Unit 3 Tuned Amplifier

www.Vidyarthiplus.
com
TUNED AMPLIFIER
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
The tuning machines (with spiral metal

worm gears) are mounted on the back of
the headstock on the bass guitar neck
INTRODUCTION
A tuned amplifier amplifies specific frequency
or narrow band of frequency and it uses a tuned
circuit i.e. circuit that selects that particular band
of frequencies.
It has a tuned or resonance circuit passes only
a relatively narrow band of frequencies.
The center of this frequency is the resonance
frequency of the tuned circuit .
BY C GOMATHI, SVCE
APPLICATION
Tuned amplifiers are mostly used for the amplification of high or radio frequencies.
The signals are transmitted by modulation.
It has a relatively narrow band of frequencies centered around the carrier frequency.
When it reaches the antenna it induces a weak voltage in it.
It is not possible to extract the original audio signal from this weak signal.
It is thus first amplified and this is done at the front end of the radio receiver with the
help of a tuned amplifier.
This amplifier not only selects the desired radio frequency signal (corresponding to
a particular broadcasting station) ,but also amplifies this signal to a suitable level.
BY C GOMATHI, SVCE
Simple Transistor Tuned Amplifier
BY C GOMATHI, SVCE
Difference between Amplifier and Tuned

Amplifier
BY C GOMATHI, SVCE
ILLUSTRATION
Consider a tuned amplifier that is designed to

amplify only those frequencies that are within
20 kHz of the central frequency of 1000 kHz.
f1 = 980 kHz
fr = 1000 kHz
f2 = 1020 kHz
BW = 40 kHz
If input signal is within the range of 980 1020
kHz, it will be amplified. If the frequency of input
signal goes out of this range, amplification will
be drastically reduced.
BY C GOMATHI, SVCE
CLASSIFICATION
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Small signal tuned amplifier

To amplify low frequency signals.
Power output is low.
Operated in Class A
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10
LARGE SIGNAL TUNED AMPLIFIER

To amplify large RF signals.
Power output is more.
Operated in Class B,class C or class AB
modes.
Pushpull configuration - reduces harmonic
distortion.
BY C GOMATHI, SVCE
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12
Single Tuned Capacitive Coupled Amplifier
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13
ANALYSIS
EQUIVALENT CIRCUT OF SINGLE TUNED AMPLIFIER USING HYBRID PI
MODEL
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14
SIMPLIFIED EQUIVALENT CIRCUT OF

SINGLE TUNED AMPLIFIER
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Ci input capacitance.
Ceq - output capacitance
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gce output resistance of current

generator.
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Condition for equivalence of Series

and Parallel circuit
Equating the admittance of series and

parallel circuit.
Admittance of series combination of RL is
given as,
Y 1 R jL
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Centre frequency
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Quality factor,Q
Unloaded Q
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Loaded Q
22
Simplified output circuit
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Effective equivalent Q factor

Susceptance of inductance L or capacitance C
Qeffective
Conductance of Shunt resistance Rt
Qeff rCeqRt
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Voltage gain
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25
3 dB Bandwidth
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Double Tuned Amplifier
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27
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ANALYSIS
COUPLING SECTION OF
TRANSFORMER
COUPLED DOUBLE TUNED AMPLIFIER
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ANALYSIS
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
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TRANSISTOR- current source with R0.

C1 and L1 - Tank circuits of primary side.
C2 and L2 - Tank circuits of secondary side.
R1 is series resistance of inductance L1.
R 2 is series resistance of inductance L2.
BY C GOMATHI, SVCE
31
Series (R) and parallel (Rp)elements are combined

into series elements.
RP
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ANALYSIS
SIMPLIFIED EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
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R 11
o
R
2
1
R1
R 12
o
R
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2
L
2
R2
i
34
Current source is replaced by voltage

source.
Mutual
inductance
on
primary and
secondary sides.
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35
Q factor for individual Usually Q factor for both

tank circuits are,
circuits are same.
Q1=Q2=Q
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36
From equivalent circuit, the output voltage

is given as,
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37
Consider this circuit
BY C GOMATHI, SVCE
38
Transfer admittance
Where
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39
The simplified equ. Ckt of double tuned

amplifier is similar to the previous ckt.
BY C GOMATHI, SVCE
40
On further simplification
Zf becomes
K- coefficient of coupling
For Zi
- Multiplying numerator and denominator by
BY C GOMATHI, SVCE
41
Similarly for Zo+Z

