MW
Northern
30155
53405
225
13065
5210
Western
5679
8928
31.4
39684
2100
Southern
10768
16446
61.8
17750
2230
5590
10965
42.5
9125
1660
31857
58956
239.3
16900
3330
84044
148700
600
95524
14530
Eastern
North-Eastern
Total
To tap the existing hydroelectric potential, Government of Himachal Pradesh has undertaken
several projects. The sites thus identified by the State Government are complying with the
guidelines prescribed by the Central Government and the procedure thus followed insists upon a
greater public consultation, better monitoring of environmental and social aspects of projects,
improvements in resettlement policy and practise, as well as in institutional capacity related to
project identification, engineering and design.
1.3.2
1-3
Figure 1.3 Operating and Proposed Hydropower Projects in the Satluj Basin
1-4
Satluj
Beas
9728
4293
Ravi
2181
Chenab
3301
Yamuna
960
TOTAL
20463
Source: EIA for Rampur HEP, H.P, Year 2005, SJVNL Consultancy Division, Oct, 2005
Table 1.3
Type
Currently
Generating
Projects
(3145.0MW)
Projects
under
Construction
(2283.5MW)
Proposed
Projects
under
Investigation
(2760.5
MW)
Name of
Project
Bhakra
1200.0
Implementing
Agency / Owner
SJVNL
Nathpa-Jhakri
1500.0
120.0
HP Electricity
Board
Nogli Stage I
Ganvi
22.5
HP Electricity
Board
Baspa Stage II
300.0
Ganvi-II
10.0
HP Electricity
Board
Rampur
412.0
Bhava
Augment
5.5
HP Electricity
Board
Keshang-I
66.0
Sorang
60.0
Sal I
6.5
SVP Bhaba
Karchham
Wangtoo
2.5
1000.0
Kol Dam
800.0
Shongtong
Karchham
402.0
Kashang II
60.0
Tidong I
100.0
Kashang III
132.0
Thopan
Powari
400.0
Khab
600.0
400.0?
Luhri
600.0?
Jangi Thopan
Other
Identified
Proposed
Projects
(619.0 MW)
Kuling Lara
40.0
Lara
60.0
Ropa
60.0
Mane Nadang
70.0
Lare Sumate
104.0
Sumate Khatang
130.0
Chango
Yangthang
140.0
Kut Khad
15.0
HP Electricity
Board
JP (Private Sector)
SJVNL
Private Sector
NTPC
-
SJVNL
SJVNL
-
1.4
1.4.1
1-5
years and close to 5% as late as 2050 if development proceeds successfully. To ensure that the
development proceeds successfully, Government of India has been very proactive and several steps
have been taken in the recent past. These include policy initiatives as well as planning and
launching of projects aimed at improving energy, transport and communication infrastructure in the
country.
As elsewhere in the world, the energy and electricity growth in India is closely linked to growth in
economy. Since Independence, average growth rate of electricity generation over the entire period,
has been an impressive 8.6%/yr. In spite of this impressive growth, per capita electricity as well as
primary energy consumption are still very low. In addition, the share of non-commercial energy
resources continues to be much higher than what it is in developed countries. Domestic production
of commercial energy has registered an average growth of about 5.9%/yr during the period 19812000. Various constraints, particularly poor hydrocarbon resource base, have forced an increased
reliance on energy imports, which have grown at the rate of about 7.1%/yr. The electricity sector
also has experienced severe shortages during the above period despite an impressive growth.
During the year 2000-01, there was an average electricity shortage of 7.8% and a peak power
demand shortage of 13% . It has now increased to 10% and 15% respectively.
The growth rate of electricity has been substantially higher than other forms of energy, the reason
being convenience of use and cleanliness at the user end. Electricity generation in India during the
fiscal year 2002-03 was about 532 billion kWh from electric utilities and about 104 billion kWh from
captive power plants. On per capita basis it turns out to be about 610 kWh per year. As already
mentioned, Indias GDP has been growing quite fast and it is forecast that it will continue to be so
in the coming decades. GDP growth is accompanied with growth of primary energy consumption as
well as electricity consumption.
1.4.2
1-6
1.4.3
1.4.4
1.5
Analyses of Alternatives
1.5.1
1-7
A key feature of these policy statements is the concept of planning for the development of a shelf
(portfolio) of hydroelectric projects.
India had adopted a portfolio approach to project
development given (i) the scale of projected demand increases relative to individual project size
(ii) the benefits of having a portfolio of projects in terms of diversifying project development and
timing risks.
1.5.2
1.5.3
1.5.4
1.5.5
1-8
the 1500 MW (6 x 250 MW) Nathpa Jhakri project this is a constant in all the 6 alternative
layouts.
ALTERNATIVE I: Beyond Rampur intake, around 402 m long 10.5m diameter concrete lined
Head Race Tunnel (including suitable transition from 10.15 m to 10.5 m diameter) on the left bank
will join a 182m long steel lined inverted siphon aqueduct of 10.50 m diameter. Immediately after
the inverted siphon aqueduct, a concrete lined circular headrace tunnel having 10.5 m diameter
and about 14.5 km long begins on the right bank of river Satluj. This alternative envisages an
open to sky, surge shaft of 38m diameter and about 140m depth along with three numbers
partially underground penstocks of 5.4m diameter, 402/409m long each and a valve chamber for
housing three Butterfly valves. The surface powerhouse will be located on the right bank of the
river Satluj near village Bael to utilize a gross head of 138.7 m with an installed capacity of 412
MW. The powerhouse cannot be located further downstream, since the area is a low lying flat
made of alluvium through which tunneling is not possible. It is not feasible to construct a channel
due to presence inhabitation and agricultural field in the area. Therefore, the water is led to the
river through a relatively short tailrace tunnel of around 54m length. For this alternative no desilting arrangement or storage reservoir is envisaged since only silt free and regulated flows from
tailrace of Jhakri powerhouse are proposed to be utilized for power generation.
The proposed headrace tunnel cuts across all the three rock groups viz., the Jeori-Wangtu Gneissic
complex, Kullu group and Rampur group, thereby negotiating both the thrusts interpreted in the
area. A major fold axis viz., Rampur Anticlinal axis is interpreted adjoining the Suman Khad
crossing besides the general tunneling problems expected in the Himalayas. The closely jointed
and fractured quartzite along the thrusted contact between the Jeori Wangtu Gneissic complex and
Rampur Group is for an approximate thickness of 500 meters. Hot water conditions along the above
mentioned thrust shall have to be tackled. The surface temperature of hot water from the spring is
reported to be about 31oC. However, the temperature at depth is likely to be higher.
During construction, this proposal involves problems of handling a large diameter steel lined
inverted siphon aqueduct and problem of accumulation of silt at the bend /depression points of the
inverted siphon during operation. The more complicated inverted siphon will take longer to
construct. Silt would deposit in the siphon when power discharge is low or during shut down. The
longer the shut down the more will be the silt deposit. It will cause operational problems. Further,
the siphon will have to be long due to (i) the need to achieve workable gradients and (ii) the
requirement of clearance of its ends from river banks.
ALTERNATIVE II: This is a modification of Alternative I. The difference is that the river crossing
is proposed by means of a 43.2m long cut and cover reinforced cement concrete conduit in place of
the deep siphon aqueduct of Alternative-I. In addition, construction of upstream and down stream
coffer dams and a concrete lined horseshoe shaped diversion tunnel of 10m diameter and 223.5m
length are also involved. The remaining components like 10.5m diameter and 15.08km long HRT,
38m diameter 140m deep open to sky surge shaft, three partially underground steel penstocks of
5.4m diameter and 402/409m length, a surface Butterfly valve house, surface power house near
village Bael and a tail race tunnel are similar to those of Alternative-I for utilizing a gross head of
138.7m with an installed capacity 412 MW.
The proposed headrace tunnel cuts across all the three rock groups viz., the Jeori-Wangtu Gneissic
complex, Kullu group and Rampur group, thereby negotiating both the thrusts interpreted in the
area. A major fold axis viz., Rampur Anticlinal axis is interpreted adjoining the Suman Khad
crossing besides the general tunneling problems expected in the Himalayas. The closely jointed
and fractured quartzite along the thrusted contact between the Jeori Wangtu Gneissic complex and
Rampur Group is for an approximate thickness of 500 meters.
1-9
Hot water conditions along the above mentioned thrust shall have to be tackled. The surface
temperature of hot water from the spring is reported to be about 31oC. However, the temperature
at depth is likely to be higher. This is being explored further by drilling a hole at the required
location.
Major drainages across the headrace tunnel are the Kajo Khad, the Kuni Khad and the Suman Khad
and the ground cover over the proposed tunnel alignment across these drainages is approximately
100 m, 250 m and 80 m respectively. The depth to bed rock and requirement of minimum sound
rock cover in these sections vis--vis internal water pressure in the tunnel will have to be kept in
view during the construction stage.
The Suman Khad - HRT intersection (bend) lies in the axial zone of the Rampur Anticline. The
tunnel is interpreted to lie within phyllite/metabasic flows in this section and the metabasics are
expected to be of a poor tunneling media.
The Kullu group of rocks is hetrogeneous in nature and as such is expected to be more problematic
while tunneling. Presence of limestone with solution effects and inflow of water along with weak
carb-phyllites may pose tunnelling problems.
The proposed headrace tunnel will have a ground cover of less than 600m for a length of around
13km. The ground, however, touches a maximum elevation of 2080m (near Kumsu, east of
Nermand) indicating the maximum ground cover over the tunnel to be about 1100 meters. This
stretch of around 1800 meters will need additional precautions coupled with timely treatment so as
to achieve good progress in adverse tunnelling conditions.
The option of providing an underground powerhouse near village Bael would be to locate it in
phyllites, carb phyllites and lime-stone strata with solution effects in a synclinal structure, which is
likely to pose a number of problems while tunneling. Locating the tailrace tunnel could also be a
problem due to presence of thick river terrace material between the river and underground
powerhouse. As such an underground powerhouse at this location is likely to face a number of
limitations and even Geological Survey of India has opined in favour of a surface powerhouse at
this location. In this connection, a preliminary geological report on Rampur HEP, District Shimla
(Himachal Pradesh) by Mr. Yogendra Deva of Geological Survey of India for Annual Programme
1996-97 be referred. [Appendix 2, volume IV of Detailed Project Report on Rampur HEP (May
2005)]. In contrast, the surface powerhouse location here is more favorable on account of being on
the riverbank and well above the highest flood level.
ALTERNATIVE III: This is similar to alternative-II except that the powerhouse is located near
village Behna at the confluence of Behna Khad with river Satluj about 20km downstream of outfall
of alternative-II to gain an additional head of 80.22m. Also, as suggested in the Geological Report
of the Geological Survey of India (1996-97), the proposed headrace tunnel alignment has been
modified so as to increase the rock cover over the tunnel at Kurpan Khad and also to reduce the
maximum rock cover from 1700m in the remaining reach. With this, the length of HRT increases to
36km; and 4 more working adits with a cumulative length of 6km will be required over and above
the adits already envisaged for the proposed 15km long headrace tunnel for Alternative II.
This alternative also contemplates utilization of the entire tailrace discharge of 383.88 cumec from
Nathpa Jhakri HEP and comprises of structures similar to those of Alternative II. The concrete
lined Head Race Tunnel of 10.5m diameter will be from Jhakri tail pond to the surge shaft near
village Behna. As suggested in the Geological Report of the Geological Survey of India (1996-97),
the proposed headrace tunnel alignment has been reviewed and modified so as to increase the
rock cover over the tunnel at Kurpan Khad and also to reduce the maximum rock cover from 1700
meters in the balance reach. With this, the length of HRT increases to 36km. In view of the long
length of HRT, four more working adits with a cumulative length of 6km will be required over and
above the adits already envisaged for the proposed 15.08 km long headrace tunnel for Alternative
1-10
II. The depth of surge shaft will be about 180m and open to sky, steel lined pressure shaft of
about 350m length and underground powerhouse near village Behna with a tail race tunnel of
about 1km length terminating near the confluence of Behna Khad with river Satluj to utilize a gross
head of 238m with an installed capacity of 690 MW.
The possible underground powerhouse location is in the Dolomite/limestone, phyllite and
carbonaceous phyllite slates. Large solution cavities are present in the dolomite/limestone.
Therefore, the underground powerhouse shall require elaborate support system and may face
heavy water inflow problems. For locating a surface powerhouse, terrace is not wide enough to
accommodate the proposed structure.
ALTERNATIVE IV: In this alternative, powerhouse is envisaged on the left bank of river Satluj.
It envisages a 11km long concrete lined head race tunnel of 10.5m diameter on left bank of river
Satluj from Jhakri to Nogli. A long tailrace tunnel of around 8.2km is required for releasing water
back to Satluj River. The surge shaft would be of 110m height; and steel lined pressure shafts of
5.40 m diameter, about 200m long and an underground power house on right bank of Nogli Khad
are the other features of the alternative. The tailrace tunnel will join the Satluj river immediately
downstream of Duttnagar on NH-22 (opposite to the Kurpan Khad) to utilize a gross head of 147.5
m with an installed capacity of about 424 MW.
Flat bedrock has been proved by geophysical survey along the riverbank, above which the hill
slopes are completely under the cover of unconsolidated overburden, comprising silty/sandy soil
with boulders and rock fragments of quartz mica schist. At the proposed powerhouse site, the Nogli
Khad waters flow through an antiformal valley with the quartzite and phyllite dipping in opposite
directions on the nala banks. A major fault along the Nogli Khad is also suspected. The phyllites on
the right bank of the Nogli Khad are found to be structurally disturbed and weak for which lot of
excavation and rock stabilization problems are expected for the underground complex.
In this alternative, the HRT will encounter overburden or inadequate rock cover in the initial reach.
The tunnel shall pass through a major thrust zone in Brauni Khad area. Huge seepage problem
would be encountered, during construction and operation, as the joints dip towards these caverns.
The caverns will have to be set deep inside the hill. The tailrace will be passing through a thrust
and carbonaceous phyllites. An additional surge shaft in the downstream water conductor will be
required, since it is long. Space for pothead yard will have to be created by excavating huge chunk
of hill on the opposite bank at considerable cost. The only suitable site for adit is too close to
Rampur town. This may not be permissible.
ALTERNATIVE V: This Alternative comprises almost all the features of Alternative-II but
involves picking up additional water from the Satluj river at a point about 500m downstream of its
inter section with Kajo Khad by constructing a diversion dam. It is thus proposed to utilize this
additional water of about 150 cumec through a second 6.2m diameter concrete lined tunnel, which
will run parallel to the HRT of Alternative- II before meeting at surge shaft. An underground de silting chamber on the 6.2m diameter tunnel will also be required. From surge shaft, underground
steel lined pressure shaft of about 200m length will feed a surface powerhouse located near village
Bael, with twin tail race tunnels of about 1km length carrying water to a point near the confluence
of Kurpan Khad with the river Satluj opposite Duttnagar on NH-22. This alternative will utilize a
gross head of 138.7 m with an installed capacity of 574MW and a design discharge of 533.88
cumec.
The geo-technical features of this proposal are similar to those for the alternative II. The
difference lies in the introduction of a diversion dam across the Satluj, an additional HRT of 6.2 m
diameter coupled with a de-silting chamber for picking up the additional 150 cumec of water during
the monsoon months.
1-11
ALTERNATE - VI: This alternative contemplates the construction of a pickup gravity dam with a
dam toe power house near Village Bael so as to utilize the entire releases of Jhakri power house
besides the additional waters generated from the intermediate catchment area. The height of the
dam above the river bed will be around 140m so as to fully utilize the available head between
Jhakri power house and Village Bael. The length of the dam at the top shall be more than 600m at
this location.
In this alternative, large portion of Rampur Township, Brau, Nogli and other villages will have to be
displaced. A wide stretch of arable land will get submerged. Nearly three main bridges, the National
Highway between Khaneri and Nirsu on left bank and Rampur bypass road on right bank as also
the link roads on the two banks will be affected. In addition, 2.5MW Nogli power station and
transmission towers of SJVNL will get submerged. About 100ha of land on right bank owned by
Army will also go under water. Besides the foregoing losses, additional arrangement for periodic
flushing of reservoir during monsoon shall be required to be made thereby disrupting generation of
power for 2 to 3 days at a time. Further, such a scheme does not appear in the master plan of
Hydro Power Development in Sutlej Basin prepared by CEA (2004).
1.5.6
1-12
Water Conductor Losses of Rampur HEP: Head loss would be varying according to the
variation in discharge from time to time. The water conductor losses in the head race tunnel,
penstocks and tailrace tunnel due to friction and bend losses etc. on different values of water
discharge have been computed as follows:
Table 1.4 Water Conductor Loss in Alternative II
Discharge (cumec)
383.88
19.6
350
16.6
300
13.0
250
9.3
200
6.5
150
4.4
3.2
Rated Head: The gross and net rated heads for Rampur HEP have been determined as indicated
below:
EL 1005 m
EL 1002 m
EL 1003.5 m
EL 866.7 m
EL 862.9 m
EL 864.8 m
138.70 m
Max. Head Loss in water conductor system at a discharge of 383.88 cumec = 19.60 m
119.10 m
The 90% And 50% Dependable Years: The 10-daily discharge series (1963-2004) at Nathpa
Dam (Annexure 5.1), and the 10-daily discharge series (1963-2004) of Sholding Khad (Annexure
5.2) have been utilized to determine the dependable years to assess the power potential of the
project.
The discharge series of Sholding Khad (1963-2004) limited to 6 cumec which is restricted by the
capacity of the desilting chamber and tunnel emanating from the Sholding Khad weir, have been
added to the discharge series at Nathpa Dam of respective years. The combined 10-daily
discharge series so obtained is given as Annexure 5.3. Considering various parameters viz.
combined 10-daily discharge, combined turbine generator efficiency of 92%, gross head of 138.70
m and head losses as indicated in para 5.2.4, unrestricted power, and unrestricted energy
generation have been determined as shown in Annexure 5.4 and 5.5 respectively. The
unrestricted energy has been arranged in the descending order as given in Annexure 5.6.
The 90% and 50% dependable years are determined as follows:
1-13
50% dependable year = [(N+1) x 0.5] year, where N is the total number of years for
which discharge series is available.
2000-01 and 1972-73 works out to be 90% and 50% dependable years respectively.
Power Generation and Installed Capacity: For the 90% dependable year which works out to
be 2000-01, the power potential assessment has been carried out considering the full utilization of
the discharge from Nathpa Jhakri Power House. The rated discharge of Jhakri plant corresponding
to rated out put of 1500 MW at rated head of 428 m is 383.88 cumec. The same discharge would
be utilized for Rampur HEP. For a given net head of 119.10 m and specific speed of 214.3 RPM,
Francis turbine is an obvious choice. For a discharge of 383.88 cumec and a net head of 119.10 m,
it would be possible to develop 412 MW at Rampur. The annual energy generated, with an installed
capacity of 412 MW, in the 90% dependable year is 2025.55 GWh and the design energy with 95%
availability of installed capacity and allowing for 15% deduction for meeting the environmental
requirement, is 1969.68 GWh. The annual energy generation in the 50% dependable year is
2182.06 GWh. A summary of the study is given below:
Table 1.5 Energy Generation in Alternative II
Particulars
Annual Energy (GWh)
Lean Period Power (MW) (Oct-April)
Design Energy (GWh)
2025.55
2182.06
124.42
153.4
1969.68
634.30
781.25
30.20
37.23
56.12
60.46
ALTERNATIVE III
Water Availability: This scheme is similar to alternative-II except that the power house is located
near village Behna in the proximity of confluence of Behna Khad with river Satluj about 20 km
downstream of outfall of alternative-II to gain additional head of 80.22 m. The discharge series at
Nathpa Dam and Sholding Khad as adopted in alternative-II, after deducting 15% of minimum flow
of the hydrological series at Nathpa Dam site, during the lean period, to meet the environmental
requirement, has been utilized for generation at Rampur Hydro-electric Project. The ten daily
discharge data series (May-April) at Nathpa dam site (1963-64 to 2003-04) and Sholding Khad
(1963-64 to 2003-04) are given as Annexure 5.1 and 5.2 respectively.
Water Level in Intake Pool: The maximum and minimum levels in tail race pool of Jhakri plant
would be as EL 1005 m and 1002 m respectively as discussed in 5.2.2 above.
Tail Water Level (TWL): The average tail race water level has been estimated to be EL 765.5 m.
Water Conductor Losses of Rampur HEP: Head losses would be varying according to the
variation in discharge from time to time. The water conductor losses in the head race tunnel,
penstock and tail race tunnel due to friction, bend losses etc. have been computed as follows:
1-14
383.88
38.68
350
32.42
300
24.24
250
17.32
200
11.66
150
7.25
127.96
5.28
Rated Head: The net rated head has been computed considering average tailrace water level as
EL 1003.5 m at Jhakri (refer Sec 5.2.5), which is also intake for Rampur HEP and average tail water
level as EL 765.5 m at the proposed power house site. The rated head adopted for the turbines
has been taken as 199.32 m as indicated below.
EL 1005 m
EL 1002 m
EL 1003.5 m
238.0 m
199.32 m
For a net rated head of 199.32 m and specific speed of 125.5 RPM, Francis turbine is an obvious
choice. Alternative III provides a gain of net head of 80.22 m over Alternative-II.
The 90% and 50% Dependable Years: The combined 10-daily discharge series as given in
Annexure 5.3, has been utilized to determine 90% and 50% dependable years. Unrestricted
power and unrestricted energy have been determined considering the combined 10-daily discharge,
combined turbine generator efficiency of 92%, gross head of 238 m and water conductor losses as
indicated in para 5.3.4, and are given in Annexure 5.9 and 5.10 respectively.
The unrestricted energy has been arranged in descending order as given in Annexure 5.11 and
90% and 50% dependable years determined as explained in para 5.2.6. The years 2000-01 and
1972-73 are the 90% and 50% dependable years respectively, as given in Annexure 5-11.
Power Generation and Installed Capacity: For the 90% dependable year, which works out to
be 2000-01, the power potential assessment has been carried out considering the full utilization of
the discharge from Jhakri Power House. With a discharge of 383.88 cumec and a net head of
199.32 m. it would be possible to develop 690 MW approximately. The annual energy generated
with an installed capacity of 690 MW in the 90% dependable year is 3426.87 GWh and the design
energy with 95% availability of installed capacity, is 3239.75 GWh. The annual energy generation
in the 50% dependable year is 3769.88 GWh. A summary of the study is as given below:
1-15
3426.87
3239.75
213.66
262.33
1089.24
1336.04
30.97
38.02
56.70
61.01
ALTERNATIVE V
Water Availability: This scheme is similar to Alternative -II but with an additional utilization of
surplus water available in Satluj river at Jhakri. The 10-day discharge series (1963-2004) at
Nathpa dam and Sholding Khad. The additional discharge diverted from river Satluj, downstream
of Jhakri, by constructing a pick up dam and underground desilting chambers joins the discharges
from the Jhakri power house at the surge shaft through another tunnel of 6.2 m dia parallel to the
main head race tunnel. Further, for meeting the environmental requirement, 15% of minimum flow
of the hydrological series has been deducted during the lean period of the discharge series. The
present study has been done considering a combined discharge of 533.88 cumec.
Water Levels In Intake Pool: As the intake structure of Rampur is at the tail pool of Nathpa
Jhakri HEP, the average tail water level of EL 1003.5 m fixed for Nathpa Jhakri tail pool has been
taken as water level for computation of gross head.
Tail Water Level (TWL): The maximum and minimum tail water levels for the proposed power
house have been kept as EL 866.7 m and EL 862.9 m respectively which are same as in alternative
II.
Water Conductor Losses of Rampur HEP: Head losses would be varying according to the discharge
from time to time. The water conductor losses in the head race tunnel, penstocks and tailrace
tunnel due to friction, bend losses etc. have been computed as follows:
Table 1.8 Water Conductor Loss in Alternative IV
Discharge (cumec)
383.88
19.6
350
16.6
300
13.0
250
9.3
200
6.5
150
4.4
127.96
3.2
Rated Head: The gross head has been considered corresponding to average water level as EL
1003.5m in Intake for Rampur H.E.P at Jhakri & average Tail Water level as EL 864.8m at proposed
Rampur Powerhouse. The rated head adopted for the turbines has been taken as 119.1m as
indicated below.
EL 1005 m
EL 1002 m
1-16
EL 866.7 m
EL 862.9 m
EL 1003.5 m
EL 864.8 m
138.70 m
119.10 m
The 90% And 50% Dependable Years: The combined 10-daily discharge series utilized for
alternative-II, as given in Annexure 5.3, along with the 10 daily discharge series of additional
flow, from the pick up dam has been utilized. Unrestricted power and unrestricted energy has
been determined considering the combined 10-daily discharges, combined turbine generator
efficiency of 92%, gross head of 138.70m and water conductor losses as indicated above.
The unrestricted energy has been arranged in descending order and 90% and 50% dependable
years determined to be 2000-01 and 1995-96.
Power Generation and Installed Capacity: For the 90% dependable year the power potential
assessment has been carried out considering the full utilization of the discharge from Nathpa Jhakri
Power House and the additional discharge diverted from Satluj limited to a maximum of 150
cumec. The total discharge is a combination of 383.88 cumec from NJHEP and 150 cumec from
the pick up weir. With a discharge of 533.88 cumec and a net head of 119.10 m, it would be
possible to develop 574 MW approximately. The annual energy generated with an installed capacity
of 574 MW in the 90% dependable year is 2412.49 GWh and the design energy with 95%
availability of installed capacity, is 2312.70 GWh. The annual energy generation in the 50%
dependable year is 2729.41 GWh. A summary of the study is as given below:
Table 1.9 Energy Generation in Alternative II
Particulars
1.5.7
2412.49
2312.70
126.55
166.70
645.11
848.95
22.05
29.04
47.98
54.28
Overall Selection
Economic analysis has been carried out for alternative- II, III and V. Design energy for alternatives
II and III has been computed considering the water availability from tailrace of Jhakri Power Plant.
For AlternativeV additional discharge diverted from River Satluj by constructing a pick up dam has
also been considered along with the tailrace discharge from Jhakri power house. Plant availability
has been considered as per the norms of Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC). The
tariff has also been determined for each case based on prevailing norms.
From all perspectives, alternative II is technically feasible, optimum from social and environmental
impact points of view, and economically the most attractive (Table 1.4).
1-17
1.6
Reason for
Rejection
Energy
Generation
(MU)
Tariff (Rs/kWH)
Geological
uncertainties
Levelized
First Year
II
2021.98
1.75
1.94
2145.95
III
3329.3
1.97
2.18
3969.64
IV
Geological features,
social issues
VI
Social and
Note: This includes storage and consequent high levels of loss of forests and
environmental impacts private properties. Additionally, the town of Rampur and other human
settlements would need to be displaced.
2.81
3.11
4032.66
1-18
1-19
HYDROLOGY
State
Himachal Pradesh
District
Shimla / Kullu
Vicinity
49820 km2
50880 km2
INTAKE STRUCTURE
100 Year
4104 m3/sec
1000 Year
5572 m3/sec
10,000 Year
7151 m3/sec
10181.22 Mm3
8195.35 Mm3
1005.00 m
INTAKE TUNNEL
Design discharge
383.88 cumec
Type
Size
Length
484 m
Design discharge
383.88 cumces
43.2 m
Design discharge
383.88 cumec
Type
Size
Length
15.08 km
Design discharge
383.88 cumec
Bed slopes
1 in 90 & 1 in 431
Velocity
ADITS
4.43 m/sec
1116 m
604 m
342.5 m
1-20
SURGE SHAFT
BUTTERFLY VALVE
CHAMBER
PENSTOCKS
Numbers
Type
Restricted Orifice
Diameter
38 m
Depth
140 m
Orifice dia.
4.45 m
949.54 m
944.29 m
Max. up surge
1049.38 m
978.05 m
Type
Surface type
Size of chamber
3 Nos.
Size of valves
Numbers
Size
Type
Partly underground
Length
TAIL RACE
TUNNEL/CHANNEL
Installed capacity
412 MW
Size
Type of Turbine
Speed of Turbine
214.3 RPM
138.7 m
119.10 m
Generators
Type
Size
10.5 m dia.
Length
72 m + open channel
EL 866.70 M
SWITCHYARD
Type
Crest elevation
EL 862 M
Number of gates
Size of Gate
Design discharge
383.88 cumec
TRANSMISSION OF
POWER
1-21
POWER GENERATION
COST ESTIMATE
FINANCIAL ASPECTS
1.7
Civil works
Electrical works
IDC
Grand Total
Project Requirements
Land Acquisition
The total land required for the project is approx. 80 ha. The details of the land requirement for the
project are as follows:
Table 1.12 Land Requirement for the Project
Type of land
Area (ha)
50
Private land
30
Total
80
Construction Material
The Project would involve handling of large quantities of construction materials. The project would
require 3 lakh m3 of concrete for which an estimated 2.72 lakh m3 of coarse aggregate and 1.38
lakh m3 of five aggregate will be required. Similarly large quantity of steel, cement, etc. would be
required. The estimated quantities of construction materials required are given in Table 1.13.
TABLE 1.13 - Estimated Quantities of Construction Materials
Type of Construction material
Unit
Quantity
300,000
Coarse aggregate
272,000
Fine aggregate
m3
138,000
Cement
MT
133,000
Structural steel
MT
5,057
Reinforcement steel
MT
20,323
MT
12,824
Concrete
For meeting the requirements of coarse and fine aggregates, it is proposed to use the Koel quarry
site, located on right bank of river Satluj near Pacchada Khad on NH-22 about 2km from the power
house site. Sufficient quantity of deposits is available. The barren government land available in the
vicinity of the Koel quarry area can accommodate crushing plant and other accessories required for
quarrying purpose.
1-22
Construction Schedule
The project implementation schedule envisages the completion within a period of six years.
1.8
1.8.1
Tthe speed of decision making within the SJVNL, earlier known as the Nathpa Jhakri
Power Corporation (NJPC),
The time taken for environmental protection and remediation work to be arranged with
the Himachal Pradesh Department of Forests.
One of the major concerns was the issue of the institutional strength of NJPC (now SJVNL). For
example, there are still frequent periods when the organisation has less then its full complement of
Directors. The following issues relating to the NJHP remain. These are of significance to the
Rampur HE project, and will be monitored during project preparation.
There remain some disputed payments on the major civil works contracts as some claims
have been referred to arbitration or court. This is not unusual for large civil works
contracts. At present this does not seem likely to have a major impact on the
contractors enthusiasm for the Rampur project, but this will be monitored. SJVNL have
taken action to revise the scheme of delegation of authority and the procedures for
issuing variation orders to reduce the number of disputes on future contracts;
Implementation of the Catchment Area Treatment plan is still proceeding as planned with
Ministry of Environment and Forests (Government of Himachal Pradesh).
The
implementation is being closely monitored now.
Implementation of all agreed resettlement actions were completed before the project was
commissioned, apart from the allocation of seven shops which was held up due to court
cases. However, since the project was commissioned, the Government of Himachal
Pradesh has retrospectively changed the definition of a project- affected family and thus
additional families have become eligible for resettlement and rehabilitation benefits.
SJVNL is actively processing these new requirements;
NJHP has suffered from a higher than expected silt content in the river water, and
consequently there has been increased wear on the turbines, which has increased
maintenance costs. In August 2005 the project was closed for nearly three weeks due to
excess silt in the water, which was beyond the capacity of the desilting chambers.
Closures due to silt were predicted in the design of NJHP but were expected to be in the
region of 5 days per year. The project authorities are now in the process of determining
the probability that such high silt loads as happened in 2005 are likely to recur. This has
implications for the Rampur project because Rampur can only generate when NJHP is
operating, and Rampur will be utilising the same water. These factors are being taken
into account in the technical design and financial and economic analysis of the project.
To summarise, several elements are essential for the successful implementation of large projects of
such nature. These include:
strong and competent implementing agencies with the capacity to take quick decisions;
1-23
1.8.2
appropriate financing and tariff design which are critical to the financial sustainability of
projects with long gestation periods.
1-24
Under afforestation plan at a cost of 3.20 crores, a total of 6, 73,860 plants of selected species
have been planted in and around the project area. Nurseries have been raised at various
locations through Forest Department GOHP as well as of SJVNL. Soil conservation works
have been carried out by way of constructing check walls, retaining walls and terracing with wire
crates at various locations identified by Forest Department based on the priorities fixed by them
with reference to criticality of the location. A total of 145 hectare area has been treated by Katta
crate technique. A total of 27 kms khads, nallahs, prone to flood have also been treated.
Avenue Plantation: To clean and green the project area, avenue plantation involving more than
10,000 ornamental trees have been planted in and around the Project colony, along the road etc.
Reclamation of Muck Disposal: The reutilization and scientific reclamation of about 65 lacs m3
of muck which was generated from excavation of this mega project was given due care. This
excavated material has been planned to be disposed off in ten muck disposal site duly
rehabilitated. About 22 lacs m3 of muck has been re-utilized for various purposes within the
Project.
Catchment Area Treatment (CAT) Plan: It is well established fact that reservoirs formed due
to construction of dam are subjected to sedimentation. The process of sedimentation embodies
sequential processes of erosion, entrainment, transportation, deposition and compaction of
sediments. The Catchment area Treatment has been envisaged to ensure that sediment load do
not increase due to construction and operation of the project and reservoir life remain at least to
the extent envisaged in the design. The CAT Plan of the Project is a comprehensive activity at an
estimated cost of 29.57 crore. The 280 sq. km area of Catchment will be treated by various
activities like afforestation, pasture development, soil stabilization, erosion & land slide protection
works. Due consideration will be taken to involve local residents in this work through awareness
campaigns. So far a sum of Rs. 2 crores have been released to State Forest Department for raising
nurseries and other CAT related works. A sum of Rs. 94.30 lacs have been spent by the State
Forest Department towards CAT activities of NJHEP.
Sustenance & Enhancement of Fisheries: SJVNL has proposed supplementary stocking
programme for sustenance and enhancement of Fisheries through Department of fisheries, GOHP
at a cost of 1.60 crores. Under this programme Fisheries department will undertake construction of
Hatchery building, race ways and development of fingerlings of trout fish. A sum of Rs. 50 lacs
have already been released to the Fisheries department by SJVNL.
Figure 1.6 - Awareness Camps in Project Affected Areas of Nathpa-Jhakri Project
1-25
Veterinary & Horticulture Camps at Project Area: To familiarize the local people with
technical know how of breeds/ animal health / common diseases etc., SJVNL has organized two
Veterinary & four Horticulture camps at Project affected villages. These camps also provide
awareness of local residents regarding their veterinary and horticulture need based requirements.
Free inputs in the shape of seeds, farm equipments are also distributed to local residents through
these camps.
Medical Infrastructure Facilities: To create awareness amongst the local project affected
people regarding health and hygiene, SJVNL has started mobile health van and which visits the
project affected villages. The health and hygiene aspects of project affected persons and other
residents are taken care of through these facilities.
Environmental Monitoring: To assess the base line conditions at the project site with respect to
air, water, waste water and soil characteristics during construction stage and after commissioning,
SJVNL through HP Pollution Control board is conducting Pre & Post commission of environmental
parameters evaluation work. In this activity the Air, Water, soil and waste water samples are being
taken and evaluated for environmental monitoring. The pre commissioning work is already
completed and Post Commissioning work has started now.
Solid Waste Management: SJVNL has planned and designed the proper solid waste
management system, which includes network for collection, transportation, storage and disposal of
solid waste. The Nigam has a goal for development and enforcement of sanitation standard in
project vicinity. Incinerators have been installed in the project area for solid waste management.
Resettlement & Rehabilitation
SJVNL as a responsible corporate citizen took utmost care in re-settlement and rehabilitation of few
Project Affected Families (PAFs) whose land or house or shop was affected due to construction of
Nathpa Jhakri Hydro Electric Project. The Nigam followed the resettlement and rehabilitation policy
formulated in consultation with Government of Himachal Pradesh to provide assistance and
rehabilitation measures to all those who were affected by the project. Its various provisions are:
Developed agricultural land to land less Project affected families (PAFs) equivalent to the
area acquired or 5 bighas which ever is less. These 5 bighas would include any land left
with the family after acquisition. Allotment of land will be made on the basis of landless
certificate issued by the sub Divisional Magistrate of the concerned area who also acts as
R&R Officer of the Project.
Figure 1.7 - R&R Colony at Project Site
1-26
Allotment of plots for shops at the market developed for displaced shopkeepers.
Preference of allotment of shops at the shopping complex built at Project site Jhakri to
the displaced shopkeepers.
Provision for suitable employment to one member of each landless PAFs according to his
capacity and qualifications, subject to availability of vacancy. However, a PAF who has
been allotted a shop or plot will not be eligible for employment.
All these benefits are in addition to land benefit to PAFs under Land acquisition Act 1894. The
salient works under taken under R&R are as below:
Land was acquired from 480 families from 22 villages in the project area.
Other facilities: In addition to above salient features the following facilities/ schemes have been
started with specific aim of care and development of Project Affected Families and local
residents.
Mobile health Van: A mobile health van for the benefits of Project Affected Families
which visits the affected villages for health and hygiene awareness and treatment since
Jan. 2000. So far 20,000 patients have been benefited and a sum of Rs. 25 lacs has been
incurred on this activity.
Figure 1.8 The Mobile Health Van in Nathpa-Jhakri Project Area
1-27
Merit Scholarships Scheme for wards of PAFs: SJVNL has also started Merit
Scholarship scheme for the wards of PAFs who are undergoing vocational / professional
courses in the fields of ITIs, Diploma in Engineering/ Pharmacy ,Degree in engineering /
Medicines .Under this scheme the wards will be provided scholarship @ Rs. 700/- Per
Month to Rs. 1500/Per Month.
Infrastructural Development Works: SJVNL has spent Rs. 226 lacs on Infrastructural
Development works in project affected area (project affected Panchayats ) ,where
assistance is provided to affected Panchayats for community development buildings,
school rooms, school play grounds, foot paths, foot bridges , cremation grounds etc.
Figure 1.9 - Infrastructure Development Works in Nathpa-Jhakri Project
Impact Assessment Study of R&R Implementation: SJVNL has got conducted Impact
Assessment Study through Agro Economic Research Centre-Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla on
1-28
Distribution of LPG.
Provision of facilities such as Shopping Centre, Bank and Post Office in the Project
Township
Ladies Club
Auditorium
1.9
1.9.1
1-29
outwash material. Most of the human population in the project influence area are concentrated in
the villages along the highway and the connecting district roads.
Although forestry is the major land use in the hill state of Himachal Pradesh (with 37,033km2 or
about 66% of the state area under legally defined forests), there has been a long history of forest
degradation. As a result, only about 8976km2 area of the state currently is classified as dense
forest, and the remaining is a mix of open forests, meadows, grasslands and barren scree slopes.
Most of the good quality forests remain in the relatively remote and inaccessible areas, whereas the
forest cover near the traditional settlements, major towns and near major transportation routes are
relatively poor. The patches of good quality forests close to the major transportation routes, such
as highways are the results of government initiatives for protection of forests since 1980.
As part of the governments plans and programs for managing forests, biodiversity and wildlife,
vast tracts of forest land is currently being protected in the state. Of these, 1896km2 (5.1% of state
area) are reserved forests, and 11,378km2 (31% of state area) are demarcated protected forests.
These areas support 3295 plant species (7% of the total plant wealth of India). Similarly, for
conservation of biodiversity and wildlife, an area of 7000km2 (12.7% of the state area) are under
the protected area network, which include 2 national parks (1440km2) and 32 wildlife sanctuaries
(5562km2). This protected area network supports 5721 recorded wildlife species (7.4% of total
animal wealth of India).
Historical reasons combined with the natural setting, have led to areas around the Rampur project
having relatively poor forest cover or biodiversity. The project is located by the side of a major
transportation route (National Highway 22A), and in the midst of a number of traditional
settlements including the major town of Rampur. The steep rocky slopes by the deep gorges of the
Satluj and its tributaries do not support good forests. There is no reserve forest and only 12
patches of protected forests within the projects influence area (defined as an area 7km around the
project). The protected forests (about 20km2) overall occupy about 8% of the projects influence
area. The closest of the protected forest patches, the Baruni Protected Forest is located about
750m away from the project; all others are more than 2-3km away. Of all the protected areas of
the state (national parks and wildlife sanctuaries), none is located within the projects influence
area, and the closest one the Rupi-Bhava Wildlife Sanctuary is located 13km away from the
project.
1.9.2
These 6 World Bank Safeguard Policies are those on - Environmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01), Forests
(OP/BP 4.36), Cultural Property (OPN 11.03), Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12), Safety of Dams
(OP/BP 4.37), and on Projects on International Waterways (OP/BP 7.50).
1-30
1.9.3
The Forest Act 1927; the Forest (Conservation) Act 1980; the Wildlife (Protection) Act
1972; National Wildlife Action Plan 1983; National Conservation Strategy 1992; National
Forest Policy, 1988;
As per the prevailing procedures, the project required (i) forestry clearances, (ii) environmental
clearances. Forestry clearances were required to acquire forest land (although none of the area
acquired was defined either as reserved forests or as demarcated protected forests) and clear fell
about 1000 trees on such land. These were obtained through a process of joint verification of land
and trees by the forest department of GoHP.
The project has obtained the 3-stage environmental clearance from the Ministry of Environment,
GoI (MOEF). The final environmental clearance to the project was granted on 31 March 2006. This
was preceded by the Stage I and the Stage II clearances from MOEF; the forest and environmental
clearances by the GoHP; and a no-objection certificate from the Himachal Pradesh State Pollution
Control Board (HP SPCB), based on a formal public hearing of the project.
The project does not require any regulatory clearance under the GoI Ancient Sites and Remains
Act, as it does not impact, directly or indirectly any known or notified cultural heritage resource.
The State Department of Culture had also provided no-objection to the project on the basis that no
cultural property is impacted by the project.
1.9.4
regulatory clearance process, a formal public hearing was organized. At village Bael, a public
information centre (PIC) had been set up since December 2005, where the local community and
any other stakeholders have full access, and this public information centre has been helpful for the
local public in recording their views about the project. Additionally, SJVNL has sponsored and
participated in the traditional village fairs, special events such as the Republic Day celebrations, and
sports events in all the villages in the project area.
As part of social assessment, 17 consultations were held with various stakeholders such as local
villagers, affected people elected representatives, Government officials, women and youth
organizations, media persons, etc. In all, 207 persons participated in these meetings. The key
issues discussed included employment opportunities, health and education facilities, concerns about
drying water sources, impact of tunnel construction, mobile health facilities, monitoring project
implementation of community development activities, etc. The proposed measures for the above
concerns are incorporated in the Resettlement Action Plan and the Sustainable Community
Development Plan. Similarly, as part of Resettlement Action Plan, seven consultations were held
which were participated by 142 persons discussing about the impact of land acquisition and
proposed resettlement measures, options for resettlement, site selection, opportunities for
employment, etc.
The EIA report (based on which regulatory clearance for the project was granted) was disclosed
before the formal public hearing, with assistance from the state pollution control board. The revised
EA/EMP, SA, RAP (including its translation in the local language - Hindi) and SCDP reports have
been disclosed, in October 2006 in public information centres in Bael Village and Jhakri, public
libraries in Shimla and Kullu, and in SJVNL corporate office in Shimla. All the documents are also
available online in the Rampur Project webpage (accessible through the SJVNL website
www.SJVNL.nic.in). The availability of these documents was also announced in the local
newspapers (both English and Hindi newspapers) in October 2006. This current (January 2007)
version of the Executive Summary of the EA has also been locally disclosed.
A complete set of these safeguard documents can also be found in Banks Infoshop in Washington
DC and New Delhi, where these have been available since 23 October 2006. A further round of
public consultation on the final versions of these safeguard documents is scheduled to be held in
Bael village in February 2007.
1.10
environmental impacts and minimize the negative ones. After selection of suitable environmental
mitigation measures, the cost required for implementation of various management measures is also
estimated, to have an idea of their cost-effectiveness. This Chapter further includes the description
of the environmental monitoring and reporting arrangements, as well as the capacity building
requirements. At the end, the budget for implementing the EMP is included.
1-33
CHAPTER 2
POLICY, LEGAL &
REGULATORY
FRAMEWORK FOR
THE PROJECT
2.1
Constitutional Provisions
The constitutional provisions and key points of policy and regulatory framework of India are
discussed below:
2.1.1
2.1.2
Water Resources
As per Constitution of India water is primarily a State subject and the role of Government of
India comes in only in the case of interstate river waters.
States are free to enact water laws and frame policies in accordance with this provision.
Regulation and development of inter-state rivers and river valleys is under the control of the
Union.
Indian Parliament may, by law (1) provide for the adjudication on any dispute or complaint
with respect to the use, distribution or control of the waters of, or in, any inter-state river or
river valley and (2) that neither the Supreme Court nor any other court shall exercise
jurisdiction in respect of any such dispute or complaint as referred to in (1).
Environment
The first constitutional provisions related to environment were made in the Forty-Second
Amendment to the Indian Constitution. This amendment was passed in response to India being
party to the Stockholm Declaration adopted by the International Conference on Human
Environment in 1972. The Forty-Second Amendment introduced Article 48-A into the Directive
Principles of State Policy in Chapter IV of the Constitution. The article declared the State's
responsibility to protect and improve the environment and safeguard the forests and wildlife of the
country. Another provision, included in Article 51-A (g), stipulated the duty of every citizen to
"protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife and to
have compassion for living creatures." These amendments imposed an obligation on the
Government and the courts to protect the environment for the people and the nation.
Specific Reference to Environment Protection in the Constitution
The State's responsibility with regard to environmental protection has been laid down under Article
48-A of our Constitution, which reads as follows:
"The State shall endeavour to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard
the forests and wildlife of the country".
Environmental protection is a fundamental duty of every citizen of this country under Article 51A(g) of our Constitution which reads as follows:
"It shall be the duty of every citizen of India to protect and improve the natural
environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife and to have compassion for
living creatures."
Article 21 of the Constitution is a fundamental right which reads as follows:
2-1
"No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to
procedure established by law."
Article 48-A of the Constitution comes under Directive Principles of State Policy and Article 51 A(g)
of the Constitution comes under Fundamental Duties.
The State's responsibility with regard to raising the level of nutrition and the standard of living and
to improve public health has been laid down under Article 47 of the Constitution which reads as
follows:
"The State shall regard the raising of the level of nutrition and the standard of living of
its people and the improvement of public health as among its primary duties and, in
particular, the State shall endeavour to bring about prohibition of the consumption
except for medicinal purposes of intoxicating drinks and of drugs which are injurious to
health."
The 42nd amendment to the Constitution was brought about in the year 1974 makes it the
responsibility of the State Government to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard
the forests and wildlife of the country. The latter, under Fundamental Duties, makes it the
fundamental duty of every citizen to protect and improve the natural environment including forests,
lakes, rivers and wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures.
2.2
2.2.1
Water is part of a larger ecological system. Realising the importance and scarcity attached
to fresh water, it has to be treated as an essential environment for sustaining all life forms.
Water is a scarce and precious national resource to be planned, developed and conserved
and managed as such, and on an integrated and environmentally sound basis, keeping in
view the socio-economic aspects and needs of the States
Water resources development and management will have to be planned for a hydrological
unit such as drainage basin as a whole or for a sub-basin, multi-sectored, taking into
account surface and ground water for sustainable use incorporating quantity and quality
aspects as well as environmental considerations
Preservation of the quality of environment and the ecological balance should be a PRIMARY
consideration at project planning and the adverse impact on the environment, should be
minimised and should be offset by adequate compensatory measures
2-2
2.2.2
Reclamation of water logged/ saline affected land by scientific and cost effective methods
should form a part of command area development programme
On resettlement and rehabilitation, there is the need of a skeletal national policy and
States should evolve their own detailed policies.
Effluents should be treated to acceptable levels and standards before discharging them in
to natural streams and that minimum flow should be ensured in the perennial streams for
maintaining ecology and social considerations
Special efforts should be made to investigate and formulate projects either in, or for the
benefit of, areas inhabited by tribal or other specially disadvantaged groups such as socially
weak, scheduled castes and scheduled tribes
Promotion of equity and social justice among individuals and groups of users in water
resource allocation and management
Provision of a well-developed information system, for water related data for resource
planning. A standardized state information system should be established with a network of
data banks and data bases, integrating the State and Central level agencies and improving
the quality of data collection and analysis
Water resource development projects should as far as possible be planned and developed
as multipurpose projects but provision for drinking water shall be a primary consideration.
There should be an integrated and multi-disciplinary approach to the planning, formulation,
clearance and implementation of projects, including catchment area treatment and
management, environmental and ecological aspects, the rehabilitation of affected people
and command area development. Besides, in projects for hydropower generation involving
impounding of water, adequate water shall be released round the year to meet the needs
of downstream users. The sustainability evaluation of the Project shall determine
Environmental Discharge to be prescribed for the Project, which shall not be less than
15% of the available discharge at any given time. In forest areas the extraction of water
2-3
shall be planned keeping in view the needs of the flora and fauna of the area. The
involvement and participation of beneficiaries and other stakeholders will be encouraged at
the project planning stage itself.
2.2.3
All water resources projects should be examined from ecological and environmental
considerations and remedial measures wherever needed should form a part of the project
itself and implemented along with it. A minimum flow in the natural streams should be
allowed.
All the water resources projects shall give due regard to the ecological health and other
needs for which adequate provision shall be made on priority basis.
Definition of environment has been enlarged to include all entities, natural or manmade,
external to oneself, which provide value, now or perhaps in the future, to humankind.
Foundational aspirations have been addressed, which are (i) that human beings should be
able to enjoy a decent quality of life; (ii) that humanity should become capable of
respecting the finiteness of the biosphere; and (iii) that neither the aspiration for the good
life, nor the recognition of biophysical limits should preclude the search for greater justice
in the world. The principles of good governance, viz., Transparency, Rationality,
Accountability, Reduction in time and costs and Participation with stakeholders.
Responsibilities of the State and the citizen have been stated in the light of the
amendments introducing fundamental duties in the Constitution of India.
Certain new principles for environmental management have been included in the policy, some of
them based on judicial interpretations. The new principles include the following:
2-4
2.2.4
Conserving the natural heritage of the country by preserving the remaining natural forests with
the vast variety of flora and fauna, which represent the remarkable biological diversity and
genetic resources of the country.
Checking soil erosion and denudation in the catchment areas of rivers, lakes, reservoirs in the
"interest of soil and water conservation, for mitigating floods and droughts and for the
retardation of siltation of reservoirs.
Checking the extension of sand-dunes in the desert areas of Rajasthan and along the coastal
tracts.
Increasing substantially the forest/tree cover in the country through massive afforestation and
social forestry programmes, especially on all denuded, degraded and unproductive lands.
Meeting the requirements of fuel-wood, fodder, minor forest produce and small timber of the
rural and tribal populations.
Creating a massive people's movement with the involvement of women, for achieving these
objectives and to minimize pressure on existing forests.
Existing forests and forestlands should be fully protected and -their productivity improved.
Forest and vegetal cover should be increased rapidly on hill slopes, in catchment areas of
rivers, lakes and reservoirs and ocean shores and, on semi-arid, and desert tracts.
Diversion of good and productive agricultural lands to forestry should be discouraged in view of
the need for increased food production.
For the conservation of total biological diversity, the network of national parks, sanctuaries,
biosphere reserves and other protected areas should be strengthened and extended
adequately.
Provision of sufficient fodder, fuel and pasture, especially in areas adjoining forest, is necessary
in order to prevent depletion of forests beyond the sustainable limit. Since fuel wood continues
to be the predominant source of energy in rural areas, the programme of afforestation should
2-5
be intensified with special emphasis on augmenting fuel wood production to meet the
requirement of the rural people.
2.3
Minor forest produce provides sustenance to tribal population and to other communities
residing in and around the forests. Such produce should be protected, improved and their
production enhanced with due regard to generation of employment and income.
The forest policy provides strategy for area under forests, afforestation, social forestry & farm
forestry, management of state forests, rights and concessions, diversion of forest lands for
non-forest purposes, wildlife conservation, tribal people and forests, shifting cultivation,
damage to forests from encroachments, fires and grazing, forest-based industries, forest
extension, forestry education and forestry research.
2.4
2.4.1
Environmental Regulations
Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
This is the national umbrella legislation for preservation and conservation of the environment.
Under this, an environmental clearance from MoEF is required.
The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 was introduced as an umbrella legislation that provides a
holistic framework for the protection and improvement to the environment.
In terms of responsibilities, the Act and the associated Rules requires for obtaining environmental
clearances for specific types of new / expansion projects (addressed under Environmental Impact
Assessment Notification, 1994, and subsequently in 2006) and for submission of an environmental
statement to the State Pollution Control Board annually.
Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972
According to the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 "wildlife" includes any animal, bees, butterflies,
crustacea, fish and moths; and aquatic or land vegetation which forms part of any habitat. In
accordance with Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Act, 2002 no alternation of boundaries /
National Park / Sanctuary shall be made by the State Govt. except on recommendation of the
National Board for Wildlife (NBWL).
Further, in terms of Supreme Court Order dated 13.11.2000 the State Govts have to seek prior
permission of Supreme Court before submitting the proposal for diversion of forest land in National
Park sanctuaries.
Whenever, any part of Wildlife Sanctuary / National Park is getting affected by a hydro project the
forest proposal in respect of such project is entertained by MoEF, GOI only after permission of dereservation / de-notification of Wildlife Sanctuary /National Park has been accorded. After
recommendation of Standing Committee of NBWL proposal for de-reservation/ de-notification is
ratified by Honble Supreme Court.
Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980
This Act provides for the conservation of forests and regulating diversion of forestlands for nonforestry purposes. When projects fall within forestlands, prior clearance is required from relevant
authorities under the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980. State governments cannot de-reserve any
2-6
forestland or authorize its use for any non-forest purposes without approval from the Central
government.
For diversion of forestland (for inundation and for locating project components), the project
proponent needs to apply (on standardized formats) to the state government. Depending on the
area required to be diverted, the proposals are cleared by MoEF regional or central offices provided
that the cost of compensatory afforestation, cost of rehabilitation of endangered/rare species of
flora/fauna, and the net present value of the forest resources are deposited upfront with the state
Forest Departments.
Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, & Air (Prevention and Control of
Pollution) Act, 1981
The requirement is to obtain from the State Pollution Control Board a no-objection certificate, by
demonstrating that the prescribed standards are not likely to be exceeded, by avoidance or
mitigation measures.
The Biological Diversity Act, 2002
The Ministry of Environment and Forests has enacted the Biological Diversity Act, 2002 under the
United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity signed at Rio de Janeiro on the 5th day of June,
1992 of which India is also a party. This Act is to provide for the conservation of biological
diversity, sustainable use of its components, and fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising
out of the sued of biological resources, knowledge and for matters connected therewith or
incidental thereto. As per the provision of the Act, certain areas, which are rich in biodiversity and
encompasses unique and representative ecosystems are identified and designated as biosphere
reserve to facilitate its conservation. All restrictions applicable to protected areas like National Park
& Sanctuaries are also applicable to these reserves.
Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Amendment Rules, 2003
These Rules classify used mineral oil as hazardous waste under the Hazardous Waste (Management
& Handling) Rules, 2003 that requires proper handling and disposal. Organisation will seek
authorisation for disposal of hazardous waste from concerned State Pollution Control Boards (SPCB)
as and when required.
Ozone Depleting Substances (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000
MoEF vide its notification dt. 17th July, 2000 under the section of 6, 8 and 25 of the Environment
(Protection) Act, 1986 has notified rules for regulation/ control of Ozone Depleting Substances
(ODS) under Montreal Protocol. As per the notification certain control and regulation has been
imposed on manufacturing, import, export, and use of these compounds. Organisations as per
provisions of notification shall is phase out all equipment, which uses these substances, and is
aiming at CFC free organisation in near future.
The Serais Act, 1867
The Act enjoined upon a keeper of Serai or an inn to keep a certain quality of water fit for
consumption by persons and animals using it to the satisfaction of the District magistrate or his
nominees. Failure for maintaining the standard entailed a liability of rupees twenty.
The North India Canal and Drainage Act, 1873
Certain offences have been listed under the Act contained in Section 70.
2-7
Note: This is not applicable to RHEP but will be applicable to any new hydropower project.
