Professional Documents
Culture Documents
9
Technology & Livelihood education
Agricultural Crop Production
Learners Material
GOVERNMENT PROPERTY
NOT FOR SALE
ALLOTTED TO
District/ School: _________________________________________
Division _________________________________________________
First Year of Use: _________________________________________
Source of Fund (Year included):__________________________
ii
Emmanuel S. Valdez
Albert B. Erni
Authors:
JESUS B. NAZARENO, MDM
Principal III, Bersamin Agro-Industrial High School
Division of Pangasinan II, Region I
RODOLFO C. SAJORDA
Principal, Queen of Heart Academy
Dasmarinas City, Cavite
Validated By:
ANICIA P. LORICA
EPS I, Division of Quezon
Region IV-A CALABARZON
Reviewers:
Pacifico T. Vizmonte Jr.
Illustrator:
Erich David Garcia
Language Editor:
Brenda B. Corpuz
Layout Artists and Encoders: Jocelyn M. Gamo and Joel G. Castillo
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE
MODULE 1 - ENTRPRENEURSHIP
WHAT IS THIS MODULE ALL ABOUT
WHAT WILL YOU LEARN
LESSON I
Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies (PECs)
What Is This Lesson All About
What Will You Learn
Pre-Test
What Will You Know
What To Process.
What To Reflect And Understand
What To Transfer
Post-Test
Definition Of Terms
References
LESSON II
Market and Environment
What Is This Lesson All About
What Will You Learn
Pre-Test
What Will You Know
What To Process.
What To Reflect And Understand
What To Transfer
Post-Test
Definition Of Terms
References
MODULE 1
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Content Standards
The
learner
Performance Standard
Lesson
1
PERSONAL
ENTREPRENEURIAL
COMPETENCIES (PECs)
Introduction
Everybody loves to earn money and accumulate wealth. In the present
times, we have many ways to achieve it. The most common way is to offer
products and services to your friends and to other people in the community and
even in the online arena that can cover a global market. All the business activities
undertaken in selling products and services to people is known as
entrepreneurship and the one who manages these business activities is an
entrepreneur. Students are encouraged to develop skills required in
entrepreneurial activities. Many wealthy people in the country started with small
and community-based entrepreneurial activities.
Learning Objectives
1. Explain the different factors to be considered in setting up a business
2. Assess ones PECs, such as, characteristics, lifestyle features , and skills
3. Assess
practitioners
entrepreneurial
competencies,
such
as,
characteristics, attributes, lifestyle, skills, and traits
Pretest
Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Do not write your answer
on this manual.
1. Which of the following is a common activity of an entrepreneur?
a. Advocating against global warming
b. Delivering goods and services to the market
c. Preaching in different churches or group of churchgoers
d. Volunteering in a community clean-up activity
2. The saying Necessity is the mother of all inventions means
a. basic commodities are made for mothers
b. basic commodities are made to satisfy our needs
8
10. Luis is good in convincing his customers that his product is not only of
best quality but also safe to use. Many of his customers bought and even
returned to buy more of the product because they want to share it with
their friends. What personal entrepreneurial competency does Luis have?
a. Demand for efficiency and quality
b. Goal setting
c. Persuasion
d. Self-confidence
READING RESOURCES AND INSTRUCTIONAL ACTIVITIES
What to know
Do you want to get rich like the successful entrepreneurs in your
community? Lets find out how?
Activity #1:
Before immersing ourselves into the exciting discussion about setting up and
running a business in the most sustainable ways, we will first do inspirationdrawing activity through the conduct of casual interviews with entrepreneurs in
the community. Look for a partner in doing this. Identify 3 retailers, 3 service
providers, and 1 producer. Use the template below for the interview and in
tracking the answers of the selected entrepreneur-respondents. Discuss the
responses with your partner and present to your class a brief analysis/report of
the interview.
Interview Guides
Students guide
questions to be
used but not
limited to the
following:
Responses of Entrepreneurs
Retailers
Service
Producer
Providers
(commercial
scale)
For
For example, Producer of
example,
farm
rice, corn,
rice retail
machinery
banana ,
store
operators,
broiler
owners
farm
,vegetables,
machinery
chicken, etc.
repair shop
owners, etc.
Comments
Our reactions to
entrepreneurs
responses
11
12
Optimistic
Self-confident
Self-control
13
Courageous
Committed
Creative
Well-defined
values
Leadership ability
10
Responsible
11
Decision-making
skills
systematic and methodical process of decisionmaking. Good decisions must be sensible and
culture-sensitive
14
12
13
14
Desire for
immediate
feedback
Strong desire to
achieve
Ability to learn
from past failures
A sense of
freedom and
control
Flexibility of time
Energy and
stamina
Family support
Professional
support
16
Risk Taking
Demand for
Efficiency
and Quality
Persistence
17
Planning Cluster
These skills ensure the entrepreneurs attainment of goals and objectives.
Equipped with well defined goals and objectives and all the needed
information on the business will certainly make one above the rest.
Goal
Setting
Systematic
Planning
and
Monitoring
18
Power Cluster
These skills represent the personal touch of creativity and decisiveness of
the entrepreneur. It is the ability to expand, convince and sustain customers
to hasten business development.
Persuasion
and
Networking
19
What to process
At this point, let us examine ourselves if we can really become
successful entrepreneurs. Let us know our chances.
Activity #2:
This is a self-examination activity. After knowing the different characteristics that
an entrepreneur must possess, examine yourself if you have these characteristics
too. Simply put check () if that particular characteristic is present in you or an
x (X) if you do not possess it. Comment on your own status by giving possible
options that can help you acquire it.
Characteristics of an
Entrepreneur
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Do I have
this?
YES NO
() (X)
Optimistism
Self-confidence
Self-control
Courage
Commitment
Creatively
Well-defined values
High energy level
Leadership ability
Desire for responsibility
Decision-making skills
Desire for immediate
feedback
Strong desire to achieve
Ability to learn from past
failures
20
Realizations
(What are my options?)
Activity #3:
Consider the PECs of successful entrepreneurs. Compare these
competencies with you. As a growing individual can you develop these in
yourself?
Do I have
this?
Competencies of an Entrepreneur
YES
(/)
21
NO
(X)
Realizations
(If Yes how can I
improve this?)
(If NO what will I do
acquire it?)
What to transfer
We will act like analyst.
Activity #4:
Let us match the result of our Activity #1 with the standard characteristics,
lifestyle, and skills of our interviewees. Do you think that their businesses will be
sustained? Support your answer and present it to the class. Use the template in
Activity #2 and Activity #3 to help you analyze and forecast the sustainability of
their businesses.
Responses of Entrepreneurs
Retailers
Personal Entrepreneurial
Competencies (PECs)
Service
Providers
Producer
(commercial
scale)
REFER
TO
THE
RESPONSES
IN
ACTIVITY #1. Check if the respondents
above possess the PECs enumerated in
the first column. Put check () if
observed and x(X) if not observed.
Monitoring
Persuasion and Networking
Independence and Selfconfidence
GENERAL ANALYSIS
Sustainability of business (Do
you think the entrepreneurrespondents can sustain their
businesses? Enumerate your
justifications)
Lifestyles of Entrepreneurs
Responses of Entrepreneurs
Producer
Service
Retailers
(commercial
Providers
scale)
REFER TO THE RESPONSES IN ACTIVITY
#1. Check if the respondents above possess
the lifestyle features enumerated in the first
column. Put check (/) if observed and x(X) if
not observed
Posttest
Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Do not write your answer
on this manual.
1. Which of the following is a common activity of an entrepreneur?
a. Preach in different churches or group of churchgoers
b. Advocate against global warming
c. Deliver goods and services to the market
d. Volunteer in a community clean-up activity
2. The saying Necessity is the mother of all inventions means _____.
a. our mother told us what we really need
b. basic commodities are made to satisfy our needs
c. basic commodities are made for mothers
d. necessity is invented by mothers
3. What really makes up a successful entrepreneur?
a. Knowledge, skills, and attitude
b. Knowledge, skills, and money
c. Ability to study a market
d. Ability to act like a customer
4. People who always feel positive in every effort in order to achieve something
are known to have _____.
a. self-control
c. self-confidence
b. courage
d. optimism
5. A set of skills that entrepreneurs must possess to take control of the
challenges in business is known as _____.
a. personal entrepreneurial competencies
b. personal business capacities
c. personally preferred competencies
d. professional enterprise competencies
6. Information seeking and goal setting belong to what PECs cluster?
a. Achievement cluster
c. Power cluster
b. Planning cluster
d. Empower cluster
7. Which of the following best describes a risk-taker?
a. Paying attention to the needs and demands of people
b. Acting as the prime mover of resources in the achievement of
objectives
c. Accomplishing targets on time as agreed with customers
d. Anticipating a loss and countering it with feasible alternatives
24
Summary
We have studied the different factors in setting up an entrepreneurial
activity. It can be perceived as a complex activity. The market is so diverse and if
we fail to consider one factor which directly affects our business, we will have to
face lots of challenges as consequences. Albeit challenging, we must remember
that wealth accumulation as a return of our legal investments will also give
others opportunities for employment or for making our products and services
available.
The different characteristics, lifestyle, and Personal Entrepreneurial
Competencies or PECs of successful entrepreneurs we learned will surely inspire
us to do our best to start our own business. Be optimistic and take the risks. Use
the PECs we learned and progress into a life full of challenges that will hone us
to become one of the most successful entrepreneurs, one of these days. Good
luck guys!
25
Glossary of Terms
Business refers to any activity that ultimately buys and sells goods, makes
products, or provides services to a market.
Competency is an ability to do something, especially measured against a
standard.
Entrepreneurs
a person who has a possession of enterprise, venture or idea
and assumes significant accountability for the inherent risks and the
outcome.
Entrepreneurship refers to the business activity of an entrepreneur.
Goal is anything an entrepreneur wants to achieve.
Leadership is the activity of leading a group of people or an organization or the
ability to do this.
Lifestyle is a way of living of individuals, families (households), and societies,
manifested in their way of coping with their physical, psychological,
social, and economic environments from day to day.
Objective is a specific result that a person or system aims to achieve within a
time and with available resources.
Need is anything required by someone in order to satisfy particular goals
and objective basis.
Sustainability of business is the ability to maintain or support business over the
long term.
References:
http://www.businessdictionary.com
Microsoft Encarta 2009. 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation
Albarico J.M., Celarta C.B, Fernando E., and Valdez E.S. 2011.
Agriculture and Fishery Arts I. United Eferza Academic Publications, Co.,
BagongPook, Lipa City, Batangas 4217.