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Then
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Substituting the value of
BY C GOMATHI, SVCE
I2
i.e Vi X YT
44
Taking magnitude,
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45
Universal response curve for double tuned amplifier

The Frequency deviation
at gain peaks can be
found by maximizing Av.
Equating to zero
BY C GOMATHI, SVCE
46
BY C GOMATHI, SVCE
47
Inference from graph

The two gain peaks in the frequency response can
be given at frequencies,
At K 2 Q 2 = 1,i.e
i. K= (1/Q),f1 = f2 = fr
This condition critical coupling
BY C GOMATHI, SVCE
48
ii. K < 1/Q

Poor coupling, peak gain is < max gain.
iii. K > 1/Q
Over coupling, peak gain is doubled.
BY C GOMATHI, SVCE
49
The ratio of peak gain and dip gain is

denoted as
It represents the magnitude of the ripple in

the gain curve.
BY C GOMATHI, SVCE
50
The bandwidth b/w the freqs at which the

gain is magnitude of dip gain and it is the
useful bandwidth of doubled tuned amp.
BY C GOMATHI, SVCE
51
BY C GOMATHI, SVCE
52
3dB BW = 2fr/Q single tuned amp.

3dB BW = 3.1 fr/Q double tuned amp.
BY C GOMATHI, SVCE
53
Effect of cascading single tuned amplifier

on BW
Consider n stages of single tuned direct coupled
amp. connected in cascade.
The overall gain is the product of voltage gains of
individual stages.
The relative gain of single tuned amp. w.r.t
resonance freq. is given as,
BY C GOMATHI, SVCE
54
The relative gain of n stage cascaded

amplifier becomes
The 3 dB frequencies for the n stage

cascaded amplifier can be found by
equating,
BY C GOMATHI, SVCE
55
BY C GOMATHI, SVCE
56
Substituting for frequency deviation
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57
Let f1 and f2 be lower 3dB and upper 3dB

frequencies.
BY C GOMATHI, SVCE
58
The BW on n stage identical amplifier is

given as,
BY C GOMATHI, SVCE
59
Effect of cascading double tuned

amplifier on BW
= 3dB BW of single stage double

tuned amplifier
BY C GOMATHI, SVCE
60
Stagger tuned amplifier

Improves the overall frequency response.
Overall
response exhibits maximal flatness
around the centre frequency.
It needs a number of tuned circuit operating in
union.
The overall frequency response of a Stagger
tuned amplifier is obtained by adding the
individual response together.
BY C GOMATHI, SVCE
61
Since
the
resonant
Frequencies of
different tuned circuits are displaced or
staggered, they are referred as STAGGER
TUNED AMPLIFIER.
INCREASED BANDWIDTH
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62
Circuit diagram
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63
The stagger tuning in this circuit is

achieved by resonating the tuned circuits L1
C1, L2 C2 to slightly different Frequencies.
BY C GOMATHI, SVCE
64
Overall response of stagger tuned

amplifier
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65
Analysis
Single tuned amplifier with separate
resonant frequencies are used in stagger
tuned amplifier.
The resonant frequencies are
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66
The gain of single tuned amplifier is
According to this tuned

selectivity function is given as,
BY C GOMATHI, SVCE
frequencies, the
67
The overall gain is product of individual

gain of the 2 stages.
BY C GOMATHI, SVCE
68
Substituting for X,
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69
Large single tuned amplifier

Efficiency of tuned amplifier increases as
the operation class A to class C.
Output power and efficiency are of great
concern in radio transmission.
Class C amplifiers are used at the output
stages in transmitters.
BY C GOMATHI, SVCE
70
Class C tuned amplifier

The Q point is below the power supply
value.
The output is obtained for less than half
cycle for full input cycle.
Conduction Angle The total angle during
which current flows is less than 180
degrees.
BY C GOMATHI, SVCE
71
BY C GOMATHI, SVCE
72
Waveform representing class C Amplifier
BY C GOMATHI, SVCE
73
Maximum A.C Power