This notification separates projects in two categories. The first category of projects requires
environmental clearance from the Central Government through MoEF on the recommendation of
Expert Appraisal Committee and the second category of projects requires environmental clearance
from state/union territory environmental impact assessment authority (SEIAA). SEIAA takes
decision on the recommendation of state/union territory level expert appraisal committee. All
hydropower projects with more than 20 MW capacity and/or 10,000ha of culturable command area
will require environmental clearance from MoEF. Projects less than 20 MW and/or 10,000ha
culturable command area respectively will need to take environmental clearance from SEIAA.
2.4.2
2-8
project report which should, inter alia, include an Environmental Impact Assessment Report,
Environment Management Plan and details of public hearing as specified and prepared in
accordance with the guidelines issued by the Central Government in the Ministry of Environment
and Forests from time to time.
Before starting the process of EIA study, the project authorities have to intimate the location of the
project site to the Ministry of Environment and Forests while initiating any investigation and
surveys. The Ministry of Environment and Forests then has to convey a decision regarding
suitability or otherwise of the proposed site within a maximum period of thirty days. The said site
clearance is then granted for a sanctioned capacity and shall be valid for a period of five years for
commencing the construction, operation or mining.
The EIA study done for the cleared site leads to EIA report which is submitted in required format to
MoEF. The reports submitted with the application is evaluated and assessed by the Appraisal
Committee constituted by MoEF. The said Committee of Experts has full right of entry and
inspection of the site at any time prior to, during or after the commencement of the operations
relating to the project.
The Impact Assessment Agency then prepares a set of recommendations based on technical
assessment of documents and data, furnished by the project authorities supplemented by data
collected during visits to sites or factories, if undertaken and details of the public hearing.
The assessment is completed within a period of ninety days from receipt of the requisite
documents and data from the project authorities and completion of public hearing and decision
conveyed within thirty days thereafter.
The clearance granted is valid for a period of five years for commencement of the construction or
operation of the project.
As per the latest September 2006 notification, the responsibility of environmental clearance has
been divided between state and central government depending on the category of the project.
However, this notification was not applicable on RHEP since RHEP clearances were obtained in
March, 2006.Discussed below is the detailed process which was followed for obtaining various
applicable clearances required for RHEP project.
2.4.3
the proposed alignment of the project line does not create any threat to the survival of
any community with special reference to Tribal Community;
2-9
the proposed alignment of the project does not affect any public utility services such as
playgrounds, schools and other establishments;
the alignment of the project does not pass through any sanctuaries, National Park,
Biosphere reserves or eco-sensitive zones; and
the alignment of the project does not infringe with area of natural resources.
To achieve this, selection of forest area involved is undertaken in close consultation with
representatives from the State forest departments and the Department of Revenue. Minor
alterations are made to avoid environmentally sensitive areas and settlements at execution stage.
Trees on such locations are felled but after stringing is complete and natural regeneration is
allowed to specific heights and whenever required the tree plantation is taken.
Formulation of Forest Proposal: After finalization of forest area involved for project location the
proponent submits details in prescribed proforma to the respective DFO/ Nodal Officer (Forest) of
concerned State Government. The DFO/ Nodal Officer forward the details to the concerned
Divisional Forest Officer (DFO) or the Conservator of Forest for formulation of forest proposal for
processing of clearance under the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980. The DFO then surveys the
relevant forest area required for the construction of project under the possible alternatives. Forest
authorities conduct a cost-benefit analysis to assess the loss of forest produce, loss to environment
vis--vis benefits of project. Compensatory Afforestation (CA) scheme is prepared to compensate
loss of vegetation and is the most important and integral part of the proposal. For CA, the forest
authorities identify degraded forestland of twice the area of affected land. The proponent provides
undertaking/ certificate to meet the cost of compensatory afforestation and the Net Present Value
of forestland diverted. The NPV rate varies from Rs. 5.8 to Rs. 9.2 lakh per hectare (as per MoEF
Notification dt. 23.04.04) and is payable to the Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and
Planning Authority (CAMPA). If the forest is rich in wildlife, then the Chief Wildlife Warden also
gets a detailed assessment report prepared including measures to protect the wildlife, which is
submitted with the proposal.
Approval of Proposal: The proposal is submitted to the state forest department and then
forwarded to the principal chief conservator of forests in the state and finally to the state
secretariat. The State Government recommends the proposal for further processing and approval to
a) Concerned Regional Office of the MoEF if the area involved is 40 hectare or less b) MoEF, New
Delhi if the area is more than 40 hectare.
To facilitate speedy approval of forest proposal involving lesser area, Ministry of Environment &
Forests had established Regional Offices in each region for processing and approving these
proposals. The MoEF approves the proposal in two stages. In principle or first stage approval is
accorded with certain conditions depending upon the case. Second stage, or final approval is
provided after the compliance report of the conditions stipulated in first Forest Proposal (FP) is
received by MOEF,GOI from State Forest Department .
2.5
2.5.1
At State Level
Pollution Control and Environmental Conservation
No objection certificate (NoC) under Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, & Air
(Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 is a mandatory requirement for Hydropower and the
2-10
same was applicable to RHEP. To obtain NoC, a detailed environmental Impact assessment study
and public consultation was undertaken. The HP Environment Protection and Pollution Control
Board (HPEPPCB) and the State Council of Science,Technology and Environment (SCSTE) were the
two nodal agencies responsible for assessing EIA study, organising public hearing and then issuing
No Objection Certificate for the said hydro power project.
Additional Clearance for Environmental Flow
HPEPPCB issued a notification on July 16, 2005 for quantum of minimum flow of water to be
released and maintained immediately downstream of diversion structures of existing and upcoming hydel projects through out the year. As specified, minimum flow should not be less than
10%. This notification has been partially modified vide notification No PC-F(2)-1/2005 dated Sept 9,
2005. Updated notification stipulates that the quantum of minimum flow of water to be released
and maintained immediately downstream of the diversion structures of existing and up-coming
hydel projects through out the year should be threshold value of not less than 15% of the
minimum flow observed in the lean season; to main river water body whose water is being
harnessed by these projects.
RHEP has been designed with above-mentioned requirement of maintaining minimum release in
river Satluj during lean season.
2.5.2
2-11
Issues Raised in Presentation: Presentation before specialists, prior to public hearing, raised
issues, significant of them are detailed below:
The spatial dimension of ambient air quality monitoring needed to be increased from the
current two locations to more locations so as to represent all adits and the villages of the
project area.
Water Quality Monitoring needs to be monitored for two more seasons in addition to the
one season already undertaken.
Video recording of all ground and surface water sources to be done by the project
authorities
Technical plan for muck disposal should be submitted to HPEPPPCB and proper measures
shall be taken for a safe dump site
Sewage treatment plants shall be used in the townships rather than septic tank and
Incinerator shall be used for treating garbage of the township.
EMP Implementation cost should include cost of third party monitoring during
construction and post construction stages of the project.
Flow in the natural regime of river Satluj available at Jhakri should not be diverted for
Rampur Hydel project.
After project authorities complied with all the requirements including above mentioned, SCSTE
informed the HPEPPCB to conduct public hearing as per procedures laid down in EIA Notification.
Public notices for holding environmental public hearing near proposed power house in village Bayal
and near Kunni khad bridge in village Chatti were published in news paper for holding the Public
Hearing on 26-10-2005. There were significant issues raised by stakeholders from villages
surrounding the project.
Project authorities were asked by HPEPPCB to prepare action plan for addressing those issues.
After receiving the action plan, HPEPPCB issues No Objection certificate (NOC) to the SJVNL and
recommended the case to MOEF for environmental clearance.
Stage-III Environmental Clearance
Post NOC from HPEPPCB, environmental clearance was obtained from MoEF in March, 2006.
Environmental clearance was granted by MoEF with prior mandatory conditions for implementation
by the project during construction and operation phases. Simultaneously, Mining lease and
permission for diversion of 69.3762ha of forest land was obtained by SJVNL from Director of
Industries and MoEF (FC Division) respectively.
Environmental safeguards insisted upon by MoEF: MoEF stipulated additional conditions to
ensure safeguards from the uncertainties, and weaknesses, if any, in the EIA/EMP. These are
described below:
2-12
Availability of minimum 23.7 cumec water during lean season in the river downstream of
dam for sustaining aquatic life.
A more detailed description of the staged environmental clearance process is contained in Table 2.1
below.
2.6
2-13
Table 2.1 Environmental Considerations and the Environmental Clearances Obtained in the Rampur Hydropower Project
Project stage
Subject
Period before
Agency
the Project was
transferred to
SJVNL
Prioritization
Specific Queries
Responsibility for identification of Himachal Pradesh State Electricity Board. The project was envisaged as extension of the Nathpa Jhkari
the project.
Project
The status of project preparation Only Project Feasibility Report was provided. This was developed by the HP State Electricity Board
when the project was transferred (HPSEB). The Detailed Project Report (DPR) including the Detailed Cost Estimate was prepared by
to SJVNL.
SJVNL on 31st May 2005.. However, M/S WAPCOS was appointed a Review Consultant for reviewing
the DPR before submission to CEA.
Was this part of the prioritization
Yes.
by the CEA?
The environmental parameters
considered in the CEA
prioritization?
Analysis of
alternatives
The alternatives were selected in such away that the population to be displaced be minimum. Avoided
flooding of the Rampur town.
Undertaking a preliminary (or initial or rapid) environmental Yes. The key issues identified were: Forest Clearance aspects,
examination (of any form) to identify key issues. Key issues were Environment clearance aspects. The need for the EIA Study, and
identified.
the issues around the muck disposal sites.
2-14
Project stage
Subject
Specific Queries
Stage I
Clearance
Changes from the What were the changes, if any? Why were those changes made?
earlier proposal
Was any modification of storage or inundation proposed?
by SJVNL
Was the site of the storage, powerhouse, etc., changed? If yes, then why? Was
environment a factor?
Was public consulted before or after these changes?
Site selection
Were alternative sites examined at this stage? What issues triggered search for
alternative sites?
Public
consultation
None
None
Not Applicable
No
Yes.
On 22-04-04
On 3-09-04
Other relevant
clearances
None
The fund required for Environmental Aspects should be included in the budget of the
project.
Tandem operation process with NJPS has to be mentioned in detail in PFR
Was any other (Wildlife Board/ASI/State PCB) clearance obtained, which included any
consideration of environmental issues? If so, what were the issues?
Involvement of
At what stages were the
the Environmental environmental officers involved?
Group of SJVNL
What was their scope of works?
What specific improvement or
modification was suggested by
the environmental officers, if
any?
NO
Environment officers were involved right from the start of the case.
Environment Officers at Project site were involved for detail application , survey related to
environment information.
Environment officer at corporate Office was also involved for TOR preparation of EIA /EMP study and
for filling up the applications column related to stage-I.
2-15
Project stage
Subject
Specific Queries
Feasibility
Study
Agency
Himachal Pradesh State Electricity Board. The project was envisaged as extension of Nathpa Jhkari
Project. It was feasibility report.
Analysis of
alternatives
Six different alternatives utilizing the tail race waters of the existing 1500 MW Nathpa Jhakri HE
Project besides picking up additional water from Satluj river at a location suggested by Geological
Survey of India were studied for firming up the location and layout of the project.
Stage II
Clearance
Finally 2nd alternative which envisages utilization of tail race water of NJHEP and construction of cut
and cover RCC conduit for crossing the river ,15.08 Km head race tunnel, 140 m deep surge shaft six
partially underground penstocks and a surface power house has been found to be most suitable
alternative and adopted for RHEP.
The alternative has been selected in such away that alignment should have minimum number of
trees to be uprooted and popution to be displaced be minimum. The number of houseless families by
this way has been zeroed down to twenty.
Public
consultation
As described earlier.
Carried out.
On 20-12-04
Yes, objections were raised vide their letter dated 14-01-05
Yes, revised application was submitted on 14-01-05
On 28-02-05
NO
Was any other (Wildlife Board/ASI/State PCB) clearance obtained, which included any consideration of
environmental issues? If so, what were the issues?
NO
At what stages were the environmental officers involved? What was Environment officers were involved right from the start of the case.
Involvement of
the Environmental their scope of works? What specific improvement or modification Scope of their work included compilation of information and
Group of SJVNL
was suggested by the environment group, if any?
submitting the case for environment clearance.
2-16
Project stage
Subject
Specific Queries
EA (EIA) &
Public
Consultation
Public
consultation
YES
DATE:- 26-10-05
DATE:- 26-10-05
EIA Clearance
(Stage II
Clearance)
Response of the public was good and supportive. There were no modifications in the proposal for the
project.
Public disclosure
of information
PIC was setup in village Bael on 19-12-05. An officer of Executive Rank is presently posted there. A
No. of Boards in Hindi and English are displayed in the PIC giving Information of the Project features
and the various R&R and Environment works that will be carried out by the project.
Environmental
assessment
Involuntary
resettlement
Environmental
Clearance by
MoEF
On 14/12/2005
Project stage
Subject
Specific Queries
Quantity of water to be released during lean season for maintaining the aquatic life may be
intimated..
9. The committee also decided to depute a sub group to vivit project.
The MOEF,GOI later cancelled the visit and fixed new date for presentation..
Was a revised application submitted?
On 31-3-06
Did MOEF lay any major condition 1. The treatment proposed in CAT plan be submitted to MOEF .
at this stage? What were those? 2. Clarence from National Committee on seism city Design Parameters of CWC should be obtained.
3. The families affected due to acquisition of land should be rehabilitated as per R&R policy of SJVNL
and NPRR-2003.
4. All assurance/ commitments given by project authority in the public hearing must be honoured in
letter and spirit , particularly with regard to employment to project affected persons and locals.
5. Implementation of fish Management Plan should be carried out in consultation with State Fisheries
department and sent to MOEF,GOI within three months of isuue of this letter .
6. During lean period 23.7 cumec water should be made available in the released downstream of the
dam for immediately aquatic life.
In addition to above there are 11 general conditions.
Other
Clearances
Other relevant
clearances
State Pollution
Control Board
State Deptt. of
Science & Tech
Yes State Nodal Deptt takes NOCs/ Clearances from Wild life forest
department , State Archeology etc.
Forest
Department
Archaeological
Survey of India
Procedure followed? Any problem A certificate stating that no Archeological structure is coming within the project area was acquired not
or delay encountered?
from ASI but State Archeology Deptt. .
Indian Wildlife
Board
Procedure followed? Any problem A certificate/undertaking from the DFO wildlife was obtained mentioning that there is no wild life
or delay encountered?
sanctuary falling in the project area was acquired.
Any Other?
2-18
2.7
Note: The Social Safeguard Policies, viz., the Policy on Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12) and the Policy
on Indigenous Peoples (OD 4.20) are included below, but are dealt separately by the social assessment
studies, and the resettlement action plan not covered under the EA/EMP.
2-19
Assessment. The analysis carried out by the borrower indicates that the tribal are fully integrated
into the mainstream economy of the local area.
Forests (OP/BP 4.36) - APPLICABLE
The project acquires 48.9ha of degraded forest land (with very little forest or tree cover), and
notionally acquires (but does not disturb as the works are deep underground) another 20.47ha of
similar degraded forest land over the tunnels. Together these represent 0.07% of the total forest
area of Rampur and Anni forest divisions (which together have 90,596ha of legally defined forests).
The project will clear fell 1075 trees, of which 996 are (exotic) eucalyptus trees, which were earlier
planted by the forest department. Other 79 trees to be felled are commonly distributed throughout
the projects immediate influence and influence area.
Safety of Dams (OP/BP 4.37) - APPLICABLE
This project does not construct any dam, but uses tailrace water diverted by the dam earlier
constructed by the Nathpa-Jhakri Power project. Construction of the 60m high Nathpa-Jhakri Dam
followed the Banks policy on safety of dams (as the project was funded by the World Bank). In this
project, the aspects related to safety of dam needed to be (only) re-confirmed. The borrowers have
prepared an Emergency Preparedness Plan, which takes adequate care of the safety features for
the project, and reconfirms the safety of the Nathpa-dam.
Physical Cultural Resources (OPN 11.03) - APPLICABLE
The project area does not have known archaeological or historical sites or remains. This has been
confirmed by an archaeological examination of the project area.
There is only a small possibility of impacts on cultural properties (such as community religious
properties, sacred groves, and chance-finds). The EMP includes procedures to identify such
properties, and mitigate and manage impacts in the case, such properties are impacted.
Projects in Disputed Areas (OP/BP/GP 7.60) NOT APPLICABLE
No part of the project area, and in fact, no part of the state of Himachal Pradesh is under any
international dispute.
Projects on International Waterways (OP/BP/GP 7.50) - APPLICABLE
The River Satluj (a tributary of the Indus) is an international river (lies in China, India and
Pakistan). This run-of the river is located in between two existing dams. The upstream dam at
Nathpa, about 50km upstream of the project, has a small storage (an inundation of about 22ha, all
within the river gorge, mainly for producing peaking power for the 1500MW Nathpa-Jhakri project).
The downstream Bhakra dam and the storage of Govindsagar were completed in 1960s, and
constitute a major multi-purpose project of Northern India. The Bhakra Dam has a gross storage of
9621 million m3, and is about 200km downstream of the Rampur project.
Thus, there is no significant impact of the project related to water flow and availability on either
the upstream or downstream riparian countries. The water quality impacts of the project is
assessed to be minor even at the immediate project area, and would be truly negligible
downstream of Bhakra. In addition, the Sutlej is one of the 3 eastern rivers defined by the Indus
Treaty (between India and Pakistan), and is earmarked for sole (consumptive) use by India.
According to the Bank policy on International Waterways, both the upstream and downstream
riparian countries, China and Pakistan, were notified and provided with relevant project details. No
objection to the project was raised by either of the riparian countries.
2-20
2.8
In the pursuit of above mission, SJVNL had set for itself the following Corporate Objectives :
Completion of the new projects allocated to SJVNL in an efficient and cost effective
manner.
Creating work culture and work environment conducive to the growth and development
of both the organization and the individuals through introduction of participative
management philosophy.
Striving clean and green project environment with minimal ecological and social
disturbances.
It could be seen that sustainability of the projects, and conservation and protection of environment
had been part of the Corporate Objectives.
2.9
2.9.1
SJVNL will:
Discharge its obligations under the national and State environmental legislations,
regulations, guidelines and directives; and operate in an environmentally responsible
manner.
Develop and maintain efficient and two-way communication with the local communities,
and partner and assist them in resolving environmental concerns
Respond promptly and effectively to any known significant environmental impacts caused
by operations under its control.
Promote the efficient use of energy, raw materials and other resources within its
operations.
Manage land under its care with sensitivity, having due regard for local environmental
sensitivities.
When appropriate, maintain close liaison with regulators, authorities and environmental
organizations.
In support of this policy, SJVNL will review all new projects for compliance and conduct regular
reviews of existing projects from legal stipulations angle as well as internal procedures. SJVNL will
prepare and maintain procedures to support this policy in the light of changes in knowledge and
understanding. However presently procedures enlisted will act as guidelines or directives for
implementing the Policy.
2.9.2
Objective
SJVNLs ambition is to demonstrate courage, foresight, respect and a strong sense of responsibility
for people and the environment. SJVNL will be in the forefront in environmental care and industrial
safety. This directive lays down the necessary SJVNL policy and requirements governing our
Health, Security, Safety and Environment (HSE) efforts to achieve this ambition.
Scope
The directive covers all HSE aspects, applies to all parts of the value chain, and all our other
activities.
2-22
Responsibilities
All employees are responsible for their own health, security and safety and shall cooperate and
contribute to the creation of a safe, secure and healthy working environment and to the
achievement of the SJVNLs environmental obligations and goals. Specifically, every employee shall
execute his or her task in a secure, safe and efficient manner in compliance with applicable
requirements and guidelines.
The SJVNL Board is responsible for the establishment and deployment of SJVNLs policy
concerning Health, Security, Safety and Environment, and for the elaboration of those related
corporate steering documents as are deemed necessary.
General Managers and all Project Managers shall address all relevant HSE issues. They are
accountable for the HSE performance of their operations/activities, including an appropriate level of
security, and for compliance with statutory requirements and SJVNLs own corporate requirements.
They are responsible for integration of applicable HSE practices into the business processes for
which they are responsible and shall show determination and commitment to HSE through active
leadership, i.e. driving the continuous improvement process: setting goals, follow-up and support
the HSE activities, and building a sustainable HSE culture.
Corporate Environmental, Safety and Social Development Unit shall, on behalf of the
SJVNL Board, ensure that all SJVNL activities are carried out in conformity with statutory
regulations and SJVNLs own corporate requirements. They shall assume ownership of the Health,
Security, Safety and Environment Processes, assist in making information concerning HSE available,
and facilitate cooperation, networking and the exchange of best practices in these fields.
In cooperation with the Corporate HSE staff, All Project Units shall facilitate information
exchange and develop common attitudes and standards across all SJVNL projects.
Health, security, safety and environmental issues shall be resolved within the appropriate
organizational level, i.e. as low as possible and practical.
Description of the HSE Policy
SJVNL is determined to work ambitiously, through continuous improvement, for a healthy work
environment, safe and secure conduct, and low environmental impact.
We will design our projects, develop and use technology to produce minimum adverse
effect on the environment, making efficient use of energy and resources.
At the strategic and operational levels we will show due concern to HSE, including the
health and safety of our neighbours. When acquiring or entering into commercial
agreements with companies that are far from our standards, we shall strive to set
ambitious goals to ensure significant improvements in their HSE performance.
We will systematically seek to deepen our understanding of HSE risks and effects of our
activities, promote transparency and routinely publicize our health, security, safety and
environment goals and report on status and progress in a dialogue with our stakeholders,
including local communities.
We will continuously work to reduce environmental impacts and risks related to our
activities, and contribute to sustainable power generation in a life-cycle perspective.
We are determined to have no injuries on our premises, and work continuously to avoid
work related illnesses, property damage and production loss.
We will encourage our employees to adopt a healthy, safe life-style for themselves and
their families.
2-23
If accidents occur, we shall be prepared to do the utmost to prevent and mitigate injury,
damage to the environment, property and SJVNLs reputation. Saving life will be our
highest priority.
We will protect personnel, premises and activities against conscious and negligent
unauthorized actions, balancing the companys need for protection of the integrity of
employees and third parties.
2.9.3
All our activities shall be in compliance with statutory requirements and SJVNL corporate
requirements.
All SJVNL projects shall be in compliance with the ISO 14001 standard or equivalent.
We shall achieve our goals through the systematic management of HSE risks and
opportunities, and the development of and adherence to a common HSE management
system built on good practice and experience, as described in detail in Safety Assurance
Plans and Environmental Management Plans of all individual projects.
SJVNL will strive to develop Corporate Guidance on Health, Safety, Security and
Environmental Management. Wherever possible, SJVNL will encourage adoption of
Occupational Health, Safety and Social Accountability Management Systems.
Our operations have impacts that, if not properly addressed, may result in reduced
biodiversity; i.e. losses in the variety of ecosystems, species and genetic material
There is need for a global regulatory framework for the safeguarding of biodiversity
There is need for knowledge of the primary and secondary effects of hydropower
development activity on biodiversity
Our ambition is to be aware of risks to biodiversity from our activities, and to contribute to
biodiversity conservation where we operate.
To meet the biodiversity challenges - we will
Take actions to avoid or mitigate impacts on biodiversity from our operations. This will
include compensatory measures to conserve biodiversity in sensitive areas
Consider primary and secondary effects on biodiversity in our Environmental and Social
Impact Assessments
2-24
2.9.4
Assist, as far as practicable, the State Governments and River basin Authorities in the
implementation of their stated biodiversity conservation plans and programs
Partner with other hydropower developers in the river basin in developing knowledge
base on biodiversity and its linkages to community life and well being.
We Recognize
That the risk of long term climate change requires action now to reduce global
greenhouse gas emissions
That our own projects face potential threats from climate change and the ensuing
variability in hydrological regime and landscape degradation
In SJVNL, we are committed to participate in the development of knowledge regarding the climate
change issues, in our own emissions reductions and in the development of sustainable systems.
We will support
The National and State Governments, other relevant stakeholder and parner agencies involved in
developing, managing and regulating hydropower in the river valleys that SJVNL is involved:
To implement best practices and best available technologies in the short term
We will also support the National and State Governments to develop equitable frameworks
designed to find cost efficient solutions to the potential threats arising out of climate variability and
extreme climatic events.
The framework to make it happen
We participate in and support the National and State endeavors to develop the
commitments and the frameworks like the UNFCCC/Kyoto protocol with its flexible
mechanisms, and frameworks with similar goals
We support market based emissions trading systems to provide the necessary incentives
to drive emissions reductions
We will strive to design, develop and operate our projects to ensure reductions in
greenhouse gas emission
2-25
We will strive to design, develop and operate our projects to ensure adequate
management and response to extreme climatic events
We will continue to develop our business, projects and operations in a way that will
support global green house gas emission reductions in a life cycle perspective
We will limit emissions from our production through better operations and trough
development and implementation of new technologies, wherever relevant and economical
We will take into account the expected future cost of green house gas emissions in major
investment decisions to support the choice of climate benign solutions
We will develop a trading capacity to manage our green house gas portfolio and to
provide incentives to reduce operational emissions.
2-26
CHAPTER 3
ENVIRONMENTAL
BASELINE, IMPACT
ANALYSIS &
MITIGATION
3.1
3.1.1
Name of
River
Source
Total Stream
length (km)
Jhelum
400
28, 490
Ravi
725
5957
Chenab
1180
26,755
Beas
470
25, 900
Satluj
1050
24, 087
Yamuna
1,300
359,000
Catchment area in
Himachal is 2320
km
3-1
Climatic conditions in the Indus river system vary from arctic to sub-tropical. The cold desert area
remains devoid of rainfall and experiences heavy snowfall. The important rivers of this system are
the Satluj, the Beas, the Ravi, the Chenab and the Jhelum. Out of these five, four flow through
Himachal Pradesh and along with their tributaries draining parts of Himachal Pradesh.
3.1.2
3.1.3
3-2
Soan River
The Soan River rises from the Southern slopes of the Shivalik range also known as Solasinghi range
in the tract to the East of the Beas gap across the Southern periphery of the Kangra valley. It joins
the boundary of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab. Its gradient is not very steep and the slopes of the
Soan catchment vary from gentle to steep. In the summer the discharge drops drastically, while
during monsoon it is in spate.
Other tributaries of the Satluj are as in Table 3.2 below.
Table 3.2 Tributaries of the Satluj
Region of confluence
Name of Stream
3.1.4
3-3
Location
Hydrology
District
River
Khab
Kinnaur
Satluj
44,000
4413 Mm3
7138 Mm3
Karcham Wangtoo
Kinnaur
Satluj
48,755
112558 cumec-day
Nathpa-Jhakri
Kinnaur
Satluj
49,820
7689 Mm
9596 Mm3
Rampur
50,880
Luhri
Kinnaur
Satluj
52,403
9341 Mm
12074 Mm3
Source:
PFR Khab project, Year, 2004; EIA for Updation of NJHEP, Year 2003;
Report on Karcham Wangtoo Project, Year 2005; EIA for Rampur HEP, Year 2005; PFR Luhri HEP, Year 2004
3-4
3-5
The Nathpa Jhakri Power Project is under operation since 2003 and has a generation
capacity of 1500 MW.
The project is also utilizing the water of an intervening stream, i.e. Sholding khad through a
trench weir and a drop shaft.
The energy generation is of the order of 7425 GWH in a 50% mean year and nearly 6700
GWH in a 90% dependable year. The project has been completed at a cost of Rs.8656
crores.
3-6
3.2
3.2.1
3-7
3-8
3.2.2
Topography
As stated earlier, topographically the entire Satluj basin can be divided into four categories viz.
Tibetan Plateau, Spiti Valley, Khab to Nathpa dam site and Nathpa dam site to Bhakra Dam. The
RHEP project is located on the topographical characteristics of region between the Nathpa dam and
the Bhakra dam site. River Satluj rises in Tibetan plateau in the region of the Mansarover Lake
situated at an elevation of about 4570m above mean sea level. The river enters India near Shipkila
after traversing a length of about 320km in the Tibetan province of Nari Khorsam. The snow melt
results in deep channel formation on the surface. There is absolutely no vegetation in this region.
Spiti River is the largest tributary of the river Satluj and joins river Satluj at Namgia (Khab), about
14km upstream of Pooh. The topography of this catchment is identical to that of the Tibetan
Plateau. From Spiti valley, the river Satluj flows through moderate to high hilly terrain with
elevation of 1525m to 3048m and has little rainfall but heavy snow. The area has steep slopes with
little earth cover. The topography of the RHEP project area catchment has high surrounding hills.
In the lower area, Rampur to Bhakra, the average slope of the river is about 1 in 300. The river
Satluj in the project area flows, in south-westerly direction with a major south-easterly loop near
Nogli, the river flows through a narrow gorge, which opens into large terraces on either bank. In
the entire stretch of river Satluj, several tributaries join it on left and right banks.
Table 3.4 Topographical Divisions of the Satluj Basin
Tibetan Plateau
River Satluj rises in Tibetan plateau in the region of the Mansarover Lake situated at an elevation of
about 4570m above mean sea level. The river enters India near Shipkila after traversing a length of
about 320 km in the Tibetan province of Nari Khorsam. There is no local rainfall in this region. The
snow melt results in deep channel formation on the surface. There is absolutely no vegetation in this
region.
Spiti Valley
Spiti River is the largest tributary of the river Satluj and joins river Satluj at Namgia (Khab), about 14
km upstream of Pooh. The characteristics of this catchment area are identical to that of the Tibetan
Plateau. Rainfall is scarce in this area. Height of the catchment area drained by river Spiti is between
3048m and 4570m. In this area also there is absolutely no vegetation and the melting of snow forms
deep flow channels on the surface.
Khab to Nathpa
Dam Site
The catchment area is bounded by moderately high hills with elevation of 1525 m to 3048 m and
has little rainfall but heavy snow. The snow line in this region is at + 3048 m. The flows in the river
are mainly due to snow melting which follows more or less a regular pattern. The area has steep
slopes with little earth covered. Due to the absence of rain, arid conditions prevail and the good
forests seen below Reckong Peo are not found at higher altitudes. The pine forests near KarchamWangtu give way to chilgoza plantations in the higher altitudes.
Nathpa dam site to The catchment has high surrounding hills like Narkanda, Shimla (3050m) etc. but is flanked by foot
hills of Shiwaliks near Bhakra Dam (915m). Rainfall in the region is moderate to heavy. The area is
Bhakra dam
forested with scattered to dense patches of trees. There is agricultural development in several
locations, mainly along the river and on flatter slopes. In the lower area, Rampur to Bhakra, the
average slope of the river is about 1 in 300, with heavier rains and silt loads. The forest cover is
sparse with denudation of vegetation because of over-grazing.
3.2.3
Geology
The rock formations in the entire Satluj basin, part of which falls in Tibet, belong to the Precambrian Age. The region is characterized by three structural units, namely, Jeori Wangtu Gneissic
complex, Kullu group of formation and Rampur group of formation. The geological formation in the
area is categorized into Pre-Cambrian system, Late Pre-cambrain systems, Silurain and
carboniferous systems. Pre-Cambrain system consists of schists, gneiss, grains and quartzites. Late
Pre-Cambrain Himanta system is marked by phylities, quartzites, contomerates, shales and states.
Silurain system is rich in Karol, limestone, Quartzite while Carboniferous formations are similar to
Silurian systems except that slate and dolomite replace karol of the system. Quartzite and
limestone are found in both the systems.
Seismologically, Himachal Pradesh can be classified into the following three sub-domains.
3-9
Frontal Foodhill Seismic Belt: area occupied by the Siwaliks, Tertiary and Quaternary sediments
defined on the north by the Main Boundary Fault (MBF). The southern boundary is not well defined.
The belt shows evidences of neo-tectonic activity along thrust and transverse faults known as tears
in the foothill belt.
Lesser Himalayan Seismic Belt: is bounded in the north by Main Central Thrust (MCT) and Main
Boundary Thrust (MBT) in the south. This area demonstrates the highest seismicity level with most
of the fault planes solutions being parallel to the Himalayan trend and displaying thrust type of
deformations.
Great Himalayan Seismic Belt: is the area falling north of Main Central Thrust (MCT) and is
characterised with seismic events, majority of which have magnitudes less than 5 on Richter scale.
The state of Himachal Pradesh can be classified into two distinguished seismic zones namely
Himachal Upper Seismic Zone (HUSZ) and Himachal Lower Seismic Zone (HLSZ) separated
by Basement Thrust Front (BTF). The lateral bounding of surfaces of these seismic belts/zone is
through distinct crystal blocks namely Chamba, Kangra and Shimla blocks.
3.2.4
Climate
Baseline
The climate of the whole Satluj valley region is generally temperate type, but due to large
variations in the altitude, there is a wide range of climatic variations. Climate varies from the subtropical climate of sub-mountainous areas at the bottom of the Satluj valley to the alpine in the
upper reaches, parts of which are perpetually under snow. The climate of Satluj valley is marked by
a gradual alteration from heavy monsoon of the outer Himalayas to the arid Tibetan type with a
winter snowfall practically in summer rains. The monsoon clouds advancing from the plains of India
are combed out by the outer ranges of the hill, where most of the monsoon rain falls. Hence the
inner valley, though gets good cloud, but no steady precipitation occurs during the monsoon
months. Satluj valley lying east and west is badly placed for rainfall and further local aridity is
caused by storm clouds being checked in their progress up in the valley by many spurs. This local
aridity increases by the heating of the enormous stretches of bare cliffs, turning the deep narrow
gorge absolutely stifling under the summer sun. This in turn gives a hot drying local wind, beating
up and down the main valley with great regularity. It is due to this reason that Rampur where the
RHEP is located, at 3000 ft elevation in the bottom of the gorge, receives about 800mm rainfall,
while Kotgarh at 8000 ft, almost in the same sector of valley receives about 1150 mm of rainfall.
The RHEP project area normally experiences severe cold winter during months of December to
February, followed by summer during months of April to June. Monsoon starts from July and
continues till mid-September before arrival of post monsoon/autumn season from mid-September
to November.
Rainfall & Cloud Cover
Maximum rainfall in the area occurs in monsoon months from mid July to mid September. The
western disturbance that passes over the north-western part of the country during the winter
months also affects the rain in catchments. During the months of July and August, the sky exhibits
heavily clouded to overcast conditions for almost entire months. This is a period of frequent and
heavy rainfalls over the Project area. Western disturbances create impact during December to
March but their intensity remain low and for lesser duration. A transition period, from midseptember to early December is relatively rain free. In the month of November, least cloud cover is
observed and the sky largely remains clear. December to March is a period when heavy cloud
cover could be expected for a period of 10 days in a month due to western disturbances. Monthly
rainfall analysis indicates that the rainfall in the Rampur area is highly seasonal, with about 65% of
the annual rainfall occurring between July and September. The area also receives winter rains and
snow due to the western disturbances in the months of December to March. This period
3-10
contributes about 20% of the total rainfall in the area. The average annual rainfall recorded for
Rampur area was 800 mm. Rainfall data for Rampur area is summarized in Table 3.5 for the years
from 1999 till 2004.
Table 3.5 - Historical Monthly Rainfall (in mm) Data for Rampur
Year
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
1999
78.9
19.9
5.4
31.4
19.6
185
60.9
18.5
5.2
424.8
2000
244.9
337.9
21.3
12.1
616.2
2001
20
40
105
34
103
113.9
60
123.1
60
16
41
716
2002
61.5
142
93
104
13
45
10
152
104
725.5
2003
55
110
60
61
11
41.5
264
132
107
41
886.5
2004
67
69
57
114
93
244.5
24
81
761.5
Source: IMD
Relative Humidity
Relative humidity levels in the region are generally low throughout the year except during monsoon
months. Relative humidity declines below 40% during summer season, and exceeds 80% in wet
season, peaking at a mean of 91% in August. The average relative humidity during synoptic hours
is 53% and 62% respectively.
Temperature
Reduced temperatures are experienced in the project area with the onset of monsoon in July until
February, with the lowest in January.
Local climatic condition characterizes a faster rate of
temperature drop in day time as compared to night time. After the withdrawal of monsoons by
mid-September, the night temperature falls rapidly. January is coolest month with the mean
maximum and minimum temperatures of around 8.9oC and 1.7oC respectively. During winters,
under the influence of western disturbances, the temperature falls appreciably, touches even below
0oC. Temperature starts rising from the beginning of March till peaking up in June. The mean
minimum and maximum temperatures in this period are around 15.6oC and 24oC respectively.
Table 3.6 - Temperature Data at Rampur Station
Year
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
Temp
(C)
Jan
Feb
March
April
May
June
July
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec
Max.
16.84
19.32
23.56
30.01
33.18
33.31
32.19
31.39
31.97 29.48
23.48
17.75
Min.
3.58
6.2
8.99
12.47
17.38
20.16
22.59
20.98
18.96 13.85
8.53
5.5
Max.
20
17.46
30.08
28.24
31.97
34.66
30.53
31.72
30.68 28.56
25.51
19.58
Min.
6.21
6.52
7.52
12.38
18.13
21.33
21.72
19.81 12.84
8.81
5.75
Max.
19.26
10.04
23.4
27.07
33.1
34.18
35.34
31.39
31.68 29.73
23.74
19.26
Min.
2.47
6.42
9.28
11.87
16.73
20.62
23.67
22.02
20.48 13.9
8.42
5.44
Max.
17.25
18.96
21.39
28.94
32.11
35.11
31.61
30.98
30.75 28.24
23.77
0.66
Min.
5.66
5.42
9.87
14.18
16.05
20.31
21.45
21.98
19.59 13.65
9.68
5.39
Max.
15.82
20.77
21.39
29.4
34.46
33.85
34.64
28.01
31.63 24.03
22.68
18.45
Min.
4.64
7.36
8.13
13.01
17.77
22.88
22.5
17.31
14.62 7.49
8.11
5.5
Max.
18.27
18.86
27.74
26.35
32.65
35.96
32.29
31.16
30.88 28.96
25.2
18.96
Min.
5.5
5.21
9.36
11.87
16.81
21.7
22.24
21.89
18.27 13.18
8.46
5.86
Source: IMD
Recording of temperature at Luhri has been initiated by DFO Ani from May 2003. The recorded
data has been presented below:
3-11
Maximum
Minimum
May
40.2
17.1
June
44.5
19.0
July
38.6
22.7
August
36.6
22.9
September
40.7
20.5
Source:
Climate Change
Baseline
According to WWF, "Himalayan glaciers are among the fastest retreating glaciers globally due to
the effects of global warming." A WWF report- An Overview of Glaciers, Glacier Retreat and
Subsequent Impacts in Nepal, India and China, states that glaciers in the region are now receding
at an average rate of 10-15 metres per year. This will eventually result in water shortage for
hundreds of millions of people who rely on glacier-dependent rivers in China, India, and Nepal.
3-12
As glacier water flows decline, the energy potential of hydroelectric power will decrease, causing
problems for industry, while reduced irrigation means lower crop production. Rapid melting of
glaciers and snowfields may also lead to disruption of water supplies, fisheries and other wildlife.
Himalayan glaciers feed into seven of Asia's greatest rivers, the Ganges, Indus, Brahmaputra,
Salween, Mekong, Yangtze and Huange Ho. In India, the Gangotri glacier, which supports one of
India's largest river basins, is receding at an average rate of 23 metres per year. In China, the
report shows that Qinhai Plateau's wetlands have seen declining lake water levels, lake shrinkage,
the absence of water flow in rivers and streams, and the degradation of swamp wetlands.
A study by the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) and the International Center for
Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) reveals that the temperature in the Himalayan region
has risen by almost 1 degree Celsius (1.8 degrees Fahrenheit) since the 1970's. This shift in climate
causes meltdown of snowfalls and glaciers - at the fastest rate in the world (50 feet/15 m per year
in northern India) - even in winter, causing icy water to accumulate in lakes hedged by unstable
dams of sediment and stone. As the lakes swell, the dams often burst, sending muddy streams
down the narrow valleys. In addition to life and property including bridges, hydro-electric plants
and tourist facilities the flood, laden with massive boulders and sediment, also devastates
agricultural lands and irrigation systems in the valleys below.
During winter, most of the high-altitude regions experience snowfall, and snow cover plays an
important role in the ecology of the region. Therefore, understanding of snow accumulation and
ablation is important for utilization of the Himalayan water resource. The heavy snowfall is also
fortuitous for the rivers, especially snow-fed ones which will have abundant water during summers
when the snow melts, which in turn shall boost hydro-power generation. The snow has also lent
some happiness to farmers in the state who are anticipating a good yield with abundant water to
enhance their crop quality.
Snowpack ablation is highly sensitive to climatic variations. Increase in atmospheric temperature
can enhance energy exchange between the atmosphere and snowpack. This can increase snowmelting. Investigations suggest that climate of the earth has constantly changed in the course of
time, during the past ten million years or so. This increase in temperature has continued in the 21st
century and average surface temperature of the earth can rise by 1.4 to 5.8C by the end of the
century. This will have a profound impact on snow accumulation and ablation rate in the Himalaya,
as snow and glaciers are sensitive to global climate change.
Many research organizations and independent researchers are doing commendable work in
systematic analysis of accumulation and ablation of snow cover in the Himalayan region using WiFS
data of Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS). A study has also been done for Baspa Basin up to
Sangla, in Himachal Pradesh. Baspa is a one of the main tributaries of river Satluj. The study
confirms that global warming has started affecting snowmelt and stream run-off in this region of
Himalyas. Winter stream flow for the Baspa glacier basin has increased 75% since 1966 and local
winter temperatures have warmed, suggesting increased glacier melting in winter (Figure 3.5)
The problems associated with glacier retreat in the face of climate change are not straightforward.
On the one hand current increased melting induces a gradual increase in discharge. In the longer
term however as glacial mass decreases there will be a tipping point as runoff begins a decrease
trend with massive implications. Perennial rivers could be changed into seasonal streams giving rise
to freshwater scarcity in the summer months when melt waters contribute the bulk of the water
(around 75%) to the Himalayan rivers.
In addition more melting is expected to increase the frequency of catastrophic events such as
glacier lake outburst floods (GLOF) that have devastating consequences for civil works like bridges,
dams and powerhouses, and communities living at downstream. Also, the increase in phenomena
such as cloudbursts is widely noted. Incidence of landslides, on other hand, was perceived to have
slightly declined or remained relatively constant over time.
3-13
Figure 3.5 - IRSWiFS Imagery showing Distribution of Snow Cover in Baspa Basin
(November 2000 to February 2001)
Note reduction of snow cover from November to February.
Potential Impact
RHEP being a run of the river project is not likely to cause major issues that could add to the
global warming. Impacts on climate change (increased flooding or reduced water flow later) will
have limited impact on the Rampur project, as the operation of the project is linked to the NathpaJhakri project, in tendem. The passing of increased flood from Nathpa Dam will not effect the
Rampur project. Over a period of time, if water flow reduces such that the generation of power
during the lean season (especially during the peak hours) declines for the Nathpa-Jhakri project,
generation of power at Rampur will also reduce proportionally. Given the financial rate of return,
even a 15-20% reduction of flow will not make the Rampur project commercially unviable.
However, indirect impact of climatic change would be triggered by the associated effects of climate
change like flood and flash floods. With one more project added in the Satluj Basin, any flood will
have larger impact on the downstream people. RHEPs impact due to climatic change is likely to be
impacts related to flood and flash floods.
Effect of Climate & Hydrological Variability on the Performance of the Project
Over the past 20 years, the stream flows exhibit a statistically significant decreasing trend over
time, as shown in Figure 3.6 below.
3-14
400
300
200
100
1964
1968
1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992
1996 2000
2004
1966
1970 1974
1978
1982 1986
1990
1994
1998 2002
The annual average flow of the 22 years 1964-1992 is 335 cumec; the annual average since then
computes to 291 cumec. However when the total flows are decomposed into lean and wet season
flows, a somewhat different picture emerges. Figure 3.xx below shows the lean season average
flows which appear to have become more volatile (coefficient of variation increased 60% from 0.1
in 1964-1992 to 0.16 in 1993-2004), while the average has declined only marginally from 127 to
126 cumec over the same period.
Figure 3.7 - Lean Season Average Flows at Naphta Intake
3-15
In other words, the decline has occurred in the wet season flows, as shown in Figure 3.8 below:
the average 1964-1992 flow of 626 cumec is followed by an average for the 1993-2005 period of
only 526 cumec.
Figure 3.8 - Wet Season Average Flows at Nathpa Jhakri Intake
However, what matters is not so much the total inflows, much of which is spilled anyway during
the wet season, but the corresponding energy generation. Figure 3.9 below shows the total annual
energy generation, based on the DPR data that extends just to April 2004, and which is based on
energy potential. The trend shown since the mid 1970s is unmistakable, and statistically
significant. 1
Figure 3.9 - Total Annual Energy
3-16
As an independent check on the DPR calculations we have run our project simulation model for the
entire set of years from 1964 to 2005, based on a reservoir operating rule that maximizes peakhour generation. The result is shown in Figure 3.10 below.
Figure 3.10 - Annual Generation, Peaking Operation
The downward trend in total energy depends upon the time period selected. If one starts in 1973,
the trend-line has a lesser slope than if one starts in 1990, but both are statistically significant. If
one takes the view that in a normal system (without curtailments), the most valuable energy is
lean season peak energy, does this exhibit a similar trend? Figure 3.11 below shows that this is
indeed the case: while the longer time series shows no statistically significant trend, the shorter
series shows a statistically significant downward trend.
Figure 3.11 - Lean Season Peaking Energy (Morning + Evening Peaks)
Therefore for the risk assessment of economic returns we take as one of the variables the trend
value of peaking energy. The corresponding trend variables for the wet season peaking energy,
and off-peak energy, are as follows in table 3.8.
3-17
Total lean
season
[Annex II]
Wet season
Wet season
Peaking
[Annex II]
Total energy
[Figure 16]
[Annex II]
1974-2004
-1.4
-0.04
-3
-4.4
1990-2004
-6.4
-9.1
-1.2
-10
-20
For the corresponding probability distributions we assume that the trend variable is distributed with
mean at the mid-point of the ranges shown in Table 3.xx; truncated at zero at the low end (i.e. in
the interest of conservative assumptions, we assign zero probability to increasing trends); and
adjusted such that the probability of a downward trend greater than 6.4 GWh/year is 10%.
The trend line in Figure 3.9 indicates that in the 20 years from 1980 to 2000, the potential average
annual energy generation has fallen from 3,500 GWh to 2,800 GWh, an annual decline of around
1.25%. If this trend were applied to the design energy estimate (1,835GWh for peaking operation),
the energy generation in year 20 falls to around 1,400 GWh, but the baseline ERR decreases from
20.1% (as shown in Table 6) only to 19.1% - a reflection of the relative unimportance to economic
returns of generation beyond the 10th year or so (at the discount rate of 12%).
Figure 3.12 shows the sensitivity of returns to the magnitude of this long-term downward trend
(assuming the worst case that this is indeed a downward trend and that the trend would not
reverse itself. For the hurdle rate to be reached would need generation in year 10 to fall to about
700 GWh, or an annual decline of 6.5%, or five times greater than what has been observed.
Figure 3.12 - Sensitivity of Economic Returns to Hydrology Trends
0.25
0.2
0.15
hurdle rate:= 12%
0.1
0.05
0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
Such a decline in stream flows would be unprecedented, even under the most pessimistic
assessments of the impact of climate change. It may be concluded that even under a worst case
scenario of a long-term decline in inflows, the Rampur economic returns are robust. If indeed the
cause is long-term climate change, then similar trends in the hydrology of other Himalayan rivers
would be observed, so all hydro projects feeding into the Northern Region would be similarly
affected. This would aggravate peaking power shortages in the system as a whole, making greater
the economic value of Rampurs energy, which would offset Rampurs lower production.
3-18
3.2.6
The flash flood of August, 2000, the probability of which was estimated to be one in 61,000 years,
left a trail of destruction in Shimla and Kinnaur districts, killing more than 150 persons and washing
away 14 bridges. The estimated loss to public and private property in this calamity was around Rs.
1,000 crore. The water level rose suddenly from 12 to 20 metres, damaging a 320 km stretch of
the National Highway and the 1500 MW nathpa Jhakri Hydro Electric Project.
In June 2005, there was a sudden breach in the artificial lake on river Parechu, in Tibet (China),
which led to an unprecedented rise in the water level of river Satluj and caused flash floods in five
districts of Himachal Pradesh. Parechu is 3500 metre-long 800-metre wide and 15 meter-deep lake
in Tibet close to the Indian border which was formed behind a landslide blocking the Parechu river,
3-19
a tributary of the Satluj river that flows into India from Tibet. The flash floods, however, caused
extensive damage to roads, bridges, agricultural crops, Government & private properties and other
infrastructure. Also, three hydro-electric power projects in the State viz. Naptha Jakhri, Chamera II
and Baspa, had to be temporarily shut down due to heavy siltation caused by the flash floods. The
discharge recorded was about 3000 cumec.
Potential Impact
RHEP is likely to add risk of greater damage from flood or flash flood situation in the area. Although
it is not likely to trigger directly a flood or flash flood situation but may contribute in cumulative
factors for flood and flash flood situations in the region. It will also indirectly increase the damage
to downstream river streams and people and property in case of any such situations of flood/flash
flood.
In the last 12 years, over 40 incidents of flashflood, cloudbursts have occurred in Himachal. Most of
these were extremely fierce, like the Chirgaon and Wangtoo flashflood, where even the army fell
helpless. Over 350 people were killed. Prior to this 1994-95 (August) the Manimahesh cloudburst
and flashfloods washed away almost entire length of Chamba-Bharmour road (62 km). Over 50
people feared dead leaving 2000 people injured.(estimated loss over 450 crores). The year 1997
again saw a heavy flashflood in Manglad in Rampur Tehsil of Shimla District. In the year 2000, the
Monsoon brought nightmare for people living in Satluj catchment areas. The dead bodies even
reached up to Kasol- Chindi (Mandi). Over 150 lost their life; several thousand lost their livelihood.
There was loss of life and property worth Rupees 200 crores.
3-20
8 July 2003
Area
Rai Khud (near Sarahan in Rampur Sub division (Shimla) in which loss of crops, cattles was reported
13th July, 2003 Chunahan (Balh valley) Property, crops and real estate, cattle worth crores washed away due to flash flood
16th July
Gadsa valley (Pulia Nalla) in Kullu district loss of life over 150 (though reported only 35), Expected loss over
Rs.100 crores.
20th July, 2003. Balh valley in Mandi district in Gaggal area heavy loss of crops, fields and property reported.
24th July 2003
Bahang in Kullu Valley (near Manali) 2 people lost lives, property, houses damaged
Jhakri area in Rampur Tehsil (Shimla) Indo-Tibetan Border Road, land slid caused huge loss, danger to NJPC,
buried dead, a few went missing
Dansa (Bari Dhar) in Rampur Tehsil (Shimla) cloudburst caused extensive danged to coops, apple orchards,
agricultural land
Lulani village in Baijnath (Kangra) cloudburst revel lent f lash flood damaged houses, 5 killed 18 families
marooned
rd
3 Aug 2003
Balh Valley (Mandi district) witnessed yet another cloudburst extreme damage to crops and ferhla land
th
3.2.7
7 Aug 2003
12 Kangni Nalla (Solang) in Manali area cloudburst left BRO labours 36 dead 20 stall reported missing
Kotkhai Tehsil (Shimla) cloudburst caused, transport bus with passenger washed away 15 had miracle
escape
Soils
The majority of land in the Satluj river valley floor and lower slopes is composed of alluvium in the
form of terraces and fans. The soil is generally sandy-loam and the depth is shallow except in the
areas having vegetation cover where it is fairly deep. In the regions above 1,500 m, the soil is
generally deep. Largely the soil can be classified as podzols, both brown podzols and humus and
iron podzols are found in the study stretch. These are acidic in nature with the organic content
ranging from medium to high. Nutritional survey of soil and plant analysis suggests that the soils by
and large have low levels of Zn, Cu, B and Mo.
The soil is acidic on higher elevation because of low rate of decomposition of organic matter. Soil is
characterized by moderate permeability and low to moderate fertility. Acidic soil is considered well
suited for pasture, but moderately to poorly suited for field crops. This soil type has water
deficiency owing to the fact that moderately permeably nature of the soil allows water to drain
away.
In the RHEP influence area, the soil is largely podzols, both brown podzols and humus and iron
podzols. This soil is acidic in nature with medium to high organic contents. Soil drainage property is
satisfactory in general in the area. However in a few isolated patches soil has poor drainage
capacity as well.
Comparative account of soil properties for various locations upstream and downstream of NJHEP
area, viz. Upstream of dam near Wangtoo bridge, Upstream of NJHEP dam, Downstream of NJHEP
dam, Near power house, Downstream of tailrace discharge from power house, has been presented
in the Table 3.10.
3-21
Near Jhakri
P.H.
D/s NJHEP
tailrace
pH
6.02
7.22
7.47
7.21
7.4
174
310
211
575
164
0.004
0.004
0.01
0.007
0.01
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
BDL
BDL
1.40
0.200
0.005
0.002
0.005
0.002
0.003
Source: EIA Study for Updation of NJHEP, Year 2004; EIA study for Rampur HEP, Year 2005
BDL Below Detectable Limit
In the Luhri region, downstream of the Rampur Hydropower Project, soil texture is clayey loam rich
in organic matter with varying depth. The soil is acidic on higher elevation because of lower rate of
decomposition of organic matter. Soil drainage is generally satisfactory except in few isolated
patches where it is poor.
3.2.8
3-22
mm
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Satluj at Khab
Spiti at Khab
Satluj at
Wangtoo
Table 3.11 - Silt Data at Khab, Powari, Nathpa, Jhakri, Bael, Nirath and Sunni, 2006
(in parts per million)
Month
Khab (1)
Powari (2)
Nathpa (3)
126.41
11.97
89.21
98.59
101.61
41.13
February
48.79
95.18
108.09
106.04
118.3
126.78
31.95
March
92.52
98.55
108.8
88.24
127.12
133.85
January
Jhakri (4)
Bael (5)
Nirath (6)
Sunni (7)
April
1181.54
816.95
478.3
1324.63
1211.86
1229.78
May
2553.11
2863.4
2007.89
3604.77
3246.58
3637.96
June
686
818.52
583.22
1261.36
1208.75
1248.42
7985.45
4086.79
4296.41
4342.68
4004.92
13155.74
8368.56
8846.56
5979.19
6310.56
July
August
14000
12000
January
10000
February
8000
6000
March
4000
May
2000
June
April
July
0
August
Locations
3-23
Potential Impact
The impacts described above are not of serious consequence to either the function of the energy
production, or to the environmental impact. Generally it has been observed that changes in the
flow and flood regime do create impacts on the competence of the channel to carry sediment and
to the ability of the system to flush sediment deposited during low-flow events. In downstream,
where tributaries add more material to the river, aggradations may be more common than
degradation. Lower regulated flows, especially without the natural freshet peaks; do not have the
conveyance power to carry material produced by upstream degradation as well as that contributed
by the tributary flow. Where aggradations occur, typical responses include lateral scour, channel
widening, braiding, and a reduced mean flow depth. The runoff from the unprotected excavated
borrow pits and muck disposal sites will trigger increased soil erosion and therefore, increased
sedimentation rate downstream of the area. The erosion rates are generally significant during
construction phase. High turbidity levels in the Satluj river water due to sediments reduce the light
penetration, which reduces the photosynthetic activity and therefore the primary productivity as
well. This is well established by the low value observed for nutrients in river water during river
water quality monitoring in June, 2004.
Mitigation Measures & Monitoring
The appropriate management adopted by SJVNL will guarantee that the suitable Catchment Area
Treatment (CAT) Plan measures are implemented to control erosion and sedimentation in the river.
It will further ensure that sediment yield will remain at the current estimated low level. From an
economic and environmental perspective it is important that timber harvest in the project area is
eliminated and that slash-and burn activities be limited to current levels or less. The objectives of
the SJVNLL management will include activities to protect and rehabilitate the forest cover to ensure
adequate water flows with low sediment in the river.
Although the resettlement area represents only a fraction of the catchment area, uncontrolled
erosion will contribute to sedimentation in the nearby streams. The implementation of the
management plan will ensure that agricultural practices and forestry activities within the
resettlement area prevent such erosion.
Some existing quarries which were used for Nathpa Jhakri Project will also be used for RHEP,
resulting in no further erosion. To minimize use of natural resources, excavated material for the
HRT will be reused for construction work elsewhere because the geology of the HRT area is similar
to the quality of construction material required for the project.