26
Lesson
2
Content Standards
Performance Standard
Introduction
Entrepreneurs with enough knowledge and background in the market and
environment where their businesses operate will have better strategies and
decisions and will find it easier to sustain business activities. The intended
market of a particular product and service must be carefully studied before and
during the actual operations of the business. Many entrepreneurs fail because of
a very simple reason. There is no enough information gathered about the target
market. Consequently, they incur so much losses leading to bankruptcy.
Learning Objectives
1. Determine the common characteristics of a business market
2. Describe the legal forms of business
27
Pretest
Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Do not write your answer
on this manual.
1. Which term refers to a group of people with economically important needs
and demands which opens entrepreneurial opportunities to everyone?
a. Environment
c. Geography
b. Ethnicity
d. Market
2. Which type of business is owned by only 1 person?
a. Cooperative
c. Partnership
b. Corporation
d. Sole Proprietorship
3. Which of the following is NOT considered an emerging industry in the
Philippines?
a. Agribusiness
c. Creative Industries
b. Power and utilities
d. Renewable Energy
4. In the 4Ms of production, which M refers to the persons in the business
known as the labor force?
a. Machines
c. Materials
b. Manpower
d. Money
5. The process of recording the money received and spent by the operations of
the business is known as _____.
a. bookkeeping
c. administering
b. booking
d. posting
28
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
_________
Marketing
Plan
_________
Competitors analysis
Product description
Maintenance and repair
Promotional strategies
Sources of equipment
Terms and conditions of purchase
Which of the following is the correct grouping of the six indicators in the
box?
a.
c.
Group
Production Plan
a, b, d
Production Plan
c, d, a
Marketing Plan
c, e, f
Marketing Plan
b, e, f
Group
A
Group
Group
Production Plan
c, e, f
Marketing Plan
a, b, d
a, c, e
B
Marketing Plan
d, b, f
b.
d.
29
What to know
The environment and market of the business must be dealt with
sincerity and cautions should we intend to accumulate long-term
profit.
Activity #1:
Let us do simple community mapping activity to develop a barangay-based
market profile. Use the template below in posting accurate and relevant data of
your barangay.
Dimension
Market demographics
Number of
businesses
Data to be gathered
Number of households
Number of retailers of various products
Number of wholesalers of various
products
Number of producers (specify products)
Number of service-based businesses
30
Data
Characteristics
Advantages
Disadvantages
Sole
Proprietorship
Owned by only 1
person who is
responsible for the
whole business
The owner can
assume the role of
manager, finance
officer, and worker
Very easy to
establish
Decision
comes from 1
person only
Owner-manager is
required to render
full operation time.
No one else can
share in the financial
burden of the owner
In case of financial
instability, the firm
can dissolve easily.
31
2 persons have
Comparatively Decision making is
combined resources
easy to
shared between the
and skills.
establish.
two owners.
Any of the 2
There is check In times of partner
partner can act as
and balance
conflict, the business
financier or
among
is at risk.
manager.
partners only. Limited funding may
They can also share
constraint business
responsibilities and
operations.
roles in the
business
operations.
Partnership
2 or more persons
Business
The complex
own the business.
risks are
organizational set-up
shared by
imposes a long line
Aside from the
many people.
of more expensive
owners, many
ways of control.
people known as
If business is
shareholders, are
good, growth
Complex decision
engaged in a
is maximized
making process will
corporation
due to bigger
delay operation.
through their
capital.
investment known
Burdens in
as shares or stocks.
the operations
are shared by
various
specialized
individuals.
Corporation
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Manpower
Money
Materials
Machines
following are the possible sources of the start-up capital for any types of
businesses to be established:
SOURCES
Personal Savings
Family Savings
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
In
rare
cases,
if
problem exists between
parties, capital may be
taken in partial or at
once by parents.
35
Intermediate loans
Long-term loans
38
What to process
Lets proceed a little bit further. It would be great if we prepare
ourselves for the possible opportunities in the community.
Activity #2:
Use the data in Activity 1. Analyze and identify business opportunities as
well as challenges these data can offer to aspiring entrepreneurs.
Dimension
Data to be
gathered
Data
Number of
Market
households
demographics
Number of
Retailers of
various agrirelated products
Number of
businesses
Number of
wholesalers of
various agriproducts
Number of
producers (specify
agri-products)
Number of agribased service
businesses
39
Business
Challenges to
Opportunities
Aspiring
Offered
Entrepreneurs
Activity #3:
Choose one agri-crop related business opportunity identified in Column 4.
Carefully study the potential of that business idea. Use the SWOT guide below to
accomplish this task. Present your SWOT Sheet to the class for critiquing and
feedbacking. Be sure to record feedbacks given by the teacher and classmates.
Business ideas must be carefully analyzed prior to its actual operations. A
popular way of doing this is to do business idea assessment through the use of
the SWOT analysis. SWOT stands for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and
Threats. This technique will signal us either to continue the business idea
because it is viable and profit is expected or to consider other options because the
factors dominate the positive ones and this condition signals imminent losses for
the proposed business. A SWOT sheet can look like this:
STRENGTHS
Enumerate
all
WEAKNESSES
strengths
selected
agri-crop
business here.
of
a Enumerate
related selected
here.
all
weaknesses
agri-crop
related
of
the
business
OPPORTUNITIES
THREATS
Activity # 4:
Refer to your SWOT Sheet and make further analysis. This time the
ultimate task is make decision whether to pursue the proposed business idea or
consider other alternative businesses. There are two possible facets after the final
decision will be made. First, pursue the business because the SWOT reveals more
positive indications than negative ones or, second, disregard the business idea
because there are more negative indications. Consequently, try another business
idea and subject it to the same process of analysis.
Make a presentation of your task and be proud to inspire others that you
now have chosen a viable agri-crop related business idea chosen from the
opportunities obtained from the data generated by the simple community
mapping we did.
41
What to transfer
Why dont we act like a real farm consultants? We shall hand down
the final recommendations to our focus resource person.
Activity #5:
Since you have chosen one viable agri-crop related business idea, it is justin-time to develop an impressive Business Plan. Refer to the guide given below
and read the sample business plan provided. Your own plan must not be limited
to a few pages only, as the example is presented. All data and information must
be given in order to come up with a completely sound and impressive business
plan.
THE BUSINESS PLAN
A business plan refers to the intention of aspiring or experienced
entrepreneurs which precisely defines their business, identifies their goals and
objectives, a current and pro forma balance sheet, an income statement, and a
cash flow analysis. A business plan can help so much in the proper allocation of
resources, initially handle and counter forecasted complications, and make the
right decision for the business operations. A good business plan contributes to
the approval or rejection of any loan package because it provides specific and
organized information about your proposed business and how you will repay
borrowed money. A business plan is equivalent to a business resume.
A business plan has five major parts, namely, the executive summary,
marketing plan, production plan, organization and management plan, and
financial plan.
Below is a detailed guide in the development of a comprehensive business
plan.
PART OF A
BUSINESS PLAN
Business Name
Guide Questions
Business address
Telephone/Contact Number
Contact Person
42
Contents
Background of
the business
Brief History
Information of the business
Form of ownership
Organizational set-up
Industry where it plays
Benefits to the
community
Executive
summary
Economy
Marketing plan
What is the
product?
How does it compare
in quality and price
with its competitors?
Where will the
43
Total Demand
Market Share
Selling Price
Sales Forecast
Promotional Measures
Marketing Strategy
Marketing Budget
business be located?
What geographical
areas will be covered
by the project?
Within the market
area, to whom will
the business sell its
products?
Is it possible to
estimate how much
of the product is
currently being
sold?
What share or
percent of this
market can be
captured by the
business?
What is the selling
price of the product?
How much of the
product will be sold?
What promotional
measures will be
used to sell the
product?
What marketing
strategy is needed to
ensure that sales
forecasts are
achieved?
How much do you
need to promote and
distribute your
product?
44
Production Process
Fixed Capital
Life of Fixed Capital
Maintenance and Repairs
Sources of Equipment
Planned Capacity
Future Capacity
What is the
production process?
What buildings and
machinery (fixed
assets) are needed
and what will be
their cost?
Raw Materials
Cost of Raw Materials
Raw Materials Availability
Labor
How will
maintenance be
done and are spare
parts available
Cost of Labor
Labor Availability
Labor Productivity
Production plan
Factory Overhead Expenses
Production Cost
locally?
When and where
can the machinery
be obtained?
How much capacity
will be used?
What are the plans
for using spare
capacity?
When and how will
the machinery be
paid for?
Where will the
factory be located
and how will the
factory be arranged?
How much raw
materials are
required?
How much will the
raw materials cost?
45
Form of Business
Organizational Structure
Organization and Business Experience and
management
Qualifications of the
plan
Entrepreneur
Pre-Operating Activities
Pre-Operating Expenses
Office Equipment
Administrative Expenses
46
business experience
and qualifications of
the entrepreneur?
What pre-operating
activities must be
undertaken before
the business can
operate?
What pre-operating
expenses will be
incurred?
What fixed assets
will be required for
the office?
What administrative
cost will be
incurred?
Financial plan
Project Cost
Financing Plan and Loan
Requirement
Security for Loan
Profit and Loss Statement
Cash Flow Statement
Balance Sheet
Loan Repayment Schedule
(collateral) can be
given to the bank?
What does the Profit
and Loss Statement
indicate?
What does the Cash
Flow Statement
indicate?
What does the
Balance Sheet
indicate?
What is the loan
repayment
47
schedule?
What is the breakeven point (BEP)?
What is the return of
investment (ROI)?
Is the project
feasible?
D. Organizational Plan
Godwins Rice Trading will hire ten laborers, with one who could drive a
truck for the buying of grains and delivery of milled rice; and another ten
laborers for the milling of rice at night time. Godwin will serve as the
manager, treasurer and secretary, to minimize cost. The target opening date
will be on September 18, 2014.
E. Production Plan
As a profit-generating business, we chose the location that is not only
well known, but also accessible to the farmer/customers. With this location,
we will capture our target market. Moreover, the location has access to
electricity; water and transportation that will help Godwin realize his
objectives. The business will start by buying 300 bags of rice grains from the
farmers for one day. The purchased rice grains will be milled at night which
will be immediately be delivered in the morning to the pre-contacted rice retail
in the nearby municipalities.
F. Marketing Plan
The business will target the rice retailers in the nearby municipalities
because they have already a considerable number of satisfied customers in
their respective areas. Competition is to be countered through friendly and
respectful disposition of personnel and competitive pricing.
G. Financial Plan
UNDERLYING ASSUMPTIONS:
1. Strong economy is assumed. It is further assumed that demand and
supply in rice will not change.
2. Cash beginning balance will be provided in order to meet daily cash
inflows.
3. All purchases and sales will be strictly on cash basis only.
4. Rice grains (palay) will be processed further to turn into rice which will
produce an output of 60% ( in units) and a by-product which is
equivalent to 10% (in units).