When no input signal When
signal is
is applied,
applied, it causes Vce
to swing above and
Vce =Vcc.
below
this input
voltage.
BY C GOMATHI, SVCE
74
Vce can have maximum of 2Vcc and

minimum 0 value.
Output voltage has peak value of Vcc.
The maximum A.C output power is,
BY C GOMATHI, SVCE
75
Maximum Efficiency
The D.C input power from supply is
Pd power dissipation of transistor.
BY C GOMATHI, SVCE
76
In class C operation transistor remains off

for most of the input signal cycle.
So Power dissipation (Pd) for class C
amplifier is very less.
Pd can be neglected.
BY C GOMATHI, SVCE
77
Applications
Schematic of mixer circuit
BY C GOMATHI, SVCE
78
Mixer with class C amplifier is used in

radio receivers.
BY C GOMATHI, SVCE
79
Mixer circuits are used to translate signal

frequency to lower or higher frequencies.
BY C GOMATHI, SVCE
80
Stability of tuned amplifiers

When there exist a positive feedback due
to low reactance (collector to base), it
generates oscillation.
This causes instability.
To prevent oscillations,
Reduced gain,
Detuning,
Q reduction,
neutralization.
detrimental effects on selectivity
BY C GOMATHI, SVCE
81
Neutralization
Neutralization
Hazeltine
Neutralization
Modified
Hazeltine
Neutralization
(Neutrodyne)
BY C GOMATHI, SVCE
Neutralization
using coil.
82
Hazeltine Neutralization
Cn - neutralizing capacitor.
This capacitor provides signal of opposite
polarity to nullify the effects of collector to
base capacitor signal.
Modified Hazeltine Neutralization
Cn - connected from the lower end of the

base coil of the next stage to the base of
the transistor.
Neutralization using coil.
BY C GOMATHI, SVCE
87
L part of the tuned circuit at the base of

next stage is oriented for minimum
coupling to the other winding.
Review
Single Tuned Amplifier
Stagger Tuned Amplifier
Class C Tuned Amplifier
Stability of Tuned Amplifier

Unit 3 Tuned Amplifier

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www.Vidyarthiplus.

The tuning machines (with spiral metal

The signals are transmitted by modulation.

When it reaches the antenna it induces a weak voltage in it.

Simple Transistor Tuned Amplifier

Difference between Amplifier and Tuned

Consider a tuned amplifier that is designed to

Small signal tuned amplifier

Power output is low.

LARGE SIGNAL TUNED AMPLIFIER

Single Tuned Capacitive Coupled Amplifier

SIMPLIFIED EQUIVALENT CIRCUT OF

gce output resistance of current

Condition for equivalence of Series

Equating the admittance of series and

Simplified output circuit

Effective equivalent Q factor

Double Tuned Amplifier

Double Tuned Amplifier

TRANSISTOR- current source with R0.

Series (R) and parallel (Rp)elements are combined

Current source is replaced by voltage

Q factor for individual Usually Q factor for both

From equivalent circuit, the output voltage

Consider this circuit

The simplified equ. Ckt of double tuned

- Multiplying numerator and denominator by

Similarly for Zo+Z

Substituting the value of

Universal response curve for double tuned amplifier

Inference from graph

ii. K < 1/Q

The ratio of peak gain and dip gain is

It represents the magnitude of the ripple in

The bandwidth b/w the freqs at which the

3dB BW = 2fr/Q single tuned amp.

Effect of cascading single tuned amplifier

The relative gain of n stage cascaded

The 3 dB frequencies for the n stage

Substituting for frequency deviation

Let f1 and f2 be lower 3dB and upper 3dB

The BW on n stage identical amplifier is

Effect of cascading double tuned

= 3dB BW of single stage double

Stagger tuned amplifier

The stagger tuning in this circuit is

Overall response of stagger tuned

The gain of single tuned amplifier is

According to this tuned

The overall gain is product of individual

Large single tuned amplifier

Class C tuned amplifier

Waveform representing class C Amplifier

Maximum A.C Power

Vce can have maximum of 2Vcc and

Pd power dissipation of transistor.

In class C operation transistor remains off

Mixer with class C amplifier is used in

Mixer circuits are used to translate signal

Stability of tuned amplifiers

detrimental effects on selectivity

Modified Hazeltine Neutralization

Cn - connected from the lower end of the

Neutralization using coil.