Muck disposal areas have been chosen in such a manner that chances of exposure of human
settlements to these disposal areas are minimized. These disposal areas are located close to adits
for the HRT. The sites of disposal area are currently barren and hence biotic life will be least
affected. Quarrying and muck disposal activities will be undertaken strictly as per the guidelines
developed by environment management plan related to construction activities. Project releases into
the Satluj river at tailrace will be equivalent to natural discharges. Therefore it is expected that the
quantity released will not impact the current rate of erosion expected in the Satluj downstream of
RHEP tailrace.
Monitoring
To assess whether the land use and forestry plans are being successfully implemented, a water
quality-monitoring program will be used to analyze levels of suspended solids and sediment size
distribution in the river.
3-24
3-25
3-26
3.3
3.3.1
Geology
The project region lies in the Western Himalayas. Geologically, Himalayas is one of the youngest
orogenic belts and therefore represent unstable regions of the earth. The region belongs to Jutogh
series of formation, which is co-relatable to the archaen group of rocks. These are the oldest
sedimentary systems that have metamorphosed and occur more or less as a continuous band
between the central axis of higher Himalayas and outer ranges. The project area lies in lesser
Himalayas with general altitude above elevation 1000 mts. The area consists of deep and narrow
valleys and gorges having steep cliffs and escarpment faces. The rock types in the area comprise a
variety of metamorphic rocks like gneisses, schist, gneissose schist and basic intrusive and granite.
These unfossiliferous rocks belong to Rampur block and surrounded by the Jeori-wangtu, Jutog
group, Sakala group.
The RHEP project is located in Pre-Cambrian terrain of Lesser Himalayas. The stratigraphic
sequence of Pre-Cambrain rocks is presented in Table 3.12.
Table 3.12 - Stratigraphic Sequence of Rocks in the Project Area
Age
Formation
Group
Lithology
Pre-cambrian
Manikaran
Rampur
Banjar
Rampur
Metabasic volcanic flows with minor white quartzite and orthoamphibiolite bodies
Garh
Kullu
Khamrada
Kullu
The bedding seen in the Rampur group and that in the Jeori-wangtu complex is in the form of
compositional banding. In the Rampur area the strike direction varies from N 40 E-S40 W to N60
W with southerly dips ranging from 20 to 40. At some places gouge seams are also associated
with some of the joints. The foliation trend generally varies from N70W-S70E to N70E-S70W
having an average dip of the order of 35 in the northerly direction. Being in orogenic belt the
project area is prone to earthquakes and as per the Indian Seismic Zone categorization, the project
site falls in Seismic Zone IV.
Potential Local Thrust and Faults
Satellite imagery indicated that Main Central Thrust (MCT) treanding parallel to the Himalayan axis
is identifiable along the entire stretch of the Himalayas. In the project area the MCT treands in the
NW-SE direction. Rampur fault separates the quartzites of the Rampur from the gneisses and is
located about 1 km downstream of the Jhakri underground power house. Another fault known as
Main Boundary Fault(MBF) was found running parallel to MCT at a distance of 60-70 km south of it
and runs along the entire stretch of Himalayas. Another youngest of the regional tectonic
lineaments and quaternary/neogene deformations known as Foot Hill Thrust (FHT) has a strike
length of 60 km and runs parallel to MCT and MBF.
The Seismo-tectonic features of the geology that can significantly affect the seismicity in the area
are listed in Table 3.13.
3-27
Characteristics
Regional feature trending parallel to the Himalayan axis and is identifiable along the entire stretch
of the Himalayas.
In the project area, MCT trends in NW-SE direction with shortest distance from the Nathpa dam site
and powerhouse being 10 km and 26 km respectively.
Kaurik Fault
Trends in the N-S direction in the northern part and NW-SE in the southern part, it is one of the
bounding features of the Shimla block.
The fault has a length of 100-200 km and it runs at a distance of 40 km and 50 km from the Nathpa
dam site and power house respectively.
Rampur Fault
Separates the quartzites of the Rampur from the gneisses and is located about 1 km downstream of
the Jhakri underground power house
Lies parallel to MCT at a distance of 60-70 km south of it and runs along the entire stretch of
Himalayas.
Youngest of the regional tectonic lineaments and quaternary/Neogene deformations are observed.
The thrust has a strike length of 60 km and trends parallel to MCT and MBF.
3.3.2
Seismology
The project zone lies in the Lesser Himalayas Region, which is seismologically very active as per the
seismic zone categorization in India (IS: 1893-2002). The entire project area falls in Zone-IV with a
history of occurrences of series of earthquakes having magnitude greater than 5 on Richter Scale
and the last major earthquake had occurred in 1991. The list of major earthquakes that have
occurred in Rampur Project site is given in Table 3.14.
3-28
Epicentre
o
Latitude ( N) Longitude ( E)
Magnitude on
Richter Scale
5.3.1842
30
78
6.5*
16.6.1902
31
79
6.0*
13.6.1906
31
79
6.0
28.2.1908
32
77
7.0*
20.10.1937
31.1
78
6.0
12.5.1939
32.5
78
6.3
22.6.1945
32.8
76.9
6.5
10.6.1947
32.6
75.9
6.0
27.6.1955
32.5
78.5
6.0
12.4.1963
32
78.79
6.0
19.1.1975
32.35
78.76
6.8
20.10.1991
30.75
78.86
6.6
Seismic parameters for Nathpa-Jhakri Hydro-Electric Project site, H.P. Project No. 575 Department of Earthquake
Engineering University of Roorkee, Roorkee, 1993.
Being an active orogenic belt, the Himalayas are more prone to earthquakes than any other part of
the country. Along with the higher frequency of occurrence of earthquakes, magnitude too is
higher in these regions as compared to the rest of India. This phenomenon is attributed to the
higher strain accumulation in the ambient compressive stress regime along the margins of the
Indian Plate, resulting from its continued convergence after collision and fusion with the Chinese
Plate along the Indus-Tsangpo (Brahamputra) Suture zone along the Himalayan Belt.
Figure 3.21 Epicenters of Major Earthquakes 200km around the Project
3-29
3-30
Mitigation Measures
All precaution will be taken to incorporate seismic factors in all the construction projects and
earthquake will be one of the key aspects for designing a sound emergency and disaster
management plan for the project as well as for the entire basin as part of the adaptive
management plan to be developed by SJVNL authorities.
3.3.3
Landslides
Besides earthquakes, landslide is another natural hazard, frequent in the Satluj river basin.
Landslides in the region is triggered by downslide movement of soil, debris and rocks, resulting
from natural causes, vibrations, overburden of rock material, removal of lateral supports, change in
the water content of rock or soil bodies and blocked drainage, etc. The mass movement varies in
magnitude from soil creep to landslides. Almost every year one or more major landslides affect the
state. Loss of life; damage to houses, roads and other means of communication, agricultural land;
and floods are some of the major consequences of landslides in the region. Flash floods,
particularly in the narrow river gorges are one of the leading causes of landslides in Himachal.
These in turn jeopardize the stability of the hill as a whole. Some landslides fragments have often
blocked various river gorges and streams.
At present, landslides occupy about 1% of the land surface in five central districts of Himachal
Pradesh. Some of the major landslides in the state include the following:
Thangi Slide (on the NH 22, 389.2 km on the right bank of Satluj river opposite the
confluence with Tirung Khad): It is a recurring landslide with instability caused by toe
erosion by Satluj and due to cutting in the road widening. The high discharge of Tirung
Khad has forced the Satluj river towards west to undercut the slope.
Khadra Dhang Slide Zone (75 x 1300 x 10m): It is located on the old Hindustan-Tibet
road along the right bank of Satluj, opposite to Ribba. The construction of road and
steepening of already steep slopes due to toe-cutting by river Satluj make it an active
landslide. Though the Hindustan-Tibet road has now been diverted to the left bank of the
river, but toe cutting by river Satluj during peak discharge continuously causes active
sliding.
Pangi Slide (measuring 65 x 300 x 6m): it is located on the Pangi-Kalpa link roads
junction with NH 22. Seasonal seepages along with uncontrolled blasting for the
construction of NH-22-Kalpa link road has contributed to the generation of this slide.
Powari Slide Zone (measuring 1000 x 500 x 25m): It is located on the lower slope
along the right bank of Satluj river between Powari and Peo. The construction of the
approach road from Powari to Kalpa has been one of the lead causes in making this a
major landslide area.
Barua Slide (measuring 60 x 100 x 15m): It is located in the left middle slope in the
Baspa valley about 5 km southeast of Karcham. Though the slode was triggered in 198788 it has been repeatedly activated. The removal of toe to widen the road and already
moistened glacial material and seasonal seepage from upslope has contributed to the
occurrence of this landslide.
Urni Rockfall (measuring 500 x 250 x 5m): It is located near village Tapri along the
lower slope, on the right bank of river Satluj on NH 22. Over steepening of the slopes due
to toe cutting by Satluj has been further intensified by rockfall on the opposite bank,
forcing the river towards the present slide.
3-31
3-32
Nichar/ Nathpa Landslide (measuring 350 x 200 x 35m): It is located in the lower
middle slope on left bank of Satluj river is located on NH-22 road. The toe cutting by the
Satluj River and widening of the NH-22 road had over steepened the slopes. Thus
adverse rock dip and slope relationship and seepage of water from upper slopes have
caused this complex rockfall and debris slide.
Shoulding Khad Slide (measuring 200 x 200 x 15m): It is located along the right bank
of the Shoulding Khad, a tributary of Satluj River. The toe-cutting by the Soldan Khad
have also over-steepened the slope and contributed in sliding. The monsoonal rain of
September 1992 have further deteriorated the situation and resulted in debris flow.
Jhakri Landslide (measuring 500 x 500 x 15m): It is located on the left valley slopes of
the Satluj valley on NH-22 (288/450 km stone). The upper slope area is covered with
agricultural fields of Shah and Ghaso villages are situated. The location of the landslide is
in the vicinity of main central thrust and east-west trending Nogli Gad Fault. The greater
slide occurred on 24 Feb 1993 following heavy winter rains. The slipped mass (37.5 x
105m) temporarily blocked the river Satluj and within 48 hours a lake was formed which
was 1.5 km long, 25-30m deep and 15-20m. The lake induced dimension remains in
existence for 7-8 months.
All the landslides have a total volume of more than 2.2 x 106 m3 and a mean age of 6.5 years. This
helps to calculate the denudation rate, which is about 12mm/year (all erosive processes).
Landslides have about 2.5 mm/year denudation rate.
Potential Impacts
Planned and unplanned developments in the region over a period of time have created an increase
in the vulnerability of the geologically young, unstable and fragile rocks. Deforestation, poor road
alignment and construction techniques, terracing and water intensive agricultural practices,
encroachment on steep hill slopes in the area have lead to general increase in the intensity and
frequency of landslides. The construction of road is leading factors for increased landslide incidence
in the project area as well as in the neighbouring regions. The construction of roads in the recent
past has been extensive with the development of various hydropower projects in the area. Surface
erosion of the bank is another major cause for landslides.
Mitigation Measures
Surface erosion is best controlled by vegetation. However, in a steeply sloping terrain, difficulty lies
in growing vegetation on steeply sloping banks. Engineering solutions such as surface drainage,
sub-surface drainage, toe protection and rock bolting will be required to be used for preventing
landslides. All road construction works in the area will be planned and adequate provisions for
prevention of erosion activities will be incorporated. Landslides will be stabilized by engineering and
bio-engineering methods. A comprehensive Catchment Area Treatment (CAT) Plan and
Environment Management Plan for road construction will be prepared by SJVNL with adequate
safeguards for land slide prevention.
3.4
3.4.1
Baseline Hydrology
The operation of the Rampur Hydro Electric Project will involve diversion of entire water from the
Jhakri Tailrace outfall of Nathpa-Jhakri Hydro Electric Project. The water, after utilization by RHEP
for power production, will be discharged in the river Satluj near village Bael in Rampur at about 23
km from Jhakri. Total catchment area at the Rampur discharge site is about 50,880km2. The
principal tributaries in the area that significantly contribute to Satluj flow especially in peak season
3-33
are Gaura, Barauni, Pashada, Machhada, Darshai, Jakho, Racholi and Nogli In addition, there are
several small nallas that drain into the river Satluj between Jhakri to Bael stretch.
Flow Profile of River Satluj
The course of river Satluj in Himachal Pradesh is 320 km from Rakas Lake, with principal tributaries
in India are Spiti, Kashming, Baspa, Bhaba, Nogli, Kurpan, Nauti, Shoulding, Seer, Bahrari, Ali and
Gambher. River Spiti, which confluences at Nangia, 14 km upstream of Pooh is the biggest
tributary. The upper tracts of the Satluj valley are under a permanent snow cover. The prominent
human settlements along the banks of the Satluj are Namgia, Kalpa, Rampur, Tattapani, Suni and
Bilaspur. See Figure 3.22.
To understand the changes in the river flow profile over the course of time, historical flow data
giving the minimum, maximum and average discharge for at different locations have been compiled
and plotted (Table 3.15. 3.16, 3.17 and 3.18 below).
Referring to various project documents has collected and complied the historical flow data for the
river Satluj and its tributaries at various stretches in the basin i.e. Khab, Luhri, Suni, Kasol etc.
(refer Annexure III). At Khab, the annual average flow ranges from 81.6 cumecs to about 334
cumecs, with a maximum flow of 334.58 cumecs witnessed in the year 1973. Similarly at Rampur,
the minimum flow encountered was of 247.5 cumecs in the year 2001 and a maximum of 534.5
cumecs in year 1973. At Luhri the range of flow is 273.83-557 cumecs. At Suni the maximum flow
of the value 580 cumecs was seen in the year 1973. At Kasol, the year 1979 saw the maximum
flows of value 446.67, while the leanest flow the region has seen is 336.83 in 1997.
The flow data for various tributaries, existing in Nathpa-Jhakri stretch has been compiled from
available project reports (refer Table 3.19). For the determination of the flow levels of the
tributaries joining the river in the Jhakri-Bael stretch, a flow measurement campaign was organized
for a period of two months (Feb-March, 2006) with each observation taken at an interval of 10
days (refer Table 3.20). Unlike Nogli khad, the flow in most of the tributaries was very low during
the monitoring campaign; hence a current velocity meter was used to measure the flow.
Considering, comparatively higher flow in Nogli khad, float method was used.
Similarly, flow pattern of the principal streams contributing into the river Satluj has also been taken
into account so that in later stages of impact assessment, it could be estimated that after the
restricted river flow due to NJHEP and RHEP, how significantly the tributaries contribute to the river
to maintain the minimum desired flow in it. The flow data for tributaries meeting Satluj between
Nathpa and Jhakri stretch has been compiled using data measured by IIT Roorkee on 10 daily basis
and is presented below for the months of Oct, Nov, Dec 2005, Jan, Feb, Mar and April 2006.
Further, the principal tributaries between Jhakri up to Bael have been identified and mapped;
accordingly, a flow measurement campaign for the tributaries/ khads was carried out for two
months (Feb-March, 2006) at 10 days interval of time. Considering comparatively lesser flow, the
Current Velocity Meter method was adopted to measure the flow in streams i.e. Kajo, Kunni, and
Racholi etc. For Nogli khad, which is having reasonably higher flow, Float method was used for
flow measurement.
The flow data for all tributaries (khads) from Nathpa to Bael is presented below. Table 3.22 gives
data for tributaries from Nathpa to Jhakri and table 3.23 gives data for tributaries from Jhakri to
Bael.
3-34
Figure 3.23 Digital Elevation Model of the Satluj Basin (in Himachal Pradesh)
3-35
3-36
Table 3.15 - Historical Flow Data of River Satluj at Khab (downstream of Spiti Confluence): Minimum, Maximum & Average Flow
3-37
Table 3.16 - Historical Flow Data of River Satluj at Nathpa Dam Intake: : Minimum, Maximum & Average Flow
3-38
Table 3.17 - Historical Flow Data of River Satluj at Rampur: : Minimum, Maximum & Average Flow
3-39
Table 3.18 - Historical Flow Data of River Satluj at Luhri (downstream of Bael Village): : Minimum, Maximum & Average Flow
3-40
Table 3.19 - Measured Flow data for Tributaries of River Satluj (Nathpa to Jhakri Stretch) for the months of October 2005 - April 2006
Average 10 Daily Discharge (cumec)
Tributary
October 2005
I
Manglad
Chaura Khad
Chaunda Khad
Rupi Khad
Sholding Khad
Sumej Khad
Gaanvi Khad
Sorang Khad
Silaring Khad
II
November 2005
III
II
III
December 2005
I
II
III
January 2006
I
II
III
February 2006
I
II
III
1.44
1.35
1.32
1.23
1.15
1.12
0.592
0.589
0.563
0.572
0.787
0.619
0.587
0.537
0.505
0.62
0.58
0.61
0.60
0.56
0.51
0.485
0.450
0.406
0.464
0.563
0.488
0.470
0.446
0.438
1.01
0.87
0.91
0.79
0.76
0.72
0.437
0.460
0.392
0.407
0.468
0.443
0.419
0.408
0.352
1.74
1.46
1.37
1.40
1.15
0.98
0.637
0.535
0.526
0.515
0.706
0.534
0.546
0.516
0.538
1.93
1.84
1.56
1.27
1.16
0.98
1.66
1.56
1.32
1.08
1.03
1.00
1.92
1.67
1.56
1.53
1.60
1.12
1.58
1.21
0.96
0.75
0.72
0.44
0.91
1.19
1.09
0.69
0.60
0.45
0.134
0.136
0.153
0.162
0.215
0.162
0.149
0.146
0.121
0.107
0.094
0.085
0.114
0.152
0.128
0.120
0.114
0.108
0.165
0.118
0.102
0.129
0.170
0.157
0.148
0.144
0.133
0.158
0.150
0.136
0.136
0.168
0.149
0.144
0.138
0.135
Unoo Khad
Daaj Khad
Kaowil Khad
Gatti Khad
March 2006
I
April 2006
II
III
II
0.662
0.725
0.934
0.979
1.099
0.686
0.748
0.812
0.867
1.049
0.589
0.669
0.684
0.744
0.962
0.739
0.771
0.816
0.884
1.106
0.155
0.195
0.217
0.246
0.301
0.214
0.221
0.226
0.240
0.308
0.183
0.195
0.251
0.275
0.350
3-41
Table 3.20 Computed Lean Flow for Tributaries of River Satluj (Nathpa to Jhakri Stretch)
Average ten daily discharge (cumec)
October
Tributary
November
December
January
February
March
April
Lean
Flow
Lean
Mont
h
II
III
II
III
II
III
II
III
II
III
II
III
II
Manglad
1.44
1.35
1.32
1.23
1.15
1.12
0.592
0.589
0.563
0.572
0.787
0.619
0.587
0.537
0.505
0.662
0.725
0.934
0.979
1.099
0.505
Feb
Chaura Khad
0.62
0.58
0.61
0.6
0.56
0.51
0.485
0.45
0.406
0.464
0.563
0.488
0.47
0.446
0.438
0.686
0.748
0.812
0.867
1.049
0.406
Dec
Chaunda Khad
1.01
0.87
0.91
0.79
0.76
0.72
0.437
0.46
0.392
0.407
0.468
0.443
0.419
0.408
0.352
0.589
0.669
0.684
0.744
0.962
0.352
Feb
Rupi Khad
1.74
1.46
1.37
1.4
1.15
0.98
0.637
0.535
0.526
0.515
0.706
0.534
0.546
0.516
0.538
0.739
0.771
0.816
0.884
1.106
0.515
Jan
Sholding Khad
1.93
1.84
1.56
1.27
1.16
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
Nov
Sumej Khad
1.66
1.56
1.32
1.08
1.03
Nov
Gaanvi Khad
1.92
1.67
1.56
1.53
1.6
1.12
1.12
1.12
1.12
1.12
1.12
1.12
1.12
1.12
1.12
1.12
1.12
1.12
1.12
1.12
1.12
Nov
Sorang Khad
1.58
1.21
0.96
0.75
0.72
0.44
0.44
0.44
0.44
0.44
0.44
0.44
0.44
0.44
0.44
0.44
0.44
0.44
0.44
0.44
0.44
Nov
Silaring Khad
0.91
1.19
1.09
0.69
0.6
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
Nov
Unoo Khad
0.121
0.121
0.121
0.121
0.121
0.121
0.134
0.136
0.153
0.162
0.215
0.162
0.149
0.146
0.121
0.155
0.195
0.217
0.246
0.301
0.121
Feb
Daaj Khad
0.085
0.085
0.085
0.085
0.085
0.085
0.107
0.094
0.085
0.114
0.152
0.128
0.12
0.114
0.108
0.214
0.221
0.226
0.24
0.308
0.085
Dec
Kaowil Khad
0.102
0.102
0.102
0.102
0.102
0.102
0.165
0.118
0.102
0.129
0.17
0.157
0.148
0.144
0.133
0.183
0.195
0.251
0.275
0.35
0.102
Dec
Gatti Khad
0.135
0.135
0.135
0.135
0.135
0.135
0.158
0.15
0.136
0.136
0.168
0.149
0.144
0.138
0.135
0.135
0.135
0.135
0.135
0.135
0.135
Feb
Gharsoo
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
Feb
Chhota Kumba
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
Feb
Shimla Khad
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
Feb
Dharali Khad
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
Feb
Wadhal RB
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
Feb
Manglad RB
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
Feb
3-42
Date (February
2006)
Upstream of Rampur
Downstream of
Town (at
Rampur Town (at
Jagatkhana Bridge
SJVN Bridge Site)
Site)
Upstream of
Rampur Town
(at Jagatkhana
Bridge Site)
Downstream of
Rampur Town
(at SJVN Bridge
Site)
1-Mar-06
103
104
2-Mar-06
110
112
3-Mar-06
104
106
103
Date
(March 2006)
4-Feb-06
127
128
4-Mar-06
102
5-Feb-06
150
151
5-Mar-06
96
97
6-Feb-06
134
135
6-Mar-06
120
122
7-Feb-06
137
130
7-Mar-06
147
149
8-Feb-06
106
106
8-Mar-06
148
145
9-Feb-06
134
137
9-Mar-06
153
152
10-Feb-06
109
109
10-Mar-06
103
105
11-Feb-06
106
150
11-Mar-06
103
105
12-Feb-06
113
114
12-Mar-06
121
122
13-Feb-06
106
158
13-Mar-06
112
110
14-Feb-06
104
105
14-Mar-06
110
111
15-Feb-06
126
126
15-Mar-06
111
112
16-Feb-06
112
113
16-Mar-06
101
102
17-Feb-06
106
109
17-Mar-06
67
70
18-Feb-06
116
118
18-Mar-06
98
100
19-Feb-06
145
143
19-Mar-06
101
100
20-Feb-06
142
144
20-Mar-06
83
85
21-Feb-06
103
104
21-Mar-06
104
105
22-Feb-06
105
106
22-Mar-06
146
147
23-Feb-06
112
113
23-Mar-06
154
155
24-Feb-06
122
124
24-Mar-06
158
157
25-Feb-06
116
117
25-Mar-06
156
155
26-Feb-06
109
110
26-Mar-06
145
150
27-Feb-06
128
129
27-Mar-06
108
107
28-Feb-06
127
128
28-Mar-06
107
108
29-Mar-06
108
109
30-Mar-06
106
107
31-Mar-06
155
157
3-43
90 percentile
Khab
10 Daily min
60 percentile
90 percentile
Absolute Minimum
60 percentile
Monthly min
10 Daily min
64.33
45.66
59.00
44.00
17.33
8.00
Nathpa
116.01
91.45
105.97
93.13
59.13
47.53
Rapmur
104.00
91.66
102.00
89.00
69.00
65.00
Luhri
107.70
97.60
104.00
90.00
70.00
56.00
Suni
110.33
99.00
106.00
96.00
72.00
71.00
Table 3.23 - Measured Flow data for Tributaries of River Satluj (Jhakri to Bael Stretch)
for the months of February-March, 2006
S. Name of
No. stream
Kajo
Tunnan
Jhako
Pashada
Kasholi
Date
Discharge
(cumec)
Minimum
Discharge
(cumec)
S.
No.
Name of
stream
Date
Discharge
(cumec)
06.02.2006
0.422
06.02.2006
0.290
16.02.2006
0.502
16.02.2006
0.304
27.02.2006
0.432
27.02.2006
0.268
06.03.2006
0.508
06.03.2006
0.283
0.422
Kunni
15.03.2006
0.526
15.03.2006
0.316
25.03.2006
0.575
25.03.2006
0.312
09.02.2006
0.113
09.03.2006
0.103
16.02.2006
0.147
17.02.2006
0.141
28.02.2006
0.131
01.03.2006
0.102
06.03.2006
0.166
07.03.2006
0.131
15.03.2006
0.179
16.03.2006
0.121
25.03.2006
0.184
26.03.2006
0.114
17.02.2006
0.107
18.02.2006
0.133
01.03.1006
0.097
02.03.2006
0.095
07.03.2006
0.114
09.03.2006
0.092
0.113
0.097
Racholi
Barauni
16.03.2006
0.111
18.03.2006
0.083
26.03.2006
0.112
27.03.2006
0.082
08.02.2006
0.101
14.02.2006
3.39
17.02.2006
0.117
23.02.2006
4.01
01.03.2006
0.118
03.03.2006
3.54
07.03.2006
0.131
10.03.2006
3.77
16.03.2006
0.120
19.03.2006
4.01
26.03.2006
0.114
28.03.2006
4.15
18.02.2006
0.145
18.02.2006
0.175
02.03.2006
0.127
02.03.2006
0.119
09.03.2006
0.119
09.03.2006
0.106
18.03.2006
0.104
18.03.2006
0.101
27.03.2006
0.091
27.03.2006
0.089
28.03.2006
4.15
0.101
0.091
10
Nogli
Badgai
Minimum
Discharge
(cumec)
0.290
0.102
0.082
3.54
0.089
3-44
RHEP area
* Population of Rampur town and Jhakri Township have not been included.
The specific water demand for these areas is 0.68 MLD and 0.60 MLD respectively
Further, agriculture crops in the area mainly depend on rains, however, irrigation canals also exist
in some of the villages especially in the downhill parts of the areas. These canals are basically
known as Khuls in the area and having capacity of only 3-4 cusecs. The water in the streams,
khads, is also used by people living alongside as on requirement, especially for livestock purposes.
3.4.3
3-45
classification, the river water quality at Rampur has been designated as Class A, making it fit for
drinking purpose after disinfection and without conventional treatment. However, this quality is
with respect to pH, DO and BOD only. By the standard of Total Coliform prescribed by CPCB and
actual value monitored in Satluj River, category of river comes down to C category. This makes it
important to control discharge of sewage in the river and also the open defecation near river and
streams.
3.4.4
Water Quality
Adequate flow in the river especially during lean season is essential for maintaining natural dilution
capacity of the river, which can then sustain a certain level of organic pollution load from sewage,
without getting polluted itself. Adequate flow is also important to maintain the river ecology
aesthetically as well as for the sustenance of its aquatic habitation .Restricted flow in the river
between Jhakri to Bael for RHEP has potential to affect dilution of the sewage discharged from
project influence area to the river. In addition to sewage, effluents from crushers and muck
disposal area will increase pollution pressure on the river.
2. pH between 6 and 9.
3. Dissolved Oxygen 4 mg/l or more.
4. Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20oC 3 mg/l or less.
If three parameters falls in category A but fourth parameter falls in category C, the overall quality of river will fall under Class C.
As per the above criteria, the Himachal Pradesh State Pollution Control Board has reported the river
Satluj under A category of water quality with respect to pH, DO and BOD in general. The critical
parameters observed in past is Total Coliform according to which category of river comes down to
C category.
3-46
Value
Acceptable*
2.5
10
7.0-8.5
<6.5
500
1500
200
600
Chlorides (mg/l)
200
1000
Sulphates (mg/l)
200
400
Fluorides (mg/l)
1.0
1.5
Nitrates (mg/l)
20
20
Turbidity
pH
Calcium (mg/l)
75
200
Magnesium (mg/l)
30
150
Iron (mg/l)
0.1
1.0
0.001
0.002
Nil
Nil
Total Colifoms
10
10
Satluj is marked by turbulent flow and low temperature. River water monitoring was undertaken
twice by different agencies, first in June 2004 and second in February 2006. The monitoring results
show different values for a few of the parameters. However these differences are not very alarming
and can be assumed to be the result of temporal changes as well as induced impacts. Going by the
recent monitoring in February 2006, the dissolved oxygen is relatively good (between 8 to 8.5
mg/l) between Jhakri to Bael and suggest good river purification capacity. Water is alkaline with
very low organic load. Turbidity is very low [1.2-1.6 Nephrometric Turbidity Units (NTU)], indicating
the absence of a large sediment or algal load carried by the river. This is further confirmed by low
presence of total suspended solids (22.28 mg/l).
The pH values are around 8 and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) is about 1.0 mg/l.Fecal
coliform bacteria were found to occur in negligible numbers except at down stream of Rampur
town. Fecal coliform count here can be related to human and animal activities in the lower river
basin.
Heavy metals are generally present in traces, except for Mercury which was estimated on higher
side at 7.11 ppb at Jhakri outfall. This high level of mercury may be due to mechanical processing
in the power house of Nathpa-Jhakri project.Bacteria present in decaying vegetation can also
change mercury, present in rocks underlying a reservoir, into a form which is soluble in water. This
mercury in its methylated form enters the food chain and is bio-concentrated, with highest
concentrations occurring in piscivorous fish and birds. These elevated tissue levels can often
exceed those recommended for human consumption (particularly in older biota), thereby creating
associated human and environmental health risks. It is important for SJVNL to identify the source
of this mercury through series of water quality monitoring and take adequate mitigation measures
for preventing health hazard due to mercury contamination of river water. Presented in Tables
below are the water quality monitoring results for June 2004, February 2006 and drinking water
parameters prescribed by the Indian National Standard.
3-47
Table 3.27 - Water Quality Profile of River Satluj, Year 2003 Monitoring Results
Parameter
u/s
d/s
u/s
d/s
u/s
Nathpa
Nathpa
N.Sari
N.Sari
Jhakri
0.10
0.20
0.20
0.10
0.30
BOD (mg/L)
COD (mg/L)
16
20
14
14.80
48
TSS (mg/L)
214.90
322
29.70
36.10
208.90
TDS (mg/L)
254
258
80
68
207
Turbidity (NTU)
72.80
104
25.00
26.40
68
pH
8.20
8.17
7.40
8.05
7.93
160
152
26
28
134
105
15
35
30
165
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Mercury as Hg (ppb)
NA
ND
ND
ND
ND
Iron as Fe (mg/L)
0.03
0.09
ND
0.06
0.12
Nickel as Ni (mg/L)
0.08
nd
0.10
0.46
0.08
Cadmium as Cd (mg/L)
ND
ND
ND
0.01
ND
Chromium as Cr (mg/L)
0.03
ND
0.23
ND
0.01
Zinc as Zn (mg/L)
0.01
0.03
0.10
0.02
0.01
Source:
Rampur d/s
Bael Town
BOD (mg/L)
1.00
1.05
12.00
1.00
COD (mg/L)
19.36
19.36
19.36
53.24
TSS (mg/L)
22.0
29.0
39.0
28.0
TDS (mg/L)
290
320
360
380
Turbidity (NTU)
1.4
1.2
1.6
1.4
pH
7.88
7.95
8.10
8.10
490
530
600
630
175
175
170
175
186
186
186
186
Absent
Absent
na
na
na
14
na
7.11
nd
Iron as Fe (mg/L)
< 0.05
< 0.05
Nickel as Ni (mg/L)
< 0.02
< 0.02
Cobalt as Co (mg/L)
0.051
0.077
Cadmium as Cd (mg/L)
< 0.1
< 0.1
Chromium as Cr (mg/L)
< 0.003
< 0.003
Zinc as Zn (mg/L)
< 0.05
< 0.05
3-48
In past, no major epidemic has been reported in the area. Thus, it can be said that although, there
are no sewage treatment facilities in the area, the pollution loading (organic and bacteriological) is
well within the carrying capacity of the water available for dilution in river Satluj and its tributaries.
A time series profile has been plotted for Rampur u/s and d/s for three parameters namely pH,
BOD and DO (Figures 3.25 and 3.26). It is evident from the data that DO levels in latest data have
dropped while BOD is increased significantly. The reason for this could be either low flows or
increased pollution load from Rampur town. But since results show same trend at upstream as well
as at downstream reaches, the reason could be attributed to low flows in the month of February.
Table 3.29 - Water Quality Data of River Satluj, July 2004
Parameters / Sampling Locations
pH
7.4
7.4
7.3
7.5
210
290
203
263
130
179
125
163
466
60
558
880
98.4
118
118
118
Carbonates, mg/l
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
BOD, mg/l
3.2
2.1
2.7
13.2
COD, mg/l
18.4
13.8
18.5
27.6
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
0.28
BDL
0.16
0.40
Fluoride as F, mg/l
BDL
BDL
0.2
BDL
7.9
7.9
7.9
7.9
45.3
56
49
86
11
11
Potassium as K, mg/l
34.7
44.2
28.4
38.7
1.9
1.9
4.8
3.3
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
Phenolic Compound
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
21
21
21
12
21
21
21
12
Total Coliforms
MPN
pH -Rampur u/s
8.4
8.5
8.4
8.3
8.3
8.2
8.2
8.1
8
7.9
8.1
8
7.9
7.8
7.7
7.8
June, 01
June, 04
Jan,05
Feb-06
June, 01
June, 04
Jan,05
Feb-06
3-49
DO-Rampur u/s
12
12
10
10
0
June, 01
June, 04
Jan,05
Feb-06
0
June, 01
BOD-Rampur d/s
Jan,05
Feb-06
Jan,05
Feb-06
BOD-Rampur u/s
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.2
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0
June, 01
3.4.5
June, 04
June, 04
Jan,05
Feb-06
June, 01
June, 04
3-50
Naturally available water sources as mentioned above do get adversely impacted by construction
and blasting activities. Study undertaken during preparation of previous projects i.e. Nathpa Jhakri
Hydro Electric Project reported drying of some stream outlets due to blasting activities and
sediments carried by floods, which is common in the area. The upper outlet of a chashme along the
Kajo khad had closed during the flood in 2001. Change in flow pattern, drying of some sources and
opening of new sources is also a natural occurrence in such hilly areas where there is large-scale
construction and or blasting activities in operation. During the course of time as well, due to
changes in climatic condition, sometimes some sources show change flow behaviour, which may
also impact water activities depending on these sources. Since RHEP is a run of the river project,
not involving very large scale construction of dam / reservoir activities, adverse impacts as
enumerated above are not likely to impact existing water supply sources and thereby schemes
dependent on these sources.
Nevertheless, keeping in mind sensitive receptors of RHEP, a detailed monitoring programme will
be planned and implemented by the SJVNL for regular monitoring of the flow of natural
streams/khads in the project affected as well as project influence area. Result of monitoring will be
documented for preparation of short and long term action, if required.
Estimates of Sewage Loads
Primary village level survey in the project influence area showed that the area is inhabited by
population of 15,926 at Right Bank of the river and 25,753 at Left Bank. Cumulative generation of
sewage from villages on both bank of the river is about 0.314 MLD. This sewage when considered
on standalone basis in the river can be well taken care of by the present river flow. However, there
are other sewage loads as well from near by Rampur Town, residential colony for the project
related population and existing residential colony of the Nathpa Jhakri project near Jhakri. Out of
three above-mentioned residential areas, only Rampur has potential of creating adverse impact
owing to its sewage load since other two have provision of treating their sewage loads. The scale
of development in the town due to hydroelectric project development is very fast. Administrative
status of the town is soon going to be upgraded to District level from present Block level. This is
likely to induce rapid growth in the area hence heavy population inflow. Although, Rampur town
has sewage treatment plants of varying capacity, yet in light of ever increasing floating population
as well as settling population, the existing sewage treatments may not be fully capable of meeting
the requirement.
To estimate the generation of sewage load in Rampur Town in future, a decadal variation in the
population as noticed over the period and decadal projections has been made using linear growth
pattern. The result has been summarized in Tables 3.30 and 3.31.
Table 3.30 - Estimated Sewage Load of Villages at Right Bank of River Satluj, 2001-11
2001
2011
Population
(Census 2001)
Estimated
Water
Demand in
MLD
Estimated
Sewage
Generation
in MLD
Population
(Estimated
2011)
Estimated
Water
Demand in
MLD
Estimated
Sewage
Generation
in MLD
Duwari
240
0.010
0.008
313
0.013
0.010
Kafti
54
0.002
0.002
70
0.003
0.003
Kajo
Kharga
350
0.014
0.011
457
0.018
0.014
Kajo
Kimcha
48
0.002
0.002
63
0.003
0.003
Kajo
Kumahar
400
0.016
0.013
522
0.021
0.017
Kajo
Kund
60
0.002
0.002
78
0.003
0.003
Kajo
Narku
42
0.002
0.001
55
0.003
0.001
Stream in
Vicinity
Name of
Village
Kajo
Kajo
3-51
2001
2011
Population
(Census 2001)
Estimated
Water
Demand in
MLD
Estimated
Sewage
Generation
in MLD
Seri
12
0.0005
0.0004
16
0.001
0.001
Shaich
42
0.002
0.001
55
0.003
0.001
Kajo
Suraage
390
0.016
0.012
509
0.021
0.016
Kajo
Tharwa
320
0.013
0.010
418
0.017
0.013
120
0.005
157
0.007
Stream in
Vicinity
Name of
Village
Kajo
Kajo
Tributary - Kajo
Kasholi
Population
(Estimated
2011)
Estimated
Water
Demand in
MLD
0.063
Brow
0.004
Estimated
Sewage
Generation
in MLD
0.081
0.005
Kasholi
Damehli
750
0.030
0.024
979
0.039
0.031
Kasholi
Kasholi
1018
0.041
0.033
1328
0.054
0.043
Kasholi
Palli
450
0.018
0.014
587
0.023
0.018
Kasholi
Panasha
250
0.010
0.008
326
0.013
0.010
Kasholi
Pankwa
1320
0.053
0.042
1723
0.069
0.055
Kasholi
Poshna
3552
0.142
0.114
4635
0.185
0.149
Kasholi
Sharshaya
378
0.015
0.012
493
0.020
0.016
Kasholi
Tunan
4115
0.165
0.132
5370
0.215
Tributary - Kasholi
0.382
0.172
0.500
Kunni
Gad
120
0.005
0.004
157
0.007
0.005
Kunni
Bishlai
350
0.014
0.011
457
0.018
0.014
Tributary - Kunni
Satluj
Koel
Satluj
Bael
0.015
636
0.025
0.020
0.019
830
0.033
0.026
0.020
0.026
TOTAL
0.480
0.620
Table 3.31 - Estimated Sewage Load from Villages at Left Bank of river Satluj, 2001
2001
Stream in
Vicinity
Name of
Village
Barauni
Jhakri
Population
Estimated
(Survey/
Water Demand
Census 2001)
in MLD
5890
0.23560
Tributary - Barauni
2011
Estimated
Sewage
Generation
in MLD
Population
(Estimated
2011)
Estimated
Water
Demand in
MLD
0.18848
7686
0.3075
0.189
Jakho
Darshal
287
0.011
Jakho
Khanari
1038
0.042
Tributary - Jakho
Estimated
Sewage
Generation
in MLD
0.246
0.246
0.009
375
0.0144
0.033
1355
0.0548
0.042
0.012
0.043
0.055
Racholi
Racholi
915
0.037
0.029
1194
0.0483
0.038
Racholi
Odda
437
0.017
0.014
570
0.0222
0.018
Racholi
Kandi
900
0.036
0.029
1175
0.0470
0.038
Racholi
Pal
608
0.024
0.019
793
0.0313
0.025
Racholi
Kasha
1920
0.077
0.061
2506
0.1005
Tributary - Rancholi
0.153
0.080
0.200
Satluj
Shingla
890
0.036
0.028
1161
0.0470
0.037
Satluj
Shaneri
713
0.029
0.023
930
0.0378
0.030
Satluj
Uru
220
0.009
0.007
287
0.0117
0.009
3-52
2001
Stream in
Vicinity
Name of
Village
Satluj
Kalna
Population
Estimated
(Survey/
Water Demand
Census 2001)
in MLD
382
0.015
2011
Estimated
Sewage
Generation
in MLD
Population
(Estimated
2011)
Estimated
Water
Demand in
MLD
Estimated
Sewage
Generation
in MLD
0.012
499
0.0196
0.016
Satluj
Besri
293
0.012
0.009
382
0.0157
0.012
Satluj
Duttnagar
1213
0.049
0.039
1583
0.0639
0.051
0.118
0.155
Nogli
Kumsu
937
0.037
0.030
1223
0.0483
0.039
Nogli
Kamlahu
438
0.018
0.014
572
0.0235
0.018
Nogli
Rajpura
114
0.005
0.004
149
0.0065
0.005
Nogli
Masarna
337
0.013
0.011
440
0.0170
0.014
Nogli
Makroli
90
0.004
0.003
117
0.0052
0.004
Nogli
Karali
379
0.015
0.012
495
0.0196
0.016
Nogli
Thana
68
0.003
0.002
89
0.0039
0.003
Nogli
Jaguni
706
0.028
0.023
921
0.0365
0.030
Nogli
Dhar
306
0.012
0.010
399
0.0157
0.013
Nogli
Dansa
595
0.024
0.019
776
0.0313
0.025
14679
0.5873
Tributary Nogli
0.128
TOTAL
0.630
0.167
0.823
Above values have been used for assessing the DO profiles along the main river.
3-53
Population
1981
3310
0.312
1991
4342
0.52
0.416
2001
5653
0.68
0.544
2011
7354 (projected)
0.88
0.704
2021
9055 (projected)
1.08
0.864
2031
1,0756 (projected)
1.29
1.032
It is to be noted that the population estimate given above does not include floating population.
Thus it becomes essential to give due attention towards installation of adequate capacity of sewage
treatment plant and to maintain minimum flow in river especially during lean season to provide
enough dilution for disposal of effluents.
Effluent Disposal from Jhakri Colony
In Jhakri Township, which was constructed under under Nathpa-Jhakri project, total number of
households is one thousand. This township is well connected to sewage pipeline network, which is
finally connected to eight number of septic tanks. However, presently storage capacity of these
septic tanks is adequate and as such, no directs disposal into the river has been planned.
Effluent Disposal from Proposed Project Colony
The effluent will be purely domestic sewage in absence of any major construction activity during
operation of the proposed hydropower plant. If assume the population of proposed colony is 3000,
the water demand would be around 0.3 mld (taking 100l/capita/day water requirement). The
sewage load would be about 0.24 mld. The total BOD load would be in order of 71 kg/day, which is
insignificantly low to generate any adverse impacts on river water quality. To avoid any
concentrated point source impact, it is advised to plan for installation of adequate sewage
treatment facility for the colony.
Effluent Disposal from Temporary Labour Shelters
Taking total population inflow of 12000 during 6 years of proposed construction activities under
RHEP projects, the total water requirements would be 0.84 mld ( @ 70 lpcd ). Thus, total sewage
generation would be 0.67 mld (80% of water supply). The corresponding BOD load would be 541
kg/day.
Generally, during construction stages, labour camps get installed at two or three different locations
but even considering the entire sewage disposal as a concentrated point source enough dilution is
available in river Satluj.
As observed from the modelling results, no impacts are anticipated on water quality of river Satluj
but to have pre-construction measures, appropriate treatment facility (septic tank etc.) should be
provided to avoid any adverse conditions.
Effluent Disposal from Operation of Crushers
A crusher of capacity 120-150tph will be commissioned at the project site during construction
period and water will be required for washing of boulders and for lowering of temperature of the
crushing edge. About 0.1 m3 of water will be needed per tonne of material crushed.
3-54
Considering the present minimum flow, which remains in order of 60-70 cumecs, the impact due to
disposal of crusher effluent could be considered insignificant, however, it is advised to avoid single
point disposal instead multiple location, could be identified at sufficient intervals to provide enough
dilution. It is also advised to have provision for primary treatment to effluent prior to disposal in
river.
Mitigation Measures
RHEP authorities will make a comprehensive evaluation of augmentation required for existing
sewage treatment plants and if required new sewage treatment plan will be constructed to manage
pollution load on the river. Besides sewage load, another pollution load generated will be from
muck disposal area and also crushers. Project authorities will prepare a detailed waste water
management plan.
3.4.6
3-55
conducive environment in the velocity range between 0.8 -1.2 m/sec. In a scenario when 1500
cumec of water is discharged from the dam, velocity changes from 0.6 to 12.7 m/sec. The average
velocity found from upstream at Nathpa dam site to downstream till 53 km, is more than 12.7 m/s.
Dissolved Oxygen level in river stretch is estimated at above 8.0 mg/lit at all locations, with the
existing BOD load of 5-8 mg/lit and with varying discharge scenarios of 1-10 cumec.
Mitigation Measures
Adaptive Management Plan will be prepared and implemented by project authorities for mitigating
the ill effects of managed river flow on aquatic biodiversity and river aesthetics.
3.5
Land Environment
3.5.1
Land Use
The project influence area is rich in forestland. Survey result of the land use pattern in the 7km
radius area around the project site has been summarized in Table 3.33 below. See also Figure 3.
Table 3.33 Land Use of the Project Influence Area (7km all around the Project)
Land Use Classification
Water
% of Total Area
0.68
Open
29.54
19.14
Agriculture
18.10
11.73
Degraded Vegetation
20.02
12.98
8.44
5.47
Dense Vegetation
21.76
14.10
Scrubs
26.88
17.42
Medium Vegetation
River bed
0.46
0.30
Settlement
3.62
2.35
Snow
1.75
1.13
Miscellaneous
Total
22.69
14.71
154.31
100.00
Village Nirmand is the largest one in the area with a geographical area of 1102 hectares. Other
main villages falling in RHEP influence area are Bael, Duttnagar, Poshna and Koyal. Village Bael has
smallest geographical area of 76 hectares. Details on village wise land use pattern of the RHEP
influence has been summarized below in Table 3.34.
Land use pattern detail show that Satluj basin is experiencing a general decline in agricultural
activities and specifically in the project area. There is a clear shift from agriculture based pursuits
to non-agriculture based ones. Influx of population, greater availability of opportunities and other
related development in the area that is induced by the hydro development is the key reason for a
greater dependence of local people on non-agricultural activities.
3-56
3-57
3-58
3-59
3-60
Koyal
Bael
Dutt Nagar
Tunan
Poshna
Nirmand
29
15
83
107
49
246
114
547
23
22
71
316
114
230
731
391
1553
133
57
244
856
Source: Baseline Demographic Socio-Economic Survey of Rampur Hydroelectric Project, Year, 2005
Land use pattern has been studied using latest satellite data (IRS P6, LISS III sensor) for the entire
Satluj basin. Raw digital satellite data was procured from National Remote Sensing Agency and
processed in house using the hardware and software facilities available with the consultant. The
land use classification has been presented in the Table 3.35 below:
Table 3.35 Land Use in the Study Area (7km all around the Project)
S.No.
Landuse Category
1.
Agricultural land
10.95
2.
Fallow land
0.08
3.
Plantations
0.25
4.
1.68
5.
Forest areas
24.96
6.
Water bodies
0.69
7.
37.87
8.
Settlement
0.21
9.
Barren areas
20.16
10.
Grassland
3.16
Total
100
Source: Satellite Imagery, Year 2005
The influence area of RHEP includes village Nirmand, which is having largest geographical area of
1102 hectares. Other main villages falling in RHEP influence area are Bael, Duttnagar, Poshna and
Koyal. Village Bael has smallest geographical area of 76 hectares. Bael and Poshna villages do not
have any land under category of non-agriculture use. Details on land use pattern of the RHEP
influence has been presented below in Table 3.36.
3-61
Koyal
Bael
Dutt Nagar
Tunan
Poshna
Nirmand
29
15
83
107
49
246
114
547
23
22
71
316
114
230
731
391
1553
133
57
244
856
Source: Baseline Demographic Socio-Economic Survey of Rampur Hydroelectric Project, Year, 2005
It can be inferred from the above data that there is a decline in landuse under agriculture related
activities and irrespective of form of compensation provided to affected people in the project
influence area, there has been a shift from agriculture based pursuits to non-agriculture based
ones. This could mainly be attributed to the influx of more number of people, greater available
opportunities and other related development in the area that is induced by the hydro development.
3.5.2
Soil Quality
In Shimla district, the soil is generally shallow in depth except in the areas having vegetation cover
where it is fairly deep. In the regions above 1,500 m, the soil is generally deep. Largely the soil can
be classified as podzols, both brown podzols and humus and iron podzols are found in the study
stretch. These are acidic in nature with the organic content ranging from medium to high.
Nutritional survey of soil and plant analysis suggests that the soils by and large have low levels of
Zn, Cu, B and Mo.
Comparative account of soil properties for various locations - upstream of NJHEP dam, downstream
of NJHEP dam, near the power house, downstream of tailrace discharge from power house, has
been presented in the Table 3.37.
Table 3.37 - Analysis of Soil Samples near the Rampur Project Area
Parameters
Upstream of
Nathpa dam
Downstream of
Nathpa dam
Near Jhakri
Powerhouse
Downstream of Jhakri
Tailrace Discharge
pH
7.22
7.47
7.21
7.4
310
211
575
164
0.004
0.01
0.007
0.01
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
BDL
BDL
1.40
0.200
0.005
0.002
0.005
0.002
3-62
3.6
3.6.1
Aquatic Flora
Past studies in various stretches of the river Satluj indicate inherently poor presence of planktonic
community in the river and its tributaries. The planktonic community, therefore, plays a little role in
ecological niche in the Satluj river system. A monitoring survey of Jhakri-Rampur-Bael stretch of
river in the month of March 2006 establishes presence of Green Algae and Blue Green
Algae.Diatoms,Bryophyta and pteridophytes are also significantly present in the river. The species
along with their typical characteristics are summarized in Table 3.38 below:
Table 3.38 - Floral Species in Satluj along Jhakri-Rampur-Bael stretch
Type
Species
Characteristics
Green Algae
Blue green algae Microcystis, Chrococcus, Gloecapsa, Arthrospora, The blue green algae do not possess
flagellated motile cells and hence found
Oscillatoria, Lyngbya, Phormidium, Schizothrix,
attached except a few forms like oscillatoria
Richella, Anabaenopsis, Cylinderospermum,
Wollea, Nostoc, Anabaena, Gloetricha, Fisherella. which shows slow creeping movement
A large number of blue green algae are able
to fix atmospheric nitrogen e.g. Nostoc,
Anabaena, Cylinderospermum etc.
Diatoms
unicellular algae
cell walls of these organisms are made of
silica, and are of varied shapes
Bryophyta
Pteridophytes
Source: EIA for Rampur Hydroelectric Project, Year 2005; Monitoring carried out during March, 2006
3.6.2
Aquatic Fauna
The aquatic faunal communities are severely harmed by variable velocities of water, ice formation
during winter, occurrence of periodic floods due to cloud burst and rolling of stream bottom
material consisting of boulders, stones, gravels etc. Faced with tough survival conditions, these
faunal communities show inherent capability to adapt to the tough hydrological conditions of fast
flowing riverine conditions. Satluj river provides good microhabitats for various faunal communities
to get suitably adapted to the tough environment. Faunal communities in Jhakri-Rampur-Bael
stretch of Satluj River are summarized in Table 3.39 below
3.6.3
Fish Habitats
Historical survey reports of the state fisheries department, for the streams of river Satluj at high
reaches i.e. upstream of Bilaspur, estimated presence of 51 species of cold water fishes including
exotic trout, snow trout and several species of hill stream fishes. Main species are listed in tablexxx.
Another study conducted by K.L. Sehgal of ICAR,Nainital on the Ecology and Fisheries of Mountain
Streams of the North-Western Himalayas in 1988 reported a large number of fish species mainly
belonging to 13 taxonomical families (51 species) present in entire Satluj River of Himachal region.
The survey was made for the entire Satluj basin up to downstream till now existing Govind Sagar
project. These species survey results are presented in tablexx.
The study also established that in comparison with other mountain streams of NW Himalayas, the
fish population in river Satluj is very little. The river flows through deep gorges alternating with
3-63
oblong and wide valleys. Advance debris and/or glacial moraines and landslides continuously cause
modifications in the morphology of Satluj. In the river course such places are clearly marked by a
sudden widening of the valley indicating a damming of the river and creation of a natural reservoir.
These changes have resulted in different stream ecology, which is not conducive for fish growth.
As per the historical information collected from the Fisheries department, the streams of river Satluj
at high reaches i.e. upstream of Bilaspur harbored 51 species of cold water fishes (Table 3.40)
including exotic trout, snow trout and several species of hill stream fishes.
Table 3.39 - Faunal Species in Satluj along Jhakri-Rampur-Bael stretch
Group
Species
Characteristics
Invertebrates
Arcella.
Diffusia , Monostyla
Planaria naids of
Baetis, Ephemerella,
Epeorus, Rithrogena,
caenis, Heptagenia
-Found at the bottom where it is found resting on the undersurface of stones and
on the aquatic leaves.
Elmis Psephenus,
Hydrophilus amongst.
Coleoptera
Vertebrates
-Planarians were collected for laboratory analysis by baiting shallow streams with
raw pieces of raw liver
-Mouth parts are chewing type.
Amphibia
Fishes
Salmo trutta fario (Fry and fingerlings), Schizothorax richardsonii (Young stages),
Nemacheilus gracilis, N. stolizkae, N. botia, Glyptothorax stoliczkae, G. conirostre
Source: EIA for Rampur HEP, Year 2005; Monitoring Results, March, 2006.
Table 3.40 - Fish Species Historically Reported in Upper Reaches of the Satluj River
Family
Species
Cyprinidae
Cobitidae
Bagridae
Schilbeidae
Clupisoma garua
Sisoridae
Belonidae
Xenentondon cancila
Ophiocephalidae
Mastocembelidae
Salmonidae
3-64
A survey was undertaken during RHEP EIA study to confirm the earlier mentioned study reports as
well as to identify source, availability, quantity and type of fish found in river stretch adjoining
project area. The survey indicated a scanty fish population in the Satluj river stretch between
Nathpa and Bael. Here too the fish population is mainly derived from the khads that meet Satluj.
They are mainly confined to the side streams like Nogli, Samej and Kurpan. Trout is the main fish
species.
Prominence of fish population in the khads has resulted in the fish catching activity mainly
practiced at confluence of Nogli tributary with Satluj. There are only four licensee fish catchers
among the local people at the Nogli confluence area, for carrying out fishing activities. For
commercial purposes, fish is mainly brought from Bilaspur.
Satluj is category A or high mountain stream ranging 0.92 2.68 m/s in velocity. The abiotic
parameters which affect the biotic communities of the river are source of water, size, elevation,
slope, substratum, water temperature, dissolved oxygen, water hardness etc. Many of these
parameters control the biological productivity either singly or in combination. The studies available
on quantitative and qualitative analysis of micro and macro-benthic communities in the river stretch
revealed that river Satluj and its tributaries are represented by major benthic invertebrates and
vertebrates. The micro-biotic communities are represented by diatoms, blue-green and green algae
on which the invertebrate and benthic fish subsist. The invertebrates are represented by young
stages of insects, which contribute up to 80% of total invertebrates density. The vertebrates are
represented by benthic fish species belonging to garrids, nemacheilids and glyptothoracids groups.
Nektonic fish are represented by Schizothorax richardsonii and Salmo trutta fario.
No historical or existing data are available on utilization of micro- and macro- biotic life by the
fishes in river Satluj that could indicate the growth pattern of fish population in the river. From the
data available on other rivers in the region, similar to Satluj river like rivers of the Indus basin, it
can be established that ecology of river Satluj is conducive only for propagation of two
commercially important species. High velocity (Average stream velocity of 2.00 m/s ), low
temperature, lack of spawning beds (pebbles, gravel etc) in the project area induces migration of
fishes to the tributaries, which maintain relatively higher temperature. Fish here can easily mature
and spawn. The newly hatched young fish remain in the tributaries till they are sufficiently grown
up to take care of themselves.
The high flow regime in river Satluj makes the upper reaches, difficult habitats for fish. Frequent
occurrence of spates makes conditions worse for breeding and propagation of cold-water fish.