5. Sale of the by-product will be treated as a reduction in cost of goods sold.
6. All purchases (300 sacks per day weighing 50 kg each) will be stored in
the storage room exactly at 8:00 pm to be milled. Milling time will be from
8:00 pm up to 4:00 am.
7. All products will be sold a day after the purchase (in the morning) @ Php
38.00/ kg delivered to the rice retailers in the nearby municipalities. The
by-product (rice bran)will also be sold to the nearest piggeries @ Php
49
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
A. TOTAL INVESTMENTS
ORGANIZATION COST
CASH
OFFICE SUPPLIES
TRUCK
RICE MILL
MACHINERY
LAND
STORAGE ROOM
TOTAL INVESTMENTS
P
P
330,000.00
1,000.00
500,000.00
100,000.00
100,000.00
300,000.00
1,331,000.00
50
P 315,000.00
FREIGHT IN:
WAGES
GASOLINE
P 3,150.00
P 1,500.00
DIRECT LABOR
P 4,650.00
3,000.00
FREIGHT OUT:
WAGES
P1,050.00
GASOLINE
500.00
P 1,550.00
P324,200.00
P342,000.00
6,000.00
P348,000.00
51
P330,000.00
Office Supplies
1,000.00
P331,000.00
Non-current
Assets:
Land
100,000.00
Truck
500,000.00
Rice Mill
100,000.00
Storage room
P300,000.00 P1,000,000.00
Total Assets
TOTAL LIABILITIES
EQUITY
P1,331,000.00
AND
OWNER'S
Mr. Godwin's
Capital
P1,331,000.00
52
E. INCOME STATEMENT
GODWINS RICE TRADING
INCOME STATEMENT
FOR THE MONTH________
Sales(300x50x.6x38x3)
Cost of goods sold
Purchases (315,000x30Days)
Freight-in (4,650x30Days)
Direct labor (10LaboresxPhp350x30Days)
Factory overhead
P 10,260,000.00
P 9,450,000.00
139,500.00
105,000.00
18,000.00
750.00
416.67
2,500 .00
P
21,667.00
P -180,000.00 P 9,536,167.00
P 723,833.00
Return on Investments =
Payback Period=
=
=
46,500.00
277.078.00
P 54,000.00 P100,778.00
P 1,000.00
P 2,000.00
P 83.33.00 P3,083.00
P 619,972.00
P 198,391.11
P421,581.00
= .31674
=
= 3.127283 yrs
= 0.070549
= 0.0410898
H. Financial Statement
The projected sale for 1 month is amounting to P10,200,000.00 at a
price of @ P38.00/kg for well-milled rice less all the expenses and tax it has a
projected net income of P 421,581. Financial ratios show that Gross Profit IS
7% and Net Margin Ratio is 4% each. The investment costs will be recovered
within approximately 3 years and 2 months.
53
I. Critical analysis
Risk is always present in any form of business. That includes Godwins
Rice Trading business. The foreseen problem is not being able to meet the
targeted number of 300 bags of rice grain everyday and/or the other way of
exceeding it with the difficulty of disposing the excess milled rice to the rice
retailers the next day. As a new entrant of the rice trading business, it is
expected that Godwins Rice Trading will have to gradually establish
customers trust. With excellent personnel training in quality customer ship,
the business will slowly draw-in more customers like the big food chains and
supermarkets as an efficient supplier of well-milled rice.
J. Social significance
This business offers opportunity for the farmers to have a steady market of
their farm produce. It will also open a door of possible employment to some
people in the community. As a registered business, tax payments can go to the
government. Later as the business grows bigger wholesaling will help other small
scale retailers who can avail of competitive pricing.
Posttest
Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Do not write your answer
on this manual.
1. Which is a group of people with economically important needs and
demands which opens entrepreneurial opportunities to everyone?
c. Environment
C. Geography
A. Ethnicity
D. Market
2. Which type of business is owned by only one person?
A. Cooperative
C. Partnership
B. Corporation
D. Sole Proprietorship
3. Which of the following is NOT considered an emerging industry in the
Philippines?
A. Agribusiness
C. Creative Industries
B. Power and utilities
D. Renewable Energy
4. In the 4Ms of production, which M refers to the persons in the business
known as the labor force?
A. Machines
C. Materials
B. Manpower
D. Money
54
5. The process of recording the money received and spent by the operations of
the business is known as _____?
c. bookkeeping
C. administering
A. booking
D. posting
6. Which combination is focused on the internal assessment of the business?
A. Opportunities and Threats
C. Strengths and Threats
B. Strengths and Weaknesses
D. Weaknesses and Threats
7. Which combination is focused on the external assessment of the business?
A. Opportunities and Threats
C. Strengths and Threats
B. Strengths and Weaknesses
D. Weaknesses and Threats
8. Study the table and the items on the right. Then answer the question.
Group
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
l.
_________
Marketing
Plan
_________
Production
Plan
Competitors analysis
Product description
Maintenance and repair
Promotional strategies
Sources of equipment
Terms and conditions of purchase
Which of the following is the correct grouping of the six indicators in the box?
A.
C.
Group
Group
Production Plan
a, b, d
Production Plan
c, d, a
Marketing Plan
c, e, f
Marketing Plan
b, e, f
B.
D.
Group
Group
Production Plan
Marketing Plan
c, e, f
a, b, d
55
a, c, e
d, b, f
SUMMARY
Now we know that market and environment are the two major factors that
dictate any business activities. It is so diverse, however; this diversity offers
numerous opportunities for businesses.
An aspiring entrepreneur must consider a lot of factors prior to setting up a
business. Careful examination on the needs and demands must be made.
Competition must be clearly addressed because it may either lead to
accumulation of profit or worse, incurring losses depending on how
entrepreneurs manage their businesses.
Other important task of entrepreneurs is to determine how much capital is
needed to start a business. Selection of the best business location is crucial, too.
Record keeping or bookkeeping is also a skill that entrepreneurs must possess so
he/she can personally ascertain the financial status of the business.
Entrepreneurs play a very important role in the national growth and
development. Aside from tax payment to the government, an entrepreneur is
responsible human resources development. Employment, whether casual,
probationary, and permanent, offers workplace trainings which help employees in
their personal and professional growth.
Entrepreneurs must not only possess passion for the business but
56
personally learn the work of their employee as well. The benefit of this best
practice is that entrepreneurs will find it easier to track the operations of the
business including its profitability.
Finally, getting all these business prerequisites into the heart and mind of
entrepreneurs and together with adequate knowledge, skills and work values,
their businesses will be sustained.
Glossary of Terms
Capital refers to money invested in a business to generate income.
Environmental scanning refers to careful monitoring of the internal and
external environment of an organization purposely done to detect early
signs of opportunities and threats that may influence present and future
plans of the business.
Industry is a commercialized, standardized, and organized economic activity
connected with the production, manufacture, or construction of a
particular product or range of products in which many people are involved.
Market refers to a group of people with economically important needs and
demands which open entrepreneurial or business opportunities to
everyone.
Opportunities in SWOT analysis in is the exploitable set of circumstances with
uncertain outcome, requiring commitment of resources and involving
exposure to risk.
Personnel people employed in an organization.
Production is the processes of transforming inputs such as raw materials, semifinished goods, subassemblies and intangible inputs, namely, ideas,
information, knowledge into goods or services.
Strength in SWOT analysis is the capital, knowledge, skill, or other advantage
that a firm has or can acquire over its competitors in meeting the needs of
its customers.
Threats in SWOT analysis are negative indications that can cause a risk to
become a loss, expressed as an aggregate of risk, consequences of risk, and
the likelihood of the occurrence of the event.
57
REFERENCES:
http://www.businessdictionary.com
Microsoft Encarta 2009. 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation
Albarico J.M., Celarta C.B, Fernando E., and Valdez E.S. 2011.
Agriculture and Fishery Arts I. United Eferza Academic Publications, Co.,
BagongPook, Lipa City, Batangas 4217.
58
Module II
SUPPORT AGRICULTURAL CROP WORK
Content Standard
The
learner
demonstrates
understanding
of
concepts,
underlying
theories
and
principles in the preparation of
farm
materials,
tools
and
equipment and occasional health
and safety operation in crop
production.
Performance Standard
The learner independently uses farm
materials, tools, and equipment and
applies occupational health and
safety in crop production based on
required task.
59
Lesson 1
Pretest
Read the questions carefully and select the best answer by writing only the letter
of your choice on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following is an example of a digging tool?
A. Bolo
B. Crowbar
C. Grub hoe
D. Pruning shear
2. Which tool is used for cutting grasses?
A. Shovel
B. Bolo
C. Crowbar
D. Mattock
3. What tool does NOT belong to the group?
A. Crowbar
B. Mattock
C. Shovel
D. Pruning shear
4. Farm tools are very important in pre-agronomical operations because
they_____.
A. make work easier
B. make work faster
C. save time and effort
D. make work easier and faster thus saving time and effort
5. A tool with one end of its blade flattened and the other pointed at right
angles to its handle is a _____.
A. mattock
B. crowbar
C. bolo
D. spade
6. Which tool resembles the appearance of spoon and use for transferring soil?
A. Spade
B. Shovel C. Spading fork D.
Grub
hoe
7. What work hazard is NOT possible in the repair of the roof of a nursery
shed?
A. Exposed to hazardous liquid
B. Face exposed to extreme heat
C. Prone to fall from above
D. Bodies exposed to sharp or rough surfaces
61
63
HAND TOOLS
Hand tools are usually light and are used without the help of animals or
machines. They are being used in performing farm activities which involve small
areas like school garden and home garden.
Examples:
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
FARM IMPLEMENTS
These are accessories which are being pulled by working animals or
mounted to machineries (hand tractor, tractor) which are usually used in the
preparation of wide land. These are usually made of a special kind of metal.
Examples are:
1. Plows. These are farm implements used in horticultural operations either
pulled by a working animal or a tractor. The plow is specifically used for tilling
large areas, making furrows and inters row cultivation.
Plows pulled by working animals are made of either a combination of
metal or wood or pure metal. They are used to till areas with a shallower depth
than that of the disc plows which are pulled by tractors.
Native Plow
Disc Plow
2. Harrow. The native wooden harrow is made of wood with a metal tooth and
pulled by a carabao while the disc harrow is a metal mounted to a tractor.
Harrows are used for tilling and pulverizing the soil.
Disc harrow
EQUIPMENT
These are machineries used in horticultural and agronomical operations
especially in vegetable, rice, corn and cereal production. They are used in different
stages of crop production starting from land preparation up to planting and
harvesting and in transporting farm inputs and products.
1. Hand tractors are used to pull a plow and harrow in preparing a large area of
land. They are also used to draw trailers to transport materials, inputs and
harvests. It is now referred to as the farmers main drawing equipment,
although in some places carabao is still used .
2. Four wheel tractor is used to pull disc plow and disc harrow and other farm
implements in preparing much bigger area of land. It is also used to draw
trailers in transporting bigger bulk of materials, inputs and harvests.
3. Water pumps are used to draw irrigation water from a source. It made crop
production possible in areas without irrigation system.
LET US REMEMBER
Using the right tools and equipment for the specific job, makes work
easier and more economical.
What to process
Activity #1
Conduct an interactive activity with the class. One group will tell farm operation
and the other group will tell which farm tools/equipment to use and vice-versa.
The group with the highest score will be the winner.
Activity #2
Students will be asked to draw from the box containing the names of farm tools
and equipment and will explain how it will be used in accomplishing the job.
Activity #3
Get your partner, list two farm equipment and make a research in the internet on
the different parts that needs to be maintained, and on how to do the maintenance.
Activity#4
Report your output to the class.
What to transfer
Activity#1
If you are the farm manager of the Bersamin Agro-Integrated School and you
are tasked to prepare the five-year equipment acquisition plan, make a list of the
priority equipment needed, state their uses and why it is very important to acquire
them.
List of priority
equipment
Why it is important to
acquire
REFERENCES:
Lesson
2
What to Know
After knowing the farm tools and equipment, continue the lesson in doing preoperative check-up of equipment.
Activity#1
Give at least five reasons why it is very important to do pre-operational checkup of equipment.
Due to intensive farm mechanization, hand tractor and four wheel tractor are
the most important and an indispensable partner for majority of farmers nowadays. It
is then very important to be familiar with doing pre-operative check-up of this
equipment.
Check the oil: Remove the dipstick, wipe it clean and check the oil level. If oil
is required, remember to wipe off the filler cap before you remove it to avoid
dirt falling into the engine. Use a clean funnel and clean the top of the oil can
to prevent rust or other foreign objects going in with the oil.
Check the radiator: Slowly remove the red cap and check the liquid level.
Check the air pre-cleaner and air cleaner. Remove and shake out any dirt.
Check the fuel level. Fill if necessary, but it should have been filled at the end
of the last day the tractor was used.
Check the fire extinguisher. Your tractor should have a fire extinguisher in
case of fire during operation or refueling. Make sure it is charged and easily
accessible.
Any noted defects should be corrected immediately. These can affect
performance and your safety!
Handling Batteries
Occasionally, it may be necessary to handle, adjust or change the battery on
your tractor. Batteries contain sulfuric acid which can cause considerable harm if it
comes into contact with your skin. They can also produce mixtures of hydrogen gas
and oxygen which can explode if contacted with heat or sparks. Remember these
safety points:
1. Do the work or adjustments in an area free of sparks and heat sources. Don't
smoke while working near the battery. Make sure the area is well ventilated.
2. Always wear personal protective equipment, covering the eyes and hands. A
full face shield will offer the protection.
3. Never work leaning directly over the battery.
4. Always disconnect the ground cable first and identify the cables as positive
and negative so that you don't re-attach them wrong.
5. Make sure that you clean the terminals and cable connections before reattaching them. Make sure the new battery is secured with the provided holddown assembly.
6. While installing the battery make sure that the terminals don't come into
contact with metal parts on the engine or body of the tractor.
7. Make sure that you connect the ground cable last to prevent sparks and
tighten the connections!
Hydraulic Systems
Working with or on hydraulic equipment can be dangerous. Some of the
hazards cannot even be readily seen. Hydraulic systems are under tremendous
pressure and this is where the unseen danger lies.
6.
What to process
Activity # 1
A. Complete the paragraph
A pre-operational check of the tractor will assure you that it is in safe
operating condition. Check the following for day or night time operation
1.__________________, 2. ______________, 3.______________, 4.________________,
5.___________________,6.________________,7.______________,
8.________________,9.____________________, and10._____________________ .
B. True or False
When working with battery:
1. Do the work or adjustments in an area free of sparks and heat sources.
Don't smoke while working near the battery. Make sure the area is well
ventilated.
2. Always wear personal protective equipment, covering the eyes and hands. A
full face shield will offer the most protection.
What to transfer
Its your turn to show what you have learned.
Activity # 1
With the supervision of the teacher and/or the farm technician or the owner of the
tractor in the nearby farm in the locality each group will do the pre-operational
check-up of the tractor.
Lesson
3
What to know
Activity # 1
Divide the class into three. The first group will write as many accidents that
happen in the farm, the second group writes all the causes/reasons why accidents
happen and the third will write measures on how to avoid accidents. Match the
accidents that usually happen, and the possible causes /reason, and ways to
prevent them.
The cost of accidents
1. Physical costs pain and suffering
2. Money both for the injured person and the employer
3. Time off work because an accident may lead to loss of earnings for the
individual. For the self-employed, it could even end their business
For the employer, there may well be hidden costs. Many people believe
that minor injuries cost nothing more than the price of a sticking plaster.
But people will have to spend time dealing with the accident. They may
have to:
1. help the injured person and give first aid.
2. clean up.
3. reschedule the job.
4. repair or reset the equipment or check for faults.
5. investigate the accident and prepare reports.
6. deal with insurers or Health and Safety Inspectors.
7. wait to have to get back to work.
8. accidents which cause damage to expensive plant and equipment can
cost even more.
Types of tractor-related accidents
Rollovers or overturns are generally due to driving too fast ; striking
surface hazards such as rocks, stumps and holes; running into ditches; hitching
high for extra traction; driving on steep slopes; and operating front-end loaders
improperly.
Falls from moving tractors often occur when theres an extra rider when
moving and transporting to and from the farm.
Another cause of tractor-related death and serious injury is being caught
by, or entangled in, rotating power takeoff (PTO) shafts. In most cases, the
PTO shields were inadequate or had been removed.
Lubricating
lubricate
Remember that hydraulic oil is under high pressure. The external signs of
oil injection may be slight, but the internal damage is not and may lead to
surgery or amputation.
If checking for leaks, use something (eg. a piece of card run along the hose)
to show where the leak is. Do not use your hands.
Release the pressure before working on the system
Sharpening
When working on, for example a forage harvester, only the actual
sharpening should take place with the machine in motion. All activity before
and after (eg. guard removal) should be done with the machine stationary
even if rundown takes a long time.
Beware of flying particles when sharpening machinery. Use protective
equipment such as goggles.
Working under machines
When working under raised machines, jacks should be used and correctly
located, and additional support (eg axle stands) provided.
When working on hydraulically-raised equipment (eg. trailers) use props.
Never rely just on the hydraulics.
Hammering
Blockages
Again, the key question to ask is: Have I been trained to do this job
properly? If the answer is no, do not attempt it.
Removing blockage
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Safe Stop is probably the single most important procedure for the
prevention of accidents. A blocked machine may suddenly start operating
again unless the engine is stopped before the blockage is cleared.
The power must be locked off or the key removed to stop other people
restarting the machine while you are working on it.
Check if the equipment has already stopped.
Even if the power has been turned off, machine parts may continue to
rotate.
On some machines, run-down times of five minutes are not unusual.
Many injuries are caused because work is begun before the machine has
come to a complete stop.
Make the stop positive: chock it.
Where possible, take additional precautions to ensure that moving parts
remain stationary eg chocking the cutting cylinder of a harvester to
prevent movement.
Use a tool to clear the blockage.
Never use your bare hands to clear a blockage or try to kick it free. Note
that, even in cases where operators use a tool to clear a blockage, a
significant number are injured because the machine is still running.
If it isnt cleared, dont touch.
Remember, machines can suddenly move when a blockage is cleared.
Hard hats can protect workers from head impact, penetration injuries, and
electrical injuries such as those caused by falling or flying objects, fixed objects, or
contact with electrical conductors. It also protects long hair to prevent from getting
caught in machine parts such as belts and chains.
Protection from leg and foot injury
In some cases workers must shield most or all of their bodies against hazards in
the workplace, such as exposure to heat and radiation as well as hot metals,
scalding liquids, body fluids, hazardous materials or waste, and other hazards. In
addition to fire-retardant wool and fire retardant cotton, materials used in wholebody personal protective equipment include rubber,
leather, synthetics, and plastic.
Respiratory protection
Workers must use appropriate respirators to protect against adverse health effects
caused by breathing air contaminated with harmful dusts, fogs, fumes, mists,
gases, smokes, sprays, or vapors. Respirators generally cover the nose and mouth
or the entire face or head and help prevent illness and injury. A proper fit is
essential, however, for respirators to be effective.
What to process
Activity# 1
Make an interview with an expert farm equipment operator on how they
practice safety in their everyday wors. Best practices will be shared in the class.
Activity# 2
Matching Type: Match column A with Column B. Write only the letter of your
answer on the blank provided before each number on column A.
Column A
___1.
___2.
___3.
___4.
___5.
Column B
a. face mask
b. earplugs
c. hard hat
d. goggles
e. boots
f. guantes
What to transfer
Activity # 1
You are a farm machineries technician and you are tasked to demonstrate to
the newly hired farm workers how to safely handle tools and equipment in
performing their work. Demonstrate to them the proper outfit, protective gear and
precautions to make to avoid accidents. You will be rated based on the rubrics
below.
Able to demonstrate properly the proper outfit, protective gear and
all the precautions to make.
Able to demonstrate properly the proper outfit, protective gear and
some of the precautions to make.
Able to demonstrate properly the proper outfit and protective.
Able to demonstrate properly only the proper outfit.
Was notable in demonstrating properly any of the proper outfit,
protective gear and precautions to make.
5
4
3
2
1
Resources:
Pruning shear
Pick-Mattock
Grub hoe
Wheel barrow
Bolo
Spade
Axe
Shovel
String
Knife
Cutting saw
Rake
CBLM
Water pump
Plow
Sprayer
Sprinkler
Harrow
Tractor and its accessories
Nursery shed or greenhouse
Bodega or Farm shop building
REFERENCE:
http://www.antiquefarmtoolsinfo
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/pdfs/01-111b
http://www.ebc.com.au
http://www.sofweb.vic.edu.au/safe@work/workplace_hazards.asp
http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/iacl102.pdf
http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/misc165.pdf
http://www.farm-garden.com/growing-vegetables/artichokes
http://www.sofweb.vic.edu.au/safe@work/workplace_hazards.as
Lesson
4
What to know
Activity #1
Answer the following questions briefly.
1. What is hazard?
2. Give at least 3 examples of common farm hazards and explain how these
particular hazards affect the farmers.
3. How farmers can protect themselves from these hazards?
Agricultural crop production deals with a lot of activities to be done in the
different workplace. While performing these activities we expose ourselves to a lot
of risk. Workplace hazard is a major cause of accident, injury, or harm to a worker
who performs such task. These hazards should be the major concern of all who
are involved in a certain job or work.