Sometimes entire species type from the river body disappears due to devastating floods, as
happened in case of river Ravi. The flood in 1947 caused complete removal of brown trout
population in Ravi. The cold-water streams of Satluj river also make it inherently poor in biological
productivity due to low temperature and scanty food. Most of the energy of cold-water fishes is
utilised in maintaining their position in fastflowing waters and hence they live under continuous
physiological stress.
The same was confirmed by referring to the thesis on Ecology and Fisheries of Mountain Streams
of the North-Western Himalayas, KL Sehgal, ICAR, Nainital, and Year1988), which reported a large
number of fish species mainly belonging to 13 taxonomical families (51 species) inhabited the
Satluj River in Himachal region in the past. As per discussions with Dr. K. L. Sehgal, these species
have been reported in the entire Satluj basin up to downstream before coming up of Govind Sagar
project. Refer Table 3.41 below.
3-65
3-66
Table 3.41 - Fish Species Reported Historically in River Satluj in Himachal Pradesh
Family
Species
Local Name
Notopteridae
Pari
N. notopterus (Pallas)
Moh
--
Patha
B.vagra(Hamilton)
Lohari
B.shacra (Hamilton)
Chilwa
Parrandah
Kangi
Makni
Chindolachal
Cyprinidae
Tor chilinoides
Tor putitora (Hamilton)
Mahseer chiniaru
Theila
Mori
C.reba (Hamilton)
Sunni
Tiller
Kurka
Chidu
P.chonchonius (Hamilton)
Chidu
P.ticto (Hamilton)
P.sophore (Hamilton)
Labeo boga (Hamilton)
Morah
L.calbasu(Hamilton)
Kalbaus
L.dero (Hamilton)
Gid
L.dyocheilus(MeClelland)
Kunni
L.gonius (Hamilton)
--
L.pangusia(Hamilton)
--
L.rohita (Hamilton)
Rohi
Schizothorax richardsonii
Trout
Botia birdi
Chipar
Noemacheilus botia(Hamilton)
Sundal
Sunda
N.corica (Hamilton)
Talana
N.kangrae(Menon)
--
Ompak bimaculatus(Bloch)
Pallu
Mullae
--
Kingra
Singhara
Khagga
Amblycipitidae
Sundal
Sisoridae
Nao
G.pectinopterus(Hamilton)
Mochi nao.
G.stoliczkae(Steind)
Naiya
Bachwa
Cobitidae
Siluridae
Bagridae
Schilbeidae
(Migratory)
3-67
Family
Species
Local Name
Belonidae
Takla
Muglidae
Buah
Channidae
Dauli
C.marulius (Hamilton)
Saul
Bami
Trout
Salmonidae
Source: Ecology and Fisheries of Mountain streams of the North-Western Himalayas, K.L Sehgal, ICAR, Nainital, 1998
The data available on quantitative qualitative analysis of micro and macro-benthic communities in
the river stretch reveal that river Satluj and its tributaries are represented by major benthic
invertebrates and vertebrates. The micro-biotic communities are represented by diatoms, bluegreen and green algae on which the invertebrate and benthic fish subsist. The invertebrates are
represented by young stages of insects which contribute up to 80% of total invertebrates density.
The vertebrates are represented by benthic fish species belonging to garrids, nemacheilids and
glyptothoracids groups. Nektonic fish are represented by Schizothorax richardsonii and Salmo trutta
fario.
Although no data are available in the literature on utilization of micro- and macro- biotic life by the
fish in river Satluj but considerable literature is available in closely related rivers of the Indus
system. In river Beas, Sehgal (1988) and Sehgal et al. (1984) worked out a coefficient of
accessibility or availability factor or forage ratio (Pf/Pb where Pf is percentage of animal/plants
foraged and Pb is percentage of benthic biota in the stream) in S . richardsonii and S. trutta fario.
It was observed that forage ratio ranged 2.8- 4.2, 0.3 -1.0 and 0.3 3.7 for larvae of Diptera,
nymphs of Ephemeroptera and larvae of Trichoptera in young of S. richardsonii (15-65 mm in total
length). In the grown up specimens 140-480 mm in total length, the fish subsisted on benthic
algae. The food quotient ranged 0.9 -1.2, 0.3 -1.6 and 0.5 -2.8 for diatoms, blue green and green
algae respectively. The brown trout S. trutta fario which is sight feeder has been studied in Beas
and Jhelum. Fish ranging 101- 200 mm in total length consumed 74.2 % of Ephemeroptera in total
animal foraged although other groups were fairly abundant. Specimen ranging 201- 400 mm in
total length consumed larvae of Trichoptera to the extent of 54.6 % in total invertebrates and on
aerial insects and other small land animals to the extent of 20.9%. The forage ratio for
Ephemeroptera ranged 0.6 -1.1 against 1.0-4.3 for Trichoptera. Based on the results obtained for
other rivers of North West Himalayas it is presumed that ecology of river Satluj is conducive for
propagation of two commercially important species. Due to high velocity, low temperature, lack of
spawning beds (pebbles, gravel etc) in the project area, fish is induced to enter the tributaries,
which maintains comparatively higher temperature where they mature and spawn. The newly
hatched young fish remain in the tributaries till they are able to take care of themselves.
3.6.4
3-68
River has very less fish population in stretch between Jhakri to Bael. Whatever fish
population exists in the river in this stretch comes from the Khads. Fish species mainly
found are Trouts i.e. Snow trouts and Brown trouts. Snow Trouts ( S . richardsonii) is
most common fish in river Satluj. Snow trout is neither a rare nor an endangered fish but
is categorized as vulnerable one.
The side streams like Nogli khad, Samej khad have fish populations. This is mainly due to
less flow instability, favourable temperature and less turbidity. Fishes have also been
sighted at the confluence points of khads (Nogli, Sumej and Kajo).
All species available in River Satluj (stretch from Jhakri to Rampur to Bael) are endemic
except brown trout that is exotic.
Fish catching is not a very prevalent activity in the area. Only a few fishermen are
involved in fishing activity at Nogli for commercial purpose. Only four fishing licence have
been issued in this region. For commercial purpose, the fish is mainly brought from
downstream regions, Bilaspur being one among the major ones.
Migratory fishes like the snow trout etc., require free passage, to and fro from their
spawning grounds located upstream, owing to changes in water velocity, volume of
discharge, water chemistry, temperature and turbidity. But this issue is insignificant owing
to low fish population that primarily exists in tributaries and their confluences with river
Satluj.
Mahseer is migratory fish and its migration is affected by construction of Bhakra dam on
the Satluj. Its availability in project area is a remote possibility due to low water
temperature.
A detailed study shall be undertaken for the entire stretch to understand the exact route that is
being followed by the fisheries in the river especially after construction of hydroelectric projects and
to understand the microclimate needed for the fish growth in the area.
3.6.5
Impacts related to the permanent changes to the various aquatic habitats due to water
diversion.
3-69
Migration measures are proposed whenever possible (see EMP, Chapter 4).
Construction Related Impacts
The possible impacts of the Project on aquatic habitats and biodiversity during construction include:
Water pollution
Use of explosives
Vegetation clearing
Mitigation: Construction material will not be dumped in the river but transported to secure
disposal areas and dumped above the level of the rainy season flows. Construction sites will be
cleared before they are flooded.
SJVNL will adhere to the erosion control plans set down in environment management plans to help
limit sedimentation resulting from construction.
Construction of Project Infrastructure
Construction of the infrastructure mainly affects the freshwater ecology when poor construction
practices result in an increased sediment loads. This happens when:
Mitigation: All infrastructure including temporary constructions, will be stabilized and bridges will
be built to respect the existing stream/ river bed and bank morphology. Construction material will
not be washed into the stream but transported to disposal areas.
Water Pollution
Spills of fuel and chemicals may have direct and indirect impacts on the aquatic fauna, as well as
humans and animals feeding on aquatic products. Pollution most often occurs where pollutants are
stored, and also when they are used incorrectly.
Mitigation: Retention tanks will be constructed around every area where liquid and solid fuels or
chemicals are stored. Empty packaging material will be eliminated in the appropriate way.
Recyclable packaging will be preferred whenever possible. The construction work force will be
3-70
trained in the safe and proper use of fuel and chemicals and instructed in non-damaging disposal.
Safety will be controlled and enforced.
Use of Explosives
Use of explosives in water is highly damaging for fishes and other aquatic organisms. If they are
not killed instantly, their internal organs may be severely injured leading to death within e few
minutes to a few days, even if they are at a considerable distance from the explosion site. In
theory, little or no explosives will be used underwater during construction of the Project. However
experience shows that at most construction sites, large quantities of explosives are stolen or
diverted from their proper goal and used for fishing. Besides being illegal, fishing with explosives is
a very inefficient method as most killed fishes cannot be recovered. Additionally, the explosives
damage the fish habitats and occasionally kill fishermen. As these occasional fishermen are
usually Project workers, this issue is also of concern for Project security.
Mitigation: Fishing with explosives by Project workers will be totally banned in the project
influence area.
Vegetation Clearing
The mechanical removal of vegetation for construction purposes, ideally accompanied by its
transformation into any usable product, is probably the environmentally les damaging method, but
depending on the timing and locations of the clearing it will result in a short-term increased
sediment load in the river during the wet season.
Mitigation: All possible measures to reduce the transport of sediment to the main river will be
taken, including proper road construction and sediment traps. Sediment traps will be checked
frequently and maintained. Sediment will essentially be transported to proper disposal areas.
Reduced River Flow
Diversion of the waters for power generation will have the obvious consequences of reduced flow
in the Satluj River. This will have several secondary consequences and the already mentioned
effects of degraded water quality.
The reduced flow in the Satluj river will result in a decrease in water level compared to the present
lowest level, but the existing morphology will only be slightly affected. The deep pools will remain.
Runs, rapids and rifles will become narrower and shallower, with slower water. The slower water
may affect the survival of some species and their population density. It will very significantly reduce
the habitats suitable for the endemic kind. Reduction of flow coupled with increase in turbidity will
severely affect groups of micro-benthic organisms especially diatoms. The virtual suppression of
most of the seasonal, cyclic successions of low and high waters will probably have a much more
significant impact on the aquatic diversity than the reduction of the minimum flow. It is likely to
severely affect their growth, reproduction and migration.
A permanent low water level will have a negative impact on fish as it will drastically reduce the
available food sources, reduces the number of hiding places and increase s predation. This will
increase their sensitivity to diseases through increased stress. Almost all the cold water fish breed
in flowing water. The spawning areas of these fish species are found amongst pebbles, gravel,
sand etc. The eggs are sticky in nature and remain embedded in the gravel and subsequently
hatch. Any disturbance of stream bottom will result in adverse impacts on fish eggs. Even increase
in fine solids beyond 25 ppm will result in deposition of silt over the eggs, which would result in
asphyxiation of developing embryo and also choking of gills of young newly emerged fry. The
construction of a dam on river Satluj at Nathpa has lead to reduction of flow, which has already
affected the riverine ecology by converting lentic system to a lacustrine system. The ecology in the
lacustrine system has already developed over an area of 16.5 ha. As a result of reduction in flow,
3-71
downstream of the dam i.e. from Nathpa-Jhakri-Bael, the fish stock could be affected adversely.
However, since this stretch has negligible fish population and the fish predominance is more in the
side streams/ tributaries, not much impact is envisaged due to reduced flow on the fishery.
Interruptions of Fish Migration & Destruction of Spawning Grounds
Information obtained on fish migrations in the Satluj is at present incomplete, and does not allow
clear conclusions about which fish may migrate, during which season and for what purpose.
Some migratory fish species may travel very long distances between precisely delimited feeding
and breeding over hundreds or thousands of kilometres. Others may migrate for a few km between
different places within the main river, between the main river and tributaries. Usually, Fish ladders
are constructed at many dams to allow for fish to migrate. RHEP does not involve construction of
Dam and hence fish ladder is not required for consideration.
Mahseer is the only migratory fish in the area and its migration is affected by construction of
Bhakra dam on the Satluj downstream of RHEP. Its availability in project area is a remote
possibility due to low water temperature.
Water Pollution from Use of Synthetic Chemicals
Any increase in the use of synthetic chemicals associated with Project activities has the potential to
elevate their concentrations in the surroundings water. Although low concentrations of these
synthetic chemicals may not be acutely toxic to aquatic organisms, they may exhibit chronic effects
and potentially bio-accumulate to levels that are harmful to humans.
Mitigation: A Chemical Management Plan has been developed to ensure the safe storage, use and
disposal of synthetic chemicals.
3.7
Terrestrial Biodiversity
3.7.1
Background
Biodiversity or biological diversity is the variability within and between all micro organisms, plants
and animals as well as the eco-system, which they inhabit. Himachal Pradesh is a mountainous
state in northern India known for its natural beauty, rich culture and religious heritage. The state
has a population of six million and covers 55,673 sq. km, ranging from foothills (Shivaliks), the Midhills, the High- Hills, and the Cold Dry Zone of upper Himalayas. The state is a rich repository of
biodiversity, and forms the Catchment of several major northern Indian rivers. Endowed with a
vast canvas of dense forest and colourful wildlife, state encompasses three bio geographic zones
representing great attitude and climate variations, sub tropical to cold desert supporting a vast
variety of floral and faunal biodiversity. The protected areas are the vital tools for conserving
biodiversity. The 32 Wildlife Sanctuaries together with the 2 National Parks consist the states
Protected Area Network (PAN) occupy, which 13.6% of states geographical area as compared to
national average of 4.70%. About 25.8% area of States area falls under forests which is higher
than the average national forest area of 20.64%. The status of forest of the India, Himachal
Pradesh and the two districts-Kullu and Shimla are summarizedin Table 3.42 below.
Table 3.42 - Status of Forest in Himachal Pradesh, Kullu and Shimla Districts
3-72
Place
India
Moderately Dense
Forest km 2
Open Forest km 2
3287263
51285
339279
287769
Himachal Pradesh
55673
1093
7883
5377
Kullu District
5503
117
1295
521
Shimla District
5131
194
1587
602
The states Protected Area Network is extremely rich in wildlife. Rare mammals include Musk Deer,
Black Bear, and Snow Leopard & Leopard. The avifauna includes rare pheasants such as Western
Trapogon and Cheer Pheasants. The state bird Monal is still found extensively in many higher
protected areas. The status of protected area is given below.
Table 3.43 Status of the Protected Area Network
Location
No. of Sanctuaries
India
490
88
Himachal Pradesh
32
Satluj basin
10
Project area
Table 3.44 - National Parks/ Wild Life Sanctuaries in Eastern Himachal Pradesh
Region
Area (km2)
S. No.
1.
Mandi
41
2.
Bilaspur
100
3.
Solan
40
4.
Solan
5.
Solan
6.
Kinnaur
503
7.
Shimla
167
8.
Lippa Asrang
Kinnaur
31
9.
Sangla Valley
Kinnaur
10.
Kullu
765
11.
675
The terrestrial biodiversity status was studied regarding flora and fauna in the Project Influence
Area, (7km surrounding the project sites), the Project Immediate Influence Area (500m on all sides
along the alignment of HRT) and the Project Affected Area (the total 49.8ha of forest land
acquired). For Terrestrial biodiversity survey, data were collected through extensive survey of the
areas. Information was also collected from different Government Organizations such as Forest
Department, Social Forestry, Dept of Science, Technology & Environment, District Statistical office,
Animal Husbandry Dept., Govt. of Himachal Pradesh. On the basis of onsite observations as well as
forest department records a checklist of flora and fauna was prepared. Public consultation and
literature review helped in identifying major uses of plant species in terms of timber, fodder, food,
medicinal.
3-73
Botanical Survey of Flora was undertaken with respect to taxonomy, physiognomy, forest type,
Structure, Associations, Phenology and Ethno-botanical information for major forest species, etc.
Ecological status of flora and fauna with respect to endangered, rare, threatened, endemic as well
as distribution characteristics i.e. native/exotic, commercially/ locally important species, weeds or
parasites were surveyed extensively.
3.7.2
3-74
Public Consultation
The public consultations were undertaken to understand about various aspects of biodiversity of
the area. Information about uses of various plant species by local people as well as sighting of any
wildlife species, uses, poaching, etc were gathered as part of the public consultation activities.
3.7.3
10,429
3,931
14360
2003
8,976
5,377
14353
-1,453
1,446
-7
Given the wide latitudinal and climatic range in the State, a wide variety of forests are met with at
different altitudes and in different physiographic zones. See Table 3.46
The forest wealth of Himachal Pradesh, replete with diverse vegetation, ranging from tropical to
sub-tropical and temperate to alpine, has been sustaining rural life since time immemorial. The
wide range of altitude, topography and climatic conditions have contributed towards the rich and
diversified flora Coniferous forests dominant from mid to high hills, with a preponderance of Oaks
in moist depressions. In the foothills, forests are dry deciduous, thriving in a low water table and
dry soil conditions. The sub-Himalayan region is characterized by most deciduous forests, with Sal
as the predominant species. In dry the dominant species, and the moist temperate region in
characterized by the presence of Deodar forests.
3-75
Classification Code
3C/ C 2A
3C/C2B
5B/C-1 A
5B/C-2
5B/C2/DS1
5B/E9
5B/1-S2
10-C1
10-DS1
12/C-1a
12/C-1b
12/C-1c
12/C-1e
12/C2-a
12/C2-b
12/DS1
12/DS-2
13/C1
13/C2a
13/C2b
13/C4
13/C5
14/C/a
14/C1-b
14/DS1
9C1
9DS1
9DS2
15/C1
15/C2
15/E1
15/C3
16/C1
16/E1
Source: Forest Working Plan Rampur Forest Division
Natural Flora
It is estimated that almost 3256 species of vascular plants occur in the forests of Himachal
Pradesh. Of these, only about 100 odd are commonly utilized for timber, farming implements, fuel,
fodder, and NTFP, include medicinal use. Based on published records for the State, the Botanical
Survey of India has compiled a Flora of Himachal Pradesh (Chowdhery & Wadhwa, 1984). As per a
tentative compilation of the total higher plants found in the State, there are 3120 angiosperm and
12 gymnosperm taxa while 34 species for lower plants including pteridophytes, bryophytes, fungi
and algae.
3-76
Natural Fauna
The estimated 5721 species of vertebrate and invertebrate fauna listed in the state, perhaps only
about 100 species are commonly observed and reported upon regularly. The faunal diversity
includes 649 Chordates (77 Mammals, 447 Birds, 44 Amphibians and 81 Fishes), 4543 Arthropods
(2 Bryozoa, 4362 Insects, 195 Arachnids, 11 Myriopods and 73 Crustaceans) and 412 others (60
Annelids, 73 Mollusks, 2 Acanthocephala, 132 Nematodes, 16 Rotifers, 90 Platyhelminths, 2
Cnidaria, 3 Porifera and 34 Protozoan). (Biodiversity Action Plan 2003)
The fauna of Himachal Pradesh is very diverse and unique. The rich faunal diversity includes 77
species of mammals, 447 species of birds, 44 species of reptiles, and 81 species of fish. Among the
pheasants, with increasing altitude, are Kalij in the foothills Koklas and Monal in the temperate and
mid-level forests, and the Snow cock in the alpine areas. The Western Tragopan, a rare and
endangered species, is confined only to the western Himalayas. Himachal Pradesh also has
probably the largest population of Chir pheasants in the world. Among herbivores are the Ibex,
Serow, Blue sheep, Tahr, Musk deer, Goral and the Barking deer or of intermediate status such as
Black Bear, Himalayan Weasel, Yellow Throated Martin, Stone Martin and Wolf are also found here.
The Common Leopards and Snow Leopards are representative of the larger cats.
Traditional Timber Rights Followed in Himachal Pradesh
Himachal Pradesh has the highest percentage of rural population (90.21%) in the country residing
more than 20000 villages across the state. The predominantly rural population is primarily
dependent on agriculture base economy for livelihood. The natural forest in the area provides wood
for building of houses, bridges, furniture, and agricultural implements, in addition to providing
much needed fuel wood. People are also dependent upon the native land races of livestock for
agricultural purposes and their daily needs of milk, meat, wool and hide. A large proportion of this
livestock feeds on grasses and leaves obtained from forest. Overall the dependency of local people
on naturally available resources of forest is very high.
The forest of Himachal Pradesh have an estimated growing stock of 10.26 crore m and more than
4.5 lakh m of timber is harvested every year in the form of salvage and to meet the demand of
right holders. As per one estimate timber worth Rs 60 crore is allocated to the right holders at
nominal cost every year (HPFSR, 2000). All green commercial harvesting of timber from the States
forests has been suspended since 1984. The forests also contribute an estimated annual income of
Rs. 25 crore to the rural communities in the form of minor forest produce.
The right to the timber is admitted under section 28 of Indian Forest Act (1927). People have a
right to get timber at nominal rates for construction/repair of houses/dwellings. The right holders
must be bonafied native agriculturist, holding land in settlements in forest areas. A right to the
timber is for following purposes:
For construction and repair of dwelling houses, cattle and grass sheds and other
agriculture buildings.
3-77
forest. The quantity of timber per annum to be granted (Thumb rule: 800 trees/year) is fixed and
quantity is distributed among right holders.
Timber Trees
A total number of 20 timber spices are recommended by forest department. The some important
timber species are Deodar (Cedrus deodara); Chir (Pinus roxburghii); Kail (Pinus wallichiana); Rai
(Picea smithiana); Tosh (Abies pindrow); Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo); Poplar (Populus deltoides)
etc.
Trees to be cut are marked by Forest Officer strictly according to the silvicultural availability.
Deodar trees are given only for irrigation channels for the construction & repair of temple buildings
and for doors and windows of dwelling houses. Green deodar trees are not cut within 10 years of
its age which are present in the premises of any temple or any building connected with temple.
While dry deodar trees standing within above mentioned places may be cut and remove only for
repair of the temple buildings. There are 250 villages belonging to 48 Panchayat in Rampur forest
division.
Table 3.47 - Timber Rights Marketed to Right Holders from Rampur Forest Division
Year
Deodar
Kail
Rai
Chir
Number Volume (m3) Number Volume (m3) Number Volume (m3) Number Volume (m3)
1987 88
533
1646.71
1058
4291.62
277
941.68
58
35.70
1988 89
408
1085.58
955
2597.34
53
786.79
70
99.36
1989 90
109
543.04
655
2397.98
236
1118.43
23
26.99
1990 91
344
1773.625
1414
378.85
86
363.99
25
58.63
1991 92
624
2448.14
1661
6694.68
65
996.29
41
116.45
Classification Code
5B/C-2
9 C-1
5 B/E9
14/ C1b
12/C2 a
13/ C1
12/C1a
12/C1b
9
10
13/C2a
12/C1d
3.7.4
3-78
Baspa, the Solding, the Manglad and the Nogli streams form some of its left bank tributaries.
Before entering the Punjab plains, it cuts a gorge in Naina Devi Dhar. A big dam across this gorge
near Bhakra village has been constructed which has created a huge reservoir called the Govind
Sagar in the district of Bilaspur.
Forest Types
The altitudinal variation in Satluj basin leads to variation on forest types. The various forest types
reported in Satluj basin is as given in Table 3.48.
Natural Flora
The marked altitudinal variation in Satluj leads to various forest types. The higher elevations i.e.
upper reaches of Satluj basin is marked by great Himalayan Ranges with very high rugged
mountains, covered with massive snow and glaciered rising as high as 6700 m above mean sea
level. The area is known as Cold Desert, which covers about 35% of total geographical area of the
state. The upper reaches of Satluj basin fall in Lahaul & Spiti and Kinnaur district. Major forest
types found are Dry Alpine Scrub predominantly in Cold Desert area form 3600 to 5500m. The
vegetation is sparse, discontinuous and scattered represented by shrubs having high medicinal
values. The dominant shrubs are Juniperus sp, Ephedra sp, Myricaria sp, with supported herbs such
as, Rosa macrophylla, Ribes orientale, R.alpestrie, Lonicera spinosa, Clematis veratie, Capparis
spinosa, etc.
The Moist Alpine Scrubs are found where cold dry conditions prevail above 3600 m elevation. The
dominant herbs represented by Berberis, Loniccra, Cotoneaster, Astragalus, Potertilla, Geranium,
Fritillaria, Corydalis etc. Himalayan dry Temperate Forests found in Kinnaur district. The dominant
tree species are Pinus wallichiana (Blue pine); Picea smithiana (Rai), Abies spectabilis, Juniperus
macropoda, Populus ciliata, Salix viminalis, Quercus dilata, Alnus indica. The dominant shrubs
comprise of Salix, Barberis, Rosa, Viburnum, Lonicera sp. etc.
The Middle basin of Satluj shows moist Deodar Mixed coniferous Forests at altitudinal range of
1800 to 2400m. & 2400 to 3300 m. Cedrus deodara (Deodar) is dominant species of forests. The
Mixed Coniferous Forests include pure Spruce & Silver fir mixed with Deodar (Cedrus deodara), Kail
(Pinus wallichiana) with associated species such as Aesculus indica, Corylus colurna, Juglans regia,
Prunus cornata etc.
The Subtropical Pine Forests occurs between 600-1700m covering district of Solan, Shimla and
Bilaspur in lower Satluj basin Pinus roxburghii (Chil) is the predominant species associated with
3-79
3-80
Figure 3.33 National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries in the Satluj Basin
3-81
Common Name
Family
Canis lupus
Indian Wolf
Canidae
Canis aureus
Jackal
Canidae
Capra ibex
Himalayan Ibex
Bovidae
Capricornis sumatraensis
Serow
Sciuridae
Cervus unicolor
Sambar
Canidae
Felis bengalensis
Leopard cat
Felidae
Felis caracal
Caracal
Felidae
Hemitragus jemlahicus
Himalayan thar
Bovidae
Hylopetes, Petaurista
Flying Squirrels
Hylobatidae
Hystrix indica
Indian Porcupine
Macaca mutata
Rhus Macaque
Mammals
Martes flavigula
Cercopithecidae
Martens
Moschus moschiferus
Musk deer
Muntiacus muntjak
Nemorhaedus gora,
Gorals
Ovis nahura
Bharal
Paguma larvata
Panthera paradus
Leopard or Panther
Felidae
Panthera uncia
Snow leopard
Platanistidae
Cervidae
Bovidae
Presbytis entellus
Common langur
Cerocopithecidae
Petaurista pataurista
Sciuridae
Selenarctos thibetanus
Sus scrofa
Wild pig
Tragulus meminna
Mouse deer
Tragulidoe
Ursus arctos
Ursidae
Vulpes bengalensis
Indian fox
Canidae
Vulpes ferrilatus
Tibetan fox
Canidae
Suidae
Reptiles
Bungarur cacraleus
Hemiductilus fuviviridis
Naja naja
Indian Cobra
Varanus bengalensis
Monitor Lizard
Varanidae
Pyyas mocosus
Bovidae
Varanus bengalensis
3.7.5
3-82
Interacting biophysical (elevation, soil types, moisture, flooding slope), climatic and anthropogenic
factors (logging, burning, agriculture fuel wood collection, hunting, non-timber forest product
gathering) have resulted in the development of a mosaic of forest and vegetation types in this
zone.
Area (km2)
Name
1.
Bandli (Mandi)
41
2.
Daranghati (Shimla)
167
3.
Darlaghat (Solan)
4.
Gobind Sagar
100
5.
1400
6.
7.
Majathal (Solan)
8.
304
9.
738
10.
72
349
57.55
Forests
Forest Type: The regional climate variation and altitudinal variation have resulted in wide variety
of forests. In general coniferous forests dominates mid to high hills while foothill forests are dry
deciduous and scrub forests, thriving in a low water table & dry soil conditions. In dry localities,
Chir pine (Pinus roxburghii) occurs as a dominant species while moist temperate region is
characterized by the presence of Deodar (Cedrus deodara) forests. The details of land use pattern
of forest in the Project Influenced Area are summarized below in Table 3.51.
Table 3.51 - Land use Pattern of Forest in Project Influence Area
Details of Land
14737.01
13774.80
Un Protected Forest
16562.65
16212.49
Agriculture
7560.09
4618.90
Pasture
562.90
2637.63
Other
10532.25
3252.12
Total
49955.71
40495.94
Rampur Forest Division (Area in ha) Distance (km) Anni Forest Division (Area in ha)
3.0
4.0
0.75
3.5
5.5
4.5
3.5
3.75
2.5
3.0
2.5
Distance (km)
5.25
3-83
There are 12 protected forests under the influence zone, of which 6 protected forests fall in
Rampur Division while 6 others belong to outer Seraj division of Kullu district. The details of
protected forest are summarized in Table 3.52.
Forest Distribution: Distribution of forests in Rampur division occurs mainly between altitudes of
700 m to 2600 m. The forests distributions are as per the definition of The Forest Types of India:
by Champion and Seth (1962). Following are the typical forest types located in project influence
area.
5B/C-2 Northern mixed deciduous forest: This type is spread above Rampur, up to 40 Km
upstream of river Satluj and its tributaries on the banks of the stream. The forests are largely of
the scrub type. Major and minor associates of this type are characterized as follows:
Major Associates
Minor Associates
Sub group 5/1-5-2 Khair Sisoo Forests: These types of forests are restricted along the river
Satluj on gravy and sandy loam soils. Major and minor associates of this type are characterized as
follows:
Major Associate:
Minor Associate:
Sub- group 9/C-1 Himalayan Subtropical Pine forests: This type occurs between 1000m to 2000m
elevation. Pinus roxburghii (Chir) occurs remarkably in pure and gregarious form. The crop is
irregular and mature trees few and widely scattered. Major and minor associates of this type are
characterized as follows:
Major Associates
Minor Associates
Himalayan Moist Temperate Forests: This type of forest generally occurs between 1500 to 3300m.
These are well-stocked forests of good height, growth varying between 30-45m. Major and minor
associates of this type are characterized as follows:
Major Associates:
Quercus Pine
Minor Associates:
Sub group 12/C-1Ban Oak Forests: The Ban Oak is common low level Oak of moist zone and is
the major species over considerable area, varies from 1500 to 2100m. Major and minor associates
of this type are characterized as follows:
Major Associate:
Cedrela Carpinus
3-84
Minor Associate:
Sub group 12/c-1b Mohru oak forests: These forests occur in small patches above the ban forests
between 2100-2500m.
Major Associates:
Minor Associates:
Rhododendron - Lyonia
Minor Associates:
Berberis Prinsepia
Sub group 12/DS-1/I-C Moist Deodar Forests: The deodar forest is found between the altitudinal
ranges of 1800-2400m. Deodar is poorly represented in the heavy rainfall zones adjoining Saharan
and this type can be seen in Ramgarh Kanji range of Anni division. Major and minor associates of
this type are characterized as follows:
Major Associates:
Minor Associates:
Flora
Characteristics: The climatic and altitudinal variations markedly influence the type of species
distribution in various zones. Physiognomically flora of the study area can be categorized as trees,
shrubs, herbs and grasses. The details of Flora recorded during survey in project influence area is
summarized and presented in Table 3.53. The climax and dominant species of forests are Chir
(Pinus roxburghii) Kail (Pinus wallichiana), Deodar (Cedrus deodara) and Ban Oak (Quercus incana)
along with their major associated species. The dominant associate of (Cedrus deodara) Deodar is
Ban Oak (Quercus incana) Kharsu Oak (Quercus semicarpifolia).
The Chir (Pinus roxburghii) occurs remarkably in pure and gregarious form and constitute stable
sub climax due to biotic factors. The crop is generally irregular and mature trees are widely
scattered. It improves in quality where pure quartzite formations occur. The common associates of
Chir (Pinus roxburghii) are Ruin (Mallotus philippinenisis); Toon (Cedrela toona), Kachnar (Bauhina
varigata), Siris (Albizzia lebbek), and Semal (Bombax ceiba). The undergrowth generally consists of
Indigofera pulchella, Rosa mustata etc. The ecological features with reference to their habitat,
nature i.e. evergreen or deciduous, and their distribution in terms of altitude of the major forest
species is given in details below in Table 3.54.
3-85
Table 3.53 - Flora Recorded in the Project Influence Area (7km all around the Project)
S.
SCIENTIFIC NAME
No.
TREES
S.
SCIENTIFIC NAME
No.
LOCAL NAME
FAMILY
SHRUBS
Acacia leucophloea
Subabul
Mimosaceae
Adhatoda vasica
Basuti, Vasika
Acanthaceae
Albizzia lebbek
Seris
Leguminosae
Agave americana
Rambans
Cactaceae
Bauhinia variegata
Kachnar
Leguminosae
Aloe vera
Aloe
Liliaceae
Bombax ceiba
Semal
Bombaceae
Artemesia vulgaris
Kubash
Compositae
Callistemon citrinus
Bottle brush
Myrtaceae
Berberies aristata
Karmshal,
Kashmoi
Berberidaceae
Darloi
Miliaceae
Berberis lycium
Kashmanl
Berberidaceae
Cedrala serrata
Cedrela toona
Toon
Miliaceae
Calotropis gigantea
Aak
Asclepiadaceae
Cedrus deodara
Devdaar
Coniferae
Cannabis sativa
Bhang
Cannabinaceae
Celtis australis
Kharak
Urticaceae
Carissa spinarum
Karonada
Apocynaceae
Bambher,
Sidhar
Labiatae
10
Cupressus torulosa
Leuri
Coniferae
10
Colebrookia
oppositifolia
11
Dalbergia sissoo
Shisham
Fabaceae
11
Rosaceae
12
Embelica officinalis
Amla
Euphorbiaceae
12
Cotoneaster baciIlaris
Ruinish
Rosaceae
Chamua,
Satpura
Thymelaeaceae
13
Eucalyptus globulus
Safeda
Myrtaceae
13
Daphne papyracea
14
Ficus bengalensis
Bargad
Urticaceae
14
Artocarpeae
15
Ficus elastica
Rubber tree
Urticaceae
15
Leguminosae
16
Ficus palmata
Fedu, Phegru
Urticaceae
16
Dodonaea viscosa
Mehandi
Sapindaceae
17
Ficus religiosa
Pipal
Urticaceae
17
Euphorbia royleana
Shuru
Euphorbiaceae
18
Ficus roxburghii
Timal
Urticaceae
18
Girardinia heterophylla
Bichhu, Kushki
Urticaceae
19
Grevillea robusta
Silver oak
Proteaceae
19
Hypericum
oblongifolium
Phiunli
Hypericaceae
20
Grewia oppositifolia
Biul
Tiliaceae
20
Indigofera gerardiana
Kathi
Leguminosae
21
Juglans regia
Akhrot
Juglandaceae
21
Indigofera pulchella
Sakina
Leguminosae
22
Lannea grandis
Jinghini
Anacardiaceae
22
Lantana camara
Lantana
Verbinaceae
23
Litlsea umbrosa
Shuru
Lauraceae
23
Lonicera angustifolia
Banchulu
Caprifoliaceae
24
Mallotus philippinenisis
Ruin
Euphorbiaceae
24
Mohonia nepalensis
Khoru
Berberidaceae
25
Mangifera indica
Aam
Anacardiaceae
25
Moriandra strobilifera
Pothi
Labiatae
26
Melia azedarach
Dhenk
Meliaceae
26
Murraya koenigii
Kath Neem
Rutaceae
27
Morus alba
Tut
Urticaceae
27
Musa paradisiaca
Kela
Scitaminaeae
28
Morus serrala
Himu, Tut
Urticaceae
28
Opuntia monocantha
Nagphani
Cactaceae
29
Morus sps
Paper
Mulberry
Urticaceae
29
Plectranthus coesta
Chichiri
Labiatae
30
Pinus roxburghii
Chil
Coniferae
30
Princepia utilis
Bhekal
Rosaceae
31
Populus ciliala
Poplar
Salicaceae
31
Ricinus communis
Arandi
Euphorbiaceae
32
Prunus amygradus
Badam
Rosaceae
32
Rubus ellipticus
Hinsar
Rosaceae
33
Prunus armeniaca
Chuli
Rosaceae
33
Rumex hastatus
Bhilmora
Polgonaceae
34
Prunus cerasoides
Paja
Rosaceae
34
Sarcococca saligna
Tiliari
Euphorbiaceae
35
Prunus communis
Aloocha
Rosaceae
35
Solanum surattense
Kateli
Solanaceae
36
Prunus persica
Aroo
Rosaceae
36
Strobilianthes sp.
----------------
Acanthaceae
37
Punica granatum
Aanar
Lythraceae
37
Woodfordia fruticosa
Dhaula
Lythraceae
38
Pyrus malus
Seb
Rosaceae
38
Zizyphus jujuba
Beri
Rhamnaceae
39
Quercus incana
Ban
Cupuliferae
39
Zizyphus nummularia
Beri
Rhamnaceae
40
Quercus dilata
Moru
Cupuliferae
3-86
S.
SCIENTIFIC NAME
No.
S.
SCIENTIFIC NAME
No.
41
Robinia pseudoacacia
Pahari kikar
Papilionoidaea
42
Rhodondendron arboreum
Burans
Ericaceae
43
Sapindus mukorossi
Ritha
Sapindaceae
44
Syzygium cumini
Jamun
Myrtaceae
45
Tamarindus indica
Imli
Caesalpiniaceae
LOCAL NAME
FAMILY
HERBS/CLIMBERS
1
Achyranthes aspera
Aghada,
Puthkanda
Amaranthaceae 2
Argemone mexicana
Prickly poppy
Papaveraceae
Asparagus racemosa
Sahansarpali
Liliaceae
Bauhinia vahlii
Malo
Leguminosae
Chenopodium album
Bathwa
Chenopodiaceae 6
Chromolaena odorata
Triva gandha
Chromolaenae
Clemapis montana
Kauniabali
Ranunculaceae
Datura suaveolens
Datura
Solanaceae
Echinops echinatus
Gokhru
Compositae
10
Erigeron bellidioides
Horse weed
Compositae
11
Frageria indica
Bhumla
Rosoideae
12
Bhumla
Rosoideae
13
Heliotropium strigosum
Hatta-juri
Boraginaceae
14
Jasminium officinale
Chameli
Oleaceae
15
Ocimum basilicum
Vantulsi
Labiatae
16
Oxalis corniculata
Amrit sak
Oxilidaceae
17
Polygonum chinense
Jangli palak
Polgonaceae
18
Sonchus oleraceus
Dudhi, Pathari
Convolvulanceae
19
Thymus serphyllum
Hasha
Lebiatae
20
Tridex procumbens
Ground weed
Amaranthaceae
21
Trifolium pratense
Purple clover
Papilionoidae
22
Verbascum thapsus
Gidar tamakus
Scrophulariaceae
GRASSES
Frageria vesica
Ferns
Arundo donax
Phiral, Naru
Gramineae
Pteris sp
Fern
Pteridaceae
Cynodon dactylon
Dhub
Gramineae
Adiantum sp
Fern
Pteridaceae
Saccharum spontaneum
Kans
Gramineae
Epiphyte
Parthenium hysterophorus
Congress
grass
Compositae
Badang
Orchidaceae
Phragmites communis
Naal
Gramineae
Epiphyte
Erianthus munja
Munj
Gramineae
Badang
Orchidaceae
Vanda roxburghii
Vanda roxburghii
Source : Field Survey CES (I) Pvt. Ltd, Feb- April 2006
Name of Species
Ecology
Scientific
Local
Habitat
Nature
Distribution (m)
Albizzia lebbek
Siris
Hills
Deciduous
300 1300
Bombax ceiba
Semal
Hill slopes
Deciduous
300 1500
Bauhinia variegata
Kachnar
Forest
Deciduous
300 1500
Cedrus deodara
Deodar
High forest
Evergreen
1800 3000
Dalbergia sissoo
Shisham
Hill slopes
Deciduous
300 1500
Mallotus philippinenisis
Roghs
Forest
Evergreen
300 1200
Pinus roxburghii
Chir
Forest
Deciduous
300 1500
Pinus wallichiana
Kail
Forest
Evergreen
1800 4300
Quercus incana
Ban Oak
Forest
Evergreen
1200 2400
10
Quercus semicarpifolia
Kharsu Oak
Forest
Evergreen
2100 3800
11
Rododendron arboreum
Brans
Forest
Evergreen
1800 4300
12
Sapindus mukurossii
Ritha
Forest
Deciduous
200 1500
3-87
The Upper reaches are generally occupied by Kail. The common associates are Brass (Rododendron
arboreum). Ban oak (Quercus incana) is usually found in small proportion mixed with the Chil
(Pinus roxburghii), Kai (Pinus wallichiana) and Deodar (Cedrus deodana). It occupies lower
elevation in the northern slopes and along hills as it requires a good soil rich in humus. The Deodar
(Cedrus deodara) forests occur at higher elevations. The snowfall is must for the existence of these
forests. The Deodar prefers comparatively heavy soil formed by disintegration of granite. A few
species of flora types(trees, shrubs and herbs) in the area are presented here in pictorial view.
Community use of Natural Flora: The people from surrounding villages depend on forest for
various purposes. The Table 3.55 given below depicts various uses of trees by local people.
Table 3.55 - Major Uses of Trees from Forests in the Project Influence Area
Name of Tree
Local Name
Charcoal
Resins
Fodder
Fuel
Timber
Cedrus deodara
Mallotus philippinenisis
Pinus roxburghii
Chir
Pinus wallichiana
Kail
Dalbergia sissoo
Shisham
Morus alba
Tut
Quercus incana
Ban oak
Quercus semicarpifolia
Kharsu Oak
Manure
Deodar
Ruin
- Not in use
Considerable loss is done to the forest by the way of illicit felling of Deodar (Cedrus deodara) and
Kail (Pinus wallichiana) for agricultural implements and manufacturing of packing cases. The resins
are obtained from Kail (Pinus wallichiana) and Chir (Pinus roxburghii) by cutting deeply at the base
of trees. The local villagers debark Chir (Pinus roxburghii) trees for roofing material of sheds and
charcoal. The resinous wood is used by the villagers for igniting fires in their houses.
Horticulture offers the better and maximum use of land besides checking soil erosion and
ameliorating the economic condition of farmers. Fruit trees offer the possibility of a high food yield
per unit of land. They optimize the moisture and nutrients from the sub-soil. Some of the fruit trees
generally grown in fields are listed in Table 3.56.
Table 3.56 - Commercially Important Trees (Horticulture)
Botanical Name
English/Common Name
Juglans regia
Walnut
Pyrus malus
Apple
Mangifera indica
Mango
Prunus armeniaca
Apricot, Khumani,
Prunus avium
Cherry (sweet)
Prunus domestica
Plum
Prunus dulcis
Almond
Prunus persica
Peach, Aaru
Prunus cerasus
Cherry (sour)
Punica granatum
Pomigranate
Pyrus communis
Nashpati
3-88
Large number of herbs was collected for various medicinal purposes. It is estimated that if all the
household remedies are taken into account, about 1500 native plant species are used for health
care purposes by the people of the State (Chauhan, 1999). In order to exercise some measure of
control over the exploitation of medicinal plants, especially herbs, the forest department has
prescribed a four-year exploitation cycle and has also fixed an export permit fee in respect of some
heavily exploited species.
The Gentiana kurro, Podophyulum emodi are extensively exported as dhup for incense. The
important medicinal herbs of the forest are described in Table 3.57.
Table 3.57 - Medicinal Plants from Local Forests
Chemical
Property
Part of Plant
Use
Use against
Disease
Collection
Period
Carminative
Rhizome
Colic
May- June
Patis
Febrifuge
Root
Dysentery
Sept-Oct
Kashmal
Anti-malerial
Root
Jaundice
Nov - Mar
Expectorant
Leaves/root
Cough/cold
Dec-Mar
Freshener
Roots
Dhoop
Mar-May
Name of Species
Scientific
Local
Acorus calamus
Barre
Aconitum heterophyllum
Berberis lycium
Adhatoda vasica
Basul
Juranea macrocephala
Dhoop
Orchis latifolia
Salmam
Aphrodic
Tubers
Pistacia intergerrima
Kakarsingi
Expectorant
Leaves
Asthama
Mar-May
Podophyllum emodi
Bankakdi
Purgative
Rhizome
Gentiana kurroo
Karu
Stimulant
Rhizome
Fever
Oct- Dec
Taxus baccata
Rakhal
Anti-carcinogenic
Bark/ Laves
Asthama
Mar- May
Rhum emodi
Chukri
Purgative
Rhizome
Apr- Sept
May-Jul
Table 3.58 - Ethno-Botanical Approach for Major Plant Species from Local Forests
Name of Species
Scientific
Local
Cedrus deodara
Deodar
Pinus roxburghii
Pinus wallichiana
Chir
Kail
Symptoms
Name of Pests
Insect
Defoliation
Electropis deodara
Needle
Cone
Loss of seeds
Euzophrea cedrella
Poles
Debarking
Scontus major
Roots
Stunted growth
Cockchafer malolanthea
Seedlings
Regeneration
Agrotis ypsilon
Needle
Discoloration
Brachyxstus subsignatusis
Fungus
Poles
Stunted Growth
Fomes annosus
Insect
Needle
Loss of needles
Platypus biferis
Needle
Discoloration
Chlonophrous stroilicola
Fungus
Shoots
Stunted Growth
Peridermium cedri
Needle
Shunted Growth
Peridermium comanulatum
Insect
Poles
Debarking
Inslongifolia bores
Cones
Discoloration
Polyranthus sp
Growth
Trametes pinii
Fungus
Source: Information collected from Forest Working Plan Rampur / Seraj division
3-89
1. Rhododendron arboretum
2 Juglans regia
3.Cedrus deodara
4.Pinus roxburghii
5. Mallotus philipinennesis
6. Callistemon citrinus
3-90
3-91
3-92
Ethno-Botanical Baseline
The climax species of forest are Deodar (Cedrus deodara), Chil (Pinus roxburghii) and Kail (Pinus
wallichiana) hence pathological and ethno-botanical information has been collected with reference
to various diseases pathogen type, major symptoms and put of plant affected. The following Table
depicts details of pathology & ethno-botanical information. See Table 3.58.
Fauna
The fauna of the study area is dominantly represented by reptiles, birds and animals. The variation
in altitude, climate, topography, forests type and forest cover in the area provides habitat for
variety of animals like reptiles, birds and animals. The fauna of the area is further classified as
domestic animals and wild life and explained below.
Domestic Animal: The cattle share dominates the fauna population by contributing 42% in the
total population of domestic animals. This is followed by 40% of sheep and 18.% of Goats. Local
people use the horses, mule and donkeys for carrying their luggage/material in hilly areas.
Domestic animal census data is summarized in Table 3.59 below:
Table 3.59 - Domestic Animal Census Data (2003) for Rampur Division
S. No.
Animal
Cows
37267
Buffaloes
862
Horses
20
Mules
99
Donkeys
57
Sheeps
35553
Goats
16449
Total
Population
90315
Source: Information collected form District Statistical Handbook Govt. of Himachal Pradesh
Wildlife
Habitat Affinities of Wildlife: Wildlife habitat is that space where the animal lives over the
seasons of a year. Habitat serves as physical location for food or nutrients, as well as for shelter.
Surveys were carried out primarily using direct sighting and indirect evidence and through
interviews with local residents. The altitudinal variation in the study area (from 700-3000 m) has
remarkable impact on the distribution pattern of wildlife in the region. The carnivore wildlife in area
is represented by Leopard (Panthera pardus), Indian Wolf (Canis lupus) and Himalayan Fox (Valpes
vulpes). Among herbivores, Barking Deer (Muntiacus muntiak) is sighted at elevations from 16002900mts. Musk Deer (Moschus moschiferus) is also seen at 3000m and above. This animal comes
down at lower elevation during the winter and goes back to higher altitude during summer. All the
valleys of Satluj Basin have good population of Black Bear (Selenarctos thibetanus). These wild
animals move close to habitation during crop season particularly during summer.
Among the reptiles, the most species are represented by common Indian Krait (Bungarus caerules),
Himalayan viper (Ancistrodous himalayanus), Indian cobra (Naja naja) and Rat snake (Pyers
mocosus) among Snakes, while lizards were represented by Common Indian Monitor (Varanus
monitor), common House Geeko (Hemidactylus brooki), and Rock lizard (Agamo tuberculata).
3-93
Important birds of the study area include pheasants, showing typical altitudinal variation in their
occurrences such as Kauj Pheasat at foothill while Koklas & Monal Pheasant in temperate and mid
level forest. A list of wildlife as reported by forest department of Himachal Pradesh has been
prepared and presented here in Table 3.60 below:
Table 3.60 - List of Wildlife Reported from the Study Area and Their Status
Scientific Name
Common Name
Family
Status*
Mammals
Barbastella barbasetellus
Barbos teliobat
Canis lupus
Indian Wolf
Canidae
Capricornis sumatraensis
Serow
Sciuridae
Special Game
Endangered & Rare
Caprolagus hispidus
Hispid hare
Cervidae
Hylopetes, Petaurista
Flying Squirrels
Hylobatidae
Hystrix hodgson
Himalayan Porcupine
Martes flavigula
Martens
Mustela sibirica
Himalayan weasel
Mos homourus
Hill mouse
Moschus moschiferus
Musk deer
Muntiacus muntjak
Big Game
Nemorhaedus goral
Gorals
Big Game
Nesekia indica
Pteromys petaurista
Selenarctos thibetanus
Vulpes vulpes
Red fox
Special Game
Special Game
Small Game
Cervidae
Big Game
Canidae
Small Game
Reptiles
Agamo tuberculata
Rock Lizard
Ancistrodous himalayanus
Bungarus caerulues
Hemidactylus brooki
Naja naja
Indian Cobra
Pyyas mocosus
Rat Snake
Varanus flavescens
Monitor Lizard
Varanidae
Catreus wallichii
Cheer Pheasant
Phasianidae
Blood Pheasants
Phasianidae
Catreus wallichii
Cheer Pheasant
Phasianidae
Syrmaticus humiae
Lophophorus impejanus,
Monal Pheasants
Phasianidae
Tetraogallus tibetanus
Phasianidae
Birds
Endangered & Rare
The Census data of wildlife for Rampur and Anni Forest Division indicates large population of
monkey in both forest divisions. Leopards have been reported in Rampur Forest division however in
Anni Forest division no Leopard is reported. The detail of wildlife census conducted in 2005 for
Rampur and Anni divisions are is given in the Table 3.61 below:
3-94
Number
Forest division
09
Rampur
Kelij Pheasant
04
Rampur
Koklas
09
Rampur
Himalayan Monal
04
Rampur
Monkey
5881
Rampur
Langur
664
Rampur
Leopard
07
Rampur
Monkey
5601
Anni
Leopard
00
Anni
Langur
552
Anni
3.7.6
Forest Types
The major forest types within the project influence area are DS-I Himalayan sub tropical scrub and
DS-II sub tropical scrub. The extensive growing areas used as grazing grounds & hay fields by the
villagers result in formation of DS-I Himalayan Sub tropical Scrub forest. They are spread over in
between Chir (Pinus roxburghii). There is frequent and large scale burning hence this type forms
regressive serial stage.
Minor Associates: Berberts - Cotoneastor- Prinsepia
This type is due to heavy biotic interference of grazing and burning.
Another important forest variety is Sub tropical Euphorbia Scrub, spread along river Satluj. The
common associates are Zizyphus jujube, Zizyphus nummularia & Ficus sp. Occurrence of this type
of forest is usually associated with lime stone formation.
Flora
The natural flora of the immediate influence area of the project is spread along the slopes, foothills.
There is avenue plantation along the existing NH-21 as well as Eucalyptus & Dalbergia sissoo
planted by forests department. Compensatory afforestation and plantation under catchment area
treatment plan of NJHEP project too fall in the immediate project influence area. A total of 75 plant
species were observed during survey of floral species in the area. 28 species accounted for trees
followed by 26 for shrubs, 17 for herbs and 4 species for grasses. The detail of flora recorded is
presented in Table 3.62 below.
3-95
SCIENTIFIC NAME
LOCAL NAME
FAMILY
No.
FAMILY
Trees
1
Acacia leucophloea
Subabul
Mimosaceae
Adhatoda vasica
Basuti, Vasika
Acanthaceae
Albizzia lebbek
Seris
Leguminosae
Agave americana
Rambans
Cactaceae
Bombax ceiba
Semal
Bombaceae
Aloe vera
Aloe
Liliaceae
Callistemon citrinus
Bottle brush
Myrtaceae
Artemesia vulgaris
Artemesia
Compositae
Celtis australis
Kharak
Urticaceae
Berberies aristata
Cupressus torulosa
Leuri
Coniferae
Calotropis gigantea
Aak
Dalbergia sissoo
Shisham
Fabaceae
Cannabis sativa
Bhang
Cannabinaceae
Eucalyptus globules
Safeda
Myrtaceae
Carissa spinarum
Karonada
Apocynaceae
Ficus elastica
Rubber tree
Urticaceae
Colebrookia
oppositifolia
Bambher, Sidhar
Labiatae
10
Ficus religiosa
Pipal
Urticaceae
10
Debregeasia
hypoleuca
Sihanru
Artocarpeae
11
Ficus palmate
Fedu, Phegru
Urticaceae
11
Desmodium
tiliaefolium
Martoi
Leguminosae
12
Ficus roxburghii
Timal
Urticaceae
12
Dodonaea viscosa
Mehandi
Sapindaceae
13
Grevellia robusta
Silver oak
Proteaceae
13
Euphorbia royleana
Shuru
Euphorbiaceae
14
Grewia oppositifolia
Biul
Tiliaceae
14
Girardinia
heterophylla
Bichhu, Kushki
Urticaceae
15
Mangifera indica
Aam
Anacardiaceae
15
Lantana camara
Lantana
Verbinaceae
16
Melia azaderach
Dhenk
Meliaceae
16
17
Mallotus philippinenisis
Ruin
Euphorbiaceae
17
Musa paradisiaca
18
Morus alba
Tut
Urticaceae
18
Cactaceae
19
Morus sps
Paper Mulberry
Urticaceae
19
Plectranthus coesta
Chichiri
Labiatae
20
Morus serrala
Himu, Tut
Urticaceae
20
Princepia utilis
Bhekal
Rosaceae
21
Pinus roxburghii
Chil
Coniferae
21
Ricinus communis
Arandi
Euphorbiaceae
22
Populus ciliata
Poplar
Salicaceae
22
Rubus ellipticus
Hinsar
Rosaceae
23
Prunus amygradus
Badam
Rosaceae
23
Rumex hastatus
Bhilmora
Polgonaceae
24
Prunus communis
Aloocha
Rosaceae
24
Solanum surattense
Kateli
Solanaceae
25
Prunus persica
Aroo
Rosaceae
25
Lythraceae
26
Robinia pseudoacacia
Pahari kikar
Papilionoidaea
26
Rhamnaceae
27
Syzygium cumini
Jamun
Myrtaceae
28
Tamarindus indica
Imli
Caesalpiniaceae
Amaranthaceae
Argemone mexicana
Papaveraceae
Kela
Asclepiadaceae
Scitaminaeae
Herbs
1
Achyranthes aspera
Aghada, Puthkanda
Asparagus racemosa
Sahansarpali
Liliaceae
Chenopodiaceae
Chromolaena odorata
Triva gandha
Chromolaenae
Echinops echinatus
Gokhru
Compositae
Erigeron bellidioides
Horse weed
Compositae
Fragaria indica
Bhumla
Rosoideae
Heliotropium strigosum
Hatta-juri
Boraginaceae
10
Ocimum basilicum
Vantulsi
Labiatae
11
Oxalis corniculata
Amrit sak
Oxilidaceae
12
Pteris sps
Fern
Pteridaceae
13
Sonchus oleraceus
Dudhi, Pathari
Convolvulanceae 14
Tridex procumbens
Ground weed
Amaranthaceae
15
Trifolium pratense
Purple clover
Papilionoidae
16
Verbascum thapsus
Gidar tamakus
Scrophulariaceae
17
Jasminium officinalis
Chameli
Oleaceae
Gramineae
Cynodon dactylon
Dhub
Gramineae
Gramineae
Parthenium h
Congress grass
Compositae
Prickly poppy
Grasses
1
Arundo donax
Phiral, Naru
Source: Field Survey CES (I) Pvt. Ltd, Feb- April 2006
3-96
The dominant tree species of avenue plantation are Acacia leucophloea (Subabul), Albizzia lebbek
(Seris), Bombax ceiba (Semal), Callistemon citrinus (bottle brush), Ficus palmate (Fedu), Grevellia
robusta (Silver oak), Grewia oppositifolia (Biul), Melia azaderach (Dhenk), Morus serrata (Shehtut),
Populus ciliata (Poplar), Robinia pseudoacacia (Pahari Kikar), etc. The plantation carried out by
forests department is mainly of Pinus roxburghi (Chil), Dalbergia sisso (Sisham) and Eucalyptus
globulus (Safeda).Since the area is interrupted by various agricultural and horticultural activities,
fruit trees such as Mangifera indica (Mango), Prunus amygradus (badam), Prunus communis
(Aloocha), Prunus persica (Aroo), Syzium cumini (Jamun), Tamarindus indica (Imli) etc., were
commonly recorded.