It is important to distinguish hazard, risk and exposure when undertaking
risk management.
o
o
o
Classes of Hazard
Hazards are classified into five different types. They are:
1. Physical - includes floors, stairs, work platforms, steps, ladders, fire, falling
objects, slippery surfaces, manual handling (lifting, pushing, pulling),
excessively loud and prolonged noise, vibration, heat and cold, radiation,
poor lighting, ventilation, air quality
2. Mechanical and/or electrical - includes electricity, machinery, equipment,
pressure vessels, dangerous goods, forklifts, cranes, hoists
3. Chemical - includes chemical substances such as acids or poisons and
those that could lead to fire or explosion, like pesticides, herbicides, cleaning
agents, dusts and fumes from various processes such as welding
4. Biological - includes bacteria, viruses, mold, mildew, insects, vermin,
animals
5. Psychosocial environment - includes workplace stressors arising from a
variety of sources
Possible
Effects
HAZARD
Harmful Possible
Supervisor Preventative Action
Action to Prevent Students Can Take
Injury / Illness
Dust
Provide necessary
safety precaution
Place appropriate
safety signs
Require
appropriate PPE
including safety
footwear
Provide eye and
respiratory
protection
Observe safety
precautions
Observe safety
signs
Wear PPE
including safety
footwear
Fertilizers
Pesticides
Herbicides
Fuel
Use least
Long-term
exposure
may
result to chronic
(ongoing)
illness,
including cancers
Manual
handling
(bending,
reaching,
stretching,
pulling, lifting,
repetitive
motions,
awkward
posture)
Heat,
or
cold/wet
weather
conditions
Handling soil/
Potting mixes
Musculoskeletal
disorders,
including sprains
and strains
hazardous product
for the task
Dispense and mix
in well-ventilated
areas
Store and label
chemicals
appropriately
Ensure First Aid
arrangements
Provide emergency
eyewash bottle
and/or shower
Provide appropriate
PPE
Clean up spills
immediately
Provide mechanical
aids
Provide training in
safe manual
handling
techniques
Encourage team
lifts
Use mechanical
aids provided
Seek help when
you think a team
lift is required
Exercise: warm
up/stretch before
starting work
Be aware of
potential for hot
or cold weather
conditions to
cause illness
rest and seek
assistance if you
feel that heat or
cold may be
affecting you
Wear appropriate
clothing and take
regular rest
breaks
Follow hygiene
procedures
Wear appropriate
clothing and PPE
Risk management
Risk management is a four-step process
1.
o
o
o
o
o
o
There are three categories of control measures you might take. You
can
o
o
o
What to process
Activity#1
Interview a farmer to share his experience on health hazards in the farm.
Share how these hazards affected their lives in class.
What to transfer
Activity# 1
You are the well-known Safety Engineer Of the Alcala Dairy farm and you
are invited to identify the risk factors in a newly established JBN integrated farm.
After the evaluation, discuss your findings with the manager. In a convincing
manner cite the hazards; discuss the risks associated with it and the measures to
control.
Post Test
A.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Read the questions carefully and select the correct answer. Write only the
letter of your choice in your quiz notebook.
A bolo is used for _____.
A. breaking hard top soil
B. cutting grasses and weeds
C. digging up stones and tree stumps
D. removing trash or soil
Axe is used for _____.
A. cutting bigger posts
B. cutting grasses
C. cutting planting materials
D. trimming small branches
What tool does NOT belong to the group?
A. Crowbar
B. Pick mattock
C. Pruning shear
D. Shovel
Farm tools, implements, and equipment are very important in preagronomical operation because they?
A. Make work easier
B. Make work faster
C. Save time and effort
D. Make work easier and faster thus saving time and effort
5.
Which tool has one end flattened and the other pointed at right angle toward
its handle?
A. Bolo
B. Crow bar
C. Pick mattock
D. Spade
6.
Which tool has resembles the appearance of a spoon and is used for
transferring soil.
A. Grub hoe
B. Shovel
C. Spade
D. Spading fork
A wheel barrow is used for _____.
A. cutting
B. digging
C. hauling
D. pulling
7.
and
What benefit/s do you get if you familiarize yourself with the uses of the
different tools, implements, and equipment in horticultural operations?
Glossary of Terms
Hand tools objects that are usually light and are used without the help of
animals and machines
Farm implements accessories pulled by animals or mounted to
machineries to make the work easier
Equipment powered tool machine used in farming
Repair to restore to good condition something broken or damaged
Prepare to take the necessary action to put something into a state
where it is fit for use or for a particular event or purpose
Farmer- refers to a person working in the farm
Combustible- any materials that will burn not just by spark
Flammable- is a material that can easily catch fire under normal
circumstances and with the help of minimal ignition source
Accelerants are substances that increase the speed at which a fire spreads.
All accelerants are highly flammable or combustible, but not all highly
flammable or combustible materials are accelerants
References:
http://www.antiquefarmtoolsinfo
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/pdfs/01-111b
http://www.ebc.com.au
http://www.sofweb.vic.edu.au/safe@work/workplace_hazards.asp
http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/iacl102.pdf
http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/misc165.pdf
http://www.farm-garden.com/growing-vegetables/artichokes
http://www.sofweb.vic.edu.au/safe@work/workplace_hazards.
Module III
PERFORM NURSERY WORK
Content Standards
Performance Standard
The
learner
demonstrates The learner uses farm materials, tools
understanding
of
concepts, and equipment in nursery work based
underlying theories and principles on required task.
of nursery work.
Introduction
This Module will allow students to learn the basic knowledge and skills
on the different activities done in the plant nursery. It will orient them on how
to support nursery work in a safe, appropriate and environmentally sound
manner. Likewise it will also develop in them the right attitude while working
with others especially with customers professionally.
.
Learning Objectives
After completing this module you should be able to:
1. follow and clarify instructions and directions based on authority
requirements and workplace procedures;
2. undertake nursery work in a safe, appropriate and environmentally
sound manner according to nursery guidelines;
3. carry out interactions with other staff and customers in a positive and
professional manner as specified in the employee manual;
4. observe workplace hygiene practices, handling and disposal of materials
following nursery policy, and OHS requirements;
5. report to authority based on company reporting procedures the problems
or difficulties in completing work to required standards or timelines .
97
Pretest
Greetings! Let us begin the lesson by answering the following
questions. These will test you of your prior knowledge relative to the lesson.
Direction:
Choose the letter of the best answer. You may use an answer sheet or
a test notebook.
_____1. In selecting the best site for plant nursery, the availability and
adequacy of _______ is the most important factor to consider.
A. compost
B. microclimate
C. soil
D. water
C. Soil type
D. Topography
_____3. What do we need if the soil is too heavy or clayey in the area of
the nursery or the media used?
A. Charcoal
B. Gravel
C. Sand
D. Water
C. Stray animals
D. Weeds
C. Sandy loam
D. All of those
_____7. Which of the following is NOT considered the best location for a
nursery site?
A. Flat land
C. Gently slope
B. Hill top
C. Rugged terrain
______8. Which is the best location for a nursery site?
98
C. Matured
D. Seedling
Do you think you were able to answer correctly the above questions?
If yes, very good. Still you can browse the content of this material to
supplement further knowledge. If not, dont you worry this Module is for
you.
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Lesson
Introduction
After learning the tools, materials and equipment used in nursery
work, it is necessary that youll be oriented on how different activities in the
nursery is done. Practices follow proper guidelines based on authority
requirements and workplace procedures. Interpersonal relationships
between and among co-workers and possible customers are also assessed in
this lesson to make the venture not only a success but socially stimulating
as well.
Assessment criteria:
1. Instructions and directions in workplace procedures are clearly
followed.
2. Nursery work is appropriately and environmentally followed based on
guidelines.
3. Appropriate manner of interacting with customers and other staff is
observed.
What to know:
Rice
Corn/Maize
and taro
3. If you are to choose between the two methods, which one is best and
why?__________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
COMMON NURSERY WORK
Establishing a nursery needs a considerable amount of time and
planning. An ideal plant nursery does not only supply the best planting
materials that you need but can be a source of livelihood as well. In order to
attain this, the project must be well planned from site selection, water
supply, soil/media preparation, labor and other factors. These can influence
the effort that will be required in maintaining the project.
A. Selecting the ideal site
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102
o Use correct lifting methods when you are lifting plants, tools
and equipment. Team lifts anything that is too heavy for one
person.
o Do not overload wheelbarrows and trolleys with soil or plants.
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Always:
QUALITY CONTROL
Quality control embraces every detail of nursery operation from
simplest area lay-out to most complicated management practices.
Standards for every component should be set and made clear to all nursery
workers for them to perform to the highest level of standards. In doing so, it
is not far that plants grown in the nursery are of high quality and
customers satisfaction is guaranteed.
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105
This is used to reduce the power of water drops which causes soil
erosion. It helps distribute water evenly. As already mentioned watering in
principle should be done twice a day early in the morning and late in the
afternoon after 4.00 P.M. when the sun is not too hot. If this is not possible,
then water once a day in the evening.
During rainy season, watering may be done once or none at all.
Avoid under watering and over watering. Use adequate amount of water,
e.g. 20 liters for 1,000 seedlings
Weeding
Weeds are a threat to healthy seedlings development. They compete
with seedlings for nutrients, water and light hence they must be eradicated
or controlled. With your hands or a dibble gently pull out unwanted growth
(rouging). This should be done whenever weeds are observed.
Remove all the weeds around the beds with a small fork or dibble and
dont leave any rubbish around unless you are sure that this can be converted to
compost.
If your soil is full of weeds, it will rob your plants off of available
nitrogen. If this is a problem, you will need to add more nitrogen to the soil
when initially potting up in the form of worm castings, seaweed extract or
compost.
Deficiency symptoms:
When the seedlings grow and reach the planting size, the
shade should be removed to expose them more to
sunlight.
Reduction in watering intensity (quantity) and frequencywater. It is done twice a week and later once a week
Before planting out, root pruning should be carried out
frequently or re-arrangement of pots to allow more
adoption to stress.
Good preparation for out planting results in good field
survival. Therefore hardening off should be done 2 3
weeks before planting out time.
Postponing planting
If its not possible to plant when the seedlings are ready for planting
out (reached right size for planting-1.5 ft) or the seedlings are not bought;
cut the tips of the plant to suppress further growth so that they will not be
overgrown during next season planting.