Typical of the climate and other meteorological variations in the area, the common shrubs observed
were Adhatoda vasica ()Agave americana (Rambans), Calotropis gigantean (Akh), Cannabis sativa
(Bhang), Carissa spinarum (Karonda), Colebrookia oppositifolia (Bhaber), Debregeasia hypoleuca
(Sihanaru), Dodoneae viscosa (Mehandi), Euphorbia royleana (Shuru), Girardinia heterophylla
(Bichhu Ghas), Moriandra strobilifera (Pothi), Rubus ellipticus (Hinsar) Rumex hastatus (Bhilmora)
etc.,
The common herb species of the immediate influence area is represented by Achyranthes aspera
(Aghada), Chenopodium album (Bathua), Erigeron bellidioides (Horse weed), Oxalis corniculata
(Amrit sack), Sonchus oleraceus (Dudhi), Fragaria indica (Bhumla) etc. The common climbers are
represented by Asparagus racemosa (Shatavari) and Jasminium officinalis (Chameli).
Fauna
The distribution of fauna is driven by presence of favourable vegetation providing feeding,
breeding, hiding & resting sites. Project area is dominated by hilly tracks with less vegetation cover
and further interrupted by agriculture activities in the form of trench cultivation. Fauna of the
project area is mainly represented by reptiles, birds and mammals. The reptiles are further
represented by Calotes versicolor (Common Lizard) and common Geeko (Hemidactylus brooki). The
mammals are represented by animals of local importance such as Cows, Oxes, Horese, Mule,
Donkey, Pigs etc. No wildlife is commonly observed in the area, which may be due to increased
human activity in the area. Total 35 species of birds observed in the area are summarised in Table
3.63 below:
Table 3.63 - Avifauna Recorded in the Immediate Influence Area
(500m around the Project)
S. No.
Scientific Name
Common Name
Acridotheres tristis
Indian Myna
Sturnidae
Aeridotheres ginginianus
Bank myna
Sturnidae
Cassa flavirostris
Carvidae
Columba livia
Columidae
Corvus macrorhynchos
Jungle Crow
Carvidae
Corvus splendens
House Crow
Carvidae
Corvus corax
Ravan
Carvidae
Dandroatta vagabunda
Treepie
Corvidae
Dicrurus adsimilis
Black Drongo
Dieruridae
10
Egretta garzetta
Little Egret
Ardeidae
11
Gallus gallus
Common Fowl
Phasinidae
12
Lanius schach
Rofusedbacked Shrike
Campehagidae
13
Lanius excubitor
Grey Shrike
Campehagidae
14
Megalaima malabarica
Crimsonbreasted barbet
Cpilonidae
Family
3-97
S. No.
Scientific Name
Common Name
Family
15
Megalaima zeylanica
Largegreen barbet
Cpilonidae
16
Milvus migrans
Pariah Kite
Acciptridae
17
Motacilla maderatensis
Motacillidae
18
Myiophonus horsfieldii
Whistling Thrush
Turnidae
19
Nactarinia asiatica
Purplerumpled Sunbird
Nectarinidae
20
Nectarinia minima
Small Sunbird
Nectarinidae
21
Orthotomus sutorius
Tailor Bird
Pachycephalinae
22
Parus major
Gray Tit
Parinae
23
Passeer domesticus
House Sparrow
Passerinae
24
Psittacula krameri
Roseringed Parakeet
Psittacidae
25
Psittacula cyanocephala
Blossomheaded Parakeet
Psittacidae
26
Psittacula himalayana
Slatyheaded Parakeet
Psittacidae
27
Picnonotus articeps
Pycnonotidae
28
Picnonotus leucogenys
Pycnonotidae
29
Picnonotus cafer
Redvented Bulbul
Pycnonotidae
30
Saxicoloides fulicate
Indian Robin
Muscicapidae
31
Sopsychus saularis
Magpie Robin
Muscicapidae
32
Streptopelia chinensis
Spotted dove
Columbidae
33
Streptopelia decaocto
Ring Dove
Columbidae
34
Turdoides caudatus
Common babbler
Muscicapidae
35
Terpsiphone paradisi
Paradise Flycatcher
Muscicapinae
36
Turdus merula
Blackbird
Turninae
37
Upupa epops
Hoopoe
Upupidae
38
Zosterops palpebrosa
White Eyed
Zosteropidae
Source: Field Survey CES (I) Pvt. Ltd, Feb- April 2006
3.7.7
10-19
00-88-62
12-10
01-01-16
05-14
00-46-13
89-13
07-25-53
05-08
00-43-70
15-03
01-22-61
00-13
00-07-69
18-00
01-45-67
3-98
Dumping Area
Fatti Nirmand
29-10
02-38-74
10
Dumping Area
Fatti Nirmand
45-01
03-64-59
11
Fatti Bayal
198-09
16-06-04
12
Power House, Penstocks, Approach Road & Job facilities Fatti Bayal
82-17
06-70-50
13
Fatti Bayal
08-02
00-65-55
14
Fatti Bayal
15-11
01-25-84
15
Gadej (Koel)
Total
67-05
05-44-25
604-15
48-96-62
Forest Type
The forest type is influenced by hilly mountainous tracks, steep hill slopes, foothills and Satluj river
valley. Forest type is mainly represented by dwarf shrubby vegetation interrupted by patches of
Eucalyptus plantation. The major forests type occurring in project affected area are discusses in
details below.
DS-I Himalayan Sub tropical Scrub: The extensive growing areas used as grazing grounds & hay
fields by the villagers forms this forest type. There is frequent and large scale burning hence this
type farms regressive seral stage.
Major Associates: Dodonea - Rhus - Woodfordid
Minor Associates: Berberis - Cotoneastor- Prinsepia
DS-II Sub tropical Euphorbia Scrub: Euphorbia royleana and Opuntia sp constitute this type of
forest, which spread along river Satluj. The common associates are Zizyphus jujuba Zizyphus
nummularia & Ficus sp. This type is associated with lime stone formation.
Flora
The flora of project area is dominated by 64 species belonging to 52 genera and 34 families.
Physio-gnomically vegetation has been categorized as trees, shrubs, herbs and grasses. The flora
recorded under the project-affected sites is presented below in Table 3.65:
Table 3.65 - Flora Recorded in the Projects Directly Affected Area
No.
SCIENTIFIC NAME
LOCAL NAME
FAMILY
No.
Trees
SCIENTIFIC NAME
LOCAL NAME
FAMILY
Shrubs
Acacia leucophloea
Subabul
Mimosaceae
Adhatoda vasica
Basuti, Vasika
Acanthaceae
Bombax ceiba
Semal
Bombaceae
Agave americana
Rambans
Cactaceae
Celtis australis
Kharak
Urticaceae
Aloe vera
Aloe
Liliaceae
Dalbergia sissoo
Shisham
Fabaceae
Artemesia vulgaris
Artemesia
Compositae
Eucalyptus globulus
Safeda
Myrtaceae
Berberies aristata
Ficus palmata
Fedu, Phegru
Moraceae
Calotropis gigantea
Aak
Grewia oppositifolia
Biul
Tiliaceae
Cannabis sativa
Bhang
Cannabinaceae
Mangifera indica
Aam
Anacardiaceae
Carissa spinarum
Karonada
Apocynaceae
Melia azaderach
Dhenk
Meliaceae
Labiatae
10
Millingtonia hortensis
Akas Neem
Sapotaceae
10
Debregeasia hypoleuca
Sihanru
Artocarpeae
11
Mallotus philippinenisis
Ruin
Euphorbiaceae
11
Desmodium tiliaefolium
Martoi
Leguminosae
12
Morus alba
Tut
Meliaceae
12
Dodonaea viscosa
Mehandi
Sapindaceae
Asclepiadaceae
3-99
No.
SCIENTIFIC NAME
LOCAL NAME
FAMILY
No.
SCIENTIFIC NAME
LOCAL NAME
FAMILY
13
Pinus roxburghii
Chil
Coniferae
13
Euphorbia royleana
Shuru
Euphorbiaceae
14
Prunus communis
Aloocha
Rosaceae
14
Girardinia heterophylla
Bichhu, Kushki
Urticaceae
15
Prunus persica
Aroo
Rosaceae
15
Lantana camara
Lantana
Verbinaceae
16
Robinia pseudoacacia
Pahari kikar
Papilionoidaea
16
Musa paradisiaca
Kela
Scitaminaeae
17
Tamarindus indica
Imli
Caesalpiniaceae
17
Opuntia monocantha
Nagphani
Cactaceae
18
Princepia utilis
Bhekal
Rosaceae
Arandi
Euphorbiaceae
Herbs
1
Achyranthes aspera
Aghada,
Puthkanda
Amaranthaceae
19
Argemone mexicana
Prickly poppy
Papaveraceae
20
Rubus ellipticus
Hinsar
Rosaceae
Asparagus racemosa
Sahansarpali
Liliaceae
21
Rumex hastatus
Bhilmora
Polgonaceae
Chenopodium album
Bathwa
Chenopodiaceae
22
Solanum surattense
Kateli
Solanaceae
Chromolaena odorata
Triva gandha
Chromolaenae
23
Zizyphus nummularia
Beri
Rhamnaceae
Echinops echinatus
Gokhru
Compositae
Erigeron bellidioides
Horse weed
Compositae
Fragaria indica
Bhumla
Rosoideae
Heliotropium strigosum
Hatta-juri
Boraginaceae
10
Ocimum basilicum
Vantulsi
Labiatae
11
Oxalis corniculata
Amrit sak
Oxilidaceae
12
Pteris sps
Fern
Pteridaceae
13
Sonchus oleraceus
Dudhi, Pathari
Convolvulanceae
14
Tridex procumbens
Ground weed
Amaranthaceae
Achyranthes aspera
15
Trifolium pratense
Purple clover
Papilionoidae
Argemone mexicana
Prickly poppy
16
Verbascum thapsus
Gidar tamakus
Scrophulariaceae
Asparagus racemosa
Sahansarpali
Liliaceae
17
Jasminium officinalis
Chameli
Oleaceae
Chenopodium album
Bathwa
Chenopodiaceae
Ricinus communis
Herbs
Papaveraceae
Source: Field Survey CES (I) Pvt. Ltd, Feb- April 2006
Table 3.66 - Major Uses of Trees found in the Projects Directly Affected Area
Name of Tree
Fence
Ornamental
Fuel
Timber
Fruit
Acacia leucophloea
Bombax ceiba
Celtis australis
Dalbergia sisso
Eucalyptus globulus
Ficus palmata
Grewia oppositifolia
Mangifera indica
Melia azaderach
Millingtonia hortensis
Mollotus phillipinenisis
Morus alba
Pinus roxburghii
Prunus communis
Prunus persica
Robinia pseudoacacia
Tamarindus indica
3-100
Community Uses of Natural Flora: The trees in the project area are used for various purposes.
The major uses of trees falling under the project area are as given in Table 3.66.
Fauna
Project, area is dominated by hilly tracks with less vegetation cover and interrupted by agriculture
activities in the form of trench cultivation. Fauna of the project area is mainly represented by
reptiles, birds and mammals. The reptiles were represented by Calotes versicolor (Common Lizard)
and Hemidactylus brooki (Common Geeko)
Avifauna: The common birds observed are tabulated below:
Table 3.67 - Avifauna Recorded in the Projects Directly Affected Area
S. No
Scientific Name
Common Name
Acridotheres tristis
Indian Myna
Sturnidae
Aeridotheres ginginianus
Bank myna
Sturnidae
Columba livia
Columidae
Corvus macrorhynchos
Jungle Crow
Carvidae
Corvus splendens
House Crow
Carvidae
Corvus corax
Common raven
Carvidae
Dandroatta vagabunda
Treepie
Corvidae
Dicrurus adsimilis
Black Drongo
Dieruridae
Egretta garzetta
Little Egret
Ardeidae
10
Lanius excubitor
Grey Shrike
Campehagidae
11
Megalaima malabarica
Cpilonidae
12
Milvus migrans
Pariah Kite
Acciptridae
13
Motacilla maderatensis
Motacillidae
14
Nactarinia asiatica
Purplerumpled Sunbird
Nectarinidae
15
Nectarinia minima
Small Sunbird
Nectarinidae
16
Orthotomus sutorius
Tailor Bird
Pachycephalinae
17
Passeer domesticus
House Sparrow
Passerinae
18
Psittacula krameri
Psittacidae
19
Picnonotus leucogenys
Pycnonotidae
20
Picnonotus cafer
Pycnonotidae
21
Sexicoloides fulicate
Indian Robin
Muscicapidae
22
Sopsychus saularis
Magpie Robin
Muscicapidae
23
Streptopelia chinensis
Spotted dove
Columbidae
24
Turdoides caudatus
Common babbler
Muscicapidae
25
Terpsiphone paradise
Paradise Flycatcher
Muscicapinae
26
Turdus merula
Blackbird
Turninae
27
Upupa epops
Hoopoe
Upupidae
Family
Source: Field Survey CES (I) Pvt. Ltd, Feb- April 2006
Domestic and Wild Animals: The common domestic animals observed are Cow, Bulls, Sheep,
Goats, Dogs, Cats and Fowls. The major grazers are cows and bulls while browsers are sheep and
goats.Wildlife is not observed in the area.
3-101
Name of Gram
Panchayat
District Shimla
Racholi
506
Sarga
1681
Singla
523
Kushwa
1578
Bharawali
782
Kharga
2524
Duttnagar
231
Tunan
1272
Lalsa
445
Nishani
1054
Dansa
875
Arsu
1910
Munish
3565
Bari
3289
Kuhal
2633
Kot
4207
Kashapat
3804
Poshna
631
Deem
1478
Jhakri
Source: District Census for Shimla & Kullu Districts, Year 2001 and
Report on Catchment area Treatment Plan for Rampur Block, Forest Division, Rampur
General
All
Milch cattles
0.67
0.60
0.63
Draught animals
1.32
1.21
1.26
Young stock
0.67
0.64
0.66
0.56
0.42
0.48
Others
0.01
Neg
Total
3.22
2.88
3.03
Source: District Census for Shimla & Kullu Districts, Year 2001 and
Report on Catchment area Treatment Plan for Rampur Block, Forest Division, Rampur
Besides providing a source of supplementary income, livestock also serves as a source of balanced
diet for the people in the rural as well as for the surrounding urban areas. Bee keeping is also
being promoted in the study area as it helps in pollination of the apple crop.
3.7.8
3-102
are not commonly available and are in very less numbers have become a rare species and are
facing severe threat from hostile living conditions. The ecological status of flora & fauna in forest
of Himachal Pradesh, which are under pressure, is discussed here in detail.
Flora: The State forests are rich in variety of plants that are utilized for medicinal purposes. The
Alpine meadows and Alpine scrub forests provide habitat to a variety of important medicinal flora of
the state. As per an estimate, about 1500 native plant species are used for health care in the state.
Local villagers in these forests have traditional rights to harvest medicinal plants. Over exploitation
of some of these medicinal plants has put them in threatened/endangered/rare species category.
The rare & threatened/endangered plants of Himachal Pradesh are summarized in Table 3.70
below.
Table 3.70 - List of Rare and Threatened Species
S.No. Name
S.No.
Name
S.No. Name
1.
Achillea millefolium
2.
Aconitum heterophyllum
3.
Aconitum violaceum
4.
Arnebia benthami
5.
Arnebia euchroma
6.
Arnebia guttata
7.
Astragalus candolianus
8.
Astragalus grahmianus
9.
Astragalus leucocephalus
10.
Betula utilis
11.
Bunium persicum
12.
Carex borii
13.
Carum carvi
14.
Cortusa mathiole
16.
Dactylorhiza hatagirea
17.
Draba cachemirica
18.
Draba lasiophylla
19.
Ephedra geradiana
20.
Eremurus himalaicus
21.
Euphrasia jaeschkei
22.
Euphrasia pauciflora
23.
Euphrasia platyphylla
24.
Ferula jaeshkeana
25.
Galium serphylloides
26.
Gentiana tianschanica
27.
Hedysarum cashmerianum
28.
Heracleum candicans
29.
Heracleum thomsoni
30.
Heteropappus holohermaphroditus
31.
Hyoscyamus niger
32.
Inular racemosa
33.
Juniperus communis
34.
Juniperus recurva
35.
Jurinea tibetica
36.
Leontopodium frinbriligerum
37.
Limosella aquatica
38.
Meconopsis bikramii
39.
Orobanchhe hansii
40.
Pedicularis albida
41.
Pedicularis pychnantha
42.
Pedicularis purpurea
43.
Physochlaina praealta
44.
Picrorhiza kurrooa
45.
Pinus gerardiana
46.
Podophyllum hexandrum
47.
Potentilla curviseta
48.
Potentilla fulgens
49.
Rheum australe
50.
Rheum moorcroftianum
51.
Rheum spiciforme
52.
Saussurea gnapholoides
53.
Saussurea gossypiphora
54.
Saussurea obvallata
55.
Scrophularia koelzii
56.
Scrophulria suffruticosa
57.
Sedum jaeschkei
58.
Seseli tribobium
59.
Silene stewartii
60.
Silene stewartii
61.
Thylacospermum caespitosum
62.
Valeriana jaeschkei
63.
Veronica biloba
64.
Viola biflora
65.
Waldhemia glabra
66.
Waldhemia stoliczkei
67.
Waldhemia tomentosa
Source: Biodiversity Action Plan 2003
Among the total endangered species, 7 species are found in the project influence area. The
medicinal plant species such as Aconitum heterophyllum (Mithi patish), Picorhiza Karoo (Karoo) and
Podophyllum emodi (Bankakari) are categorized as endangered owing to 50% reduction in their
population while Rheum emodii (Rewand chini), Polygonatum verticillatum (Salammishri), velerina
wallichii (Nalchnihani) and Acorus calamus (Birch) have faced about 20% reduction in their
population in last ten years. These too are categorized as endangered species.
Project immediate influence area and the project-affected area are free from presence of any of
the above-mentioned 7 endangered species of medicinal plants.
Fauna: The entire satluj basin is rich in faunal diversity owing to significant variation in climatic
conditions, altitudinal differences and forests diversity. However, the faunal biodiversity remains
3-103
under constant threat due to fragmentation, degradation and loss of natural habitats. The state
government has extended special protection to endangered wildlife of the state by giving them
special recognition. Musk Deer is recognized as state animal and Monal Phesant as state bird. A list
of endangered and protected wildlife of Himachal Pradesh is summarized in Table 3.71 below:
Table 3.71 - Status of Rare, Endangered and Protected Species of Fauna Historically
Recorded in the Satluj Catchment
Scientific Name
Common Name
Protected
Scientific Name
Common Name
Endangered
Panthera pardus
Leopard
Panthera uncia
Snow leopard
Panthera uncia
Snow leopard
Capra ibex
Himalayan Ibex
Felis bengalensis
Leopard Cat
Hemitragus jemlahicus
Himalayan Thar
Nayan
Pseudois nayaur
Bharal
Capricornis sumatraensis
Serow
Vulnarable
Moschus moschiferus
Musk deer
Panthera pardus
Leopard
Hemitragus jemlahicus
Himalayan Thar
Moschus moschiferus
Musk deer
Catreus wallichii
Cheer Pheasant
Panthera uncia
Snow leopard
3-104
3000m elevation, and Cheer Pheasant (Catreus wallichii) is found on hillsides between 18002500m.
Projects Immediate Influenced Area (500m around the Project)
The area is marked by degraded scrub forest, heaving populated along the National Highway
interrupted with intensive agriculture/horticulture/animal hasbandary practices, etc Hence chances
of wildlife habitats are not expected; and no records of wild life reported from the project area.
Projects Directly Affected Area
The area is marked by dry denuaded steep hillslopes, foothills with sdcanty thorney shrubs type
vegetation cover and plantation paches of Eucalyptus interrepted by agricultural activities. None of
the wildlife was noticed either direct or indirect evidences as well as there are no reports of wildlife
from forest department records.
Table 3.72 - Comparative Distribution of Forests Types
Forest Types
Tropical Moist
Deciduous Forest
Himachal Pradesh
Satluj Basin
Project Influence
Area
Project
Immediate
Influence Area
Project
Affected
Area
16/C1
Himalayan Dry
Temperate Forest
(2500-3000m)
Himalayan Moist
Temperate Forest
(1500-2500m)
Total
Pasture 14/DS1
Coniferous Dry D. Frs. 13/C2b
Con. Pine Frs. 13/C1
Dodonea Srb
10DS1
Khair Sissoo
Forest. 5B/1S2
9/36
8/9
4/10
2/2
2/2
+ Present
- Absent
3-105
Himachal
Pradesh
Satluj Basin
Project
Influence Area
Project Immediate
Influence Area
Project
Affected Area
National Park
Wildlife Sanctuary
32
Nature of Flora
Trees
Shrubs
39
26
23
Herbs
21
14
16
Climber
04
02
01
Grasses
06
04
04
Ferns
02
02
02
Epiphytes
01
01
Mushroom
Total
Project Influence
Area
Project Immediate
Influence Area
Project Affected
Area
45
28
17
01
119
77
63
Taxonomically flora of the Project Influenced Area recorded highest number of 119 species
belonging to 98 Genera & 58 Families followed by 77 and 63 in Project Immediate Influenced Area
and Project Affected Area respectively. Physiognomically these can be categorized as trees, shrubs,
herbs, climbers, grasses, ferns, epiphytes and mushrooms.
3-106
The diversity of flora of project affected area and immediate influence area does not show much
variation. The value of diversity index for trees & shrubs fall in the range of 0.27 to 1.30 for project
affected sites and 1.17 to 1.41 for immediate influence areas. The range for diversity index of
project affected sites and immediate influence area are given in the Table 3.75 below.
Table 3.75 - Comparison of Diversity Index
Area
Diversity index Range for Trees & Shrubs Diversity index Range for Grasses & Herbs
0.27 1.30
0.17 0.80
1.17 - 1.41
0.87 1.13
Wild life
Cold Desert
Dry Alpine
Scrub
Moist Alpine
Sub Alpine
Frs. (35006600)
Himachal
Pradesh
Satluj Basin
Project
Influence Area
Project
Immediate
Influence Area
Project Affected
Area
Snow Leopard
Tibetan Wolf
Red Fox
Common Leopard
+*
Bharal
Him Thar
Him Ibex
Musk Deer
+*
Barking Deer
+*
+- Present,
- - Absent
*- Altitudinal Migration
Only four species of Wildlife are reported from the Project Influenced Area of which Himalayan
Black Bear reported only during summer while Musk & Barking deer showed altitudinal migration
during winter. The Common Leopard is reported to follow cattle/goat/sheep herd commonly
surrounding the villages in forest areas. None of the endangered rare or protected species is
reported from Project Immediate Influenced Area or Project Affected Area.
The base line faunal survey of the Project Influenced Area revealed that a total 58 species of fauna
recorded during survey of which 18 species are recorded for mammals, 38 species of birds and 2
species of reptiles. Fauna of Project Affected Area and Project Immediate Influenced Area show
poor distribution and mainly represented by domestic animals of local interest such as cows/
buffaloes/ horses/ donkeys/ mules/ cats/ dogs, etc.
3-107
3.7.9
128
184
133
Source: EIA Study Rampur HEP, H.P
The impact due to tree felling will be insignificant, as 92.6 % of the total trees to be felled
comprised of Eucalyptus trees, which is exotic species to the natural forest. Other tree species are
commonly available in the project immediate influence area and project influence area. As a result
there will be no change in community composition and structure of forest due to tree felling.
The loss due to clearing is also not expected as weedy shrubs, which dominate the forest, are
widely distributed. None of the endangered, rare, threatened or endemic species was observed
throughout the project area hence adverse impacts on Terrestrial Biodiversity due to loss of species
are not at all envisaged.
Mitigation Measures for Loss of Forest
Afforestation programmes for the loss of forests will include tree plantations, silvipasture
development and development of vegetative shrubs. Afforestry mitigation measure will be done
only on pasture lands and grazing lands will not be taken up for afforestation. Exotic species and
dry deciduous species will be avoided. Ever green species should be preferred, to avoid fire due to
flammability of grass during dry summers. A decentralized way of participatory management
practices will be encouraged for conservation of natural resources in the area. A detailed
afforestation plan will be prepared by the project authorities. Besides, a Biodiversity Management
3-108
Plan be prepared for construction & operation phase of the project that will mitigate indirect and
cumulative impacts of loss of forest.
Impact on Flora and Fauna
Increased human interference, direct as well as indirect will have impact on flora and fauna of the
area. The workforce of project may be tempted to cut trees to meet their fuel requirements and for
temporary shelters of their families. In absence of strict implementation of an environmental
management plan; adverse impacts on terrestrial flora may be significant.
Wild fauna is nonexistent in the vicinity of project area. Wild animals generally do not prefer
coming below the altitude of 2000m in the project area because of low density of forest and lack of
proper habitat in the region. Hence, impacts on terrestrial fauna are not expected to be significant.
Construction phase will induce movement of large number of machinery and construction labour in
the area. The operation of construction equipment and blasting is likely to generate noise that can
create some level of disturbance to wildlife population. The increased accessibility to the area due
to human interferences may also have some adverse impact on the migratory birds of the area.
Since the area does not fall on the migratory route of animals, there is no likelihood of significant
effect on migration of animals during seasonal changes.
Although project affected area does not have much flora and fauna of significant value, yet an
assessment of Importance Value Index and Diversity Index of flora of project affected areas and
project immediate influence area was conducted to understand the likely damage to biodiversity.
Importance Value Index (IVI) expresses dominance and ecological success of any species in an
area whereas Diversity Index expresses the variety of species in an area.
Table 3.78 - Diversity Index of Flora found in the Immediate Influence Area of RHEP
S.N.
SITE
1.
Kunni Area
1.40
1.10
2.
Nirmand Area
1.41
1.13
3.
1.17
0.94
4.
Bayal Village
1.24
0.87
Low diversity index and project area being very small portion of the entire biodiversity, make the
potential impact on the biodiversity very less significant.
Induced Impact relevant to Traditional Timber Rights: The state of Himachal Pradesh has
the highest percentage of rural population (90.21%) in the country, with more than 20000 villages
across the state. The predominantly rural population is primarily dependent on agriculture base
economy for livelihood. The natural forest in the area provides wood for building of houses,
bridges, furniture, and agricultural implements, in addition to providing much needed fuel wood. A
large proportion of local livestock feeds on grasses and leaves obtained from forest. Overall the
dependency of local people on naturally available resources of forest is very high.
Under section 28 of Indian Forest Act (1927), the people of Himachal Pradesh have a right to get
timber at nominal rates for construction/repair of houses/dwellings and also for cremation of dead
bodies etc.
There will be increase in timber demand owing to increase in the population and hence of the right
holders. Division in the family, economic development of the people will further boost the demand
for timber rights. It is also observed that, local right holders misuse rights by selling timber
obtained in consessional rates to non-right holders & city dwellers of nearby town. Therefore a
3-109
major impact on project influence area will happen due to various rights given to villagers residing
in forests.
Quantitative Assessment of Flora in the Projects Directly Affected Area
Assessment of flora of project-affected area was conducted to arrive at area specific diversity index
and importance value of affected project area. All the sites are open scrub areas dominated by
thorny shrubs and weed species. The dominant shrub species recorded are Adhatoda vasica,
Zizyphus nummularia, Rumex haustatus, Colebrookia oppositifolia, Cannabis sativa, Artemesia
vulgaris, Euphorbia royleana, Dodoneae viscose etc. These species are representative of degrade
area and are abundantly found in dry areas and wasteland.
The dominant herbs and grasses are represented by Pathenium hysterophorus, Arundo donax,
Cynodon dactylon, Oxalis corniculata, Tridex procumbens, Erigeron bellidioides etc. Parthenium is
weed species present in the area is indicator of degraded land and is found throughout the arid
zones and degraded areas.
The Tree species is represented by Eucalyptus globules, which is an exotic species planted in the
area. Besides Eucalyptus some fruit trees like, Prunus persica, Prunus communis, etc are present.
Assessment of flora of project-affected area has been conducted. Area specific Diversity index and
importance value of affected project area have been derived. All the sites are open scrub areas
dominated by thorny shrubs and weed species. The dominant shrub species recorded are Adhatoda
Table 3.79 - Assessment of Flora on the Site of the Cut and Cover for the Head Race
Tunnel
Relative
Frequency
Relative
Density
Relative
Dominance
IVI
Artemesia vulgaris
42.85
78.26
10.81
131.9
Euphorbia royleana
42.85
17.39
30.83
91.08
Ficus palmate
14.28
4.34
58.37
77.01
Argemone mexicana
20.00
7.14
1.01
28.16
Arundo donax
40.00
42.86
89.66
172.5
Parthenium hysterophorus
40.00
50.00
9.14
99.14
Species
3-110
Table 3.80 - Assessment of Flora on the Site of the Dumping Area I near Kazo Adit
Relative
Frequency
Relative
Density
Relative
Dominance
IVI
Adhatoda vasica
14.81
27.27
14.75
56.83
Agave americana
3.70
1.81
0.72
6.24
Aloe vera
3.70
1.81
0.662
6.18
Bombax ceiba
3.70
1.81
61.37
66.88
Calotropis gigantea
7.40
9.36
0.937
17.70
Cannabis sativa
11.11
14.54
2.245
27.90
Species
Carissa spinarum
3.70
1.81
0.49
6.01
Colebrookia oppositifolia
11.11
16.36
7.99
35.46
Dodonaeae viscosa
7.40
3.63
0.641
11.68
Opuntia monocantha
3.70
1.81
3.07
8.59
Prinsepia utilis
7.40
3.63
1.70
12.74
Ricinus communis
3.70
1.81
0.371
5.89
Rumex hastatus
11.11
7.27
0.837
19.22
Zizyphus nummularia
14.81
16.36
5.17
36.35
Chenopodium album
10.00
13.79
18.32
42.11
Chromolaena odorata
20.00
17.24
18.95
56.19
Cynodon dactylon
10.00
13.79
33.93
57.7
Jasminium officinalis
20.00
6.89
1.864
28.76
Oxalis corniculata
10.00
17.24
15.38
42.62
Tridex procumbens
30.00
31.03
11.58
72.61
Table 3.81 - Assessment of Flora on the Site of the Job Facilities Area at Kazo Adit
Relative
Frequency
Relative
Density
Relative
Dominance
IVI
Berberies aristata
10.00
3.33
1.52
14.85
Cannabis sativa
10.00
13.33
1.53
24.86
Carissa spinarum
10.00
3.33
0.42
13.75
Colebrookia oppositifolia
40.00
66.66
23.64
130.3
Desmodium tiliaefolium
20.00
10
1.41
31.41
Pinus roxburghii
10.00
3.33
71.49
84.82
Achyranthes aspera
12.49
7.69
10.44
30.63
Asparagus racemosa
6.24
2.56
3.55
12.37
Echinops echinatus
18.74
17.94
26.84
63.53
Ocimum basilicum
24.99
17.94
17.90
60.85
Oxalis corniculata
18.74
17.94
11.86
48.56
Species
Parthenium hysterophorus
6.24
20.51
16.24
43.00
Pteris sps.
12.49
15.38
13.07
40.96
3-111
Table 3.82 - Assessment of Flora on the Site of the Approach Road for Kazo Adit
Relative
Frequency
Relative
Density
Relative
Dominance
IVI
Acacia leucophloea
9.09
4.00
23.44
36.53
Calatropis gigantea
18.18
8.00
0.341
26.52
Cannabis sativa
27.27
56.0
2.61
85.88
Colebrookia oppositifolia
27.27
20.0
3.91
51.18
Mallotus phillipinenisis
27.27
16.0
69.37
112.6
Rumex haustatus
27.27
16.0
0.80
44.08
Solanum surattense
9.09
4.00
0.74
13.83
Species
Heliotropium strigosum
25.0
22.22
18.34
65.56
Ocimum basiculum
16.66
22.22
22.53
61.42
Oxalis corniculata
16.66
18.51
15.41
50.59
Saccharum spontaneum
25.0
29.63
34.73
89.36
Verbascum thapsus
16.66
7.40
8.86
32.94
Relative
Density
Relative
Dominance
IVI
Pinus roxburghii
33.33
50.05
99.78
183.16
Rumex hastatus
66.66
50.05
0.192
116.90
Parthenium hysterophorus
49.97
66.66
48.17
164.81
Saccharum spontaneum
49.97
33.33
51.83
135.14
Species
Table 3.84 - Assessment of Flora on the Site of the Dumping Area II near Kunni Adit
Relative
Frequency
Relative
Density
Relative
Dominance
IVI
Adhatoda vasica
10.71
7.84
19.50
38.06
Berberies aristata
3.57
1.96
3.02
8.55
Calatropis gigantea
7.14
5.88
6.09
19.12
Cannabis sativa
7.142
15.68
10.73
33.56
Carissa spinarum
3.57
1.96
2.46
7.99
Colebrookia oppositifolia
17.85
25.49
16.40
59.82
Species
Debregeasia hypoleuca
3.57
1.96
2.77
8.31
Dodonaea viscosa
21.42
19.60
18.90
59.93
Euphorbia royleana
3.57
1.96
5.02
10.55
Lantana camara
14.28
11.76
8.10
34.15
Rubus ellipticus
3.57
1.96
2.76
8.29
Zizyphus nummularia
3.57
3.92
4.125
11.61
Fragaria indica
18.18
15.38
18.30
51.86
Launaea procumbens
18.18
23.07
21.28
62.54
Parthenium hysterophorus
36.36
34.61
40.56
111.54
Tridex procumbens
27.27
26.92
19.85
74.05
3-112
Relative
Dominance
IVI
Calotropis gigantea
40.00
37.50
39.67
117.17
Rumex hastatus
60.00
62.50
60.32
182.82
Cynodon dactylon
49.99
41.66
41.25
132.92
Parthenium hysterophorus
49.99
58.33
58.74
167.07
Relative
Dominance
IVI
Dodoneae viscosa
60.00
71.43
1.82
133.25
Eucalyptus globulus
20.00
14.28
91.99
126.28
Euphorbia royleana
20.00
14.28
6.18
40.47
Oxalis corniculata
50.00
60.00
58.44
168.44
Tridex procumbens
50.00
40.00
41.55
131.55
Table 3.87 - Assessment of Flora on the Site of the Dumping Area III downstream of
the Nimrand Bridge
Species
Relative
Frequency
Relative
Density
Relative
Dominance
IVI
Adhatoda vasica
17.65
20.0
3.16
40.81
Cannabis sativa
11.76
16.00
2.56
30.33
Carissa spinarum
5.882
4.00
0.67
10.56
Colebrookia oppositifolia
17.65
24.00
7.42
49.07
Euphorbia royleana
23.53
20.00
29.89
73.4
Ficus palmata
5.882
4.00
27.19
37.07
Opuntia monocantha
5.882
4.00
2.09
11.98
Robinia pseudoacacia
5.882
4.00
25.97
35.85
Zizyphus nummularia
5.88
4.00
0.99
10.88
Fragaria indica
16.67
10.52
9.20
36.39
Oxalis corniculata
33.33
38.59
36.57
108.50
Parthenium hysterophorus
41.67
47.36
50.4
139.53
Verbascum thapsus
8.33
3.50
3.715
15.55
3-113
Table 3.88 - Assessment of Flora on the Site of the Dumping Area IV at Averi
Relative
Frequency
Relative
Density
Relative
Dominance
IVI
Calotropis gigantea
25.00
29.99
1.68
56.68
Colebrookia oppositifolia
25.00
20.0
3.00
48.00
Zizyphus nummularia
25.00
29.99
2.54
57.54
Eucalyptus globulus
25.00
20.0
92.66
137.66
Parthenium hysterophorus
75.00
86.84
96.10
257.95
Cynodon dactylon
25.00
13.15
3.84
42.00
Species
Table 3.89 - Assessment of Flora on the Sites of the Surge Shaft and the Approach Road
to the Surge Shaft
Relative
Frequency
Relative
Density
Relative
Dominance
IVI
Adhatoda vasica
25.0
35.55
3.57
64.13
Cannabis sativa
12.5
26.66
1.16
40.33
Carissa spinarum
4.16
2.22
0.17
6.55
Eucalyptus globulus
12.5
8.88
90.0
111.38
Euphorbia royleana
12.5
6.66
3.26
22.43
Opuntia monocantha
8.33
4.44
0.65
13.43
Princepia utilis
8.33
4.44
0.52
13.29
Rumex hastatus
8.33
6.66
0.40
15.40
Saccharum spontaneum
62.5
63.63
32.03
158.17
Zizyphus nummularia
8.33
4.44
0.24
13.01
37.5
36.36
67.96
141.82
Species
Arundo donax
Table 3.90 - Assessment of Flora on the Sites of the Power House Area & its Approach
Road
Relative
Frequency
Relative
Density
Relative
Dominance
IVI
Adhatoda vasica
9.30
11.86
0.32
21.49
Agave Americana
6.97
5.08
2.41
14.4
Ailanthus excelsa
2.32
1.69
3.02
7.04
Cannabis sativa
6.97
10.17
0.16
17.3
Carissa spinerum
4.65
5.08
0.21
9.95
Celtis australis
2.32
1.69
2.60
6.62
Dalbergia sissoo
2.32
1.69
1.29
5.31
Eucalyptus globulus
9.30
11.8
39.0
60.20
Euphorbia royleana
2.32
1.69
0.85
4.87
Ficus palmata
2.32
1.69
3.00
7.02
Girardinia heterophylla
2.32
3.3
0.20
5.9
Grevia sps
2.32
1.69
2.70
6.72
Lantana camara
2.32
6.78
0.10
9.20
Mangifera indica
2.32
1.69
13.52
17.5
Species
3-114
Relative
Frequency
Relative
Density
Relative
Dominance
IVI
Melia azaderach
6.97
5.08
4.50
16.5
Milingtonia hortensis
2.32
1.69
3.43
7.45
Morua alba
2.32
1.69
3.32
7.34
Musa paradisiaca
2.30
1.69
4.21
8.23
Prinsepia utilis
4.65
3.39
0.15
8.19
Prunus communis
4.65
6.78
6.30
17.7
Prunus persica
4.65
3.39
6.01
14.0
Ricinus communis
4.65
3.39
0.09
8.13
Rumex haustatus
4.65
3.3
0.03
8.07
Solanum surattense
2.32
1.69
0.29
4.31
Tamrindus indica
2.32
1.69
2.14
6.16
Arundo donax
11.11
6.89
64.69
82.699
Chenopodium album
11.11
6.897
1.272
19.28
Cynodon dactylon
22.22
31.04
11.35
64.604
Fragaria indica
11.11
13.79
5.875
30.78
Oxalis corniculata
22.22
24.14
6.666
53.02
Trifolium pratense
11.11
13.79
5.525
30.43
Verbascum thapsus
11.11
3.44
4.627
19.187
Species
Relative
Density
Relative
Dominance
IVI
Adhatoda vasica
10.52
6.25
5.16
21.94
Calatropis gigantea
5.263
3.12
0.05
8.44
Eucalyptus globulus
5.263
12.50
12.83
30.60
Euphorbia royleana
10.52
9.37
2.79
22.69
Ficus palmata
5.263
3.12
7.34
15.73
Melia azaderach
10.52
6.25
12.30
29.08
Musa paradisiaca
5.263
6.25
10.97
22.49
Prunus communis
15.78
21.87
34.03
71.69
Prunus persica
10.52
12.50
14.18
37.21
Rumex hastatus
10.52
9.37
0.15
20.05
Zizyphus nummularia
10.52
9.37
0.1
20.05
Argemone mexicana
11.11
10.00
11.52
32.63
Erigeron bellidioides
22.22
15.00
13.65
50.87
Fragaria indica
22.22
20.00
19.36
61.58
Oxalis corniculata
22.22
20.00
18.20
60.42
Sonchus oleraceus
11.11
15.00
15.92
42.03
Tridex procumbens
11.11
20.00
21.36
52.47
Species
3-115
The Diversity Index for the project-affected area has been calculated. The diversity of the area
is very low. Highest value of diversity index recorded is 1.28 for Powerhouse and approach road
area. For all other sites, the diversity index is below. This indicates that the area is not rich in floral
wealth and represents poor diversity. The diversity index of the project-affected area is given in the
Table 3.92 below.
Table 3.92 - Diversity Index of Projects Directly Affected Area
S.N
SITE
0.27
0.39
0.90
0.58
0.97
0.73
Kazo Adit
0.27
0.27
0.48
0.79
0.51
0.66
Kuni Adit
0.28
0.29
Goshai Adit
0.34
0.29
0.83
0.46
10
0.59
0.16
11
0.78
0.28
12
Power House Area (Approach road, tail race and job facilities)
1.28
0.75
13
0.97
0.76
Tree Felling in the Project: A verification of the trees to be felled fro the project reveled that, of
92.6 % of trees to be felled is Eucalyptus. The Eucalyptus is an exotic species to the natural forests
of the region, and is planted by the Forest Department under degraded forest area development
scheme. Other species reported are commonly distributed throughout the project immediate
influence area and project influence area.
Table 3.93 - List of Trees to be Felled for the Project
Sl.No. Scientific Name
Common Name
Number
Eucalyptus globolus
Safeda
996
Dalbergia sissoo
Shisham
37
Melia azadirach
Dreak
21
Grewia oppositifolia
Biul
Toona ciliata
Tun
Pinus roxburghii
Chir
Morus alba
Mulberry
Acacia leucophloea
Subabul
Salix sp
Willow
10
Ficus palmata
Fedu
Total
1
1075
None of endangered, rare, threatened or endemic tree is loosed due to felling in project-affected
area. Owing to their common distribution and not having significant ecological status loss, of these
3-116
species will not significantly affect existing biodiversity status of the either project influence area,
Satluj Basin in general or Himachal Pradesh in totality. It will also not affect the structure
composition, of existing forest types, forest cover or distribution characteristics of flora. Therefore,
adverse impacts on terrestrial biodiversity due to proposed tree felling is not at all expected.
Relative
Density
Relative
Dominance
IVI
Callistemon citrinus
5.40
5.88
7.20
18.44
Dalbergia sissoo
5.40
3.92
9.43
18.76
Eucalyptus globules
5.40
3.92
13.91
23.24
Ficus religiosa
2.70
1.96
2.91
7.57
Ficus palmata
2.70
1.96
3.09
7.75
Ficus roxburghii
2.70
1.96
4.27
8.93
Grevellia robusta
2.70
3.92
12.32
18.95
Mangifera indica
2.70
1.96
17.07
21.73
Mallotus philippinenisis
2.70
1.96
1.43
6.10
Pinus roxburghii
2.70
3.9
12.32
18.95
Prunus communis
5.40
3.92
1.66
10.99
Robinia pseudoacacia
2.70
1.96
3.86
8.52
Adhatoda vasica
5.40
5.88
1.149
12.43
Artemesia vulgaris
5.40
5.88
0.64
11.93
Calotropis gigantea
2.70
1.96
0.21
4.87
Cannabis sativa
2.70
5.88
0.80
9.38
Colebrookia oppositifolia
2.70
1.96
0.36
5.03
Debregeasia hypoleuca
5.40
3.92
1.68
11.00
Dodonaea viscosa
2.70
5.88
1.20
9.79
Girardinia heterophylla
5.40
5.88
1.20
12.49
Lantana camara
2.70
1.96
0.13
4.79
Moriandra strobilifera
2.70
1.96
0.36
5.03
Plectranthus coesta
2.70
3.92
0.40
7.02
Species
3-117
Relative
Frequency
Relative
Density
Relative
Dominance
Princepia utilis
2.70
1.96
0.26
4.93
Rubus ellipticus
5.40
5.88
1.10
12.39
Rumex hastatus
2.70
5.88
0.30
8.88
Woodfordia fruticosa
2.70
1.96
0.50
5.16
Zizyphus nummularia
2.70
1.96
0.10
4.76
Achyranthes aspera
4.54
6.03
15.57
Chenopodium album
4.54
4.05
13.5
Chromolaena odorata
4.54
2.5
1.86
8.90
Erigeron bellidioides
9.09
7.5
5.44
22.03
Fragaria indica
9.09
7.5
7.52
24.11
Heliotropium strigosum
9.09
12.5
10.23
31.82
Oxalis corniculata
9.09
10
7.99
27.08
Sonchus oleraceus
9.09
7.5
5.53
22.12
Tridex procumbens
4.54
2.72
12.27
Species
IVI
Verbascum thapsus
4.54
4.13
13.67
Jasminium officinalis
13.63
12.5
8.06
34.20
Cynodon dactylon
4.54
2.5
2.49
9.54
Saccharum spontaneum
4.54
7.5
9.10
21.15
Parthenium hysterophorus
9.09
10
24.77
43.86
Relative
Density
Relative
Dominance
IVI
Acacia leucophloea
3.33
2.27
4.70
10.3
Albizzia lebbek
3.33
2.27
5.30
10.9
Callistemon citrinus
3.33
4.54
5.53
13.4
Cupressus torulosa
3.33
4.54
5.99
13.8
Dalbergia sissoo
3.33
2.27
4.61
10.2
Eucalyptus globulus
3.33
2.27
6.91
12.5
Ficus palmate
3.33
2.27
3.53
9.14
Ficus roxburghii
3.33
2.273
4.88
10.4
Grevellia robusta
3.33
2.273
5.38
10.9
Melia azaderach
3.33
4.545
8.45
16.3
Morus sps
3.33
2.273
5.76
11.3
Pinus roxburghii
6.66
6.818
18.6
32.1
Populus ciliata
3.33
2.273
5.38
10.9
Prunus communis
3.33
4.545
2.30
10.1
Robinia pseudoacacia
3.33
2.273
4.41
10.0
Adhatoda vasica
3.33
4.545
0.87
8.75
Agave Americana
3.33
2.273
0.34
5.95
Artemesia vulgaris
3.33
4.545
0.49
8.37
Cannabis sativa
6.66
9.091
1.22
16.9
Colebrookia oppositifolia
3.33
4.545
0.92
8.80
Debregeasia hypoleuca
3.33
2.273
0.69
2.96
Dodonaea viscosa
3.33
2.273
0.49
6.10
Species
3-118
Relative
Frequency
Relative
Density
Relative
Dominance
IVI
Euphorbia royleana
3.33
Girardinia heterophylla
3.33
4.545
0.99
8.87
2.273
0.384
5.99
Lantana camara
Plectranthus coesta
3.33
2.273
0.230
5.83
3.33
4.545
0.307
8.18
Princepia utilis
3.33
2.273
0.307
5.91
Rumex hastatus
3.33
4.545
0.3075
8.18
Woodfordia fruticosa
3.33
2.273
0.538
6.14
Achyranthes aspera
3.84
2.632
3.89
10.37
Argemone mexicana
3.84
2.632
5.72
12.21
Chenopodium album
3.84
5.263
4.83
13.94
Echinops echinatus
3.84
2.632
0.01
6.478
Erigeron bellidioides
3.84
2.632
2.16
8.643
Fragaria indica
7.69
10.53
11.91
30.13
Heliotropium strigosum
7.69
7.895
7.31
22.91
Oxalis corniculata
7.69
10.53
9.53
27.75
Sonchus oleraceus
7.69
13.16
10.99
31.85
Tridex procumbens
11.5
7.895
4.87
24.31
Trifolium pratense
7.69
5.263
4.81
17.77
Verbascum thapsus
3.84
2.632
2.17
8.654
Jasminium officinalis
3.84
2.632
2.06
8.54
Cynodon dactylon
3.84
5.263
5.26
14.38
Saccharum spontaneum
11.5
10.53
13.74
35.81
Parthenium hysterophorus
7.69
7.895
10.65
26.24
Species
Relative
Density
Relative
Dominance
IVI
Ficus elastica
5.26
3.704
7.648
16.61
Mangifera indica
5.26
3.704
29.08
38.05
Melia azaderach
5.26
3.704
6.373
15.34
Mallotus philippinenisis
5.26
7.407
5.307
17.98
Morus serrata
5.26
3.704
8.633
17.6
Prunus amygradus
5.26
11.11
10.08
26.46
Prunus communis
5.26
7.407
3.476
16.15
Prunus persica
5.26
7.407
5.214
17.88
Syzygium cumini
5.26
3.704
5.62
14.59
Tamarindus indica
5.26
3.704
5.041
14.01
Adhatoda vasica
5.26
7.407
1.321
13.99
Artemesia vulgaris
5.26
7.407
0.746
13.42
Colebrookia oppositifolia
5.26
3.704
0.695
9.662
Debregeasia hypoleuca
5.26
3.704
1.043
10.01
Dodonaea viscosa
5.26
3.704
0.753
9.72
Girardinia heterophylla
5.26
3.704
0.579
9.546
Lantana camara
5.26
7.407
0.695
13.37
Musa paradisiacal
5.26
3.704
7.068
16.04
Species
3-119
Relative
Frequency
Relative
Density
Relative
Dominance
IVI
5.26
3.704
0.637
9.604
Achyranthes aspera
8.33
3.704
6.159
18.2
Erigeron bellidioides
8.33
3.704
3.424
15.46
Fragaria indica
16.7
18.52
23.55
58.74
Heliotropium strigosum
8.33
14.81
15.43
38.58
Ocimum basilicum
8.33
7.407
7.609
23.35
Oxalis corniculata
8.33
11.11
11.3
30.75
Tridex procumbens
16.7
25.93
18.01
60.6
Trifolium pratense
8.33
7.407
7.609
23.35
Verbascum thapsus
16.7
7.407
6.884
30.96
Species
Zizyphus nummularia
Herbs & Grasses
Table 3.97 - Assessment of Importance Value Index for Flora near Pashada Forest Area
Relative
Frequency
Relative
Density
Relative
Dominance
IVI
Adhatoda vasica
4.166
5.71
0.95
10.83
Artemesia vulgaris
4.166
5.71
0.55
10.43
Berberies aristata
4.166
2.85
0.35
7.382
Bombax ceiba
4.16
2.85
6.73
13.75
Carissa spinarum
8.333
5.71
0.55
14.60
Celtis australis
4.16
2.85
5.13
12.16
Species
Dalbergia sissoo
4.16
2.85
5.57
12.60
Desmodium tiliaefolium
4.166
2.85
0.27
7.30
Eucalyptus globulus
8.33
5.71
10.04
24.08
Euphorbia royleana
4.166
2.85
0.35
7.38
Grewia oppositifolia
4.166
2.85
5.89
12.92
Lantana camara
4.166
5.71
0.51
10.3
Mallotus philippinenisis
8.333
8.57
6.45
23.35
Moriandra strobilifera
4.16
2.85
0.36
7.39
Pinus roxburghii
12.5
22.8
53.5
88.90
Plectranthus coesta
4.166
5.71
0.70
10.58
Princepia utilis
4.166
2.85
0.55
7.581
Rumex hastatus
4.16
5.71
0.8
10.75
Solanum surattense
4.16
2.8571
0.51
7.54
Achyranthes aspera
7.69
4.34
2.4
14.49
Arundo donax
7.69
4.34
4.28
16.32
Chenopodium album
7.69
8.69
7.35
23.7
Cynodon dactylon
7.69
8.69
9.55
25.94
Echinops echinatus
15.3
13.0
8.82
37.25
Fragaria indica
7.69
13.0
11.3
32.13
Heliotropium strigosum
15.38
13.0
11.7
40.1
Parthenium hysterophorus
15.38
21.739
31.86
68.98
Pteris sps
7.69
4.34
2.4
14.49
Saccharum spontaneum
7.69
8.69
10.04
26.43
3-120
3.8
3.8.1
3-121
Mitigation
The project authority will be required to prepare several plans, including an Erosion and Sediment
control Plan, and Water Quality Monitoring Plan, incorporating the following key points:
Water management plans will comprise of the development of drainage works, sediment
traps, diversions, culverts and other structures designed to treat water to an acceptable
quality before discharge into the natural water courses. All structures will be in place prior
to beginning the construction of the facilities.
All runoff from the construction areas, including from concrete batch plants, will be
directed to sediment settling areas. Erosion control facilities will be installed throughout
the construction areas and will include silt traps, fences and sedimentation basins where
appropriate, depending upon the size of the catchment. The sediment settling basin will
have adequate storage capacity and will be regularly inspected, with accumulated
sediments removed throughout the construction period.
Catch drains, diversion drains, table drains, windrows and associated drop down will
direct site run off to established watercourses. These will be inspected regularly for any
damage caused by sourcing, sediment deposition, channel obstruction and loss of
vegetation cover, and all erosion control measures will be maintained.
Soil and spoil removed from the construction areas will be stockpiled separately and
stabilized with grasses or other vegetations
Treatment facilities to remove oil and grease from the water before discharge to the river
will be installed. This will be of particular importance for the runoff from the Vehicle
maintenance areas. Monitoring of oil and grease skimmers will be made throughout the
construction period.
Waste water treatment plants will be installed to treat all waste water generated from the
labour camps and other facilities associated with the construction of the project
Any use of Synthetic chemicals will have to be done in accordance with the RHEP
Chemical waste/Spillage Management Plan.
3-122
3.8.2
SO2
NOx
SPM
RPM
Industrial Area
(g/m3)
Residential Area
(g/m3)
Sensitive Area
(g/m3)
Annual Average *
80
60
15
24 hours **
120
80
30
Annual *
80
60
15
24 hours **
120
80
30
Annual *
360
140
70
24 hours **
500
200
100
Annual *
120
60
50
24 hours **
150
100
75
* Annual Arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year taken twice a week 24 hourly at uniform interval.
** 24 hourly/8hourly values should be met 98th percentile of the time in a year. However, 2% of the time, it may exceed
but not on two consecutive days.
NOTE 1: National Ambient Air Quality Standards: the levels of air quality with an adequate margin of safety, to protect the
public health, vegetation and property.
NOTE 2: Whenever and wherever two consecutive values exceeds the limit specified above for the respective category, it
would be considered adequate reason to institute regular/continuous monitoring and further investigation.
Source: S.O. 384 (E), Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 dated April 11, 1994
and [EPA Notification: GSR 176 (E), April 2, 1996]
NOx
SO2
RPM
SPM
Rampur
7.2
6.1
39
92
8.2
6.9
40
102
9.4
6.8
44
105
7.2
BDL
38
97
6.7
BDL
38
96
9.4
7.1
36
92
8.0
BDL
38
99
7.1
6.4
40
104
3-123
Station
Village Bael
NOx
SO2
RPM
SPM
8.2
6.2
36
87
8.2
BDL
38
95
8.6
BDL
40
101
7.8
6.7
40
103
8.2
6.7
38
97
8.1
6.9
40
104
7.9
BDL
40
101
7.8
BDL
38
94
The maximum, minimum and the average values for different air quality paramters have been
calculated and presented below for easy reference.
Table 3.100 - Maximum, Minimum, Average Values of NOx, SO2, SPM, RPM in Ambient
Air
Post-Monsoon Season (Unit: gm3)
Station
Average
Maximum
Minimum
Nitrogen Oxides
Rampur
7.9
9.4
6.7
Village Bael
8.1
8.6
7.8
Rampur
4.1
7.1
BDL
Village Bael
3.3
6.9
BDL
Sulphurdioxide
98.3
105
92
Village Bael
97.75
104
87
39.1
44
36
Village Bael
38.75
40
36
3-124
Control Board ranges from 1.84 to 9.42g/m3. The SO2 level observed at various stations was much
lower than the permissible limit of 80 g/m3 specified for residential and rural areas.
Observations on Ambient SPM levels
The maximum SPM level of 105g/m3 was observed at Rampur. At all the ambient air quality
monitoring stations, the SPM level was much below the permissible limit of 200g/m3, specified for
residential and rural areas.
Observations on Ambient RPM levels
The average RPM levels as observed at the two stations in the study area ranged from 38.75 to
39.1g/m3 in post monsoon season. The highest RPM level observed was 44 g/m3. All the values
of RPM monitored during the field survey were well within the permissible limit of 100 g/m3
specified for residential and rural areas.
Source and Types of Impacts
Vehicles and stationary equipment will impact air quality at the construction site through emissions
from the engines. Additionally quarry site activities including operation of crushers, concrete batch
plants, construction work and movement of vehicles along unpaved road will generate dust &
gaseous emission and impact air quality. The burning of waste will also affect air quality. In
absence of proper fuel, construction workers at the project site may use wood for fuel burning.
This will impact air quality.
Mitigation
Maintenance of vehicles and stationary equipment in good working order will reduce negative
impacts on air quality. Spraying water on roadways and other activity areas where there is
potential for dust emission will control dust. The burning of waste will be done in designated areas
away from settlement. Burning of wood for fuel purposes by the construction workers and any
other material, which produces toxic gases, will not be allowed. The construction contractor will
prepare an Emission and dust control plan.
3.8.3
3-125
Bael
8 -9 AM
Time
34
32
32
9-10 AM
38
39
34
10-11 AM
36
38
32
11 AM - 12 Noon
34
38
34
1 2 PM
35
38
34
2 3 PM
34
37
34
3 4 PM
38
36
34
4 5 PM
37
30
35
5 6 PM
38
31
35
6 7 PM
34
38
33
7 8 PM
33
38
33
8 9 PM
32
38
32
Category of Area
Night time
Industrial Area
75
70
Commercial Area
65
55
Residential Area
55
45
Silence Zone
50
40
NOTE 1:
NOTE 2: Silence zone is defined as areas upto 100 metres around such premises as hospitals, educational
institutions and courts. The silence zones are to be declared by competent authority. Use of vehicular horns,
loadspeakers and bursting of crackers shall be banned in these zones.
Source: Environment (Protection) Third Amendment Rules, 2000 Gazettee notification, Government of India, date 14.2.2000.
3-126
Earth moving
Equipment
Materials handling
Compactors
70-72
Concrete mixers
75-85
Front loaders
72-82
Movable cranes
82-84
Backhoes
72-92
Tractors
76-90
Stationary
Scrappers, graders
82-90
Pumps
68-70
Pavers
86-88
Generators
85-90
Truck
84-90
Compressors
75-85
Vibrators
69-81
Others
Saws
74-81
Ambient noise
levels dB(A)
Increase in noise
level due to
construction
activities dB(A)
dB(A)
dB(A)
100
40
76
76
36
200
40
70
70
30
500
40
62
62
22
1000
40
56
56
16
1500
40
52
52
12
2000
40
50
50
10
2500
40
48
49
3000
40
46
47
Thickness of construction
material (inches)
38
39
Light concrete
Dense concrete
40
Concrete block
32
36
Brick
33
Granite
40
Thus, the walls of various houses will attenuate at least 30dB(A) of noise. In addition there is
attenuation due to the following factors:
Air absorption
Rain
Atmospheric inhomogeneties.
Vegetation cover
3-127
10
40
72
72
32
20
40
67
67
27
50
40
61
61
21
100
40
57
57
17
200
40
52
52
12
500
40
46
47
1000
40
42
44
As mentioned earlier, there will be significant attenuation due to various factors, e.g. absorption by
construction material, air absorption, atmospheric inhomogeneties, and vegetation cover. Thus, no
significant impact on this account is anticipated.
Noise Generated due to Drilling: The noise levels monitored at a 10m distance from the source
and operators cabin is given in Table 3.107.
Table 3.107 - Noise Generated due to Drilling
Equipment
70-72
72-74
78-80
82-84
The noise levels during various construction activities have been compared to various standards
prescribed by Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), which are being implemented
in our country through rules framed under Factories Act. It can be observed that for an 8 hour
duration, equivalent noise level exposure should be less than 90dB(A).
The Director General of Mines Safety in its Circular number DG(Tech)/18 of 1975, has prescribed
the noise level in mining operations for workers in 8 hour shift period with unprotected ear as
90dB(A) or less. Similar norms can be considered for construction phase of the proposed project as
well. The workers who are expected to be exposed to noise levels greater than 90dB(A), should
work in these areas upto 6 to 8 hours. In addition, they also need to be provided with ear plugs.
Thus, increased noise levels due to drilling are not expected to adversely affect the workers
operating the drill or involved in other mining activities closely.
Noise Generated due to Blasting: Noise generated by blasting is instantaneous in nature. Noise
generated due to blasting is site specific and depends on type, quantity of explosives, dimension of
drill hole, degree of compaction of explosives in the hole and rock. Noise levels generated due to
blasting have been monitored at various sites and the results have been summarized in Table
3.108.
3-128
Distance (m)
15
1500
100
250
76-85
17
1700
100
250
76-86
18
1800
100
250
74-85
19
1900
100
400
70-75
20
2000
100
100
76-80
It can be observed from Table 3.108 that noise level due to blasting operations are expected to be
of the order of 75-86 dB(A). Since, the nearest settlement is atleast 1 km away, the incremental
noise due to blasting is expected to be 50-60dB(A). As the blasting is likely to last for 4 to 5
seconds depending on the charge, noise levels over this time would be instantaneous and short in
duration. Considering attenuation due to various sources, even the instantaneous increase in noise
level is not expected to be more than 60dB(A). Hence, noise level due to blasting is not expected to
cause any significant adverse impact.
Impacts due to Ground Vibrations: The explosive energy generated during blasting sets up a
seismic wave within the surface, which may affect the structures and cause discomfort to human
population. When an explosive charge is fired in a hole, stress waves traverse in various directions,
causing the rock particles to oscillate. Blasting also generates ground vibrations and instantaneous
noise. Various measures have been recommended to minimize the adverse impacts due to blasting:
Use of noiseless trunk delays to minimize the noise due to air blast.
Noise in and around the construction site will likely affect the wildlife and potentially residents in
the nearby areas. Wildlife in the area will likely move away from the noise and eventually return to
the area when construction is complete. However, there is no major wildlife observed in and
around the construction site and hence this may not be a significant issue.
Impacts on Labour: The effect of high noise levels on the operating personnel has to be
considered as this may be particularly harmful. It is known that continuous exposures to high noise
levels above 90dB(A) affects the hearing acuity of the workers/operators and hence, should be
avoided. To prevent these effects, it has been recommended by Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA) that the exposure period of affected persons be limited as in Table 3.109.
Table 3.109 - Maximum Exposure Periods Specified by OSHA
Maximum equivalent continuous noise level
dB(A)
90
95
100
110
120
3-129
Mitigation
Maintenance of the vehicles and construction machinery in good working order and installation of
noise mufflers on all engines will reduce the noise nuisance.
Exposure period of noise affected operation personnel will be limited. This will reduce any adverse
impact on their health
To reduce the impact of noise on wildlife, explosives will be used during the daylight hours when
wildlife is less active than during night time.
The construction contractor will prepare a Noise Control Plan to manage noise pollution.
3.8.4
Quarries
Cement, coarse and fine aggregate, sand will be required for various project uses, such as road
base for the new roads, as well as for works involving concrete constructions. The project requires
about 2.72-lac m3 coarse aggregates and 1.38 lac m3 fine aggregate. The excavated material of the
Headrace tunnel (between Kajo and Kunni khads) will be used as coarse aggregates meeting
partial requirement of the project. The remaining requirements of coarse and fine aggregates will
be met from the already existing (same quarry was used during Nathpa Jhakri Project)Koel Quarry,
located near Bael on right bank of river Satluj near Kurpan Khad on NH-22 about 2 km from the
power house site. Sufficient quantity of deposits is available. The barren government land available
in the vicinity of Koel quarry area will accommodate crushing plant and other accessories required
for quarrying purpose.
Types of impacts
Opening of the quarries will cause visual impacts because they remove a significant part of the
hills. Other impacts will be the noise generated during aggregate acquisition through explosive and
crushing, which could affect wildlife in the area, dust produced during the crushing operation to get
the aggregates to the appropriate size and transport of the aggregates, and transport of materials
to the nearby rivers.
Mitigation
Standard mitigation measures against erosion and sedimentation, noise and air pollution will be
taken, in particular for the use of explosive. At the end of the exploitation, quarries will be
rehabilitated. This will include re-establishment of vegetation, restoration of natural watercourses,
avoidance of flooding of the excavated areas, achievement of stable slopes, and avoidance of
features, which would otherwise constitute a risk to health and safety or a source of environmental
pollution.
3.8.5
3-130
These sites have been identified at right bank of the river, close to four edits of proposed tunnel so
as to minimise the risks involved in terms of affecting human settlements due to blow of dust and
frequent movement of heavy vehicles. The sites need attention in terms of surface preparation and
fencing of boundaries to avoid environmental risks i.e. land sliding, sedimentation of river, air
pollution, etc. An area of 18.3593 ha has been earmarked for disposal of muck. The details are
given as below.
Table 3.110 Requirement of Muck Disposal Area
Sl. no.
Land
Area
1.
2.
Government land
Total
3.8446 ha
14.5147 ha
18.3593 ha
S.N.
Dumping Area
Description of Area
Dumping area - I
1.05
Dumping area II
0.06
0.38
Dumping area- IV
Averi
1.32
These sites are located on the right bank of Satluj river, close to four edits of Head Race Tunnel
(HRT). The locations are favourable in minimising the risks to human settlements due to blow of
dust and frequent movement of heavy vehicles.
Mitigation Measures
The sites of muck disposal will be provided with surface preparation and fencing of boundaries to
avoid risks such as land sliding, sedimentation of river, dust pollution. A retaining wall will be
constructed at site before to prevent accidental dumping of spoil in the river. Rehabilitation of the
site will be undertaken for used disposal sites. This will include re-establishment of vegetation,
restoration of natural water courses, achievement of stable slopes, and avoidance of features which
would otherwise constitute a risk to health and safety or a source of environmental pollution.
A suitable plan for muck dumping schedule will be prepared by the construction contractor before
the start of construction work so as to control muck disposal activity in environment friendly
manner. Figure 3.37 shows pictures of identified dump sites.
3-131
3-132
3.8.6
Work Camps, Work Areas & Labour Force Impacts & Mitigation
Suitable zones will be identified for potential construction camp development to accommodate a
maximum construction worker population of approximately 4000 workers. It is expected that small
businesses and their families will move to the proximity of the work camps and are expected to be
higher in number than that of workers formally employed by the project.
Impacts
Potential impacts from the workforce and of the spontaneous development, at the work camps in
all construction areas, will be in terms of additional pressure on land and natural resources
including hunting near the camps and, directly and indirectly on project influence area. It is
expected that the spontaneous development will generate solid and liquid wastes. Additionally, the
spontaneous development near the construction camps could create public health risks, included an
increase in the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases.
Without treatment of wastewater from the work camps and the adjacent communities could cause
water quality problems in the adjacent water bodies, and could affect local populations, the labour
force, new communities, and fish populations. Inappropriate solid waste disposal could lead to the
contamination of the soil and rivers, and the spread of communicable diseases.
Mitigation
The environmental management of construction work camps and spontaneous settlement areas will
be specified in the Environmental Management Plan for Construction Work Camps and
Spontaneous Settlement Areas . It will be made part of the contractual arrangement with
contractors. Hunting will be completely prohibited in the area by the rule of law. Project Staff
Health Programme will be established to educate and provide health services to the workforce
relative to the prevention and control of diseases vectors, communicable and sexually transmitted
diseases. Licenses to operate small businesses will be made conditional upon appropriate disposal
of wastewater, waste and good sanitary conditions. The same environmental provisions that apply
to other construction areas will also apply to the construction work camps.
3.8.7
3-133
Mitigation
Standard construction impacts will be mitigated as required by the various environmental
management plans to be prepared by the SJVNL (air quality, water quality, noise, spoil disposal).
3.8.8
Construction of the Power House and Tailrace Channel - Impacts & Mitigation
Construction of the Power House and the Tailrace Channel will have similar impacts to those
identified for the Headrace Tunnel. The main potential sources of impacts include
Disturbance of land
Impacts
During construction of the power station, a certain amount of land will be disturbed. The power
Station switchyard and substation construction will require the clearing of forest. Disposal of the
spoil materials will be required The major potential impact of the cleared areas in the construction
and spoil disposal areas includes the potential for erosion and the runoff of cement, oils, and
grease, particularly during the wet seasons. The potential impacts of additional sediment and the
discharge of cement, oils and grease to the streams include damage to fish populations and
pollution of water sources for residents living downstream from the construction areas.
Mitigation
Mitigation measures for prevention of contamination of the local water courses will be similar to
those described in earlier sections and will be enumerated in detail in Environmental management
Plan to be prepared by the construction contractor.
3.8.9
3-134
Environmental impacts include both direct impacts at the road construction sites and in the
immediate surroundings, and indirect impacts in the adjoining area, such as induced economic,
social or environmental effects, whether planned or spontaneous, which are the results of
increased accessibility and lower transportation costs.
Vegetation clearance, erosion and sedimentation, dust and impacts related to construction workers
will have similar impacts as mentioned in earlier sections. Additionally, disturbance to crops will
occur in areas near the roads. Traffic on the roads during construction and during operation might
cause accidents with livestock moving on the roads.
Mitigation measures are similar to the mitigation measures described above, and for impacts on
crops, the mitigation measures are discussed in the sections below. For details, refer EMP (Chapter
4).
Indirect and Cumulative Impacts on Natural Resources
The improved year round access to the whole project area from new and upgraded roads will
enable people to settle in the area.Use of the improved access will enable movement from one area
to another. This translates into the development of roadside villages, and a potential increased
pressure on the natural resources in the vicinity of the roads. The increased pressure will include
uncontrolled logging, hunting, and fishing, wildlife and non-timber forest product collection,
livestock husbandry, the shifting cultivation in forest areas and forest fires. These impacts are
expected during the economic development of the Satluj basin, and are expected to be managed
by the basin level catchment area treatment plan, and the proposed Environmental Master Plan for
the state.
Interference with Movements of Wildlife
Road construction, human presence and traffic will interfere with the natural movement of wild life.
However, RHEP area does not have significant wildlife movement.
Mitigation
Mitigation measures for road construction and upgrading are summarized in the EMP.
3.8.10
The route will not involve any human habitation and public utility services; The route will
not affect any monument of cultural or historical importance;
The proposed route will not threaten the survival of any community, especially tribal
communities; The route will not pass through any sanctuaries, National park, or similar
ecologically fragile areas, etc.
A comprehensive transmission route planning will be done based on the survey of the project area
so as to meet the above-mentioned protocol.
3-135
3.9
3.9.1
Female Population
Road accident
12.75
Diarrhoeal diseases
13.25
Diarrhoeal diseases
10.77
11.32
9.34
Road accident
9.67
9.09
9.23
Tuberculosis
6.54
Tuberculosis
8.32
5.85
7.87
5.78
7.44
5.48
6.23
4.12
4.82
3.32
3.55
Female Population
26.09
20.13
14.19
17.15
12.24
Diarrhoeal diseases
13.04
Dental caries
7.08
12.68
Diarrhoeal diseases
6.15
11.64
Asthma
5.92
Dental caries
7.31
5.23
Asthma
5.87
4.80
Tuberculosis
5.61
3.24
Road accident
5.38
Otitis media
2.28
4.78
3-136
The common leading causes of disability (YLD) in both sexes of Himachal Pradesh are obstructive
pulmonary disease, iron deficiency anemia, diarrhoeal disease, and other unintentional injuries as
shown in Table 3.113.
The information on prevalent disease for the area has been collected from Khaneri Government
Hospital, Rampur and is in Table 3.114 below:
Table 3.114 - Disease Profile in the Influence Area of the Project, 2005
Name of Disease
Jan
Feb
March
April
May
June
July
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov.
G.Entritirs
12
15
15
21
Diarrhoea
Dec
42
31
44
27
10
14
10
10
Dysentry
Pneumia
10
11
Br. Pneumia
14
10
11
na
na
Br. Asthma
11
na
na
na
na
COPD*
36
31
48
38
29
11
16
25
31
29
29
12
PGO
15
12
15
13
13
AOD**
27
The construction activities that are taking place because of the hydropower project in the area will
involve the engagement of a work force in the area, thus changing the population density and
increasing the floating population during construction activities. This may result in a change in the
existing health scenario due to increased pressure on existing infrastructure i.e. water supply
sources, sanitation, etc. The additional domestic sewage generated may cause increased
contamination of river water.
Lesser flow in the river due to diversion of flow may affect the dispersion and dilution time of
domestic effluent coming from major settlements, such as Rampur town, along the river, hence,
measures to maintain the levels as stated in the HPPB Standards are required. Further, due to
lesser river flow, algal growth may occur along the river stretch in the study area, which on decay
creates foul taste and odour thus making the river water unfit for use.
The diversion of water into the tunnel at Jhakri will cause a change in the velocity in river water
flow and due to this, mosquitoes may establish during lean seasons. Thus, pre and post
measurements should be identified to avoid such a situation.
Mitigation
At present, the river is not a source of drinking water for the habitants as ample natural water
sources i.e. natural springs (chashme), perennial/seasonal streams are present in the region.
However, looking at the present scenario of hydroelectric power project development on river
Satluj and indirect impacts coming on natural water sources due to extensive blasting process, in
long term (how long), natural sources may get dried up. In this case, river will be the alternative
source of water thus river ecology and flow conditions cannot be compromised. Minimum desired
quality standards for the river as specified by the Himachal State Pollution Control Board should be
maintained.
Following actions could be initiated for community health outreach programs to emphasize longterm improvements in regions health status:
3-137
Place high priority on health education for local project workers and community residents.
Project requires that significant numbers of project employees be separated from their
families for long periods of time (e.g. a month or more at a time).
Increases mobility of people in and out of the area (job seekers, formal and informal
service providers).
Condoms provision.
Training of health personnel, social marketing of condoms, technical and material support
to STD clinics, etc.
Workers periodically brought out of the field with pay to receive health and safety
training.
Voluntary counseling and testing for education, free condoms and screening for sexually
transmitted diseases.
Adjust labour recruitment policies to (i) support better distribution across gender groups,
(ii) promote use of local labour.
Improve labour housing to accommodate families and enhance integration into the local
community.
Recreation provision.
Remittance provision.
3-138
Labour transport.
There needs to be meaningful consultation with local communities so that management measures
are culturally appropriate locally, and will have community support. The HIV/AIDS/STD
management plans should be compatible with and integrated with local, and state initiatives, and
be implemented in consultation with State AIDS Control Society.
3.9.2
1600
1400
1200
1000
600
400
200
Nathpa-Jhakri
Jhakri- Bael
0
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
Distance (m)
Based on the above profile, it is inferred that between Nathpa to Jhakhri stretch, no habitation
would be vulnerable as the habitation is at much above elevations along the hill slopes. However,
in the downstream reach of Jhakhri to Bael, the major habitation like Rampur, Nogli and Duttnagar
are most vulnerable to flooding. An emergency action will be prepared for protecting the
downstream vulnerable areas. The Emergency Preparedness Plan will include warning and
notification procedures to be followed during the monsoon season in case of possibility of flood.
The objective is to provide timely warning to nearby residents and alert key personnel responsible
for taking action in case of emergency.
3.9.3
3-139
natural springs or khads flowing in vicinity. Hence, the hydropower development in the area, which
is causing diversion of flow from river for power generation, will not directly put an impact on
availability of water for consumption purpose for village population.
However, drying of natural springs (at its original location) has been reported in the past by the
villagers due to construction and blasting activities. It has been reported that more than 30
chashme have dried up in Yangpa village due to the construction works for Sanjay Vidyut
Pariyojna. Also, it was found out during primary surveys conducted for the study that more than 812 chashme have dried up in Nathpa-Jhakri areas due to NJHEP project. Considering a post project
measure, SJVNL has conducted a monitoring campaign for examining the flow of springs. It was
established that blasting/digging activities can cause building up of excessive water pressure at
particular location, which may lead to shift in the position of a spring or reduction in the flow rate
of spring, but complete drying of springs is not likely.
Due to construction of NJHEP, the IPH water supply schemes were badly affected in following
villages.
Table 3.115 - IPH Department Water Supply Schemes Affected due to Nathpa-Jhakri Project
S. No.
Name of Scheme
1.
2.
3.
4.
Name of Habitation
Majhewali
490
Koshgar
130
Kartot
437
Chandpur
138
Gaso
622
Shah
326
Rattanpur
151
Rattanpur II
50
Basara
329
Sanarsa
Halti
5.
Total
WSS Jhakri
Present Population
282
229
Jhakri
4980
12 habitation
8164
Presently, restoration of these schemes is going on and SJVNL is providing financial support to IPH
department for restoration of these schemes. SJVNL has kept a budget provision of 5 crore for
renewal of water provision in areas where the water resources have been dried up. Immediate
measure under the scheme will be lifting of water directly from river Satluj to the affected villages
to maintain the minimum water supply to the affected areas.
Under the proposed Rampur Hydroelectric project, SJVNL is taking pre-project measurement of
flow and started monitoring the flow of existing natural springs in the influence area. All water
supply sources have also been video documented. SJVNL will compensate any affect on these
water supply sources and schemes.
3.9.4
3-140
No. of Trees
Apple
6135
Plum
265
Khurmani
86
Almond
Walnut
16
Nashpati
110
Galgal
Lemon
15
Total
6644
EIA updation Study for 1500 MW NJHEP, Kinnaur, Himachal Pradesh, 2004
Year
1980-1981
118.01
1992-1993
279.05
1981-1982
306.79
1993-1994
294.73
1982-1983
139.08
1994-1995
122.78
1983-1984
257.91
1995-1996
276.68
1984-1985
170.62
1996-1997
288.54
1985-1986
174.61
1997-1998
234.25
1986-1987
359.32
1998-1999
393.65
1987-1988
259.27
1999-2000
491.3
1988-1989
165.15
2000-2001
376.73
1989-1990
394.86
2001-2002
180.53
1990-1991
342.07
2002-2003
348.26
1991-1992
301.73
2003-2004
459.49
This kind of reduction in apple production was attributed to dust pollution caused by various
hydropower project-related activities in Satluj Basin. Projects of these kind include activities like
blasting for various construction purposes like excavation of underground tunnels for channelising
the waters of river, open blasting for mining operations and other works of the project. A
committee was formed by Horticultural Department, HP to inspect the case. The following areas
were surveyed by the experts 1, to inspect the level of air pollution and to study whether the
particulate air pollutants emitted from blasting operations were causing any adverse effects on the
production of apple and other fruit crop:
Project sites at: Nathpa; Jhakri; Pashada quarry; Mini hydroelectric project at Kafnu/
Katgaon; Piwa crusher plant at Tapri.
Orchards near project/ quarry sites at: Pachchada and Dhar Gaura; Ponda and adjoining
areas; Katgaon/Kafnu; Kacksthal; and Tapri.
Sh TCP negi, Joint Director, Horticulture, Dr. SA Ananda, Professor of Pomology and Dr. PS Chauhan, Horticulturist
3-141
Although atmospheric pollutants adversely affect the plants in various ways, such as causing
closure of leaf stomata, growth retardation, injury to leaves, plasmolysis, other physiological effects
like reduced photosynthesis etc, in this particular case, the findings of experts are given below:
No evidence of dust pollution were recorded being responsible for the low and declining
yield of apple in Shimla and Kinnaur areas falling within the boundaries of SJVNL projects.
Though dust deposition on flowers may reduce the period of stigma receptivity or may
hinder pollen dehiscence and pollination, or may affect pollen germination but for all
these effects to show up, the dust pollution must be very high so as to form a sufficient
thick layer of dust particles on the flower parts. But it was found that the level of dust on
the plants in the adjoining area of Jhakri, Pashada and Dhar Gaura villages were not high
enough to cause such adverse effects on flowers of fruit plants, including apple.
No such dust deposition was noticed at orchards/ sites at Ponda, Nichar area, Katgaon,
Kafnu and Kacksthal. The SPM at a site near Jhakri at a distance 250 m from Pashada
quarry as recorded during the time of inspection was around 350 g/ m3, which was
much lower than the threshold admissible limit of 500 g/ m3 for industrial areas.
At the Pashada Quarry, although open blasting was being carried out, the levels of dust
pollution caused by blasting appeared to be low because these operations were carried
out entirely on solid stone rocks. Also, most of the components of NJHE project work
were carried underground; hence underground blasting could not cause such serious
pollution problems. Similarly, no pollution could have been caused by dumping of
excavated sites as these sites were away from fruit plantation.
Similarly in villages of Jhakri, which is located just near Pashada quarry and Snarsa and
Shah, which are located on Kacha approach road to surge shaft and in the villages of
Ropru, Pashada, Dhar Gaura, Dobi and Gopalpur, it was found that the although the fruit
set for stone fruits like apricot, plum and almond was good, the fruit set in apple in Shah,
Pashada and Dhar Gaura areas was average. It was concluded that had dust pollution
been responsible for poor fruit set in apple, it should have played a similar adverse role in
fruit set in stone.
It was observed that the extent of fruit set in apple in above-mentioned areas was low, but it is
due to some other factors. The main causes might be:
Continuous rains and low temperature during the time of flowering (March April) results
in poor bee activity, inadequate cross pollination and poor fruit set. An attempt was made
to correlate the rainfall with fruit production. Table 5.4 shows drastic reduction in the
production of apple in the year 2001-2002. The rainfall data (Table 3.118 produced below
again) shows that in this particular year, there was continuous rainfall in the months of
March-April.
Table 3.118 - Rainfall at Rampur: Relationship with Impacts on Orchards
[Unit mm]
Year
Jan.
Feb.
March
April
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Total
1999
78.9
19.9
5.4
31.4
19.6
185
60.9
18.5
5.2
424.8
2000
244.9
337.9
21.3
12.1
616.2
2001
20
40
105
34
103
113.9
60
123.1
60
16
41
716
2002
61.5
142
93
104
13
45
10
152
104
725.5
2003
55
110
60
61
11
41.5
264
132
107
41
886.5
2004
67
69
57
114
93
244.5
24
81
761.5
3-142
However, the areas located at higher elevations, i.e. 2000m above msl had good crop
because in such area flowering took place a little later which escaped the adverse effects
of rain and low temperatures.
Figure 3.39 Relationship between Rainfall and Production of Apples
600
400
200
0
19992000
20002001
20012002
20022003
20032004
Year
Rainfall (mm) in the month of March
Rainfall (mm) in the month of April
Apple Production in '000 tonnes
It may be due to lesser number of pollinizer trees in the orchards 2. It was observed that
the fruit was very good in pollinizer trees of Golden Delicious variety and adjoining trees
of Royal Delicious variety, but was poor in trees away from pollinizers trees. Hence, the
reason of lesser extent of apple could be due to the inadequate and improper placement
of trees of pollinising varieties in orchards.
3.9.5
Employment Benefits
A large number of hydro projects are planned in the entire Satluj basin. The development of these
over the time would generate many employment opportunities in the basin directly as well as
indirectly in the form of various service providers. A tentative estimate of potential employment
opportunities have been worked out on the basis of hydro generation capacity. As per MOU signed
by government of Himachal Pradesh with all hydro developers, 70% is to be engaged from the
state. Hence around 30000 staff is expected to be employed from the state. Rest of the staff
would contribute as migrant population. The migrants will also bring their families along with them
and thus the migrant population will be around 38000. It is also expected that 2% of the migrant
population will start some petty business or business establishments for their daily needs.
Survey report on the effect of Blasting operations on Fruit production in NJ HEP areas, by Dr. SA Ananda, Professor
and Head, Department of Pomology, Dr. PS Chauhan, Senior Horticulturist, RHRS and Dr. KN Ojha, SMS, Deptt of Horticulture,
Simla
3-143
Capacity
(MW)
Supervisor
Skilled
Unskilled
Total
4050
RHEP
412
200
350
1500
2000
NJHEP
1500
215
378
1628
2200
4421
Khab EP
1020
490
860
3700
5000
10050
Karcham
1000
480
842
3626
4802
9750
4.5
37
49
100
Bhawa augmentation
Sorang
100
48
84
362
480
974
Luhri
700
337
591
2545
3371
6844
Kol
800
385
675
2908
3851
7819
5536
2160
3789
16306
21753
44008
TOTAL
In absence of time series data (before and after) for all hydroelectric project sites that are in
operation or proposed, change in employment pattern and employment benefits has been assessed
and quantified only for NJHEP and RHEP influence areas which would be helpful to understand the
kind of scenario which could be foreseen for the region, once all proposed hydro power projects
get started
Shift in Occupation Pattern
There is clear indication of shift of type of economic activities from agriculture to business due to
massive hydropower development projects in the region. The statement has been substantiated
with the help of following:
Table 3.120 Change of Occupation of the Community (%) induced by the NathpaJhakri Project
Occupational Activities
Post Project
Cultivators
51.89
49.39
40.07
Agri-Labour
0.84
1.70
2.13
Daily Wages
1.68
13.59
18.29
Service
29.95
20.15
24.35
Others
7.17
20.15
20.15
Business
8.43
11.65
12.79
Pensioners
0.84
Non-working
74.78
76.10
74.15
A comparison of pre and post project employment scenario as given above reveals the following:
Average annual employment of those households who were given land for land has
increased from 393 days to 550 days per household. The average annual income has
increased from Rs.45,222 to Rs.107,422. However, the share of agriculture in the
household income has declined because of reduction in the size of their land holdings.
But their income from wage labour and services has more than doubled as compared to
there past income six years ago.
3-144
The average income of those households who got compensation for house construction
has increased from Rs.28,333 to Rs.50,933. The employment and income from regular
jobs have increased in the group.
In the case of those households who were allotted alternative shop plot average annual
income was Rs. 79,867 in 1996, which increased to Rs.181,107 in year 2002. This change
has been mainly due to increase in pretty business/trading activities, which have
increased due to increase increased demand for daily need items from residents of new
NJPC colony and also due to increased purchasing power of project affected families.
Average income of those families who have been provided employment in the NJPC has
increased from Rs.68,874 to Rs.141,759 per annum. The increase in household income
has been mainly due to increase in employment in non-farm activities.
Those households who were provided cash compensation only have also improved their
economics position. Average annual employment of these families was 350 days in 1996,
which has now increased to 401 days. Similarly the average annual household income has
increased from Rs.77,677 to Rs.98,721 in year 2002.
Out of 62 families of project affected areas and who are rendered landless under the
project, one person each from the 51 families has already been provided a regular
employment in the NJPC, and it is to be noted that 29% of employed persons are
women.
Further, in case of RHEP, apart from students, the largest number of males is engaged in service
and females have agriculture as a main activity. The analysis indicates that annual income of the
sampled households from different sources, at overall level was Rs.107,408 per annum, which was
Rs. 77,351/- for SC/ST and 132,748 for general category. The largest share of the total income was
generated from employment including service and wage labour. This was followed by agriculture;
accounting for 18.61% and other sources, 17.71%. Business was observed to be last in this respect
and generated only 0.98% of total household income at overall terms.
It is foreseen that after operation of RHEP project, the business activities will definitely have some
impact and this would flourish due to increase in influx of the people resulting in demand for all
daily-need products.
A similar trend is predicted for the whole Satluj basin when construction of the envisaged
hydropower projects will start. Business establishments like vegetable shops, grocery shops etc,
taxis, auto rickshaw etc will come up in respective regions. Hence, the development of the basin,
in-general, would improve the living conditions of the local population by generating employment.
Accessibility to Basic Infrastructure
Infrastructure is a key facilitator of economic development. With the hydropower development in
the region, improvement in basic infrastructural amenities i.e. roads, highways, public health
institutes, telecommunications, water supply, electrification and hence, the economic development
of the area is bound to happen.
For the various projects envisaged along the Satluj basin, from upstream Khab to downstream,
which comprise the extreme boundaries of our study stretch, various infrastructural developments
have occurred due to the progress of hydro power projects. These developments would, in the long
run, i.e. even after when the projects are well-commissioned, be of great use to the inhabitant
population.
However, the villages falling under influence areas had already had accessibility to basic
infrastructural amenities like motor-able roads i.e. highways, access/approach roads, electricity,
piped water supply, health centers, primary schools, Banks/post offices and Canals (khuls) for
3-145
irrigation but due to hydropower project development, there has been improvement in road
facilities. At various places pathways have been made, bridges have been constructed across
nullahas and rivulets, which has significantly reduced the travel time and distance of the villages
with nearby towns and also among villages of the area.
Generally, for the area, infrastructure building could be discussed under two different heads, one is
building up of these facilities which are directly must for hydro power project development during
construction stages, it could be of use of local people as well. Second category is these
infrastructure facilities, which have been built up or proposed by the implementing agencies for the
project-affected areas or indirectly catering to those areas as well, which are not directly affected
by the projects. Below is the complied information on infrastructure amenities that have been
built up under different hydropower projects:
Infrastructure Building to Cater to Community Needs during Construction of the Projects:
For the movement of heavy trailer/ machinery up to Karcham, for execution of NJHEP
and Baspa HEP II, the highway has been widened with the quality improvement of road
surface as well.
For movement of heavy machinery during construction of NJHEP project, 15 m wide road
has been constructed at right bank of the river up to Jhakri along with the connecting
bridges, which has helped in connecting the local villages to the highway and hence, in
improving their
quality of life.
From Karcham up to Khab, the widening of the road and strengthening of bridges (five in
number from Jhangi to Khab) has been kept in the purview under Khab project.
At Luhri, the existing High way from Shimla to power house site/ dam site will be suitably
widened/ improved to 7-10 m wide specifications in about 80 km length to serve as
approach road to the project site for construction. In addition, NH way will be re-aligned
at some stretches where blind curved exist. Also a 70R bridge for crossing over to the
right bank of river Satluj will be constructed near dam.
Under proposed Luhri project, it has been proposed that schools and college education
institutes, hospitals, market, recreational facilities at Nathan and Suni would be
constructed for the staff posted on the project, which would also cater to the local village
population.
Under the NJHEP project, infrastructure has been created for nearby rural areas which,
helped farmers in switching from the traditional subsistence farm production system to
the high value cash crops in the area, which would ultimately helped in increasing the
employment opportunities.
A mobile Health Unit has been started under NJHEP project, which is functioning since
January 2000. The unit makes four visits per week to nearby villages that include two in
project-affected villages of Kinnaur district and two Shimla district. Through this, doctors
of the team are also helpful in making the local people aware about common health
diseases and ailments.
A project hospital in NJPC colony at Jhakri at the cost of Rs.13.22 million has also been
established under NJHEP project, which is also serving local people of villages.
A 200-bed hospital has been constricted at Khaneri, Rampur by the State Government
with the financial assistance of Rs. 80 million from the NJPC.
3-146
A school has been established at Jhakri with a grant of Rs. 20 million from NJPC for the
children of the staff. It is also providing quality educational facility to the local people and
helping other schools to improve their existing level of infrastructure and quality of
education. The project affected area villages have to pay subsidized fees for their children
in this school, which is otherwise a very costly affair for them as compared to any other
government school.
The displaced shopkeepers were provided alternative shop plots in the market complex.
NJPC has provided water supply, sewerage system, streetlight and other amenities in the
market complex. All shops in the new market complex are of permanent type, unlike the
old shops, which were kuccha structures.
All the project-affected villages have been electrified and have provision of piped water
supply.
IPH has various schemes for renovation of water supply schemes for the local village
people and the places where water sources have been dried up, alternate sources would
be provided. NJPC is providing financial support to IPH for such schemes.
Similar provisions are expected to be provided by various project proponents of the various
envisaged hydropower projects in the Basin. The living standards, access to infrastructure,
education and health and hygiene will improve considerably. The State Development Plan of the
Government may incorporate such changes in anticipation.
Power Generation and Transmission Benefits
There is a broad consensus in the government to expand power generation by developing the
countrys hydropower potential, of which only 30 percent has been harnessed so far. The
government has set the target for Indias optimum power system mix at 40 percent from
hydropower and 60 percent from thermal/nuclear power. The present ratio at 25:75 falls far
short of this optimum, causing severe power shortages particularly during peak periods and
technical and economic problems in grid operations. The country, therefore, plans to increase
hydropowers share in power generation to 28 percent by fiscal 2007, and to reach the target of 40
percent over the longer term.
Table 3.121 shows the major hydropower projects along river Satluj, their generation capacities
and transmission benefits.
The Himachal Pradesh State Electricity Board is planning the evacuation system in totality in view
of the multiple hydropower projects in the State. The power generation will improve the quality of
electrical supply to existing consumers, especially at peak times, and also benefit farmers and other
consumers in the northern Indian states who currently have either no access or constrained access
to electricity. While the benefits from the additional power generated are indisputable, the financial
benefits from the projects are also immense for the Government of Himachal Pradesh as the state
is entitled to get 12% free power generated from the projects and there would also be additional
revenue earnings by way of direct & indirect taxes by the sale of electricity.
3-147
Table 3.121 - Power Generation & Transmission Aspects for Hydropower Projects in
Satluj Basin
S.No. Project
Power Transmission
1.
Khab
Capacity: 1020 MW
2.
Baspa II*
Generation:
90% dependable year: 1213 MU
50% dependable year: 1391.61 MU
3.
Karcham Wangtoo
Nathpa Jhakri*
5.
Rampur
Luhri
Koldam
Source: PFR Khab, Year 2004; PFR Luhri HEP, Year 2004; EIA for Rampur HEP, Year 2005; EIA for NJHEP, Year 1998
* Operational projects
Coordination among different projects for peaking power generation: An analysis has been carried
out for peaking power generation synchronization among various projects. For this assessment, the
following projects have been considered:
The distances between Khab to Karchham, Karchham to Nathpa, Nathpa to Luhri and Luhri to Kol
along with the river bed levels at all the above locations have been given in Table below. The travel
time of the releases for peaking generation during the lean discharges as well as maximum
discharges have also been calculated and given below in table 3.122.
3-148
Table 3.122 Time Lag for Peaking Power Generation among Projects in the Satluj
Basin
Project
Khab
2550
Karchham
100
1700
3.0
5.0
Nathpa
125
1450
3.75
6.0
Luhri
200
710
6.00
10.0
Kol
295
600
11.0
18.0
3-149
CHAPTER 4
ENVIRONMENTAL
MANAGEMENT PLAN
4.1
Optimize river management for sustainable downstream use and for aquatic life
Improve the quality of life of the people associated with project directly or indirectly.
Boundaries
Environment Management Plan for the hydropower projects extends to different zones of project
impacted areas. Some of the EMP activitiess provide immediate mitigation to environment problems
while some others take longer in giving results, for example, the catchment area treatment plan
(CAT plan) or the Biodiversity Management Plan. Adaptive Management is implemented until the
mitigations measures stabilize and reach a point where they are self-sustainable.
Spatial Boundary
Area examined for the project i.e., study area for environmental impact assessment is area up to
7km upstream of the intake, 7km downstream of proposed power house, 7km on both side of the
river. This study area is termed as the Project Influence Area(PIA). The study area has been further
divided in two inner zones for evaluating impacts on significant influence zones of the project.
These are:
Activities within Project Immediate Influence area (PIIA) i.e. within 500m radius of the
project site
Temporal Boundaries
Environmental Impact Assessment for primary data collection was carried in post monsoon season
of year 2006. However, references have also been made to past and current studies going on in
the area on issues related to fisheries, biodiversity and catchment area improvement. Environment
Management Plan has been developed for immediate as well as long term project impacts. The
CAT Plan is developed for a 10 years period. Adaptive Management Plans are designed with
minimum five years duration, expecting that within five years adaptive management plans will
stabilize and start delivering results. In case where adaptive management plan is successful in
establishing its approach before five years, further changes will be stopped and that plan will be
established as the environment management plan for specific project impact.
4-1
4.2
4.2.1
Stakeholder Consultations
Stakeholder consultations provided sound platform for planning mitigation measures for the project
and the influence area. Site selection, project design, resettlement and rehabilitation measures,
social development of the area and biodiversity issues were all addressed by the project with
properly organized stakeholder consultation sessions. SJVNL adopted an extensive and multistage
consultation process for arriving at a good hydropower project. Details of stakeholder consultations
are explained below.
Public Consultation and Disclosure
The Public Consultation and Disclosure (PCD) process has been guided by the requirements of the
Government of Himachal Pradesh, Government of India and the World Bank. Its overriding goals
had been to ensure transparency in decision-making and provide for stakeholder involvement in
selecting resettlement sites, designing the project and determining appropriate remedial measures
for impacted people and communities. More specifically the objectives were to:
Phase I: Information Collection and Dissemination: data collection on the human and
physical characteristics of the current environment in order to predict Project impacts. As
part of this phase, information was disseminated to stakeholders regarding Project
features and its potential implications in terms of changes to the social and physical
environment.
Phase III: Active Involvement in Project Design and Implementation: Based on the
discussion of Phase II, stakeholder input has been sought in determining mitigation
measures to address project impacts. The process of stakeholders involvement and
identification will continue during project implementations.
Techniques used have reflected the diversity of individuals and groups involved. They include:
4-2
Face to face communication where levels of literacy are recognized as being low
Direct contact with stakeholders through electronic or written media, group and individual
briefings, distribution of detailed project information, organization of stakeholder forums.
Efforts have been made to remain sensitive to language and gender issues. The participation of
women in consultation has received special attention because they tend to be less educated than
men or have less exposure to the outside world. The participation of women has been encouraged.
Project Planning Responses to Stakeholder Concerns
Feedback from Stakeholders has influenced or has been incorporated into the Project planning and
design. For example, the following Project design features are attributed to public consultations:
Construction of the Regulating Pond to minimize fluctuations in daily discharge into the
Satluj River.
The views of Project affected people have also been incorporated into the design of resettlement
areas, house designs, livelihood models and village composition.
Disclosure
Throughout Project planning, copies of key reports and draft projects environmental and social
documents have been made available. Informations has, and continues to be disseminated through
the SJVNL website including drafts of the EA/EMP and its Summary. The first draft of the EA/EMP,
the background reports, and their subsequent updates, have been disclosed to the public since
2005.
In accordance with State Government, MoEF and WB procedures, the EA/EMP were be finalized
following local, regional and national information dissemination and consultation. Local level
consultations on the E/EMP began in 2005. Any further required revisions will be made after
consultation with various stakeholders.
4.3
Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, and all relevant Rules made under this Act
Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, & Air (Prevention and Control of
Pollution), Act, 1981
4-3
4.3.1
4.3.2
The spatial dimension of ambient air quality monitoring needed to be increased from the
current two locations to more locations so as to represent all adits and the villages of the
project area.
Water Quality Monitoring needs to be monitored for two more seasons in addition to the
one season already undertaken.
Video recording of all ground and surface water sources to be done by the project
authorities
Technical plan for muck disposal will be submitted to HPEPPPCB and proper measures will
be taken for a safe dump site
Sewage treatment plants will be used in the townships rather than septic tank and
Incinerator will be used for treating garbage of the township.
EMP Implementation cost should include cost of third party monitoring during
construction and post construction stages of the project.
Flow in the natural regime of river Satluj available at Jhakri should not be diverted for
Rampur Hydel project.
After project authorities complied with all the requirements including above mentioned, SCSTE
informed the HPEPPCB to conduct public hearing as per procedures laid down in EIA Notification.
Public notices for holding environmental public hearing near proposed power house in village Bayal
and near Kunni khad bridge in village Chatti were published in news paper for holding the Public
Hearing on 26-10-2005. There were significant issues raised by stakeholders from villages
surrounding the project. Project authorities were asked by HPEPPCB to prepare action plan for
addressing those issues. After receiving the action plan, HPEPPCB issues No Objection certificate
(NOC) to the SJVNL and recommended the case to MOEF for environmental clearance.
4.3.3
4-4
4.3.4
Availability of minimum 23.7 cumec water during lean season in the river downstream of
dam for sustaining aquatic life.
4-5
In general, while operating power stations in cascade, as is the case in Satluj basin, several issues
are likely to come up and co-operation would be required amongst all the power producers.
To achieve above-mentioned objectives, idea of a permanent Forum of Hydropower Producers of
Satluj Basin is being actively promoted by SJVNL.
4.3.5
4.4
4.4.1
will be implemented by SJVNL. Environmental Management Plans for construction and operation of
the project is responsibility of project contractors and SJVNL respectively. Wherever contractors are
involved, SJVNL will hold responsibility for implementing EMPs through contractors.
SJVNL Environment Management Department (EMD)
The EMD of SJVNL will be responsible for the technical planning, implementation and monitoring of
all environmental mitigation and compensation measures under SJVNLs responsibility as outlined in
EMP. In addition the EMD will monitor mitigation measures that will be implemented and
supervised by the contractor to ensure compliance with constructors contract(CC). The EMD will
also work closely with the Himachal Pradesh Environment Protection and Pollution Control
Board(HPEPPCB) and MoEF, as appropriate.
EMD will prepare regular reports for submission to HPEPPCB and MoEF. The reports will address
the following items:
Any aspect that does not conform to the environmental mitigation measures and
proposed remedial measures.
mitigation
measures
and
Ensure that the relevant environmental mitigation measures are reflected in the project
contract
Prepare plans for mobilizing subcontracts for studies that will be conducted by SJVNL
Hold discussion with the government authorities participating in the project to develop
procedures for inter-agency coordination and reporting
Assist the HPEPPCB to plan and manage environmental public hearing and information
program; and
Provide any necessary background information to the HPPCB to enable response to public
comments, complaints and inquiries in relation to the environmental mitigation measures.
During the construction and the operating phases, SJVNL, through the EMD, will be responsible for
implementing and monitoring environmental mitigation measures. The management of
environment concern will include:
Conducting appropriate testing to ensure that the environmental mitigation measures are
effective
4-7
Preparing budgeting and financial reports for the operation of the EMD
Conducting internal and external audits to ensure compliance with the EMP and the
procedures of SJVNL, and
Assisting Government of Himachal Pradesh with the public consultation programs and
documenting the feedback for incorporation into program planning.
Meeting effluent standards and water quality requirements for discharges into surface
water and ground water;
Managing, preventing and developing emergency plans for chemical pollution incidents;
The provisions of the contract between SJVNL and the construction contractor include clear
descriptions of the Contractors obligations for undertaking measures to minimize and/or to
mitigate impacts on the existing environment and social situation. The primary reference document
for this will be the constructions contractors environment management and monitoring plan
(CCEMMP). The CCEMMP will cover all the protection measures listed above and will be required to
contain an over view of the project impacts that the contractors work will have on the physical,
biological and social environment and including:
Reporting procedures
4-8
The CCEMMP will also contain the plans and sub plans addressing the contractors general
environmental measures including a manual of environmental procedures and practices applicable
to all construction works.
State Forest Department
State Forest Department will be responsible for preparing and implementing catchment area
treatment (CAT) plan. Department will work for forest conservation and improvement, soil and
moisture Conservation works, Infrastructure Development and Implementation of Eco Development
plan for reducing pressure on forest.
4.4.2
4.4.3
4.5
Actions related to managed flow of river (at Nathpa dam), fisheries management and
control of water pollution
4.5.1
4-10
Sewage Treatment Plant for Jagatkhana and Brow Towns: SJVNL in consultation with the local
administration will develop of sewage treatment facilities for these settlements. As a preliminary
estimate an amount of Rs. 10 million has been earmarked for this purpose. The amount can be
revised at a later date, once the details of the sewage treatment plants are finalized.
During project construction phase, sufficient measures need to be implemented to ameliorate the
problem of water pollution from various sources. The sewage generated from various labour camps
will be treated in septic tanks and disposed by discharging into river Satluj. The septic tanks will be
located so as not to pollute the drinking water sources. The construction activities would require a
crusher to crush large lumps of rocks to the requisite size for coarse as well as fine aggregates.
The effluent generated from these crushers will have high suspended solids. The effluent will be
treated before disposal. Settling tanks of appropriate size for treatment of effluent from various
crushers will be provided.
During tunnelling works the ground water flows into the tunnel along with construction water which
is used for various works like drilling, shortcreting, etc. The effluent thus generated in the tunnel
contains high suspended solids. Normally, water is collected in the side drains and drained off into
the nearest water body without treatment. It is recommended to construct a settling tank of
adequate size to settle the suspended impurities. The sludge from the various settling tanks can be
collected once in 15 days and disposed at the site designed for disposal of municipal solid wastes
from the labour camps. The sludge after drying could also be used as cover material for landfill
disposal site. An amount of Rs. 20 million will be earmarked for construction of various settling
tanks.
Sanitation at the Construction Camps: The aggregation of large workforce during construction
phase is likely to put significant stress as a result of discharge of sewage, solid wastes and other
pollutants to the streams and rivers. Water requirements for the construction camps and the
labourers camps will be met by nearby rivers or streams flowing upstream of the labour camps,
strictly without affecting any existing community sources of water. Bacteriological analysis of water
to be utilized for meeting domestic water requirements be done regularly. Normally, disinfection by
chlorination would be adequate. The chlorine dosage will be fixed judiciously so that there is
adequate residual chlorine in water being used by consumers at various locations.
In the construction and labour camps, a community WC can be provided for each 20 persons or
part thereof. The sewage from the community latrines will be treated in aerated lagoons and
settling tanks. The total budget required for providing adequate sanitation facilities will be Rs.
21.86 million.
Table 4.1 - Budget for Sanitary Facilities for Construction and Labour Camps
Unit
Community latrines
Aerated lagoon and secondary settling tank including
sewerage system for from labour camps to treatment site
and to disposal sites
Total
Rate (Rs./unit)
Number
20,000
593
11.86
Lump sum
10.00
21.86
4-11
seasons. River bank protection/stabilization downstream of tailrace discharge and lining of exposed
sections of the downstream channel will be important activities throughout the project life span.
Fishery Management and Sustenance of Endemic Fisheries
SJVNL will prepare a fishery monitoring and management plan under the guidance of fisheries
department and implement the same. The fishery study undertaken as part of the EIA study was
done for a short period of time; a detailed study will be undertaken to substantiate findings of
earlier fishery study and to develop a baseline for a comprehensive fishery management.
Snow trout (Schizothorax richardsonii) is the endemic species in the Satluj and being a vulnerable
species amongst the threatened fishes of India, scientific management of the existing stock in the
region will be adopted.
Supplementary stocking program will be implemented in the project area. River will be stocked for
a length of 10 km each on the upstream and the downstream sides of the Nathpa dam site. The
rate of stocking is estimated at 100 fingerlings of about 30mm size per km. The stocking will be
done annually by the Fisheries Department, Government of Himachal Pradesh. To achieve, facilities
to produce seed of trout will be developed at suitable sites, in addition to the facility at Sangla
financed by the Nathpa-Jhakri project. The fisheries department shall prepare plan and design for
the hatcheries and rearing units, along with the budget. Seeds will be transported from this
hatchery. The supply of seeds could be augmented by collecting them from natural sources. The
total budget for developing of hatcheries will be Rs. 6.5 million. The dimension of the hatching
nurseries and rearing unit and their approximate cost is given below.
Table 4.2 - Farm Components in Snow Trout Facilities financed by the Project
Farm Component
Area (m)
Hatchery building
20x15x8.0
Number Type
1
20
0.5
3.0-5.0
1.0
15
25-50
1.0
10
75-100
1.0
25.0x3.0x 1.5
150-200
2.0
100x50x50
1.0
Total
6.5
Overall, the management plan for sustenance of riverine fisheries for the Rampur project will be
implemented at a cost of Rs. 10 million.
4.5.2
Biodiversity Management
An institutional framework for implementation of the State Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan
has been set up by Government of Himachal Pradesh in the form of a committee comprising of Vice
Chancellor, University at Palanpur, Head of the Department of Bio-Sciences, Himachal Pradesh
University at Shimla, and the Member Secretary of the State Council for Science Technology &
Environment. The committee regulatory reviews implementation of BSAP and takes corrective
measures accordingly.
Biodiversity Evaluation Approach: The State Government of Himachal Pradesh has assigned
environmental value to forest land a sum of Rs. 800,000 and Rs. 500,000 are assigned as
environmental value per hectares for the areas having forest cover exceeding 10% and for the
4-12
areas having less than 10% forest cover respectively. Cost equivalent to this value towards
compensation for loss of environmental values of forestland will have to be borne by SJVNL for
every hectare of forestland diverted for the Rampur project. The amount so collected will be used
to improve the forest cover and the quality of the forests.
Actions in the Project Influence Area (PIA)
The objective is to protect the biodiversity from adverse environmental and social impacts cause by
the Rampur Hydropower Project, by implementing various mitigation measures. This applies to an
area within 7km radius of the project site. Responsibility for implementation of biodiversity
management plan in project influence area will lie with state forest department of HP. Local people
will be involved by the forest department on its discretion, for encouraging community
participation.
Control of Timber Demand: Local people have recorded rights of timber for construction
purposes at nominal rate and due to division of families, the number of right holders is multiplying
rapidly leading to depletion of forests. Timber demand by villagers is seriously affecting forests of
the project influence area. The loss of timber trees of the forest has tremendous potential to
adversely affect the forest cover and habitat for wildlife. Mitigation measures will be taken up by
state forest department and district authorities for prohibiting felling of timber species of size less
than 90 i.e. girth at gbh (II B class) timber species. Rates at which the timebr is offered to the
villagers will also be increased at par with the market so that black marketing could be avoided,
simultaneously judicious selection of right holders will be made to avoid duplicacy in a family and
fake claims. Provision of alternate building material to timber will be promoted such as the concrete
block made of fly ash or brick for construction of houses/dwellings.
Control of Agriculture/Horticulture activities in forest areas: The agriculture/horticulture
activities at the cost of forestlands will be discouraged and control on land use in forests areas will
be gradually converted to on land capability classification. Areas under dense forests cover will
not be disturbed for agriculture/ horticulture activities
Control of Forest Fire: Effective fire protection measures like early detection systems,
communications systems, equipment and public awareness will be implemented for forest fire
control.
Control on Grazing: Overgrazing will be controlled by punitive as well as awareness building
measures, as mentioned below:
In the permitted grazing areas, the animals will be allowed to enter the forests well after
the rains so that grasses would have grown sufficiently to withstand grazing and
trampling.
Cattle proof trench of size 3m wide top, 1.5m wide bottom, and 1.5m deep will be dug
and dugout earth would be heaped on the edge of trench so that cattle cannot enter the
protected area. On the soil, heaped on the edge of trench, thorny species like Carissa
spinarium, Zizyphus nummularia, Euphorbia royleana, Agave americana etc. will be
planted so that it will stabilize the soil and prevent animals to jump and get into forest.
Prevention Illegal Felling of Trees: Illegal cutting of trees will be prevented by adequate
security measures and also by involving NGOs for creating public awareness against illegal felling of
trees.
4-13
Actions in the Projects Immediate Influence Area (PIIA) and the Directly Affected Area
The objective of these actions is to protect the biodiversity of the project immediate influence area
and project directly affected area from adverse environmental and social impacts cause by the
Rampur Hydropower Project, by implementing several mitigation measures. All sites where project
components will be located, and 500m area around these sites will be covered by these action.
These actions will be joint responsibility of SJVNL and State Forest Department. Local Community
will be involved to encourage community participation.
As part of biodiversity management, Compensatory Afforestation, Catchment Area treatment
(including Wild Life Management activities) will be implemented by State Forest Department.
Redevelopment and reinstatement of the muck disposal areas and quarry areas, avenue plantation
and landscaping will be implemented by SJVNL.
Compensatory Afforestation Plan
In order to compensate diversion of 69.38ha of forestland for establishment of various project
units, and 21ha forest land for notionally acquired for underground work, compensatory
afforestation will be undertaken on 139ha of land as per the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980.
Compensatory afforestation will be carried out in unprotected forests of Arsu and Nither ranges of
Ani forest division of Kullu District. The cost of compensatory afforestation will be Rs. 7.45 million.
The details of sites selected for Compensatory Afforestation Plan are explained below:
Table 4.3 Sites Selected for Compensatory Afforestation
Sl. No.
Status of Land
Name of Range
Unprotected Forest
Bail
Unprotected Forest
Chebri
Unprotected Forest
Kindla
Unprotected Forest
Karnon C-11
Unprotected Forest
Rallo
Unprotected Forest
Unprotected Forest
Shalt
Sisu
C-9
C-83
C-38
C-14
C-6
C-10
4-14
To achieve ecological rehabilitation of the project area leading to all round economic
development on sustainable basis.
To promote in-situ moisture conservation, ground water recharge and to increase the
productivity of all types of land.
To carry out soil conservation measures in identified water shed to ensure the longevity
of the reservoir of Rampur Hydropower Project.
To improve carrying capacity of pastures by augmenting grass and fodder availability and
to solve the problem of migratory graziers
To provide employment to the local people by engaging them on afforestation and soil
conservation works.
To increase productivity of all types of land and sustained use of natural resources.
To conduct research for developing appropriate site specific tools with focus on solving
CAT plan implementation problem
To mitigate the project impacts on wild life by initiating ameliorating measures and to
strengthen wildlife management in the catchment.