Root pruning
Root pruning is the cutting of roots to control root system
development beyond the container. Why root prune? When seedlings have
reached to a certain size, their roots become longer than the depth of the
pots. If the roots are left without pruning, they penetrate into the ground
and develop the root systems. Once the root system develops under the
ground, it is hard to move the pots, and if the roots are cut when the
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seedling is old, the seedlings will be weakened hence periodic root pruning
is required before the root system reaches into the ground. The period and
interval of pruning depends on different species and other conditions. Root
pruning should be done regularly preferably every 2 3 weeks. Prune when
seedlings are the height of the span of your palm and when their roots have
started to penetrate into the under surface
Procedure:
Water the seedlings well after root pruning. This helps the plant
withstand moisture stress.
o Note that to reduce root pruning, you can place the seedlings on a
bed of stones or on polythene sheet and this reduces root
development.
o If the seedlings are in a raised bed, prune the roots by using a
bolo, knife underneath the bed right after watering .
Seedling protection
Seedlings are delicate and susceptible to attack by various pests and
diseases as well as weather conditions. Such damages can seriously
weaken or kill the seedlings. It is important that the damages be dealt with
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follows:
a. Weather conditions
This is damage caused by the adverse weather conditions. We can
either regulate watering or shading to comply with prevailing weather
conditions.
b. Human
This is the stealing and/or intentional damaging of seedlings by human
beings. Fencing and security are such options to overcome this.
c. Livestock and wild animals
Livestock and wild animals browsing or grazing on seedlings, fencing can
offset this. Rodents such as field mice/rates frequently cause serious damage to
seedlings in the nursery as well as in the field by eating them. To control these,
cleaning the nursery helps to reduce their population.
d. Insects Common insect pests in the nursery are:
1. Thrips (Stenchaetothrips biformis)- There is laceration of the tender
leaves and it the plant sap is sucked. Young seedlings show yellow
(or) silvery streaks on the leaves. Terminal rolling and drying of leaves
from tip to base and causes damage both in nursery and main field.
You can spray any insecticide available in the market in order to
control infestation.
2. Green leafhopper (Nephotettix virescens)- The symptom of damage is
yellowing of leaves from tip to downwards. Vector for the disease is
rice tungro virus and the plant is characterized by transitory yellowing.
To control its infestation, apply neem cake at recommended dosage
based product recommendation.
3. Rice case worm (Nymphula depunctalis)- The caterpillars feed on green
tissues of the leaves and leaves become whitish papery.
To control, spray monocrotophos .
4. Paddy stemborer (Scirpophaga incertulas)- It causes drying of the central
shoot known as dead heart and the panicle becomes dried known as
white heads.
To control, spray any of the following insecticides: quinalphos
25 EC,,phosphamidon 40SL and profenophos50EC.
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Common diseases
Although there are various diseases which attack seedlings in the nursery,
damping off and wilt are described here since they are the most common fungal
diseases in the country.
Damping Off
This is a fungal disease caused by Pythium spp.,Rhizoctonia salani.
The severity of the attack usually increases with increase in soil moisture.
Damping off can occur before germination, after germination and during
pricking. The fungi attack the seedlings at soil level and causes rotting.
Conditions favorable for the spread of the disease are;
o high sowing density
o over watering
o using soil with partially decomposed material
Powdery mildew
First, small white powdery patches are formed on the leaf surface and
later the whole surface of the leaf is covered with white powdery mycelial
colonies. Damaged leaves gradually defoliate. This affects the growth of
young seedlings. Control-fallen diseases leaves should be buried in soil or
burned and the young seedlings sprayed with Benlate.
.
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Wilting
This is a dying bark of the main shoot of a seedling. It is mainly caused
by overcrowding. Separating the seedlings or immediate planting out can
help control it.
Control measures: Practice optimum sowing density and use of appropriate
amount of water.
which
Runners- these are specialized growing stem parts that arise from the leaf
axils of the plant and form roots of their own that render them excellent
propagating materials like strawberry and black pepper
2.
Slips- leafy shoots that arise from axillary buds produced at the base of the
plant
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Parent plant
B. New plant
3. Suckers adventitious roots that arise from underground stems below the
ground.\
Separation of banana sucker from the mother plant
6.
internodes; the corm can be further divided into several seed pieces
7.
8.
Leaf bud cuttings these are derived from axillary buds in stem and leaf; the
stem bearing buds are cut into pieces and inserted in a rooting medium
(example: blackpepper)
9.
graftage, budding
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The nursery is a facility where planting materials are grown, cared and
maintained until the propagules are ready to be transferred to a permanent site for
commercial growing.The common practices or operations in a nursery include the
following:
1. Preparation, use and maintenance of germination or rooting beds to be
used only for germinating seeds or rooting of cuttings
2. Potting or the transfer of young seedlings to individual containers like thick
black plastic bags in various sizes. The size of the plastic bag varies with
the size of the seed; black plastic bags for atis (sugar apple) are smaller
compared to the ones to be used for coconut or rambutan. This practice
provides an advantage of giving the seedling the vigor and the condition
for robust root ramification and development
3. Care and maintenance of seedlings ready for transplanting. Normally
seedlings are ready for transplanting when they have attained around 30
cm in height and at least 3-4 mature leaves but this varies with species
and variety. For specific crops, the basis is age in months. They are as
follows:
a. Papaya
- 2 to3
- 4 to6
c. Guava
- 3 to 4
d. Lanzones
6 to 8
e. Cacao
3 to 6
f. Coffee
6 to 10
g. Coconut
6 to 9
and lanzones.
The shade can be provided naturally in conditions provided by the
canopy of coconuts and artificial structure like nets, bamboo slats or used
plastics in improvised screen houses.
ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF NURSERY WORK
Every endeavor is an individual position when it comes to adopting
and implementing eco-efficient practices. Your plant nursery operations
may be just beginning this process, while others, already benefiting from
incorporating initial, easy-to-apply strategies and procedures, are now
prepared to implement the next level to achieve further gains.
Plant nurseries are increasingly considering environmental
performance as part of their planning and operational procedures. Adopting
eco-efficient agricultural practices will not only benefit the environment,
they will also improve business operational efficiency and reduce costs.
Guidelines:
The guidelines include safety equipment, personal protective
equipment, safe work methods and operating procedures and the safe use of
tools in a safe environment.
Appropriate clothing is required for all nursery work and this includes:
115
sunscreen lotion
leather gloves
sunglasses
vinyl gloves latex gloves are not recommended as many
people have or develop allergies, in the form of skin rashes.
Duties of workers
o Cooperate with management
o Report unsafe condition
o Use all safe devices
Hazardous Workplaces
o Exposure to dangerous environmental elements, contaminants
or work conditions
o Construction work, logging, fire-fighting, mining, quarrying,
blasting, stevedoring, dock work, deep sea, fishing and
mechanized farming
o Manufacture or handling of explosives and pyrotechnic
products
o Use or exposure to power=driven or explosive materials
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120
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
B. Why are interpersonal relations and communication important in plant
nursery operations ?
_______________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
What to reflect on and understand
1. Visit a nearby plant nursery in the area be it backyard or
commercial. Inspect the availability of water, the location of the area and
other factors considered in choosing the site. Write an observation. Make a
short presentation of your visit during class discussion.
2. Note the following plant propagation techniques that are available
in the nursery.
a. Seed propagation
b. Cuttings
c. Grafted seedlings ( shield, bark, marcotting and others)
3. Conduct an interview.
Ask the following:
a. What are the most common media used in the nursery?
b. What kind of planting materials are most sought by customers?
c. What techniques of plant propagation are highly sought by most
customers?
Share the result with your classmates during class discussion.
What to transfer
Germination test
The viability of seed is commonly measured by performing germination test.
Seeds with more than 80% viability are considered of good quality. If the %
germination is below 70%, then there is a need to make or adjust the seeding rate.
In some seeds, dormancy (the inability of seed to germinate even if conditions like
sufficient water, favorable temperature and sufficient gas or oxygen are provided) is
a problem. Seed dormancy is normally caused by a hard seed coat (physical
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15 sets of petridishes
1 roll of tissue paper
1 plastic wash bottle
1 Sand paper (fine)
1 bot. 500 ml. commercial grade muriatic acid
3 250 ml. beakers
1 small ( 10 cm. diameter) strainer with handle
1 mouth open kettle (for boiling water)
10 popsicle sticks for the whole class.
seeds: 125 of seeds of ipil-ipil
Procedure:
1. Fifteen (15) sets of petri dishes will be provided for each class which will be
divided into three (3) groups. The three (3) groups will serve as replicates.
2. Each group will randomly collect 5 sets of 25 seeds of ipil-ipil that will be used
in each treatment which means 25 seeds will be used for each treatment.
3. Wipe clean by using clean toilet paper each petri dish. A total of 5 sets of petri
dish will also be provided for each group.
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RIT1
RIIT1
RIIIT1
RIT2
RIIT2
RIIIT2
RIT3
RIIT3
RIIIT3
RIT4
RIIT4
RIIIT4
RIT5
RIIT5
RIIIT5
5a. Treatment 1
a. Carefully line 3 layers of tissue paper in the inside of the of the
bottom part of petri dish
b. Using the wash bottle, wet the tissue paper until sufficient moisture
moves in the tissue paper
c. With clean hands (wiping hands with 70% ethyl alcohol) put 25
seeds of ipil-ipil in the wet tissue paper). Give enough space
between seeds.
d. Add water if necessary.
e. Cover the petri dish with the petri dish glass cover.
f. Check the set up daily for 7 days. Add water when water is lacking.
Do not shake or move the set up.
5b. Treatment 2
a. Follow step a to b in 5a.
b. For this treatment, rubbing 25 seeds in sandpaper will be done by
only one student.
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c. With clean hands, carefully place the rubbed ipil-ipil seeds into the
petri dish and then add sufficient water.
g. Cover the petri dish with its glass cover.
h. Check the set up daily for 7 days. Add water when water is lacking.
Do not shake or move the set up.
5c. Treatment 3
a. Place 25 seeds in a strainer with a handle.
b. When water starts to boil, allow it to boil for another 30 seconds
and then put the strainer with the seeds in the briskly boiling for 5
seconds. Immediately remove after 5 seconds.
c. Carefully place the seeds subjected to boiled water in the petri dish.
d. Follow procedure d to f in 5a.
5d. Treatment 4
a. In a 250 ml beaker, place 25 ipil-ipil seeds and then carefully pour
50 ml of muriatic acids prepared in another beaker.
b. Count 20 seconds and after wards, transfer the muriatic to the other
beaker.
c. Use a popsicle stick to avoid seed to be carried with the acid being
poured.
d. Carefully place the seeds subjected to muriatic acid using the
popsicle stick in the petri dish then add sufficient water.
e. Cover the petri dish with the petri dish glass cover.
f. Check the set up daily for 7 days. Add water when water is lacking.
Do not shake or move the set up.
5e. Treatment 5
a. In a 250 ml beaker, place 25 ipil-ipil seeds and then carefully pour
50 ml plain water prepared in another beaker.
b. Place in a safe place and allow the seeds soaked in plain water for
12 hours.
c. After 12 hours, remove the water and use another clean popsicle
stick to transfer the soaked seeds to the petri dish lined with three
(3) layers of tissue paper and then add sufficient water.
d. Cover the petri dish with its glass cover.