Plan Period
The proposed plan is formulated by State Forest Department for the period of ten years starting
from 2006-07 until 2015-16. Emphasis in the first year will be to develop and maintain nurseries to
raise sufficient planting stock. Most of the activities will be completed within initial 5 years and the
later half of the plan will be mainly for maintenance. The afforestation work will be completed in 3
to 4 years and thereafter maintenance will be done up to 7 years. Pasture development works and
soil and water conservation works will be completed within first five years and will be further
maintained till the completion of the project period. Infrastructure work development will again be
completed within five years.
4-15
Responsibility
The CAT plan will be implemented by a society specifically created for this purpose by the
government of Himachal pradesh. The Government has notified and registered a society in the
name of Upper Satluj Valley Watershed Development Society. Overall, the execution of CAT plan
will be the responsibility of the State Forest Department with Conservator of Forests of Rampur
Division acting as the project director. Field level responsibility will be of divisional forest officers of
respective divisions and their support staff. The area of CAT plan will be divided into small
watersheds. The communities living in watershed will be associated in preparing micro plans within
the framework of CAT plan.
Forest Conservation & Improvement
In order to improve forest cover of the Catchment area it is proposed to increase vegetation cover
through implementation of various forestry schemes such as Afforestation of degraded forestland,
Replenishment, afforestation, Assisted Natural Regeneration, Development of Medicinal Plants,
Pasture improvement and subsidiary silvicultural operations barren, areas which are devoid of tree
growth or the degraded forestland with scanty vegetation will be brought under afforestation. The
details of various schemes will be implemented under forest conservation and improvement
program is given in detailed below
Afforestation of Degraded Forestland includes blank areas devoid of vegetation or degraded
forestland will be taken up for plantation. A total 780 ha area have been identified available for
taking under this scheme. Out of total 300 ha falls in Rampur while 480 ha in Ani forest division.
Replenishment Afforestation includes plantation of forest areas of the track depleted due to
excessive pressure of local community due to fodder, fuel, timber, etc., to restore such areas to
their optimum productive potential. Such forest areas will be planted by artificial means to increase
their stocking to the required level.
Table: 4.4 Activities under Forest Conservation & Improvement Component
Type of Scheme
780
Replenishment Afforestation
460
R:260 A:200
700
8.25
400
R:195 A:205
300
5.17
170
R:80 A:90
2000
2.92
R:480 A:300
1100
17.31
125
R:100 A:25
0.47
Low-lying Pasture
240
R:80 A:160
3.92
The Assisted Natural regeneration scheme will be implemented to forest areas where conditions are
conductive to natural regeneration. Forest floor will be cleared of slash, debris and felling refuse to
afford a clean seed bed to the falling seeds & to germinate large number of villagers depends on
medicinal plants as their livelihood. In order to meet their demand as well as for in-situ
conservation of Medicinal plants, herbs such as Karoo, Dhoop, Chora, Salam Pania, Discorea, Patish
will be planted on 170ha of forestland.
Under Pasture improvement schemes, Alpine pasture and Low-lying pastures will be taken up for
treatment. A total of 3200ha of pasture area is available in catchment. It is an important source of
herbage/roughage for cattle, sheep & goats. The well developed crop areas within the forests will
taken for subsidiary silvicultural operations to improve the growth conditions & hygiene of the
forests floor such as, climber cutting (de-weeding), slash disposal, debris collection & burning.
4-16
Lancia lecocephala (Subabul), Salix sikkimensis (Willow), Grewia oppositifolia (Biul) and Morus alba
(Tut).
Table: 4.5 - List of Trees Recommended for Afforestation in CAT Plan
S. N.
S. N.
Scientific Name
Common Name
Cedrus deodara
Deodar
Pinus wallichiana
Robinia pseudoacacia
Lancia lecocephala
Melia azadirach
6
7
Common Name
Dalbergia sissoo
Shisham
Kail
Aesculas indica
Aesculus
Robinia
10
Ailanthus sp
Maharukh
Subabul
11
Populus citiata
Paplar
Dreak
12
Picea smithiana
Spruce
Albizzia lebbek
Siris
13
Queruces incana
Banoak
Abies spectablities
Silverfir
14
Grewia oppositifolia
Biul
Measures to be Taken
71
R:34 A:40
Engineering Measures
Vegetative Measures
9.22
Treatment of Nallas
150
R:99 A:51
Engineering Measures
Vegetative Measures
17.83
0.48
0.64
Avenue Plantation/Landscaping
0.15
A total number of 71 sites were identified in catchment area which are severely eroded and need
soil stabilization measures. Similarly about 150 number of nallas are to be treated so as to stop
excess silt load in the main river other erosion control measures includes road side erosion control,
avenue plantation and landscape works surrounding project site.
4-17
Infrastructure Development
Infrastructure development is an important part of Forest Management. In order to maintain
roads/path in serviceable conditions are needed to be improved. Various schemes implemented
under this head are discussed below.
Forest infrastructure development includes repair of forest path, construction/repair of operational
buildings, farm ponds, soil & water harvesting structures. While rural infrastructure development
includes construction/repair of village ponds & tanks, repair of springs, wells & other water
resources, repair of village roads & paths and construction of footbridges & rainwater harvesting
structures.
Table 4.7 Activities under Infrastructure Development Component
Name of Scheme
0.69
2.18
2.29
31 Nos.
R:13
A:18
17 Nos.
R:8
0.63
A:9
1.09
0.86
2.29
0.17
0.1
14 Sites
0.65
Reward/Incentives to informers
Habitat Improvement: In order to provide suitable condition for growth, development and
reproduction of wildlife following measures are suggested
4-18
Plantation of tree species, which are major sources of fodder for wildlife
Besides this, there is also provision conducting of wildlife census in forest areas, as well as
conducting Public Awareness Programs, display of sign and slogan boards in forest areas for
protection of wildlife. The budgetary provision for wildlife management plan is given detailed
below.
Table 4.8 Activities under Wildlife Management Component
Name of Scheme
Amount
(Rs. Lakh)
Wildlife Improvement
47.10
Protection of Forest
25.48
5.00
2.00
Eco Development
12.50
Site hygiene measures for construction work camps and resettlement areas
4-19
Measures to be taken to collect, store and treat storm water prior to any discharges form
the site, (considering options for water re-use on site)
Management of material storage areas, including raw materials, chemicals, fuels, and
oils;
Measures to prevent litter entering water courses and details of permanent pollutant
treatment measures or other water pollution control devices proposed for the operational
stage;
Examples of activities, requirements, and practices that will be included in the Contractors
Environmental Monitoring and Management Plan include the following:
1.
Areas within the construction areas not disturbed by construction activities will be maintained
in their existing conditions.
2.
Soil erosion and sediment control practices will be implemented prior to any major soil
disturbance, or in their proper sequence, and maintained until permanent protection is
established. Only approved areas due for construction activity according to the Programme will
be cleared of vegetation and topsoil in accordance with sub-section on vegetation clearance;
3.
Prior to wet season, the contractor shall implement appropriate measures to ensure that
erosion is minimized from works where the permanent drainage and erosion control measures,
if any, are yet complete;
4.
Materials excavated by the Contractor from open and underground excavation, which are
unsuitable for incorporation into the Permanent Works or are surplus to such requirements,
will be disposed of as spoil dumps in spoil disposal areas. Materials suitable for roads, saddle
dams, slope protection, channel armoring or riprap and resettlement area fills will be stockpiled
separately from spoil disposal areas, at agreed locations for later use by the Contractor or
SJVNL;
4-20
5.
Soil excavated during construction will be stockpiled separately. The soil will be used for
landscaping and restoration of work areas. All stockpiles and spoil dumps will be constructed
and stabilized, including provision of drainage and erosion control measures in accordance with
the Landscaping and Re-vegetation Plan. The height of stockpiles and spoil dumps in spoil
disposal areas will be proposed in the Sub-Plan and will be limited to 3m for Topsoil and
materials for future use. The height of spoil dumps will be determined by the locations
occupied, but generally will be not more than 6m, with a 2m berm at 3m. Topsoil stockpiles
will be deep ripped to provide for moisture retention and re-growth. Drainage and erosion from
the stockpiles will be controlled by locating them in areas away from drainage lines. The
erosion of the base of the dump will be prevented by providing a silt fence to contain any
sediment in any runoff resulting from stockpile or spoil dump;
6.
Stockpiles and spoil disposal areas shall not be located on drainage lines or in floodway zones
or other areas important for the conveyance of floodwaters during major floods. Flooded area
behind spoil disposal areas will be allowed to drain to the Downstream Channel;
7.
Plans for water management during construction will be in accordance with the Best Practices,
and include development of drainage works, sediment traps, diversion, culverts and other
structures designed to treat water to the water quality requirements of this Sub Plan and
Water Quality Management Plan before discharge into natural watercourses. All these structure
will be constructed progressively prior to commencement of construction work and areas will
be directed to the sediment settling areas;
8.
The drainage works shall direct site runoff to established watercourses. They will be inspected
regularly for damage caused by scouring, sediment deposition, channel obstruction, and loss of
vegetation cover. Non-erodible segments will be established along the slope lengths. These
outlets will be located along the natural drainage lines;
9.
Sedimentation controls will be implemented in the form of silt trap fences and sedimentation
ponds where appropriate depending upon the size of the catchment, and other physical and
environmental constraints. The silt trap fences shall control flows along minor drainage lines,
whereas the sedimentation ponds will be utilized for removing sediment-laden runoff from the
construction areas. These will be built prior to the start of the activity and will be maintained
until the completion of that activity. The ponds will be designed in accordance with the Best
Practices.
requirements of the activities given below (which are Contractors responsibility) which will be
modified in accordance with the SJVNLs comments and incorporated in the Reference Design.
The Contractor shall carry out all the following activities, and shall use the findings and results in
the preparation of the drawing showing the proposed locations of the spoil disposal areas:
1. Field inspection of sites and geomorphologic studies to determine if any proposed spoil disposal
areas are located in floodway zones of the flood plain;
2. Land use impact assessment, with attention to those areas of land used and designed for
agricultural purposes;
3. Estimation of flood stage frequency at relevant locations;
4. Determination of the reduction in flood storage volume that would result from spoil dumps in
main segments of flood plains
5. Determination of the reduction in cross-section area that would result from the positioning of
each spoil platform;
6. Assessment of impacts caused by increases in the general depth of flooding in each proposed
spoil disposal areas.
7. If preliminary flood studies show that the effect of spoil disposal in a particular site would be so
small as to have little impacts on users of the flood plain, the application of more rigorous
hydrological analysis and hydraulic modeling may not be necessary. However, if the preliminary
studies show that significant adverse impacts might accrue to the well-being of the flood plain
inhabitants, more rigorous analytical methods will be applied to determine, with greater
accuracy, the effects of spoil disposal in a particular site;
8. Consultations with the communities, if any, living close to the proposed spoil disposal sites
which may be affected. The consultations shall provide local villagers with detailed information
of the potential spoil disposal site, collect relevant information which may be of use in
determining the most appropriate site, and provide an opportunity for villagers to express their
opinions and concerns with the proposed plans. Information and feedback from the
consultation process will be incorporated into the final design for each spoil disposal site.
The SJVNL shall consider all the above requirements when reviewing the drawing showing the
proposed location of the spoil disposal area, which may require modifications to the proposals. The
modifications will be incorporated in the Reference Design.
The Contractor shall also use the findings and results of the above activities to prepare a Muck
Disposal Planning and Management Plan as a sub-plan under the Contractors Environmental
Monitoring and Management Plan. The Muck Disposal Planning and Management Plan shall:
Include allowance for muck disposal sites to be located in flood storage areas only in
those cases where the studies have determined that impact is not significant.
Include the requirement for all muck disposal sites to be located outside of flood
conveyance areas.
Require disposal sites not to be located in areas of land, which prior to the
commencement of the construction works, were used for agricultural purposes, or were
designated for agricultural purposes;
4-22
Include provisions for incorporating the most appropriate stabilization techniques for each
disposal site;
Assess risks of any potential impacts regarding leaching of the muck, both in terms of
impacts on surface water as well as on ground water supplies;
Include appropriate engineering analysis to determine that the selected mcuk disposal
sites do not cause unwanted surface drainage;
Include a social and environmental assessment of risk in case of failure of each muck
disposal site
Topsoil will be stripped from areas to be used for spoil platforms and subsequently used to
landscape and grass the top and slopes of the muck platforms.
The Contractor shall identify muck materials which have potential for use by others in future
construction work. Such muck will be stockpiled and secured by the Contractor according to those
requirements relevant and in such a manner to allow future use of the muck by others.
The spoil will be placed on reverse order of excavation, with finer materials in layers towards the
top of the spoil dump, and stockpiled topsoil placed as the final layers. All layers will be of uniform
thickness and compacted sufficiently to minimize future settlement, in accordance with agreed
procedure.
SJVNL will be responsible for supervising and to assure that the spoil is placed in the appropriate
sites, to evaluate potential for failure of the slopes, and to monitor the effectiveness of erosion
control at each of the sites.
Recommendations for rehabilitation of muck disposal areas: Pending preparation of the
contractors rehabilitation and reinstatement plans for the muck disposal areas, the following are
recommended. These could form the minimum acceptable guidance for rehabilitation and
reinstatement.
The retaining wall varying from 2 to 7 m of height will be provided to prevent the
dumped material from sliding.
One meter terracing along the contour at 5 m interval along the slope in staggered
manner will be done.
The uphill side of the terraces will be provided with the walls/edging of 50 cm height and
50 cm thickness to protect the uphill side of the terraces from slipping.
Vegetative measures would include (i) suitable tree and shrub species will be planted
after fencing the area, and (ii) bBroadcasting of grass and Rumex seed will be done
Fencing and Planting - After the completion of civil works in the dumping sites to be will
be fenced with the barbed wire in strands with two diagonal strands using wooden fence
posts of eucalyptus 3m apart.
Choice of Species for planting: Keeping in view the climatic and soil conditions of the site,
broadly following species are recommended for planting:
Tree species: Robinia, Ailanthus, Poplar, Iqomoea, Siverock, Bottle brush, Ducinia,
Agave, Melia azedarach.
4-23
Grass seeds: Heteropogan, Fescue and Chrysopogon seed at the rate of 4kg per
hectare may be broadcasted all over the area. Rumex hestatus seed in small
quantities may also be broadcast. Since this plant is naturally growing in the area in
abundance.
Maintenance: Possibility for watering the plants at least for early two or three years of
planting will be explored. Maintenance of the plants will be for five years. The dead plants
will be replaced and fencing if damaged be repaired.
Budget for rehabilitation and reinstatement of the muck disposal areas including for all measures
for stabilization of muck disposal site will be Rs.23. 26 million. Works to be carried out during preconstruction period will include constructing retaining wall or toe wall of average 5m height (2m to
7m) at a cost of Rs. 13.21 million. Works to be carried out after completion of muck disposal will
include terracing, fencing, planting and grass seeding; at a cost of Rs. 10.04 million.
Quantity
Rate (Rs.)
Amount (Rs.)
Excavation
2.70m
64.00
172
Cement concrete
0.81m3
982.10
795.50
Cement mortar
2.01m3
1140.60
2292.60
Dry masonry
6.41m3
453.00
2903.73
Boulders filling
3.00m3
391.70
1175.10
391.70
1175.10
1800m
7337.73
13,212,000.00
Others
Total for 1m of retaining or toe wall
Total
7337.73
Table 4.10 Budget for Reinstatement Works after Completion of Muck Disposal
Description of Measure
Quantity
Terracing of 1 meter width with toe walling 50 x 50 cm size 18000 running metre
Fencing of area with barbered wire 4 strand horizontal and
two strand diagonal as per HPSR - 1999
Planning of different species of plants
Grass seeding
Total
Rate (Rs.)
Amount (Rs.)
145.00
26,10,000
38.00
1,36,800
14000 plants
18.98
2,61,639
18.38 hectare
1320.00
24,26,160
54, 34,599
80, 43,206
20, 00,000
Grand Total
100,43,000
4-24
of considerations and specifications for the use of quarry and borrow areas has been incorporated
into the construction contracts.
The contractor will be responsible for use of the quarries and borrow areas in accordance with the
provisions of the EMP. The EMD of SJVNL will ensure that the specifications are incorporated into
the construction contracts. The EMD will develop a monitoring program to ensure that the
operations are in accordance with the requirements of quarry management.
The Contractor shall have the right to quarry construction materials such as soil, sandstone,
limestone, stone, sand, gravel and any other materials from the Quarry Areas subject to the
requirements of the EMP and the Conditions of Contract.
The Contractor shall prepare an overall Quarry Management Plan for the total works in conjunction
with the Contractors Environmental and Management Plan.
At least 3 months prior to commencing any activities in a particular Quarry Area, the Contractor
shall submit a separate Quarry Management Plan to SJVNL for no-objection for the proposed
quarrying activities. The Plans shall include the following consideration:
An assessment of the following impacts at all quarry sites will be identified and assessed
for their magnitude and importance:
Road damage
The proposed access and haulage routes between the quarry and the destination for the
extracted material
Details of the measures taken to minimize the quarry area and its visual impact on the
surrounding area
Measures which are recommended to minimize the significance of each identified impact
The plan will also describe details of the measures to be taken for the log-term rehabilitation of the
quarry and borrow workings. These shall include re-establishment of vegetation, restoration of
natural courses, avoidance of flooding of the excavated area wherever possible, achievement of
stable slopes, and avoidance of features which would otherwise constitute a risk to health and
safety or a source of environmental pollution.
Where the excavated quarry and borrow areas cannot be reasonably drained, the contractor shall
minimize their number and consult with the local population as to that populations preferences for
their location for reuse or other community purposes
Quarry faces and excavations will be made safe and buildings, plant, equipment and debris and
miscellaneous stockpiles of material will be removed form the areas
Materials, other then waste materials, extracted from quarrying operations will be used exclusively
for the Construction Works.
4-25
Detailed plans regarding monitoring the effects of surface water runoff from all
construction areas, including cleared land, roads, construction camps, quarry areas, which
may affect water quality in natural waterways. The plans shall include the locations of the
sampling water in waterways upstream and downstream of the entry points of the
surface water runoff from the construction areas. The frequency and method of testing
will be in accordance with internationally recognized standards;
The contractor shall ensure all construction related activities shall not pollute waterways,
in accordance with Application Standards. The Water Quality Monitoring Plan shall include
the Applicable Standards for water quality parameters
The water quality monitoring program shall also monitor the quality of potable water
supplied to the construction work camps, work sites.
As and when any water quality impact is identified, SJVNL will take immediate actions to control
pollution of water, including provision of all corrective measures at site.
Management of Water Quality, Chemical Waste and Spillage
During construction there will be a potential for the pollution of adjacent habitat areas and
downstream waterways if the site activities are not carefully managed. SJVNL will strive to reduce
the potential impacts to surface water and ground water within the vicinity of the construction
areas. This includes waste water management and discharges from the construction areas.
Construction camps will be equipped with waste water treatment facilities to prevent adverse
impacts to the surrounding water bodies. To ensure that the waste water treatment facilities at
each camp are effective, the EMD will implement a water quality monitoring programme, as
described in sub-section above.
Responsibility for providing waste water treatment facilities at the construction camps will be the
construction contractors. The EMD of SJVNL will be responsible for monitoring of the wastewater
treatment facilities.
The Contractor shall prepare a Chemical Waste/Spillage Management Plan. The Plan shall include
proposed actions for the following situations, and any other situations that could involve similar
products:
4-26
All refueling of heavy equipment and machinery will be undertaken with appropriate safeguards
and protection measures to prevent any spillage or contamination by chemical wastes or
maintenance oils, lubricants etc;
All fuel and hazardous material storage will be adequately bunded to prevent any spillage
problems;
Storm water runoff from open workshop servicing and repair areas and bunded storage areas will
be collected and treated before discharge to drains or waterways
Portable toilets will be installed at each short term work site employing 5 workers or more. At least
one toilet will be installed per 20 workers. The toilets will be clean and a special service unit will be
responsible for collection and distribution of toilet units. The sludge will be treated according to the
requirements of the Contractors waste management plan
Suitable sanitary sewage and solid waste disposal facilities or systems will be provided at all long
term work sites, workshops stores and offices; all explosives will be transported, stored and
handled in accordance with the Applicable laws and Good Design Engineering, and Construction
Practice. The Contractor shall provide details of proposed storage and security arrangements;
Emergency Measures for Hazardous Materials
During construction there will be a potential for the pollution of adjacent habitat areas and
downstream waterways if site activities are not carefully managed, and there is uncontrolled
disposal and/or leaching of hazardous chemicals. SJVNL will minimize the potential for impacts
associated with chemical waste and spills of oil, diesel, grease from the construction area.
The contractor will be responsible for the preparation of the chemical waste and spillage
management plan, which will be approved and monitored by the EMD. This plan will incorporate
measures and processes to handle situations resulting from accidental spills of hazardous materials,
including chemicals and hydrocarbons or other similar incidents.
The SJVNL will be informed immediately of any accidental spill or incident in accordance with the
plan.
Following any spill or incident the Contractor shall immediately initiate remedial action.
This plan will be coordinated with the Emergency Preparedness Plan, and will include provision of
trained personnel, specialized plant and equipment, and defined and approved treatment and
disposal methods for the known range of hazardous materials.
The Contractor shall subsequently provide a report detailing the reason for the spill or incident,
remediation action taken, consequences/ damages from the spill, and proposed corrective actions.
The Emergency Plan for Hazardous Materials will be subsequently updated and submitted to SJVNL
for no objection, every time such an accidental spill happens.
Emissions & Dust Control
Fugitive dust from the site disturbances and emissions from the vehicles and plant have the
potential to negatively affect air quality in the vicinity of the construction sites and access roads.
SJVNL will minimize emissions from vehicles and equipment used for construction activities and
minimizes fugitive dust from construction areas and from unpaved roads within the construction
areas.
Responsibility for incorporating specifications for regular maintenance of vehicles and equipment
used will be with construction contractor. The EMD of SJVNL will review the contracts to ensure
that these specifications are incorporated. The Contractor will aslo prepare an Emissions and Dust
Control Plan. The EMD will develop a monitoring program to ensure that specifications within the
construction contracts are respected.
4-27
The Contractors Emissions and Dust Control Plan will include the following:
Proposed methods and action to control dust resulting from construction related activities,
including quarry sites, crushing and concrete batching plants, earthworks including road
construction, embankments and channel construction, haulage of materials and
construction work camps. As a minimum, dust will be controlled by water spraying or any
other similar measures. These are to be applied as necessary to reduce to a minimum the
spread of dust from unsealed construction roads and public roads when construction
equipment is active, in areas of major earth excavation, and any other areas which
produces dust;
The exhaust gases from the construction machinery and vehicles are accepted. However
the engines will be inspected and adjusted as required to minimize pollution levels;
The emission and dust control plan shall include an internationally recognized air quality
standard such as from ITA (International Tunneling Association) which will be applied to
designing, monitoring and controlling air quality/ pollution in the underground works.
For all underground works, for all activities and type of material excavated, the Contractor shall
install mechanical/ forced ventilation systems which shall provide air pollution concentration that
comply with the requirements of the internationally recognized air quality standard included in this
sub plan. When internal combustion engines are operated in the underground works only diesel
engines will be used.
The burning of waste and/or garbage will be done in designated areas at a distance of at least 2km
downwind from the nearby villages and in accordance with Applicable Law and the Contractors
Environmental Monitoring and Management Plan. Burning of any material which produces toxic
gases will not be allowed.
Noise Control
Although noise impacts on communities on plateau are unlikely, excessive noise will impact on
wildlife. In the Power Station excessive noise will impact upon communities. SJVNL will minimize
the amount of noise generated at construction sites, as well as in the power house.
The contractor will be responsible for the preparation of the noise control plan, which will be
approved by the EMD. Monitoring of noise in the construction areas will be responsibility of EMD.
The Noise Control Plan shall include a nationally recognized noise level standard which will be
applied to designing and managing noise levels in construction plant, equipment and vehicles
Mufflers and other noise control devices of construction equipment and vehicles will regularly
checked, and be repaired or replaced if defective;
Construction works may generally be carried out 24 hours a day within 1km of villages and
construction camps. Work practices may have to be modified outside the period of 6:00 and 18:00
hours.
Construction workers exposed to noise levels of 80dB or more will be provided with adequate
hearing protection, in accordance with the requirement of Health and Safety Plan. Blasting, except
for underground, only permitted between 10:00 and 18:00 hours, within 2km of any villages.
Enhancement and Conservation of Physical Cultural Properties
Objects and sites of physical cultural resources may be encountered during construction activities in
the Construction Areas. SJVNL will implement the procedures required to prevent damage to the
objects and sites of Physical and Cultural Resources and to enable appropriate action to be taken
by SJVNL.
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SJVNL will avoid or minimize impact to physical cultural resources, including items having
archaeological, historical, religious, scared and or unique nature values that may be affected by the
project construction and operation. The SJVNL will be responsible for the appropriate management
of all items or sites of physical cultural resources located in Construction Areas in coordination and
consultation with Government Authorities.
SJVNL has already undertaken field work to evaluate the potential for cultural resources within the
construction areas. Based on this survey, a detailed update to previous findings has been compiled
along with recommended mitigation and management strategies for each item of physical cultural
resources. The result of the survey will be taken into consideration in construction of the project.
The contractor will prepare a sub-plan called the physical cultural resources management plan.
The SJVNL has completed surveys for objects and sites for physical cultural resources within the
selected construction areas. The results of the completed surveys indicate that few, if any, object
and sites will be affected by construction activities. Objects and sites of physical cultural resources
which may be encountered during construction activities include sites having archaeological,
palaentological, historical, religious, sacred and unique natural values.
Prior to commencement of work by the Contractor in any portion of the Construction Areas, the
SJVNL will have:
Completed a physical cultural resources survey for the particular portion of the
Construction Area
Informed the contractor of any known objects and sites of physical cultural resources
within the particular portion of the construction area
The Contractor shall prepare a physical cultural resources plan for dealing with any objects and
sites of physical cultural resources notified by SJVNL or encountered by the contractor within the
Construction Area. Such physical cultural resources plan shall include proposed methodologies for:
Notification to the construction workforce of the need to be vigilant in the detection and
reporting of, and the prevention of disturbance and damage to, objects and sites of
physical cultural resources
Stopping work and securing the area adjacent to the objects and sites of physical cultural
resources to prevent damage to such objects and sites.
The SJVNL, in coordination and consultations with Government Authorities, will be responsible for
the appropriate overall management, protection and preservation of all objects and sites of physical
cultural resources encountered within the construction area and will, in accordance with the
conditions of contract, instruct the contractor on the actions to be taken by the contractor in
relation to avoiding or minimizing disturbance and damage to such objects and sites of physical
cultural resources, including:
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Changes to the Works and the construction methods, if any, required to be taken by the
contractor.
Additionally, SJVNL will retain the support of the Archaeological Survey of India, Shimla Office to
periodically inspect the site, and the physical cultural properties identified by the survey, to verify
that these properties are not damaged, and are being protected adequately. The experts from the
Archaeological Survey of India, Shimla Office would also advise on the enhancement and protection
measures that might be required from time to yime.
Archaeological Chance Find Procedure: Sites and properties that are buried or not identified
by the survey undertaken by SJVNL may be discovered during project implementation, especially in
the course of construction or excavation. Such unanticipated discoveries of remains of an
archaeological and/or historical nature are termed archaeological chance finds. Most often they are
concentrations of pottery, worked stone, and human and animal bones, without commercial value,
but of significance to archaeologists, historians, anthropologists, and paleontologists.
The following archaeological chance find procedures will be adopted in project design and
construction contracts:
The responsibility for preservation, maintenance and assessment of historical and cultural
monuments rests with the Department of Archaeology, Government of Himachal Pradesh,
and in specific cases, with the Archaeological Survey of India.
Whenever chance finds of cultural or historical artifacts (moveable and immovable) are
made the Department of Archaeology, Government of Himachal Pradesh, and the
Archaeological Survey of India will be informed. Should the continuation of work
endanger the historical and cultural artifacts, the project work will be suspended until a
solution is found for the preservation of these artifacts, or advice from the Archaeological
Survey of India is obtained.
Contractors, employees of the contractors and all project employees will be responsible
for informing the Project Director immediately after discovery of the chance find, without
any judgment on their own on the value of the chance find. The Project Director will be
responsible to inform the Department of Archaeology, Government of Himachal Pradesh,
and the Archaeological Survey of India, Shimla Office, within 48 hours of such discovery.
The Project Director will request for a representative of the Department of Archaeology,
Government of Himachal Pradesh, and/or the Archaeological Survey of India, Shimla
Office to make a site inspection.
Project Director will order cessation of work in the vicinity of the chance find until the visit
of a representative (usually required within 48-72 hours of notification); and follow the
advice by the Department of Archaeology, Government of Himachal Pradesh, and/or the
Archaeological Survey of India on possible salvage or excavation (usually required within
48-72 hours of notification).
Failure to report a chance find within the 48 hours of discovery, is a punishable offece
under the relevant Indian legislation. Similarly, (intentional) damage to a historical or
cultural artifact is a punishable offence.
SJVNL will also seek the support of the Archaeological Survey of India, Shimla Office to periodically
inspect the sites of construction, excavation and muck disposal to detect any chance finds.
Landscaping & Re-vegetation
The contractor will prepare a Landscaping and Re-Vegetation Plan that includes measures for
restoration of cleared areas, quarries which are no longer in use, spoil areas, haulage roads,
construction camp areas, borrow areas, stockpile areas, working platforms and any areas
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temporarily occupied during construction. The measures will include landscaping, provision of
adequate drainage and re-vegetation.
All areas disturbed by construction activity, including temporary access roads and tracks, will be
landscaped to reflect natural contours, restore suitable drainage paths and encourage the reestablishment of vegetation.
Spoil heaps and excavated slopes will be re-profiled to stable batters and grassed to prevent
erosion. Topsoil stripped from the areas occupied by the spoil heaps will be used for landscaping
works. Re-establishment of vegetation will be commenced at the earliest possible opportunity.
Appropriate local species of vegetation will be used.
Local depressions created by construction activities will be either backfilled or drained to prevent
ponding possible. Where the local depressions cannot be reasonably drained, the contractor shall
minimize their number and consult with the local populations as to that populations preference for
their location for reuse for fish forming or other community purposes.
All hazardous materials construction plant and waste will be removed from site and safely disposed
of in an environmentally acceptable manner. Reusable construction materials will be either
removed from site or, with the approval of the SJVNL, left in a secure manner such that they do
not constitute a risk to health and safety or a source of environmental damage.
Watercourses, if any, which have been temporarily diverted by the construction activities, will be
restored to their former flow paths.
Vegetation Clearing
During construction there will be a potential for areas to be cleared in excess of real requirements,
and insufficient consideration given to retaining vegetation. SJVNL will minimize vegetation clearing
for construction activities and control erosion and sedimentation from the disturbed areas. All such
additional clearance will be subject to the approval of the State Forest Department, if the land is
designated as forest land, or if the land supports forests.
All land and forest/vegetation clearing activities will be carried out according to a site plan, which
enforces the minimization of vegetation disturbance. Additionally, specification for control of
erosion of sediments will be detailed in the Erosion and Sediment Control Plan.
The contractor will include specifications for the removal of vegetation from the construction areas
and specifications for management of runoff from the disturbed areas during the construction
phase. These specifications are incorporated into the construction contracts. The EMD will be
responsible for ensuring the compliance of the construction contractors. The EMD will also inspect
the construction areas at the end of the construction phase to ensure that the areas are stabilized
before the construction contractor can vacate the area.
At the end of the construction period, the disturbed areas will be inspected to ensure that the areas
have been re-graded to conform to the natural topography and that appropriate grasses and
shrubs have been planted to start the re-vegetation process. The constructor contractor will be
responsible for the stabilization of construction areas before they are allowed to vacate the
construction areas.
Areas proposed for clearing will be submitted to and agreed by SJVNL, and only those proposed
areas will be cleared. SJVNL will reasonably consider the existing usage of the project land to allow
its existing usage to continue as long as is practicable, without interference with the contractors
activities.
The design of roads, including temporary and permanent access roads, shall avoid crop areas
where reasonable and practical. The application of chemicals for vegetation clearing will be
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minimized to the greatest extent reasonable and practical. Chemicals, if any, will be selected on the
basis of being non-residual and with regard to human health.
Herbicides used in the Project shall have negligible adverse human health effects; be shown to be
effective against the target vegetation species; have minimal effect on the natural environment;
and be demonstrated to be safe for inhabitants and domestic animals in the treated areas, as well
as, for personnel applying them. Herbicides will be appropriately packaged, labelled, handled,
stored, disposed of and applied according to international standards to be proposed by the
Contractor for the SJVNLs non objection. Persons applying herbicides will be provided with
appropriate training, equipment, and facilities to handle, store, and apply these products properly.
All herbicides shall have labels in both English and local Languages to allow those handling the
herbicides to comprehend the labeling fully.
Clearing will be carried out in accordance with the following requirements, Logging and Removal of
Waste Forestry Products given below, which describes the Contractors responsibilities, which is
referred to in the Conditions of the Contract.
Logging and Removal of Waste Forestry Products
Prior to Commencement of Construction, SJVNL shall have the right, but not obligation, to remove
or arrange for the removal of commercial and non-commercial timber as well as other forestry
products from the designated Construction Areas. After commencement of Construction the
Contractor shall have the right to log and remove forestry products remaining as required to clear
areas to carry out the construction of the works, as necessary. However, in either case, the
ownership and any value accruing remains with the State Forest Department.
The contractor shall submit plans for removal of the remaining timber and other forestry products
in the areas permitted under this clause to SJVNL for approval at least three months in advance of
any work being executed by the Contractor. The plan will be in accordance with the Contractors
obligations of the contract Requirements, including in particular, the following items:
vegetation clearing
air quality
noise pollution
The contractors plan shall provide detailed information regarding the proposed logging and
clearing work, including the following:
Clear identification of disposal sites for the timber and forestry products;
If the SJVNL elects to log and clear the areas nominated in the Contractors plan as areas which the
SJVNL may log and clear, it shall have the right to do so within the period specified by the
Contractor consistent with the obligation referred to in contract.
All works involving the logging and removal of timber and other forestry products after
commencement of Construction Works must be carried out in accordance with the Contractors non
objected Vegetation Clearance Plan;
Other than the contractors right to use timber obtained from the areas permitted under this clause
for construction or for the temporary works necessary for that construction and other than the sale
4-32
rights described in contract, the contractor must not sell, use or obtain any other benefit from the
commercial timber of forestry products form the Construction Areas.
The contractor, with explicit permission from the State Forest Department, shall dispose of any
timber or forestry products resulting from the clearing not used in the construction Works and
which are not sold, in a manner selected by the contractor including leaving the timber and forestry
products at the perimeter of the cleared construction areas or areas selected by the Contractor
within the cleared construction areas for collection by SJVNL.
For timber and forestry products discarded by the contractor and left at the perimeter of the
cleared Construction Area or at areas selected by the contractor within the cleared construction
area, the SJVNL shall have the right to arrange for the removal of such discarded timber and
forestry products.
Solid Waste Management
During construction there will be potential for garbage and waste collection and disposal to be
given a low priority with resultant low efficiency and health problems. SJVNL will ensure proper
management of solid waste generated by project activities.
A solid waste management plan will be developed by the contractor and will be monitored by the
EMD, which will assure that the solid waste is disposed as described in the solid waste
management plan.
A sufficient number of garbage bins and containers will be made available at the work camps, the
areas of planned and spontaneous resettlement and at the main work sites. Garbage and other
waste will be regularly collected and be transported to a designated waste disposal site.
Suitable sanitary and solid waste collection and disposal facilities or systems will be provided at all
camps, workshops, stores, offices, long term main work sites and personnel will be provided to
operate and maintain the systems. During construction phase, labour, clerical staff and technical
personnel are likely to congregate. The increase in population is expected to be of the order of
11,850. The average per capita solid waste generated would be of the order of 425
gm/day/person. The solid waste likely to be generated from labour camps will about 5 tonne per
day. For solid waste collection, 50 number of masonry storage vats, each of 2m3 capacity will be
constructed at appropriate locations in various labour camps. These vats will be emptied at regular
intervals and the collected waste can then be transported to disposal site. Three covered trucks to
collect the solid waste from common collection point and transfer it to the disposal site will be put
to service. A total provision of Rs.11.11 million is earmarked for these purposes.
Table 4.11 Budget for Solid Waste Management
Item
Three covered truck for conveyance of solid waste to landfill site @ Rs. 1.60
million/truck
4.80
6.11
Awareness programme
Total
0.20
11.11
The waste disposal site will be located at least 2km from the nearest village. Connections to the
groundwater or surface water will be avoided, either by clay or impervious membrane at the
bottom and walls of the waste disposal site. When parts of the waste disposal sites are full, they
will be covered by a depth of 1.5m of soil, and then re-vegetated according to relevant
requirements included in the Landscaping & Re-vegetation Plan. In addition, rehabilitation of those
areas used to bury waste will be done in accordance with the requirements of the HPEPPCB.
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A separate collection and storage procedure will be developed for hazardous or toxic waste, such
as batteries, unused paint thinners and hydrocarbons, disused electronic equipment, etc. These
wastes will be stockpiled in accordance with the requirement of the applicable Laws and
subsequently transported to special solid waste treatment plant capable of proper disposal of such
hazardous or toxic waste as approved by HPEPPCB.
Management of Construction Work Camps and Spontaneous Settlement Areas
During construction there will be potential for construction work camps and spontaneous
settlement areas to be developed without sufficient consideration of planning, health, and
environmental requirements. SJVNL will mitigate the following identified impacts of establishing and
operating work construction camps - erosion; runoff and sediment control from the disturbed
areas; and health issues. For spontaneous development of business not associated with the
construction activities at all sites, or for spontaneous settlement of construction workers or ther
families, SJVNL will seek to maintain the similar standards.
The contractor will be responsible for developing a plan and design for construction of the work
camps. SJVNL, through the EMD, will ensure that the work camps prevent environmental impacts
to the camp sites and to the surrounding areas. The EMD will be responsible for monitoring
activities within the camps to ensure compliance with the plan.
The contractor shall plan, design and construct construction work camps for the construction
workers, which satisfy the following general requirements:
Plans will be prepared for all camps and preliminary plans and information will be
submitted with the contractors Environmental Monitoring and Management Plan.
Approvals and permits will be obtained in accordance with the Applicable Laws, Applicable
Standards and Environmental Requirements, if any, for the building and infrastructure
work for each camp area.
Camp site selection and access roads will be located so as to avoid clearing as many trees
and vegetation as possible form the areas and to avoid aquatic habitats.
Suitable sanitary, sewage and solid waste collection and disposal facilities will be provided
to serve the construction camps. Sewage effluent shall meet water quality criteria
required by Applicable Laws, Standards and Environmental requirements before
discharge.
Adequate provision for medical facility; signage for awareness on health and hygiene;
and condom vending machines and other awareness materials to combat HIV/AIDS.
The contractor shall plan, design and construct construction work camps for the construction
workers and the officials of the contractors organization, which satisfy the following specific
requirements:
Paved internal roads, storm water drainage systems to prevent stagnant water, adequate
day time, night time and security lighting will be provided
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Camps shall consist of living facilities with housing mess, shopping, recreational and
sanitary facilities for all workers accommodated within the camps.
Fire fighting equipment and services and portable fire extinguishers will be provided for
all building
Medical and first aid facilities will be provided at each camp area
The camp areas shall have an adequate supply of potable water compliant with WHO
criteria and Applicable Laws
Ventilation of buildings within the camp areas will be in accordance with Applicable Laws
and Standards
Mess halls and residential accommodation will be mosquito and fly proofed.
Adequate provision for medical facility; signage for awareness on health and hygiene;
and condom vending machines and other awareness materials to combat HIV/AIDS.
Water quality will be maintained, and sanitation facilities provided as described in Section 4.5.1.
Mitigation for Impacts from Construction of Roads
SJVNL will strive to inimize impacts during the construction and upgrading of roads. The major
mitigation measures is the minimization of new road alignments in favour of upgrading existing
roads and for new roads, seeking an alignment that minimizes damage to vegetation.
The contractor will be responsible for constructing and/or strengthening the access roads, the
haulage roads, or any other roads within the project area in accordance with the EMP. The EMD
will be responsible for ensuring that contractors environment management plan adequately covers
the environmental impact mitigation measures for the road construction activities. It will also be
responsible for monitoring compliance.
The approach roads will have to be constructed as a part of the access to the construction site. In
a hilly environment, construction of roads sometime disturbs the scenic beauty of the area. In
addition, landslides are often triggered due to road construction because of the loosening of rocks
by water trickling from various streams.
Road construction is expected generates significant quantity of wastes (muck) due to the stripping
of the rocks. The stripped muck is generally cleared by dumping the material along the slopes.
These dumped materials finally flow down to the valleys and ultimately finds its way in to the river.
In the Rampur HEP, this will be prohibited. The stripped material will be collected and dumped in
the designated muck disposal areas, which will be managed and protected as described in a subsection above.
After disposal operation is complete at the dump site, dump site will be reinstated, contoured and
vegetated. Various other aspects to be integrated while constructing the project roads are
described below.
The method of balanced cut and fill formation will be adopted to avoid large difference in
cut and fill quantities.
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Where rock blasting is involved, controlled blasting techniques adopted to avoid overshattering of hill faces.
Excavated material should not be thrown haphazardly but dumped duly dressed up in a
suitable form at appropriate places where it cannot get easily washed away by rain, and
such spoil deposits may be duly turfed or provided with some vegetative cover.
Drainage of the water from hill slopes and road surface is very important. All artificial
drains will be linked with the existing natural drainage system.
Surface drains shall have gentle slopes. Where falls in levels are to be negotiated, check
dams with silting basins will be constructed and that soil is not eroded and carried away
by high velocity flows.
Location and alignment of culverts should also be so chosen as to avoid severe erosion at
outlets and siltation at inlets.
Tree felling for road construction/works will be kept bare minimum and strict control must
be exercised in consultation with the Forest Department. Equivalent amount of new trees
will be planted as integral part of the project within the available land and if necessary,
separate additional land may be acquired for this purpose.
Depending on the availability of land and other resources, afforestation of roadside land
will be carried out to a sufficient distance on either side of the road.
An amount of Rs.8 million is earmarked for the purpose of implementing these EMP measures
described above. These costs have already been included in the estimates of the contract cost, and
the bill of quantities. Therefore, these are not included in the EMP budget.
Table 4.12 - Budget for Implementation of EMP Measures for Road Construction
S. No.
Item
1.
3.0
2.
1.5
3.
2.0
4.
1.0
5.
Total
0.5
8.0
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Details regarding expected road quality, maximum permissible vehicular speed on each section
of road, establishment of safe sight distance including within the construction areas and
construction camp site.
Detailed plans for signage around the construction area to facilitate traffic movement.
Estimated maximum concentrations of traffic and effects on existing traffic patterns for
different times of day, and at individual locations within the construction area.
Provisions to be made by the contractor for adequate off-road parking of all construction
related vehicles.
Plans to be followed while moving special loads, such as hazardous material, or heavy loads.
Plans for controlling site access, including both construction areas and construction camp
areas.
Monitoring and methods of enforcing the requirements of the traffic management plan.
Construction traffic, including heavy loads, must not damage public roads. Personnel authorized to
the construction areas will be briefed on traffic regulations applicable to the construction area.
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Parking will be provided for all classes of vehicles travelling to the site. At no time shall construction
vehicles be parked in a manner which may restrict movement of traffic on public roads. Signage
should provide directions to various components of the works, provide safety advice and warning.
All signs will be in both English and Local Language and be constructed to Indian Standards.
4.5.5
Decisions regarding siting of camps will be made with regard to good drainage, water
supply, sewage disposal and disease transmission potential, especially malaria.
A medical centre sited at the main construction camps, for the diagnosis and treatment of
communicable diseases, simple medical complaints and handling of medical emergencies
and accidents. It will be staffed adequately. Subsidiary treatment or first aid posts at each
smaller construction camps will be staffed by either a trained nurse or locally trained
personnel.
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Suitable workers will be selected from the workforce and receive additional training in
occupational health and first aid shall form teams of two or three personnel at each work
site. They shall do this as part of their normal work and will be under the supervision of
the person responsible for occupation health and of the medical officer.
For the control of communicable diseases and other public health issues, contractors will
employ services of a sanitation officer and a disease control officer.
Provision will be made for health checks of employees, including checks, where required,
for drug abuse and sexually transmittable diseases in accordance with ILO and WHO
resolutions, recommendations, guidelines for construction workers.
The contractor shall employ a sanitation management and control office who will be fully
devoted to (i) control vector borne and other diseases, (ii) ensure the continued safe
disposal of all solid waste and sewage, (iii) implement fly and other insect control at
construction camp sites and in the project area, (iv) implement and monitor the sanitation
management measures throughout the project area including construction camps and
spontaneous resettlement areas, (v) provide appropriate information and education to the
workforce on prevention of diseases, including malaria, diarrhea, STD and HIV/AIDS, and
(vi) investigate and document diseases outbreaks within the contractors workforce.
Insecticide control as a last resort method and only after studies indicate primary
locations of mosquitoes
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Responsibility
Time
Felling of Trees Loss of one thousand seventy five(1075) trees Project affected Until Compensatory
for project
afforestation is
area
construction
complete
Vegetation
Clearing for
construction
activity
Erosion of soil
PAA,PIAA
Impact will be
temporary but will
continue during the
construction period
Burning of waste
Generation of Increase in noise level, causing disturbance to
the fauna and human settlements around the
Noise from
constructionare site.
as
Project Impact boundary is categorized as Project Affected Area(PAA),Project Immediate Influence Area(PIIA) and Project Influence Area(PIA)
4-40
Responsibility
Time
Wildlife hunting will be banned by order of law
Construction contract will be
responsible for preparing and
Alternate source of energy such as Kerosene or LPG will
implementing a construction work
be provided
camp management plan
Punitive measures will be enforced tree cutiing and
SJVNL will be responsible for
damage to natural resources
monitoring the implementation of
Proper soild waste collecetion and treatment measures the plan
will be implemented
Muck Disposal
Loss of biodiversity
PAA,PIAA
Dust generation
PAA,PIAA
Until construction
activities are over
Excess Timber
logging
PIAA,PIA
During construction
as well as operation
stage
Blasting
PAA,PIAA,PIA
Temporary during
blasting time
During tower
errection
Adequate compensation will be provided for loss of asset Environment management Plan for
transmission line projects will be
Towers will be aligned away from habitation
developed and implemented by
Transmission towers will aligned to reduce tree cutting
SJVNL
4-41
Responsibility
Time
Construction/
Loss of biodiversity
upgradation of
Silt runoff to surface water body/river
roads
Construction related pollution
PIAA,PIA
River Satluj
Between Jhakri
and Bayal
River Satluj
Between Jhakri
and Bayal
Solid waste and waste water management in the villages SJVNL will be responsible for water
quality monitoring and
and rampur town
implementation of suitable
Effective Catchment Management Plan
measures. Environment Protection
Water quality Monitoring and implementation of effective and Pollution Control Board will
measures in case of water pollution
monitor the same at regular
interval as external check
Water Quality
4-42
Responsibility
erosion
Time
PAA,PIA
4-43
4.5.6
4-44
The Site Safety Assurance Plan will be continually monitored by the HOD (Safety), who will
ensure that all elements of the Plan and the Safety Manual are effectively working. The HOD
(Safety) will report directly to the the Project Director, and be the point of contact for all issues
regarding safety and health on the project. Along with project management, the HOD Safety will
establish and enforce the Projects attitude and commitment towards site safety. Other primary
duties of the HOD Safety will include:
Monitoring management, distribution and proper use of all safety equipment by the
contractor.
Monitor all on and off-site medical including physicians and facilities to be established
by the contractor.
Interfacing continually with the General Manager (Projects) on all matters of safety.
Safety Supervisor(s): The HOD Safety will manage a staff of Safety Supervisors. Each work site
will have a full-time Safety Supervisor who will have no other duties other than safety. The Safety
Supervisors will be trained and qualified. These supervisors will be deployed by the Contractor.
Competent Person(s): Each area of work will have a Competent Person deployed by the
contractor who will be assigned and readily available to address any safety issue at that location.
Competent Persons shall have the knowledge and training to meet all requirements for the work
being performed. The Competent Person shall perform routine inspections of the work area,
address any instant worker concerns, and understand all emergency and crisis response activities.
Due Diligence: Societal expectations are increasing the pressure on organizations, such as SJVNL,
to reduce the risk of illness accidents and incidents in the workplace. In addition to meeting our
legal responsibilities, SJVNL will strive to continually improve safety performance and management
systems to reduce occupational injury and disease to the lowest practicable level amongst its own
employees, and those of Contractors, through the application of following stated principles:
Accountability
All employees will be held accountable for their own and their staff or crews actions. Accountability
is not limited to disciplinary action that happens after an incident or accident. Accountability will
include dedication and commitment to all of the process goals that will make the Project work
Accident-Free. This Pro-Active Accountability will include:
Effective Training - Monthly Mass Safety meetings (i) well planned using
demonstrations and training tools; (ii) 100% mandatory attendance; (iii) front-line
foremen who conduct training.
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Hazard Identification (i) safety engineering (risk mitigation) part of each Work Plan; (ii)
detailed, operation-specific Job Hazard Analysis; (iii) all documents used in field and
constantly updated.
Promote Awareness (i) inspection and audit feedback provided directly to foreman and
crew; (ii) visible incentive programs tied to safety performance and personal performance
ZERO TOLERANCE for anyone performing their work or knowingly allowing the work of
others to be performed in a hazardous manner.
ZERO TOLERANCE for anyone damaging company vehicles, equipment, and tools, or
causing damage to another persons property when taking proper action could have
prevented damage.
Violations of our safety policies, whether an injury occurs or not, will subject violators to
discipline.
Disciplinary actions could include (i) re-orientation, (ii) verbal reprimand, (iii) written
reprimands, (iv) suspension from project site or termination; or that (v) a willful violation
will be grounds for immediate termination.
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Demand that work areas be maintained in a neat, organized and professional manner
Ensure that all required safety equipment is available and in good condition.
4.5.7
Support a Safety First attitude, and hold individuals accountable for safety.
Assist in providing meaningful safety training in time to deal with potential risks before
they occur.
Listing of the conditions or events which could lead to or indicate an existing or potential
emergency.
Brief description of the means by which potential emergencies identified, including the
data and information collection system, monitoring arrangements.
Accordingly emergency identification Response Level Matrix has been prepared and is described
below (Table 4.14).
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Table 4.14 Response Level Matrix for Each Type of Emergency Events
Response
Level
Hydrological Event/Flooding
Earthquake
Abnormal
Instrument
Readings
In case instruments
placed in the main civil
structures of the
upto the magnitude of 3000 cumec can be
Upstream dam warns of imminent spill - In
been designed for DBE value project show abnormal
passed through dam sluices by opening the dam our case, upstream dam is at Karcham. In
of 0.29g for Max. sluice
readings, the same
Internal Alert
sluices. This is possible if advance warning of
case the dam authorities warn of imminent
section. After the earthquake, would be critically
Situation can be
the flood about the magnitude of the flood is
spill due to sudden tripping of units, water
examined by the
the visual inspection of dam
managed
available about 3 hours in advance so that all
would take about 90 minutes to reach dam
body & galleries etc. will be
design department.
internally Outside
the sluice gates can be opened and reservoir
site. If the amount of discharge to be
carried out and
After the analysis of
notification NOT
level is brought down to free flow level .
released is upto 700 cumec , it can be passed
instrumentation readings will the abnormal readings,
required.
However, before bringing down the water level safely by opening the dam sluices in advance
also be taken and the same
remedial measures for
below MDDL, generation in the power house will within the above time period .
will be intimated to the design if any would be
be stopped and intake & SFT gates closed in
suggested by the
department .
phased manner.
design department.
In case instruments
placed in the main civil
structures of the
project show abnormal
readings, the same
would be critically
examined by the
design department.
After the analysis of
the abnormal readings,
remedial measures for
if any would be
suggested by the
design department.
In case instruments
placed in the main civil
structures of the
project show abnormal
readings, the same
would be critically
Gate Failure/Power
loss/Equipment failure/fire
4-48
Response
Level
Hydrological Event/Flooding
Earthquake
Abnormal
Instrument
Readings
examined by the
design department.
After the analysis of
the abnormal readings,
remedial measures for
if any would be
suggested by the
design department.
Gate Failure/Power
loss/Equipment failure/fire
6500 cumec , all the five gates
have been assumed to be in
operative condition. The flood of
the order of 6500 cumec can be
passed through dam sluices by
resorting to flood routing when
advance warning of the flood is
available. The reservoir level is
brought to free flow level by
opening all the radial gate in
advance .However, if more than
one gate is in-operative, matter
will be immediately taken up
between field & design
departments.
In case instruments
placed in the main civil
structures of the
project show abnormal
readings, the same
would be critically
examined by the
design department.
After the analysis of
the abnormal readings,
remedial measures for
if any would be
suggested by the
design department.
4-49
Emergency Evaluation
Emergency Preparedness Committee: The committee will have the following members.
Head of Project
- Chairman of Committee
Head of PH/Mtc
Head of MIS
- Member
Head of P&A
- Member
Head of PH-Operation
- Member
- Member
Head of Dam
- Member
Head of Medical
- Member
Head of Finance
- Member
Head of CISF
- Member
Head of W&T
- Member
Head of Store
- Member
Head of Safety
- Member Secretary
The Emergency Preparedness Committee will invite any other official/ Expert, if considered
necessary. The committee shall supervise following activities:
Functioning of emergency control centre very specifically availability of all facilities for its
functional healthiness as per the response level matrix detailed in Table 4.14 above.
To ensure that employees are fully aware to fight any emergency like sealing of fire
fighting, flash floods, land slides or any other such measures, etc.
Mock Drills
It is imperative that the procedures laid in the plan are put to the test by conducting Mock Drills.
The mock drills will be carried-out step by step as stated below:
SECOND STEP: Test the speed of mobilization of the plant emergency teams.
THIRD STEP: Test emergency isolation of all the actions to be taken during an
emergency.
FOURTH STEP: Conduct a full rehearsal of all the actions to be during an emergency. The
Disaster Management plan will be periodically revised based on experience gained from
the mock drills.
Disaster Management Efficacy Drill Monitoring Committee (such drill will be conducted at
least once in every 3 months):
Head of Project - Chairman
The committee will invite any other official/ expert to assist its functioning. Following activities will
be necessary supervised for its being effectiveness.
All employees are trained about their responsibilities/ duties during an emergency. They
all are aware about evacuation routes, direction of evacuation, equipments to be used
4-50
during evacuation or the method of evacuation. The Response level Matrix at point 1
above may be made aware of.
All employees are fully trained to rescue their colleagues. In case they are unable to so
they will be in a position to know whom they have to contract.
All employees are fully trained in first aid, use of desired equipments including breathing
apparatus, first aid box etc. are available at the desired location.
All warning alarms are functional. Public Address System is in healthy condition.
It is very clear amongst the concerned Managers, who shall call for assistance under
mutual aid scheme or facilities from within.
It is clear at the plant, who shall inform the District Authorities/ State Authorities and
Corporate centre.
Round the clock monitoring of river Satluj at Khab and Powari warning stations. Listing of
all the Data records available in the dam Control room.
Once the emergency situation is suspected as per Response Level Matrix conditions,
action to be initiated. All the villages falling under emergency or on margin would be
communicated through wireless system, phones or any other means of communication
system.
Mock drill will be conducted once in three months for emergency preparedness. Regular
inspection and maintenance of Dam, Power House, other underground structure, sluice
gates and other gates installed at various structures.
Medical services.
Notification Procedure
Notification procedures are the procedures which contain a list of all persons to be notified in the
event that an emergency is declared. Any emergency as per Response Level Matrix will be
intimated through communication system to Head of Project and other as per following:
Head of Power House Operation
Head of Hospital
Head of CISF
Head of Safety
4-51
Army Headquarters
Message regarding flood conveyed from BRO, Sumdo to Warning Station, SJVNL, at Khab
from where it is further communicated to Dam Control Room, NJHPS at Nathpa.
Message will immediately conveyed from Dam Control Room to Power House, NJHPS,
Jhakri.
Message from Dam Control Room will further pass on to local administration at Bhaba
Nagar, Jeori & Rampur.
Message will be conveyed from Dam Control Room to Corporate Office, SJVNL, Shimla.
Notification Flowchart
A notification flowchart is a diagram showing the hierarchy of notification during an emergency.
Following is the notification flowchart in case of major emergency:
Figure 4.1 Emergency Notification Flowchart
BRO, SUMDO
FLOOD WARNING STATION, SJVNL, KHAB
FLOOD WARNING STATION, SJVNL, POWARI
DAM CONTROL ROOM, NJHPS, NATHPA
HEAD OF STATION, NATHPA
POWER HOUSE NJHPS, JHAKRI
Head of Project, NJHPS
Head of
Project
NJHPS
Head of
Power
House
Head of
Safety
Head of
Power
House
Head of
P&A
Head of
Medical
Head of
Dam
Mainte
Head of
CISF
SDM
Head of
Dam
Oprn
ARMY
Dy.
Sup. of
Police
SMO
Rampur
4-52
AC to DC 222227, 222278
SP 222270, 222288
Ambulance 222319
Village
Contact Number
Jhakri
94180-75569
Jeori
94181-20448
Sh. Soni
Wadhal
94180-51771
Gopalpur
094177-33214
Dopda
273514
Shahdhar
98163-16860
Tranda
94183-40301
Ponda
94180-11485
Nichar
94183-07878
Nathpa
94181-55452
Dhar Gura
01782-275875
4-53
Communication Systems
Following communication system (Internal/External) are available in the Dam Control Room at
Nathpa.
VSAT
Mobile (BSNL)
WLL (BSNL)
Intercom (EPABX)
Wireless Handsets
Written messages.
Access to Site
On foot
Primary access to Dam is routed within project site premises via P&A, GVG to Dam
Control Room.
In case of any disruption in above mentioned path, substitute approach is available in the
right bank of river Satluj via NH-22, Wangtoo upto Dam Control Room.
In case of worst situation/emergency, walkway path will be used from Dam Control Room
to approach at NH-22.
Helipad is available near P&A building premises at Nathpa and near VIP Guest House at
Jhakri.
Rescue equipments will be available with rescue team of CISF fire wing.
The other material and equipment will be available through effective communication at
work from O&M In-charge Power House, In-charge W&T, In charge Stores & Civil
Maintenance Division of NJHPS.
4-54
During emergency main stock of the material will be maintained in the main store of
NJHPS at Jhakri & Dam site and thereafter supplied to the different areas i.e. Power
House Complex, Dam site and other rescue camps.
The material will be supplied to the different units directly under the control of
Store/Safety department.
DG Sets
Emergency lights
Torches
Auxiliary/standby power supply will be restored by any of the DG set one each available
at Intake Structure, GVG Complex, Residential premises.
4.6
Hooters at prominent locations at dam ,power house site ,identified places in villages as
per discretion of Dam in-Charge.
PA System
4-55
the costs of greenhouse gas reduction project activities are usually much lower with the purpose to
assist developing country parties in achieving Sustainable Development and in contributing to the
ultimate objective of the Convention and to assist developed country Parties in achieving
compliance with their quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments.
The supply of renewable, clean and reasonably low cost hydro electricity from the Rampur
Hydropower Project to India would displace or delay the equivalent capacity addition of thermal
plant, thereby reducing the CO2 emissions that otherwise would have been emitted without Rampur
Hydroelectric Power Project. The Rampur Hydro Power Project once commissioned would generate
about 1969.69 GWh per annum of renewable energy. By utilizng this energy in India, it is
estimated that it would displace about 1.3623 million tons of CO2 per year. The increased power
production shall contribute to sustain a higher growth rate of economic development, particularly in
the region and generally for the country.
The estimates of CO2 abatement from the Rampur Hydropower Project is as given below.
1,215,557 tCO2-equivalent
With this potential the Rampur Hydropower Project will try to avail carbon finance. It has asked
support from the World Bank to access the CDM.
4.7
4.7.1
4.7.2
Manage and implement the overall monitoring programme and supervise the monitoring
done by other entities;
4-56
Water Quality
Construction Phase: It is proposed to monitor the effluent before and after treatment from
septic tanks. The frequency of monitoring could be once per month. The parameters to be
monitored include pH, Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand, Total Suspended Solids and Total Dissolved
Solids. The analysis work can be done by a laboratory recognized by the State Pollution Control
Board.
Operation Phase: The surface water quality of river Satluj needs to be monitored thrice a year.
The proposed parameters to be monitored include pH, temperature, electrical conductivity,
turbidity, total dissolved solids, calcium, magnesium, total hardness, chlorides, sulphates, nitrates,
DO, COD, BOD, Iron, Zinc and Manganese. The sampling sites will be:
1km upstream of the intake site, and 3km downstream of the confluence of the tail race
discharge, with river Satluj.
The analysis will be done throughout the entire life of the project. The analysis work can
be conducted by a reputed external agency recognized by State Pollution Control Board.
During project operation phase, a Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) is proposed to be set up to treat
the effluent from the project colony. Once every week, it is envisaged to analyse a sample each
before and after treatment from the STP. The parameters to be analysed include pH, Biochemical
Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Total Suspended Solids and Total Dissolved Solids.
The analysis work can be conducted by a reputed external agency recognized by State Pollution
Control Board.
Ambient Air Quality and Meteorology
Construction Phase: The ambient air quality monitoring during construction phase can be carried
out by an external agency, approved by State Pollution Control Board at three stations where major
construction sites. Every year monitoring is to be done for three seasons namely, winter, summer
and Post-monsoon. The frequency of monitoring could be twice a week for four consecutive weeks
at each station for each season. The parameters to be monitored are Respirable Particulate Matter
(RPM) and Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM), Sulphurdioxide (SO2) and Nitrogen Oxides (NOx).
Every year, ambient air quality is to be monitored for (3 stations* twice a week* four weeks*three
seasons) 72 days.
A meteorological laboratory will be set up (by HPEPPCB with financing from the project) at one of
the ambient air quality monitoring stations. Automatic recorders for temperature, wind speed and
direction, humidity, rainfall needs to be commissioned at the site. An amount of Rs.400,000 has
been be earmarked for this purpose.
Noise
Construction Phase: Noise emissions from vehicular movement, operation of the construction
equipment may be monitored during construction phase at major construction sites. The frequency
of monitoring could be once every three months. For monitoring of noise generators an Integrating
Noise Level Meter will be required. An amount of Rs.50,000 has been earmarked for purchase of
noise meter.
Ecology
Construction Phase: A detailed ecological survey covering forestry, fisheries, wildlife is
recommended during the entire construction phase. The survey can be conducted once every year
for the entire construction period. The various aspects to be covered include qualitative and
quantitative assessment of flora & fauna and monitoring of restoration of muck disposal area.
4-57
Operation Phase: Monitoring of aquatic ecology will be essential to achieve sustainable yield of
fish. Some of the parameters to be monitored are phytoplanktons, zooplanktons, benthic life and
fish composition, etc. Status of greenbelt development, changes in migration patterns of the
aquatic and terrestrial fauna species will be studied. The monitoring work will be conducted by an
independent agency.
Incidence of Water-Related Diseases
Construction Phase: Identification of water-related diseases, adequacy of local vector control
and curative measures, status of public health are some of the parameters which will be closely
monitored three times a year with the help of data maintained in the government
dispensaries/hospitals. The monitoring can be done by Public Health Department and other
infrastructure, e.g. hospitals and dispensaries constructed by the project proponents.
Operation Phase: Increased prevalence of various vector borne diseases and adequacy of local
vector control and curative measures need to be monitored. The monitoring can be done three
times in a year. The monitoring can be done by Public Health Department and other infrastructure,
e.g. hospitals and dispensaries constructed by the project proponents.
Land Use
Operation Phase: During project operation phase, it is proposed to monitor land use pattern once
every year using satellite data as procured by National Remote Sensing Agency, Hyderabad.
Table 4.17 - Environmental Monitoring by HPEPPCB during Construction
Item
Parameters
Frequency
Location
Water-related diseases
Noise
Air quality
Meteorological aspects
Parameters
Frequency
Location
Water
Thrice a year
Twice a year
Ecology
Once in 2 years
1 km upstream of Rampur
1 km down-stream of Rampur town
1 km down-stream of Tail Race
discharge of Rampur power house
4-58
Items
Parameters
Frequency
Location
Aquatic ecology
Thrice a year
4.7.3
Landuse
Once in a year
Catchment area
Soil
Once in a year
Catchment area
4-59
parameters. The results will be utilized for designing effective air quality management in the area
and continuous improvement of the same.
Erosion and Landslide
Erosion and landslides ill be monitored through photographic analysis of pre selected areas of rock
and land strata at 6 monthly intervals. SJVNL team will undertake survey of the potential areas,
mark and photograph them on visible scale of clarity. Exercise will be repeated every six month and
comparative analysis will be made of photograph to identify changes, if any in the rock, vegetation,
and strata locations. A record will be maintained of changes occurring in the character of the land
strata and /or rock. Evaluation will be used for advance warning of possible erosion and landslide
possibility.
Changes in Flow of the Natural Water Source like Tributaries and Springs
Natural water resources will be monitored every year by SJVNL physically to establish their
conditions and for maintaining inventory so that compensation measures for asset loss as
established during project preparation stage could be implemented effectively. This will be in
addition to the system where local people have access to project information system for notifying
their complaints, etc on the water resources status of the area.
Fish Management
Fish management as approved by state fishery department will be implemented and evaluated for
progress every year. Adaptive management principles will be implemented in case the progress is
not found satisfactory.
Review of Adaptive Management Targets
In the first five years, adaptive management targets and related monitoring requirements will be
reviewed and amended. Thus, the adaptive management process will accommodate any changes
based on new information.
Budget
The monitoring and evaluation process will require additional and at times, extensive surveys and
primary data collection, either to establish a base line or to measure changes. In order to respond
to evolving management needs, a contingency budget may be required-especially where response
may require capital works. In the project some substantial contingencies have already in certain
cases been allocated. Remaining requirement of contingency budget will be committed by SJVNL
under performance commitment as recommended by the finance agencies.
Future Studies
In addition to studies already done, other studies are either ongoing or will be conducted for the
project to assist in preventing, mitigating potential project impacts. These studies will also, in some
cases, facilitate each of the major areas identified for adaptive management, particularly:
4.7.4
The effect of CAT Plan implementation on reduction on sediment and silt load;
Effect on the landscape of the river banks due to reduced flow of the river;
4-60
Targets
1st Yr.
2nd Yr.
3rd Yr.
4th Yr.
5th Yr.
REMARKS
ENVIRIONMENT ASPECTS
1.
2.
3.
100%
80%
100%
4A
10%
20%
50%
4B
25%
50%
100%
5.
28ha
69ha
97ha
124ha
138ha
6.
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
7.
220
550
870
1030
1088
8.
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
9.
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
Contractors will be
advised to ensure.
Rectification taking
full mitigation
measures within
three days.
SAFETY ASPECTS
1.
4.8
2.
3.
4.
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
Compliance be
made within three
days of reporting.
Ensure complete transparency around the Rampur hydropower project and help SJVNL
uphold the highest standards of transparency and disclosure as benchmarked by the
Right to Information (RTI) Act.
4-61
Establish and maintain an effective and credible two-way channel of communication with
stakeholders in general and project-affected persons (PAPs) in particular, throughout the
implementation of Rampur Hydropower Project.
Help ensure smooth and timely project implementation by anticipating and addressing the
concerns and misapprehensions of local communities and other civil society organizations
that may impact the project.
At present, SJVNL maintains a Public Information Center at the proposed site in Bael village; has
steady, informal relations with local communities; is upgrading its website; has designated an
information officer as required under the RTI legislation; and engages with the local Himachal
Pradesh media. Also, given the challenges thrown up by the communications needs assessment,
SJVNL has set up its own internal nodal communications cell which can guide and oversee the
implementation of communication activities detailed in the following table 4.20:
Status
Disclosure
4-62
Area of Action
Status
Enhancing
SJVNLs Public
Profile
Ongoing
Ongoing
Ongoing.
4.9
The state Forest Department will be responsible for implementing the (i) compensatory
afforestation, including implementation of afforestation works from the money separately
4-63
allocated for (a) compensatory afforestation, (b) lease value of forest land, and (c) net
present value of forests;
The state Forest Department will be responsible for implementing the CAT plan, including
any part of the CAT plan the forest department delegates to other agencies for
implementation (such as part of the soil and moisture conservation works delegated to
SJVNL or any other agencies under separate contracts);
The Fisheries Department will be responsible for implementing the Fisheries Management
Plan;
The state Pollution Contol Board will be responsible for implementing the specific
Environmental Monitoring activities agreed;
The SJVNL will be responsible for implementing all other components of the EMP,
including any EMP activities delegated to the contractors or any other agency by SJVNL.
The regulatory roles for compliance monitoring will be with the state Environment
Department and the pollution Control Board, the state Forest Department, and the GOI
Ministry of Environment and Forests.
For ensuring effective implementation of the EMP, all these above agencies will require capacity
building. For SJVNL the capacity building activities will be implemented by the project. For the state
agencies, the capacity building will be part of the larger development policy lending (DPL) funded
by the World Bank.
These are discussed below.
4.9.1
4-64
hydropower agency) through enforceable contracts to use least 20% of the currently accrued
resources (INR 140 crores ~ US$ 35 million).
Prevention of Degradation of Catchments: The GoHP will order the PWD banning any disposal
of construction and excavated waste or muck in hill slopes, including that any muck from clearing
of landslides on roads or from any other construction activity to be dumped in pre-identified sites
(to be listed by PWD).
Improved Planning for compensatory afforestation and CAT: The Forest Department will
creation adequate baseline data (using GIS and survey of sediment load for each stream), and
prepare proper actions for compensatory afforestation; proper CAT Plan actions (including
dovetailing of micro-plans for each Panchayat and Forest Division; with separation of activities to
be funded by other sources of financing). It will develop proper implementation and reporting
arrangements (by jurisdiction, by competence, and by capacity to implement).
Adequate Fund Release Mechanism: Fund releases to RVWSs will align with CAT Plan
requirements, and every agency will prepare Annual Work Plan; and six-monthly release of funds
by CAMPA/RVWS. All CAT fund flow will be purely based on contractual arrangements; and based
on performance audits.
Effective Implementation: Each agency will be permitted to outsource (through contracts), but
will be responsible for outputs. Whenever the private Sector is engaged (by direct contract or by
subletting) a system of supervision will be in place. Periodical Review of CAT Plan targets and
Implementation will take place at 3 levels. Failure to implement or release funds in time will be
recorded and placed before the Principal Secretary, Forest Department by RVWS every six months.
Monitoring & Enforcement: The Forest Department will develop an effective monitoring system
(GIS and Satellite Imagery database), with monitoring responsibilities clearly defined. There will be
a system of independent half-yearly monitoring / audit, supplemented by Community Monitoring.
The Forest Department will ensure full public disclosure of targets and achievements. Irrespective
of sources of funding, all relevant activities (i.e. all activities similar or same as the activities listed
in the CAT Plan) will be recorded and reported (on a GIS platform). The Forest Department will
also put in place a system to link the community monitoring and the independent monitoring to
performance management of RVWSs and the Forest Departments staff including territorial DFOs.
4-65
Table 4.21 Capacity Building Proposals of the Forest Department (through the DPL financing)
Item
Institutional
Arrangements
Institutional Capacity Building Requirements for Implementing Compensatory Afforestation & Catchment Area Treatment
} Notify State CAMPA
Separate account, budget head; GO for State CAMPA to prepare annual plans
GO for State CAMPA to also use State Watershed Societies as implementation agencies for CA (as the capacity of the territorial DFOs is limited)
GO requiring performance audit of territorial DFOs on any amount received from State CAMPA
} Notify River Valley Watershed Societies (RVWS), using the HP State NRM Society Act
GO that RVWS can only spend through enforceable contracts (and not through MOU, GO, etc.)
GO allowing enforceable contracting arrangements between RVWS and government or public sector agencies / Panchayats / private sector
GO authorizing Panchayats and private sector to work in forest land (including reserve forests, but not within protected areas - NP/WLS) include measures to prevent illegal
felling, etc.; GO for Territorial DFOs to allow and assist other agencies implementing CAT Plan activities within their territory
} Improved Reporting Arrangements of the State Forest Department
GO for each Territorial DFO to prepare beat level status of forests; Designated State CCF to review and consolidate these reports (on a GIS platform)
GO that expenditure on each beat on each type of activity to be recorded and reported, irrespective of the source of financing (format to be attached with the GO)
Consolidation of
Funds
Interim Actions to
Use Part of the
Currently Available
Resources
Prevention of
Degradation of
Catchments
} GO to the PWD banning any disposal of construction and excavated waste or muck in hill slopes
Each road work to minimize muck disposal (show balance of cut and fill); and protect dumping sites to acceptable standards (with toe walls); Should fully apply to PMGSY roads
For each stretch of roads in the state, State PWD to prepare a list of designated muck disposal area (and prepare an estimate for protection of these areas)
Each PWD Executive Engineer will be held accountable for non-compliance
} GO that any muck from clearing of landslides on roads or from any other construction activity to be dumped in pre-identified sites (to be listed by PWD)
4-66
Institutional Capacity Building Requirements for Implementing Compensatory Afforestation & Catchment Area Treatment
} Creation of Baseline Data
GO for each Territorial DFO to develop forest cover and quality baseline data for each forest beat (using GPS); Identify areas under erosion; gradation by erosion intensity
Develop baseline of sediment load by rivers and streams (by an independent survey - recurring)
} Prepare Proper Actions for CA (+NPV + LR)
Identify the maintenance needs for current forested areas; and needs for plantation in degraded beats; Allocate resources depending on the nature of work, site contexts, and
for assured survival; Allocate separately for maintenance of planted saplings
} Develop Proper CAT Plan Actions
Identify where treatment will give best results (benefit / cost ratio); For each area to be treated, develop specific action plan
Separate (beat-wise) works to be funded under ALL regular Government Funding and Special Projects (externally funded projects, and Centrally Sponsored Schemes).
Identify plantation/afforestation works to be financed by CA; and the remainder by CAT Plan resources; Flexibility for micro plans for each Panchayat and Forest Division
} Develop Proper Implementation Arrangements
Identify jurisdiction for each treatment site, and for each type of treatment; Considering implementation capabilities, develop action plans for each type of work; Develop
implementation responsibilities + reporting arrangements
} Allocate budget to activities and for each jurisdiction; Prepare model contract documents (for Panchayats, Public or Private Agencies)
Fund Release
Implementation
Monitoring
} Develop Effective Monitoring System - Develop a GIS and Satellite Imagery database and system for monitoring; Monitoring responsibilities clearly defined; A system of
independent half-yearly monitoring / audit; Monitoring based fund release arrangements
} Community Monitoring - The Annual Plan for each Forest Division or Panchayat to be displayed / disclosed to the public at every Panchayat Office; Community reporting of
progress and non-performance incentivised; Online community grievance reporting system (available to RVWS), summary of which will be compiled and distributed to all relevant
stakeholders (Principal Secretary Forest and all Hydropower Agencies)
} Irrespective of sources of funding, all relevant activities (i.e. all activities similar or same as the activities listed in the CAT Plan) are to be recorded and reported (on a GIS platform)
Agree on performance audits system - Independent audit mechanism; Performance monitoring at local, catchment and state levels; All instances of treating the same area
(beat) more than once to be audited separately
4-67
Fisheries Department
Himachal Pradesh Fisheries Department is responsible for Implementing various fishery
development and management program on Satluj River. From setting up of modern seed
raising fish farm in the state to the development and strengthening of fisheries in the main
Satluj river and its tributary, are important activities which are currently underway and/or
planned in future. Department also associates from time to time with national and
international research organization for undertaking research on various aspects of fisheries.
The EMP component on fisheries management is not very large, and within the current
capacity of the Fisheries Department to implement.
Department of Environment
Sustainability of economic growth in HP is contingent upon sustainability of its environmental
heritage. HPs key growth and revenue drivers in the medium term are critically dependent
on the states natural resource base. While some environmental degradation inevitably
accompanies growth, inaction or failure to balance the environmental costs of development
with the benefits will have particularly serious consequences for the statewhose
opportunities lie in sectors like horticulture, tourism, and hydropower which depend on the
environment. Given HPs unique geographic situation and small resource base, protecting
rich natural resources assume greater importance than in other states. In addition, increased
pollution can have implications for the entire Indo-Gangetic plains.
HP has already introduced a number of commendable new initiatives to address the growing
threats to its fragile ecology, though there remain issues around implementation. These
initiatives include: (i) broadening the State Pollution Control Boards (HPEPPCB) regulatory
role to include environmental auditing, micro/macro level environmental planning by which
zoning atlases have been completed for five districts, the preparation of district level
industrial siting guidelines, and industrial estate planning studies; 2 (ii) establishment of a
Special Area Development Authority to implement the approved notified development plans;
(iii) implementation of a ban on polythene bags of certain dimensions with effect from June,
2004; and (iv) segregation of non-biodegradable waste. 3 The major concern remains the
weak implementation of regulations. There is an over-reliance on command and control
regulations which are cumbersome and costly to enforce.
GoHP recognizes the need to improve institutions to manage environmental assets,
and has committed to improving environmental management, particularly by: (i) promoting
inter-departmental coordination to ensure convergence of environmental objectives and
minimize inter-sectoral conflicts; (ii) strengthening the Environment Department, which
currently has insufficient capacity and powers, in order to capitalize on the states
comparative advantages and use environmental resources as growth drivers; and (iii)
preparing an Environment Master Plan supporting development goals, and providing a holistic
view of the growth-generating potential of natural resources, as well as the limits and
carrying capacity of key resources.
Recognizing the importance of environment, GoHP, in its Budget announcement, has
proposed to form a Department of Environment and Pollution Control, as per terms of
reference issued by the Ministry of Environment of Forestry in GoI. A comprehensive
Government Order has already been notified by GoHP on April 13, 2007, providing details for
The five districts are Shimla, Kullu, Kangra, Kinnaur and Chamba
DraftState of the Environment Report, Himachal Pradesh, Coordinated and prepared by State
Council for Science, Technology & Environment, Sponsored by the MoEF.
4-68
the formation of the department itself, its staff and equipment composition, and functions for
each of the subset departments: Science and Technology, Biotechnology, and Environment
and Pollution Control.
An urgent need has been noted for conducting a capacity assessment for the new
Department of Environment and Pollution Control. The assessment would review staffing/skill
mix, equipment, knowledge and resource requirements, as well as identify functions to be
performed by the Department and those to be outsourced. It has been further emphasized by
GoHP that the states extremely fragile Himalayan eco-systems warrant a strong research and
development capacity in priority areas such as adaptation strategies for glacial melts due to
global warming; preservation of pasture lands and wetlands (Ramsar sites); river basin issues
impacting environment flows, aquatic life and impacts on livelihoods. GoHP plans to
mainstream environment management within sectoral agencies by preparing sectoral
guidelines to strengthen environment management in sectors with high vulnerabilities. This
will be initiated with a particular focus on the needs of the hydropower sector.
With a long term perspective in mind, GoHP has indicated its intention to prepare an
Environment Master Plan for the state to foster inter-departmental coordination and
include environmental considerations as key planning tools. This includes identifying
execution, accountability, monitoring, and enforcement procedures, and roles for other
departments such as Transport, Forestry, Tourism, Hydropower, Industry, Urban
Development, Town and Country Planning, and Public Worksto be coordinated by the
Environment Department. The components of the Environment Master Plan would include
detailed resource inventory covering all environment parameters; trend analysis of
environment degradation; vulnerability assessment to establish zones and appropriate
development criteria to guide development and optimize resource utilization. Once prepared,
its implementation would be piloted, beginning with fragile areas and gradually scaling up to
state level.
In order to build up towards the Environment Master Plan, GoHP will first initiate a gap
analysis of the sector. This would include: (i) assessment of environmental pressures in
various areas in the state; (ii) identification of regulatory, institutional, and policy gaps
leading to these pressures; (iii) assessment of workload and implementation capacity for the
Environment Department, Forest Department, and the State Pollution Control Board; (iv)
strengthening of compliance and efficiency by assessing alternative ways of implementation
of development projects; and (v) assessment of adequacy of the existing range of policy
instruments and feasibility of using new ones that target the systemic and root causes of
policy failure.
In addition, GoHP is keen on strengthening community involvement mechanisms, to
enhance environmental performance and accountability, and improve regulatory compliance.
Since GoHP has already established Local Area Development Committees in each district, it
has been proposed that pilot community environment monitoring mechanisms would be
initiated through these Committees. In addition, grievance redressal mechanisms will be
established by project proponents to increase their environment responsibility and public
accountability.
In the context of GoHPs specific needs of balancing green cover and maintaining the health
of forests, the need for further research in the area of environmental restoration and
regeneration has been recognized by GoHP. GoHP will work on preparation of guidelines to
strengthen the Compensatory Afforestation programs using scientific criteria (e.g. biodiversity
off-sets, restoration biology) in the short term.
4-69
The members of the forum are - Bhakra Beas Management Board (BBMB), NTPC Ltd, Himachal
Pradesh Electricity Board (HPSEB), Satluj Jal Vidyut Nigam Ltd. (SJVNL), Jai Prakash Hydropower
Limited (JPH), Himachal Sarong Power Ltd., and Nuzivedu Seeds Ltd.
4-70
Basin institutions can be advisory in nature but they may also include planning,
construction or management in their mandate. The mission of the agency must
define the fields of activity, which may include flood management, social and
environmental management, disaster planning, etc., in addition to hydro
development.
Basin institutions can also help facilitate putting in place mechanisms for costbenefit sharing between projects within the same basin, for example, in a scenario
where an upstream storage project could complement several downstream projects
with increased generation during lean season
A practical starting point could be the creation of a working-level forum for the coordination
of existing projects on a given river basin and to finance its growth over time through
earmarking a small portion of the revenues from projects as they enter commercial
production. Where such forums already exist, they will be institutionalized and given a formal
role.
One of the key issues in the planning for the development of the Himalayan rivers for
hydropower generation has been the relative dearth of storage projects, with preference
given to small and medium-sized run-of-river projects. Under certain circumstances, storage
projects could be the economically preferable alternative, as long as adequate provision can
be made for mitigating the generally greater environmental and social impacts of the project.
The storage projects can provide significant benefits in terms of drinking water availability,
peaking power generation and silt management.
In current practice in India, the decisions regarding the siting and capacity for the hydro
project allocations are generally not supported by river systems analysis. This can lead to
sub-optimal planning whereby benefits are foregone due to under-realization of hydro
potential. A strong river basin management agency with good analytical capacity could help
rectify this shortcoming of the planning process.
Better hydropower planning could be adopted, with decisions regarding the siting and
capacity for hydro project allocations supported by river systems analysis. There is an
important role for the state in identifying and encouraging storage projects for possible future
development, and this function could be assigned to a river basin management agency. The
state could investigate opportunities for economically viable storage projects and, where
4-71
identified, facilitate their development while ensuring adequate risk mitigation towards
environmental and social impacts.
Environmental Management of Hydropower Development
One of the most challenging and controversial dimensions of the development of the
Himalayan rivers, including the rivers of HP, is the environmental impact of the development
projects. Given that this is a major sector that GoHP wishes to expand in the medium term,
particular attention needs to be paid to ensure that hydroprojects are developed in an
environmentally sustainable manner. Injudicious exploitation of the states hydropower
resources can pose a threat to the states natural resources. Delay in or improper
implementation of environmental management activities falling within states domain is a
threat to the larger environment. In HP, this is important not just for assuring stewardship,
but also because of the negative external impacts on the growth prospects of other economic
sectors.
The track record of GoHPs agencies, notably the Forest Department, in implementing
Environment Management activitieslike the Catchment Area Treatment (CAT) plan,
Compensatory Afforestation, development of fisheries, conservation of wildlife, etc. related
to hydropower projects in the state is modest. In order to promote sustainable development
of the sector, it is important to take steps to improve these activities, as discussed below.
Catchment Area Treatment (CAT) is critical, but instead of using a river-basin approach,
the current approach of preparation and implementation of CAT plans is piece-meal. A
uniform approach to the preparation and implementation of the CAT plan, rather than the
current piece-meal approach that divides responsibility for the CAT plan among the individual
projects, would have direct technical benefits, as removal of sedimentation is one of the
major operational problems faced by hydropower generation plants on rivers in the
Himalayas. In order to improve the framework for environmental management with regard
to hydro development, the state could reform of the practice of preparation and
implementation of CAT plans using a river-basin approach, consider alternative methods of
implementation (e.g. through outsourcing, through project developer, etc.), and ensure the
activities are completed in synchronization with project completion.
Any delay in the implementation of the environmental management activities (such
as CAT plans, compensatory afforestation) falling within states domain is a threat to the
sustainability of the environment. It is critical to ensure that these activities are implemented
in synchronization with the project implementation schedule so that maximum benefits are
available to the stakeholders. Given the limited capacity of local government institutions and
agencies (e.g. Forest Department) to implement environmental management activities, it may
be worthwhile to consider such innovations as outsourcing this responsibility or making the
project implementing agency responsible for carrying out the activities under the CAT plan
and other important tasks in the area of environmental management. In parallel, it would be
advisable for the state to put in a place a plan for building up capacity of state regulatory
agencies for implementing and supervising such activitiessuch as the SPCB and the Forest
Department.
The current approach of applying a uniform minimum ecological water flow
requirement irrespective of the project site and other considerations is inefficient to the
extent that the actual requirement (i.e. what is needed to achieve the stated objective of the
minimum flow) at any given location may be higher or lower than the arbitrarily determined
uniform norm. If the uniform norm is higher than the actual requirement, then there would
be a loss in the benefits of electricity generation. On the other hand, if the uniform norm is
lower than the actual requirement, then there would be a failure to achieve the stated
objective of the minimum ecological flow. Flexible norms that are determined on the basis of
4-72
site-specific analysis would lead to outcomes that are preferable from both a technical and an
environmental perspective. The role of the government, then, will be not to determine
uniform norms, but to specify the nature and quality of the environmental analysis to be
carried out at specific sites in order to come to the determination of the minimum ecological
flow requirement for the concerned section of the river. Accordingly, the state could
introduce flexible, site-specific norms for minimum ecological flowwhere GoHP determines
the nature and quality of the studies required to make the site-specific determination
Given the increased global focus on low carbon technologies for generating power and
the significant role hydro power can play towards that end, the state may also wish to
consider measures to encourage use of carbon finance as a potential source of revenue
towards mitigating the costs of the risks associated with development of hydropower. While
the likelihood of future projects being commissioned and becoming eligible to receive carbon
revenue before the end of the first commitment period under the Kyoto Protocol, in 2012, is
low, negotiations are on-going for the second commitment period, which may provide
important opportunities for HP.
Managing Muck Disposal in the State
This is required to prevent muck and eroded material (resulting from all kinds of construction
work, especially road works) from being indiscriminately thrown on the hill slopes damaging
forests and ultimately adding to the silt load. Ultimately all much generated from different
kinds of construction works will be disposed at the designated sites; the sites are to the
protected against breach or erosion; and the sites will be used for productive purposes (such
as village grounds, real estate, parking spaces or gardens) after disposal is complete on a
particular site.
As part of the DPL the following will be taken up by the different state agencies involved.
4.9.2
Activity I: The Urban Development department (UDD) will identify and assess
feasibility (including environmental and social impact assessments) of muck disposal
sites within urban areas and in the urban fringes. A first set of these forest or
revenue lands will be leased to the UDD to develop in a commercial model (such as
a prospective real estate).
Activity II: The PWD will similarly identify suitable disposal sites all along the road
(national and state highways in phase I, major district roads in phase II, other
district roads and village roads in phase III). Forest department will assess and
clear these sites for much disposal. Protection works for these sites will be
implemented using rural employment guarantee or other similar schemes.
4-73
the entire catchment system and to achieve the development targets which are compatible
with the regional environmental conditions. This composite view of environmental status
mapping and conservation priorities of the region/catchment would also be useful to the
environmental regulators to have a neutral opinion in decision making while granting
environmental clearances to the development projects at the State and MOEF level.
Such a programme not only require dedicated skilled manpower but also various tools and
techniques helpful in completing such projects. Currently, HPEPPCB does not have adequate
resources to undertake studies diligently. A detailed plan will be prepared, as part of the DPL
for the Boards need on capacity building vis--vis this project as well as other upcoming
projects and related studies.
HPEPPCB /State Council for Science Technology and Environment (SCSTE)
SCSTE and HPEPPCB are responsible for regulatory control on all new hydropower
development activities and existing hydropower activities. While SCSTE is mainly involved in
environmental clearance process at state level, HPEPPCB is responsible for public hearing,
environmental clearance from state, post project monitoring and implementation of plans and
programs. HPEPPCB can also impose new conditions on the plants or ask for more studies if it
thinks is required under a particular scenario having adverse impact on environmental
conditions. As it is in the case of SJVNL, HPEPPCB may also require adaptive approach to
monitoring and management. New monitoring equipment, software and training will be
important component of the capacity building program.
The project will finance setting up of the environmental monitoring, mostly to ensure
regulatory compliance by the project, by HPEPPCB. This will include financing an environment
monitoring laboratory for the HPEPPCB.
Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF), GOI
MoEF is responsible to regulate site clearance, environmental clearance and diversion of any
forest land for non forest purposes. The agency regulates the project activities through its
regional offices in the state and information on the same is sent to the MoEF at Delhi. Prior to
granting site clearance and environmental clearance, MoEF seeks number of studies and
plans including detailed environmental impact assessment report of the proposed project.
Ministry officials also make visit of the plants through its regional offices at frequencies
decided by the environmental importance of the project. The ministry has the right to add
additional safeguard measures subsequently if found necessary and to take action including
revoking of the clearance under the provision of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. No
capacity building may be required for MoEF for monitoring this project.
4.9.3
4-74
The Satluj Jal Vidyut Nigam Ltd. has prepared and followed a comprehensive Environment
Management plan and Rehabilitation & Resettlement Plan for its various Environments and
R&R related activities in its on going Nathpa Jhakri Power station and Rampur HEP. SJVNL
has established a separate Environment Department at Corporate Centre and individually for
Nathpa Jhakri Hydroelectric Project, Rampur site and also proposes to strengthen this
department in future for new projects in Uttranhal and other states within the country and
out side the country also.
Environmental Institutional Set-up
Realizing the importance of protection of the environment with speedy development of the
power sector, the company constitutes different groups at project and corporate centre level
to carry out specific environment related functions. The Environment Management Group can
function from the Corporate Centre and initiate measures to mitigate the impact of power
project implementation on the environment and preserve ecology in the vicinity of the
projects. Environment Management Group established at each site, look after various
environmental issues of the individual site. See Figure 4.2.
Staffing Requirement
It is proposed to develop environmental group at corporate headquarters level. The group will
be able to handle all issues related to different environmental attributes. The group will be
overall responsible for environmental management in all hydro projects being undertaken by
SJVNL whether at investigation level or execution level.
Similarly at each project site, the Environment group will be strengthened by posting at least
one specialized Environment Engineer at each project site. This was endorsed while
approving the Environment Policy and also during discussions with the World Bank.
For specific increased work loads specifically during execution stage of various environmental
mitigation measures, the individual teams can be reinforced from the corporate head quarter
environment team. Manpower requirement for corporate environment cell as well as at each
project location has been indicated as in Figure 4.2.
It is envisaged that Environment engineer at Project sites should send the detils of EMP
Implementation progress through their Head to Corporate Environment .In addition if there is
some advice on policy and implementation same can be referred to the Corporate
Environment Department. Corporate Environment Department will work a nodal centre for
Environment aspect implementation at Project and a guiding force for environment aspects.
The corporate environment will interact with external agencies.
Environment Activities at Corporate Environment Level
The following activities and work load has been identified as well as presently undertaken at
Corporate level:
Finalization of EMP for inclusion in to the EIA Report based on Public Hearing of
each Project. Holding Public hearings at the Project site.
4-75
Assistance for completion of EIA Studies by constantly interacting with agency for
sampling and preparation and finalization of report thereof. Preparation of
comments and guidelines for project environment for timely completion of these
studies. Preparation of board agendas for approval of these studies.
Coordination with state agencies like the Forest Department, the Environment
Department, the Pollution Control Boards, Irrigation & Public Health Department,
PWD, etc.
Compliance monitoring for Ministries of Environment and Power; and the World
Bank.
Preparations of technical reports, technical papers, status reports and other inputs
for Management from time to time.
on
To interact with Contractor throughout the course of study and seek guidance if
required on matters of Environment aspects of the project from the Corporate
Environment Department.
Prepare schedule of implementation of CAT Plan for physical inspection and inspect
every site of work related to environment activities.
Implement and Monitor Muck disposal and other environment related aspects at
construction site during the construction of the project.
To overall see the concerns of environment are taken care within the project.
To interact with agencies like forest, pollution Control Board at site for liaison; and
submit monthly progress reports on environment aspects of the project to corporate
environment.
An environment lab with some facilities for water quality, noise and air pollution
facilities will be setup so as to keep a check from time to time.
4-76
} New Projects 3
TORs
} EA /EMP Quality
} Public Consultation
} Identifying opportunities
} Budgets
} Prepare baseline
includes monitoring
Consultant Supervision
EIA quality
State Clearances
Public hearing
MoEF Clearances
} During Construction
Implementing Clearance
conditions
Regulatory monitoring
6-monthly compliance reporting
} Operation period
Compliance monitoring
Yearly reporting
} CAT Plan implementation and
physical inspections
} Implementation Plan
} Implementation of EMP
SJVNL activities
} Monitoring
self regular
} Consultant supervision
} 6-mmonthly monitoring reports ( 3
monthly for World Bank projects)
} Co-ordination with State
implementing agencies
} Adaptive (Long term) Management
Includes forward looking
research
} ISO Certification
} ISO Implementation
} Implementation
Safety activities
Safety Training
Area level emergency
response
} Monitoring
Contractors safety
assurance
Coordination for EPP
} Reporting
Regulatory reporting
(under Acts)
3/6 monthly reporting
} HIV/AIDS/Health coordination
for all projects.
} OSHAS 18000
Certification
Implementation
4-77
4-78
It indicates that capacity is not a passive state but is part of a continuing process;
It ensures that human resources and the way in which they are utilized are central to
capacity development; and
It requires that the overall context within which organizations undertake their functions
will also be a key consideration in strategies for capacity development.
milieu in which organization operates, and the extent to which conditions in this broader
environment facilitate or constrain the functional capacity of organization. For example, the level
and rate of growth of output, changes in markets, and changes in aid policies of major donors are
key economic factors that can constrain or facilitate capacity development.
Training Needs Assessment
Training need assessment has been done based on discussions with SJVNL staff with regard to
immediate requirements of ongoing/proposed projects at SJVNL, in-house expertise available at
SJVNL for regular monitoring of ongoing hydroelectric projects & proposals for up-coming projects.
It is important to mention that besides operational NJHEP (1500MW) project and planned Rampur
Hydropower Project (412 MW) project, the following are 5 projects have been proposed by SJVNL:
Successful operation of hydro electric project demands regular monitoring of various activities
related to civil works, environmental issues and social issues. In addition, key contribution by the
concerned organization, in overall development of the area by adopting R&R programme and by
association with local organizations in various development schemes is must to deliver.
In view of existing organisational structure at SJVNL Corporate office, which is presently under
process of restructuring and at project office (NJHEP & Rampur Hydropower Project), following, is
suggested:
The existing staff working on environmental aspects in SJVNL will be kept abreast with the latest
tools and methodologies in Environment field especially Impact Assessment Studies. They should
undergo short duration trainings on environmental issues linked with hydro electric projects and
their remediation practices being follwed in other areas from prestigious institutions in India or
abroad. In India, it could also be in the form of attachment with some organizations already
involved in implementing environment mitigatory requirements for hydro power development like
NHPC, THDC etc or conceptual up gradation by attachment with TERI, NEERI etc.
While short term overseas training could also be undertaken at University of Oklahoma or East
West Centre, Hawaii. with emphasis on modeling of various environmental parameters. These are
the institutes which are pioneer in the field of Environment managements. The association with
B.C. Hydro Canada can also be fruitful in this direction.
Category / Levels of
Officers
E6-E8
Director
E1-E5
E6-E8
Director
E1-E5
In India
Abroad /
In-house
Exposure Visit (Shimla/Kotla)
Budget (INR
lakh)
Scheduled
Year of
Training
2007-08
76
42
76
42
76
42
42
41.2
2008-09
100
45
100
45
100
45
42
56.2
2009-10
52
58
52
58
52
58
42
36.2
2010-11
76
42
76
42
76
42
42
41.2
2011-12
76
26
76
26
76
26
42
31.2
206
4-80
WB, Outside
Experts
International
Impact
Assessment
Society.
CPCB / MOEF
Trainer
Environment impacts of
hydro project; storage, run of
river
MoEF /CPCB
Implementation of SJVNL
Corporate Policies
SPCB
Environment
Unit of SJVNL
Environment
Unit of SJVNL
Monitoring Methodologies
Owners responsibilities
International
Training.
Contractors responsibilities
EnvU
National Safety
council.
Risk assessment,
apportionment and
management
International
Training
Public consultation /
information dissemination
Within India.
Implementation of SJVNL
Corporate Policies
Outside Trainer
(IHA?)
Within India.
Public consultation /
information dissemination
Environment impacts of
hydro project; storage, run of
river
WB
POE
Dam POE
WB
HP SPCB, Other
Experts
Trainer
International
Training.
HP SPCB
Outside Experts
Environment
Department
4-81
Trainer
Trainer
Corporate Sustainability
Reporting
Implementation of SJVNL
Corporate Policies
Within India.
Maharastra
Dam Safety
Organization /
NSC
Environment
Department
Contractors
EO/ Engineer
AOTS Japan
Methods of mitigation of
impacts
Exposure visits
and Outside
trainer
WB
Carbon Finance:
Opportunities,
methodologies, & monitoring
for claiming
Within India.
Within India.
Response to emergencies
Within India. /
International
visit.
Environment
Department,
WB, Outside
Experts
Target Trainees
Group
Mode of
Training
Number
Training Program
International National
Exposure Visit
International
National
International
24 person days
in India
Training /
Exposure
16 person days Visit
CMD/Directors
Details of Indian
Legal requirements
& Procedures:
forest, water flow,
construction,
safety, health, etc.
E1-E5
Abroad
Yes
NEERI Nagpur /
CPCB, New Delhi /
ESCI Hyderabad
Yes
NEERI Nagpur /
CPCB, New Delhi /
ESCI Hyderabad
Yes
Yes
Yes
24 person
days in India.
BC Hydro Canada
/ Three Gorgees 16 person
River Project days
China
Abroad
10 person
days in India
Hydro
projects
within India
4-82
Target Trainees
Group
Mode of
Training
Training Program
Number
National
International National
E1-E5
Procedures for
baseline surveys:
biodiversity, aquatic
life, cultural
property, health
issues, landslides,
etc.
Yes
Yes
Yes
CPCB /MoEF
GOI
WB / IHA
NEERI Nagpur /
CPCB, New Delhi /
ESCI Hyderabad /
TERI
Procedures for
Impact Assessment
E1-E5
E6-E8
16 person days
Abroad
E1-E5
24 person days
in India
Training /
E4-E8 /
Directors
Exposure
16 person days Visit
Monitoring outputs,
results and
outcomes of EMP
implementation
E1-E5
5 person days
in India
E4-E8
5 person days
abroad
Risk assessment,
apportionment and
management
E5-E8
CMD/Directors
Abroad
Exposure
Visit
5 person days
in India
Invited
Trainers
Monitoring
Methodologies
5 person days
Invited
Trainers
Exposure Visit
International
CPCB /MoEF
GOI
WB / IHA
Yes
NEERI Nagpur /
CPCB, New Delhi /
ESCI Hyderabad /
TERI
CPCB /MoEF
GOI
WB / IHA
Hydro
projects
within India
Yes
24 person
Rs. 3.00 Lacs
days in India .
BC Hydro Canada
/ Three Gorgees
River Project 16 person
China
days
Abroad
Yes
24 person
days in India
BC Hydro Canada
16 person
/ Three Gorgees
days Abroad
River Project China
NEERI Nagpur /
CPCB, New Delhi /
ESCI Hyderabad /
TERI
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
NEERI Nagpur /
CPCB, New Delhi /
ESCI Hyderabad /
TERI
Yes
International
24 person
days in India
Yes
Yes
National
Yes
Yes
24 person
BC Hydro Canada days in India
/ Three Gorgees
River Project China
Yes
4-83
Implementation of
SJVNL Corporate
Policies
Corporate
Sustainability
Reporting
Target Trainees
Group
Number
E1-E5
5 person days
in India
E4-E8
5 person days
E1-E5
5 person days
in India
E4-E8
EMS Quality
systems: ISO
14000, OSHAS
18000; EMS Audit
E1-E5
Methods of
mitigation of
impacts
E1-E5
Carbon Finance:
Opportunities,
methodologies, &
monitoring for
claiming
Mode of
Training
Invited
Trainers
Invited
Trainers
5 person days
5 person days
in India
Invited
Trainers
E4-E8
5 person days
E4-E8
5 person days
in India
Invited
Trainers
5 person days
E4-E8
CMD/Directors
Abroad
E1-E5
Training Program
Exposure Visit
National
International National
Yes
Yes
CPCB /MoEF
GOI
WB / IHA
Yes
Yes
CPCB /MoEF
GOI
WB / IHA
Yes
Yes
CPCB /MoEF
GOI
WB / IHA
Yes
WB / IHA
Yes
CPCB /MoEF
GOI
International
National
International
5 person days Rs. 2.00 Lacs
India
5 person days
abroad
Yes
Yes
Yes
NEERI Nagpur /
CPCB, New Delhi /
ESCI Hyderabad /
TERI
24 person
days
in India
BC Hydro Canada
/ Three Gorgees 16 person
River Project days Abroad
China
24 person
days in India
24 person
BC Hydro Canada days in India
/ Three Gorgees 16 person
River Project days Abroad
China
Yes
International &
National Experiences
Dam related
disasters: Dam
Safety Issues,
Indian Experience
E1-E5
E4-E8
CMD/Directors
Yes
Yes
Yes
NEERI Nagpur /
CPCB, New Delhi /
ESCI Hyderabad /
TERI
Yes
NEERI Nagpur /
CPCB, New Delhi /
ESCI Hyderabad /
TERI
Yes
Hydro
projects
within India
Yes
BC Hydro Canada
/ Three Gorgees
River Project China
Yes
4-84
Target Trainees
Mode of
Training
Training Program
Group
Number
National
International National
Details of Indian
Legal requirements
&
Procedures:
forest, water flow,
construction
(roads), safety,
health, etc.
E1-E5
Yes
Yes
Yes
CPCB /MoEF
GOI
WB / IHA
NEERI Nagpur /
CPCB, New Delhi /
ESCI Hyderabad /
TERI
Monitoring outputs,
results and
outcomes of EMP
implementation
E1-E5
Yes
Yes
Yes
CPCB /MoEF
GOI
WB / IHA
NEERI Nagpur /
CPCB, New Delhi /
ESCI Hyderabad /
TERI
Project EMP
Details
E1-E5
Yes
Yes
Yes
CPCB /MoEF
GOI
WB / IHA
NEERI Nagpur /
CPCB, New Delhi /
ESCI Hyderabad /
TERI
5 person days
Owners
responsibilities
Health & Safety
Management
Systems &
Responsibilities
E1-E5
E4-E8
CMD/Directors
Risk assessment,
apportionment and
management
E1-E5
E4-E8
CMD/Directors
Yes
NEERI Nagpur /
CPCB, New Delhi /
ESCI Hyderabad /
TERI
Yes
WB / IHA
24 person
days in India
24 person
days in India
Yes
Yes
BC Hydro Canada
/ Three Gorgees
River Project China
24 person
days in India
16 person
days
Abroad
24 person
days in India
Yes
Yes
Yes
NEERI Nagpur /
CPCB, New Delhi /
ESCI Hyderabad /
TERI
International
WB / IHA
24 person
days in India
Yes
Yes
National
Yes
CPCB /MoEF
GOI
International
NEERI Nagpur /
CPCB, New Delhi /
ESCI Hyderabad /
TERI
Yes
5 person days
Exposure Visit
24 person
BC Hydro Canada days in India
/ Three Gorgees 16 person
River Project days Abroad
China
24 person
days in India
Yes
4-85
Target Trainees
Group
Number
Implementation of
SJVNL Corporate
Policies
E1-E5
5 person days
in India
E4-E8
5 person days
Corporate
Sustainability
Reporting
E1-E5
5 person days
in India
E4-E8
E1-E5
5 person days
in India
E4-E8
5 person days
Response to
emergencies
E1-E5
5 person days
in India
Training Program
National
International National
Invited
Trainers
Yes
Yes
CPCB /MoEF
GOI
WB / IHA
Invited
Trainers
Yes
Yes
CPCB /MoEF
GOI
WB / IHA
Yes
Yes
CPCB /MoEF
GOI
WB / IHA
Yes
Yes
CPCB /MoEF
GOI
WB / IHA
Invited
Trainers
Invited
Trainers
5 person days
Exposure Visit
International
National
International
5 person days Rs. 2.00 Lacs
India
5 person days
Rs. 3.00 Lacs
abroad
5 person days Rs. 2.00 Lacs
India .
5 person days
Rs. 3.00 Lacs
abroad
5 person days
EMS Quality
systems: ISO
14000, OSHAS
18000
E4-E8
Mode of
Training
All levels of
Contractors
Staff
5 person days
in India
Invited
Trainers
Yes
Senior Staff of
Contractors
5 person days
in India
Invited
Trainers
Yes
Implementation of
SJVNL Corporate
Policies
Senior Staff of
Contractors
5 person days
in India
Invited
Trainers
Yes
Monitoring outputs,
results and
outcomes of EMP
implementation
All levels of
Contractors
Staff
5 person days
in India
Invited
Trainers
Yes
Project EMP
Details of
Contractors
responsibilities
Senior Staff of
Contractors
5 person days
in India
Invited
Trainers
Yes
CPCB /MoEF
GOI
SJVNL
SJVNL
CPCB /MoEF
GOI
CPCB /MoEF
GOI
4-86
Target Trainees
Mode of
Training
Group
Number
All levels of
Contractors
Staff
5 person days
in India
Invited
Trainers
Yes
Contractors
Reporting on EMP,
Health and Safety
Management
All levels of
Contractors
Staff
5 person days
in India
Invited
Trainers
Yes
Contract Provisions
for Environment,
Health & Safety
Management
All levels of
Contractors
Staff
5 person days
in India
Invited
Trainers
Yes
Contractors
Obligation to the
State (Different
Relevant Acts)
Senior Staff of
Contractors
5 person days
in India
Invited
Trainers
Yes
5 person days
in India
Invited
Trainers
Yes
Safe Construction
Practices
5 person days
in India
Invited
Trainers
Yes
Senior Staff of
Contractors
National
Training Program
International National
Exposure Visit
International
National
International
5 person days Rs. 2.00 Lacs
India
CPCB /MoEF
GOI
CPCB /MoEF
GOI
CPCB /MoEF
GOI
CPCB /MoEF
GOI
CPCB /MoEF
GOI
CPCB /MoEF
Target Trainee SJVNL Corporate Units (Planning, Finance, Procurement), Senior Management
Rs. 5 lacs
Yes
16 person
days abroad &
BC Hydro Canada
5 person days
/ Three Gorgees
Rs. 2 lacs
training
River Project China
Yes
Outside
Trainer /
CPCB /MoEF
World
GOI
bank /
Exposure
visit
E5 E8
Environment
impacts of hydro
project; storage, run
of river International &
National Experiences
16 person days
abroad & 5
person days
trianing
Dam related
disasters: Dam
Safety Issues,
Indian Experience
E5 E8
What is EIA/EMP:
content of an
EIA/EMP, when an
E/A will be done,
different types of
EIA
E5 E8
5 person days
Outside
trainer
Yes. BC Hydro
Canada / Three
Gorgees River
Project - China
16 person
days abroad
Yes
Yes
Yes
CPCB /MoEF
GOI
WB / IHA
BC Hydro Canada
/ Three Gorgees
River Project -
Rs. 5 lacs
4-87
Target Trainees
Group
Mode of
Training
Number
Training Program
International National
Exposure Visit
International
National
International
China
E5 E8
Indian National /
State requirements
for EIA and other
relevant laws /
rules. Studies and
deliverables.
Monitoring,
evaluation & actions
5 person days
5 person days
E5 E8
Examples of Env
Management in
hydro projects.
Resource needs and
effort in
preparation,
construction &
operation
5 person days
E5 E8
5 person days
Responsibilities for
Env Management Env Div. staff,
capacity, training.
Other corporate
responsibilities.
Response to
emergencies
E5 E8
5 person days
5 person days
Outside
trainer
Yes
Outside
trainer
Yes
Outside
trainer
Yes
Outside
trainer
Yes
Outside
trainer
Yes
Outside
trainer
Yes
Yes
CPCB /MoEF
GOI
WB / IHA
CPCB /MoEF
GOI
CPCB /MoEF
GOI
5 person days Rs. 2 lacs
CPCB /MoEF
GOI
CPCB /MoEF
GOI
5 person days Rs. 2 lacs
CPCB /MoEF
GOI
NOTE: (1) The training plan has been devised for five years and will be implemented in phases. (2) The Institutes suggested in the Columns are illustrative and efforts will be made to explore more such
institutes where relevant Training can be imparted.
4-88
EPTRI-Hyderabad.
INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTES
Yangtze
River
Three
Gorgers
Inc.(www.YangtzeCruises.com)
University of Oklahoma
Study
tour
through
Yangtze
Cruise
4-89
4.10
4.10.1
Item
Compensatory Afforestation including payment of NPV of Forests
Wildlife Conservation
HP State Forest
Department (SFD)
Budget
Million INR
Million USD
66.03
1.651
6.25
0.156
219.90
5.498
SJVNL
23.66
0.592
SJVNL
2.50
0.063
Hp Fisheries Department
10.00
0.250
Sanitation Facilities
SJVNL
21.86
0.547
SJVNL
11.11
0.278
SJVNL
2.00
0.050
SJVNL
10.00
0.250
SJVNL
5.00
0.125
SJVNL
0.50
0.013
SJVNL
1.95
0.049
7.50
0.188
10.00
0.250
Environmental Monitoring
SJVNL
5.50
0.138
Silt Analysis
SJVNL
3.00
0.075
3.50
0.088
SJVNL
2.50
0.063
SJVNL
5.00
0.125
SJVNL
2.00
0.050
SJVNL
6.60
0.165
On-Site Training
SJVNL
17.20
0.430
SJVNL
5.60
0.140
SJVNL
6.00
455.16
0.150
11.379
NOTE: In addition to the above budget for implementation of the EMP, the budget for Implementation of the RAP and the SCDP are INR
320 million (USD 8 million) and INR 256.8 million (USD 6.4 million).
The budget for implementing the RAP (INR 320 million ~ US$ 8 million) and the Sustainable
Community Development Plan (INR 256.8 million ~ US$ 6.4 million) is not included in the following
Table. The total budget for managing social and environmental issues in the project is 25.8 million,
which is about 4% of the overall project cost.
4-90
4.10.2
Type
Item
Unit
Cost
Total
No.
Budget No.
Budget
Visit
3.0
12
36.0
12.0
Visit
1.5
20
30.0
9.0
Number
20.0
100.0
20.0
Number
20.0
20.0
Number
25.0
25.0
Unit
TOTAL CONSULTANCY
First Year
211.0
41.0
Training /
Implementation of Environmental Management Training
Consultancy Plan Training at Site
Person-days
172.0
44.0
Person-days
56.0
19.5
Person-days
60.0
10.5
288.0
Site (2 ha)
10.0
20.0
10.0
Site (2 ha)
15.0
30.0
15.0
TOTAL WORKS
Goods
74.0
50.0
25.0
25.0
25.0
25.0
Set
2.5
5.0
2.5
Number
30.0
30.0
30.0
Number
7.5
15.0
7.5
Number
10.0
20.0
10.0
1.0
2.0
1.0
Number
0.6
3.0
1.8
Laptop computers
Number
1.0
2.0
1.0
Number
3.0
9.0
3.0
Number
0.5
2.0
2.0
Number
2.0
2.0
2.0
5.0
5.0
TOTAL GOODS
GRAND TOTAL
120.0
85.8
669.0
228.8
4-91