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6. Check the set up daily for 7 days. Add water when water is lacking. Do not
shake or move the set up.
7. After seven days, count the number of normal or healthy seedlings that
germinated. Infected or blackish seedlings should not be considered as
normal. Use the following formula to compute for the % germination:
% Germination
Based on the results shown in the table, answer the following questions:
a. Which treatment produced the highest percentage of germination?
b. What conclusion can be made from these results?
c. State possible reasons why no germination (if there is) in some or
one treatment.
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Post Test
A. Scoring rubrics for seed germination.
Response
Exemplary
Competent
Criteria
Completes all steps. Work has a control, logical
and clear procedures, data are recorded and
thoroughly analyzed. Graphs are present.
Prediction made. Conclusions thorough and
thoughtful.
Completes all steps. Experiment may lack control,
procedures lack thoroughness. Data are recorded,
analysis not complete. Conclusions too brief.
Score
Nearly
satisfactory
Fails to
complete
Fails to
begin
effectively
No attempt
mode
B. Enumerate the different factors to consider when selecting the best site
for a nursery.
1. __________________________________________
2. __________________________________________
3. __________________________________________
4. __________________________________________
5. __________________________________________
6. __________________________________________
7. __________________________________________
8. __________________________________________
9. __________________________________________
10. __________________________________________
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B
A. Swarming caterpillar
B. Cuttings
C. Damping off
D. Air layering
E. Crown
F. Division
G. Pruning
H. Wilting
I. Hardening
J. Suckers
K. Weeds
Glossary
Accessibility- easily reached through transportation or near a road where
clients or customers could easily buy the products
Coherence- a logical, orderly, and aesthetically consistent relationship
of parts.
Conciseness- expressing much in few words but clear.
Context- part of a text or statement that surrounds a particular word or
passage which determines its meaning.
Latex- an emulsion of rubber or plastic globules in water, used in paints,
adhesives, and various synthetic rubber products
Microclimate- the climate of a small, specific place within an area as
contrasted with the climate of the entire area.
Mound- a pile of earth, gravel, sand, rocks, or debris heaped for protection
or concealment
Supplement- any material that is added to the media that can promote
growth to plants
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References
__________2001,Good Nursery Practices; A Simple Guide, Nairobi Kenya,
2001, First Ed.
__________1986,Health and Safety for Greenhouses and Nurseries.
Horticultural Educ.
Keats C. hall, 1984, Manual on Nursery Practices, Forestry Project Dept. 2nd
Edition
__________2001,Prince Edward Island Farm Safety Code of Practice, First
Ed.
__________1988, Trees in Newcastle; Nursery Operations and Practices,
Hustle Central Rivers.
Lantican, R. M. 2001, The Science and Practice of Crop
Production,published SEAMEO, SEARCA and UPLB, College, Los
Banos, Laguna
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AAAAAAB2I/6_rDVYpQuaw/s1600/nursery2.jpg
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Module IV
MAINTENANCE AND UPKEEP OF A NURSERY
Introduction
This lesson is all about the procedure in cleaning and storing tools
and outfits. It will also tackle waste disposal and recycling, stockpiling of
surplus materials, processing of plant debris produced during nursery
activities. These are important because as nursery operator you must learn
those activities that need to be extra careful in order to minimize risks to
human health and the environment. In this case, nursery will not only be
an income generating endeavor but also as a task that helps proper wastes
utilization.
.
Assessment criteria
1. Follow and clarify instructions and directions based on authority
instructions and procedures
2. Perform composting procedure that is safe and environmentally
appropriate.
3. Observe workplace hygiene practices, handling and disposal of
materials following nursery policy
Pretest
Before you start studying this Module, answer the following questions
to find out what you already know about the topic
A. Choose the letter of the best answer.
_______1. Which of the following fertilizers is used to cover food waste in
order to decrease smell?
A. Bokashi
B. Compost
C. Compost tea
D. Vermicasting
_______2. What is this liquid extract of compost that contains plant growth
compounds and bacterial organisms?
A. Bokashi tea
B. Compost tea
C. Humanure extract
D. Vermicasting
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C. Worm manure
D. Worm casting, humus and manure
______ 4. Which of the following are NOT considered potting materials for
plants in the nursery?
A. Banana leaves
C. Polyethylene bags
B. Earthen pots
D. Recycled pots
_______5. Where is the best place for grown-up seedlings in the nursery?
A. Display area
B. Germination area
C. Growing-on area
D. Pricking-out room
_______6. What term is used for preservation of viable seeds from the time of
collection until they are required for sowing?
A. Pricking out
B. Scarification
C. Storage
D. Thinning
_______7. What is the best thing to do for containerized plants once they
attain a full growth?
A. Bring them to the growing area.
B. Sell them at once even at lower cost.
C. Repot to prevent encircling of roots.
D. Ask someone to bring them to a nearest waste bin.
______8. Why are plants pruned in the nursery?
A. To eradicate pests and diseases
B. To ensure good health and structure
C. To destruct insects especially leaf eating one
D. To make it good to look at especially to buyers
______9. Which of the following type of fertilizers is best for growing plants?
A. Compost
B. Liquid
C. Organic
D. Slow release
______10. What is the best way to water plants if they are in different sizes?
A. Drip irrigation
B. Drizzle type
C. Hand watering
D. Spray
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Lesson
1
No. of Stocks
1,000 pcs
Stocks used
500 pcs
Remaining
500 pcs.
Needed
______
150 pcs
75 pcs
75 pcs
______
10 sacks
(30k/s)
8 sacks
2 sacks
5 sacks
Others
By identifying what stocks are available in the nursery, the owner knows
what to order with its supplier. In this manner wastage of money and resources
are avoided. Remember that many of the nursery materials are organic and
may become waste once they are not properly managed by workers.
Remember, there might be some wastes that are harmful in the
nursery. Some of these are:
a. materials that could pollute the nursery soil or the water supply ;
b. broken glass, thorns or spines, which can cause cuts and infections if
they get into the potting mix or the nursery topsoil;
c. weeds that have ripening fruits or persistent underground organs;
d. plants and soil that are contaminated with spores carrying diseases, or
with the eggs or resting stages of insect pests; or
e. water that contains a lot of nutrients and is full of bacteria or algae.
There are solutions to these things.
1. Some sharp items can be sieved out from components such as black
soil, and disposed of carefully;
2. Soil and plant material contaminated with pollutants, weeds, pests or
diseases could be sterilized, burnt or taken far away from the
nursery; and
3. Water can be cleaned by running it through gravel or sand.
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135
1. Choose a site near your supply of waste materials. It should also be near
your house and at a level that will not be flooded easily.
2. Construct a shelter to protect the pile from hard rain, measuring at least two
meters by three or four meters. If this cannot be done, provide covering of the
pile with polyethylene materials.
136
4. Gather and dust weeds, leaves, animal manure, wood ashes, garbage,
garden waste, kitchen leftovers, and other biodegradable materials on top of
the soil layer. Continue adding weeds, grasses, garden cuttings until the pile is
about shoulder high. Keep the sides of pile vertical with lightly dished top to
hold water.
5. Water the pile evenly everyday or every two days to keep it moist. The
moisture will help in rotting the file faster.
137
6. Provide aerators like bamboo poles in the middle of the pile to allow air to
pass down the pile thereby helping decomposers in its process.
Modern method of composting nowadays is a multi-step, closely
monitored process aided by shredding the plant matter, adding water and
ensuring proper aeration by regularly turning the mixture. Worms, fungi and
organisms further break up the material. Aerobic bacteria manage the
chemical process by converting the inputs into heat, carbon dioxide and
ammonium. The ammonium is further converted by bacteria into plant
nourishing nitrites and nitrates through the process of nitrification.
Compost is generally recommended as an additive to soil, or other
matrices such as coir and peat, as a tilth improver, supplying humus and
nutrients. It provides a rich growing medium, or a porous, absorbent material
that holds moisture and soluble minerals. It provide support and nutrients in
which plants can flourish. Compost is primarily mixed with soil, sand, grit,
bark chips, vermiculite, perlite, or clay granules to produce loam. Compost can
be tilled directly into the soil or growing medium to boost the level of organic
matter and the overall fertility of the soil. Compost that is ready to be used as
an additive is dark brown or even black with an earthy smell.
Other Composting approaches
In addition to the traditional
compost
pile,
there
are
various
approaches that have been developed to
handle different processes, ingredients,
locations, and applications for the
compost product.
A. Bokashi- is a method that uses a mix
of microorganisms to cover food waste to
decrease smell. It was derived from the
practice of Japanese farmers centuries
ago of covering food waste with rich, local soil that contained the
microorganisms that would ferment the waste. After a few weeks, they would
138
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140
2. Media, mixing area including a section for sterilization of media and trays;
sterile material must be protected.
141
3.
Seed store, seed treatment section, seeding and germination room are
neatly found.
4. A pricking out room must be placed as an extension of the germination area.
5. Plants that aged already should be in the growing-on area.
6. A holding area for reject, surplus material, or returned trays for recycling
and composting, until sterilized recycled material need to be kept
separate and isolated from the nursery
PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES FOR STORING SEED MATERIALS
Storage may be defined as the preservation of viable seeds from the time
of collection until they are required for sowing (Holmes and Buszewicz 1958).
When seeds are for afforestation, it can be sown immediately after collection,
no storage is needed. The best sowing date for a given species being raised in a
nursery depends on:
(a) The anticipated date of planting which by itself is dependent on
seasonal climate
(b) The time needed in the nursery for planting stock of that species to
reach the right size for out-planting. Only rarely does best sowing date
coincide with the best date for seed collection. More often it is
necessary to store the seed for varying periods which may be:
1. Up to one year when both seed production and afforestation are
regular annual events, but it is necessary to await the best season
for sowing.
2. 1 5 years or more when a species bears an abundant seed crop at
intervals of several years and enough seed must be collected in a
142
b. Use recyclable and reusable plant trays. Reusable and returnable plant
boxes, pots and trays can reduce the waste generated significantly.
c. Reuse and recycle other nursery products. For example, reuse potting mix
in top soil production, use pruning material for compost and mulch.
d. Install water efficient monitoring and management systems. Read how
to save water in the reducing water use section.
e. Order in bulk where possible. Purchasing in bulk minimizes packaging. If
necessary, consider installing larger storage facilities so that you can order
raw materials in bulk and store them for later use. Bulk purchasing is
usually cheaper and you will also be reducing the environmental impacts of
frequent deliveries to your premises.
f. Minimize production waste. Look at your production processes and see
what can be altered to minimize waste. If you have a caf, consider the size
of the meals and if food is leftover consider downsizing the portion a little.
g. Think about waste produced by your customers. With takeaway coffee,
consider refillable mugs, which costumers can come back and get refilled at
a
discount,
rather
than
throwaway
cups.
If
the
throwaway cups are used
choose
cups
made
from
recycled materials and/or are
certified as sustainable.
h.
Establish a composting
system. If you are preparing
food at your nursery, you
might like to consider a simple
composting system. Even a city business can compost nowadays, using a
counter-top composter like a bokashi bucket. If you have outdoor space,
you could establish a worm farm or compost heap. Paper can be composted,
along with fruit and vegetable scraps.
The most efficient system for watering individual planted areas will
be used. Where plants are dissimilar in size or species differ, hand
watering will be required.
Avoid watering nursery areas that arent currently holding plants.
The nursery will support recycling operations.
Compost will be used whenever possible.
Growing containers will be reused (following cleaning).
Plant debris will be sent to clean-green.
Plant holding areas will be used for plants that are in transition. While in
holding, plants shall be mulched, staked as needed, watered, and provided
with shade protection if required.
Protection shall be provided for plants as needed especially during rainy days
and when the environment is too hot. Smaller and more tender plants will
have priority during these period.
Routinely evaluate all gravel surfaces where crops are staged for the presence
of potholes and standing water.
Site Maintenance
All potting soil, compost, and bark mulch will be covered with a tarp to
prevent weed seed germination. Alternatively, routinely turn all piles.
Noxious weeds will be controlled or removed from the site during
preparation
Roads and pathways will be maintained on an annual basis to ensure
accessibility.
While the nursery supports various community programs the general
public shall not be allowed to get in and out of the vicinity.
WHAT TO PROCESS:
This is for you to do:
1. Can you enumerate some materials that are abundant in your community
and can be used as containers in the nursery?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
146
147
1. Select a site near your supply of materials. It should at least be 150 feet
away from the house. A well-drained area with adequate water is ideal.
2. Gather and prepare compost materials. Farm wastes in the form of animal
manure, grass trimmings, crop residue, rice straw, kitchen refuse, and decayed
leaves can also be used as compost materials.
148
3. Pile up the materials. a.) Pile up layers of chopped grasses, straw and
kitchen leftovers about 12-15 inches on thick covering of the compost bin. b.)
Pile the second layer of
first
layer. c.) Spread a layer of loam soil mixed with lime or wood ash at least 4-5
cm. thick over the manure layer. d.) repeat steps
reached the height
make it moist.
149
5. Provide moisture. Add water evenly to the top of the pile for a day or two to
keep it moist. This will make the materials rot fast, but too much water also is
unadvisable.
6.
material or galvanized iron. This is to protect the pile from wash out in case of
heavy rain.
7. Take care of the compost pile. After a month of preparation, the compost
pile can be turned over to hasten decomposition. This compost could be used
as fertilizer three months after preparation. It can be mixed with soil in every
hill during planting.
150
Posttest
A. Write T if the statement is correct and F if it is wrong.
_____1.
_____2.
_____3.
_____4.
_____5.
_____6.
_____7.
_____8.
Plastic cups and other materials are best to use for repotting.
_____9.
_____10. Plants need not be groomed because it will not good for them in the
future.
B. Arrange the procedure in compost making in an orderly manner.
Write 1 for the first, 2 for second and so forth.
_____ Spread a five to six inch layer of soil under the shelter.
_____ Provide aerators like bamboo poles in the middle of the pile to allow
air to pass down the pile thereby helping decomposers in its process.
_____ Construct a shelter to protect the pile from hard rain, measuring at
least two meters by three or four meters. If this cannot be done,
provide covering of the pile with polyethylene materials.
_____ Choose a site near your supply of waste materials. It should also be
near your house and at a level that will not be flooded easily.
_____ Water the pile evenly everyday or every two days to keep it moist. The
moisture will help in rotting the file faster.
_____ Gather and dust weeds, leaves, animal manure, wood ashes, garbage,
garden waste, kitchen leftovers, and other biodegradable materials on top
of the soil layer. Continue adding weeds, grasses, garden cuttings until
the pile is about shoulder high. Keep the sides of pile vertical with lightly
dished top to hold water.
151
Evaluation
The project can be applied to real life sustainable education.
The work of the team is presented in a way that catches the attention of
the teacher (resourceful and creative)
The presentation and the content of the work is appropriate
The team demonstrates a clear knowledge of their subject/theme.
The team demonstrates confidence in their work.
TOTAL (of 25 points)
Scoring
5
4
3
2
1
Excellent
Very good
Good
Average
Needs improvement
Glossary of Terms
Aerobic- Living or occurring only in the presence of oxygen
Afforestation- It is the establishment of a forest or stand of trees in an
area where there was no forest.
Effective Microorganisms (EM)-It is a system of odorless composting,
where carefully selected, "effective" microbes or "EM" are used to
decompose organic kitchen waste.
Molasses- A thick, brown, sweet liquid that is made from raw sugar.
Phototropic- An organism obtaining energy from sunlight to synthesize
organic compounds for nutrition.
152
References
__________2001,Good Nursery Practices; A Simple Guide, Nairobi Kenya, 2001,
First Ed.
__________1986,Health and Safety for Greenhouses and Nurseries.
Horticultural Educ.
Keats C. hall, 1984, Manual on Nursery Practices, Forestry Project Dept. 2nd
Edition
__________2001,Prince Edward Island Farm Safety Code of Practice, First Ed.
__________1988, Trees in Newcastle; Nursery Operations and Practices, Hustle
Central Rivers.
Lantican, R. M. 2001, The Science and Practice of Crop Production,published
SEAMEO, SEARCA and UPLB, College, Los Banos, Laguna
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56ncA5dwiA4j_ct6bYKAbKMjtDfZcgiLzCf54FA
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AAAAB2I/6_rDVYpQuaw/s1600/nursery2.jpg
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http://www.fao.org/inpho_archive/content/documents/vlibrary/ac306e/img/
ac306e03.gif
http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/propagation/budding/38.jpeg
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http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/hort/info/fruit/graft/cleft.gif
153
Lesson
2
Introduction
This lesson will allow students learn independently the knowledge and
skills in cleaning up the nursery area after its work completion. The different
Operational Health System (OHS) requirements, procedure for storage of plant
and materials, cleaning and maintenance and storage of tools and equipment
and how to prepare a report of work outcomes will train them on how clean-up
operations are done in order to avoid untoward incidents in the workplace .
.
EXPECTED OUTCOME
After completing this Module, should be able to:
1. Store plants and materials according to company storage guidelines
and OHS requirements.
2. Clean, maintain and store tools and equipment according to
manufacturers specifications
3. Report the work outcomes to the supervisor following established
reporting formats
PRE ASSESSMENT
Before you start studying this Module, answer the following questions to
find out what you already know about the topic
A. Choose the letter of the best answer. Use another sheet of paper for
your answer sheet.
____1. Which of the following is NOT included in the workplace hazards in the
nursery?
A. Working with chemicals
B. Pushing and lifting heavy equipment
C. Posting communications to clienteles
D. Operating power tools such as pruners and clippers
____2. Which material is NOT included as hazardous when storing tools and
materials in the nursery?
A. Compost
C. Herbicides
B. Fungicides
D. Pesticides
154
____3. Which of the following is dangerous when it happen in the nursery after
work?
A. Chemical spills
B. Scattered potting media.
C. Disposal of excess compost.
D. Chemical spills, scattered potting media and disposal of excess
compost .
_____4. What is best to do to tools with sharp edges after their use?
A. Apply oil on it.
C. Keep it at once.
B. Brush it with paint.
D. Wrap it with cloth before storing.
_____5. What is best to do to remind workers about storing of tools and
equipment?
A. Remind them from time to time.
B. Send someone to observe them.
C. Post a visible reminder in the area.
D. Remind them once in every month.
_____6. What is best to do to empty containers of chemicals?
A. Ask someone to sell those items.
B. Use it in anyway to practice economy.
C. Throw them away to the nearest waterways.
D. Bury them underground before someone takes them.
_____7. What is best to do to half filled pesticides after using them?
A. Wrap them with cloth to avoid evaporation.
B. Seal the bottle and keep them under the bed.
C. Place them in an area where no one could see them.
D. Properly seal the container and keep them in the storage
locker.
_____8. What is the best way to keep sharp tools in the nursery?
A. Keep them in the highest area.
B. Put them in holster if possible.
C. Wrap them with cloth and keep them beside the plant.
D. Put it under the potting materials so that no one could
see them.
_____9. The following are OHS orientation needed by new workers in the
nursery EXCEPT _____.
A. rights and responsibilities
C. safework procedures
B. compensation and bonuses
D. workplace hazards
_____10. What is best to identify workplace hazards in order to control or
eliminate them?
A. Safety inspections
B. Unannounced visit
C. Additional incentives
D. Rewarding for a job well done
155
workers in the area. For example, paste on the wall the safe work
procedures to follow when performing hazardous tasks. Workers
should also be trained in the use of emergency equipment and
procedures.
If new in the service, this is the orientation that you need:
o
o
o
Ask everyone what hazards are associated with the job that
workers observe or that would be performed in that work area.
Observe how workers perform tasks. Are they following safe work
procedures and using PPE?
Talke to workers about what theyre doing. Ask about safety
concerns.
Ask workers how they perform their tasks.
Record any unsafe actions or conditions that they observe.
While the first inspections may seem slow and difficult, over time
they will become much easier and ultimately will help make the
health and safety program more effective.
If there are problems observed, it is possible that they may ask
the following:
Getting the root of the problem. For example, if they see a wet
floor, they may ask:
Why is the floor wet?
Where is the water coming from?
How long has it been like that?
Possible explanations include:
A water leak
A job process that creates workers who need training and
education on how to clean up the hazard
Fix it right the first time and the problem shouldnt recur.
What to do:
Check whether safe work procedures are being followed. For
example, consider the following questions:
7. First aid Determine what level of first aid is required for your
workplace, and make sure everyone knows what to do if someone is
injured on the job.
All workplaces must meet the first aid requirements. Effective first
aid treatment can reduce the severity of work-related injuries, which
helps minimize the financial costs associated with extensive medical
treatment or the need to replace employees who are unable to work.
All businesses must keep a first aid kit onsite. Many will also need
a first aid attendant. The type of kit and the need for a first aid
attendant will depend on three factors:
the hazard rating for your business
number of workers
travel time to the nearest hospital
Most nurseries and greenhouse operations are considered
moderate-risk workplaces.
Nurseries should be prepared to respond to emergencies such as
fires, chemical spills, or natural disasters. If an emergency occurs,
there will be a need to make quick decisions that will minimize
injuries and damage. Such decisions are easier if you have already
developed an emergency plan.
Follow these guidelines to develop and implement an emergency plan:
Seeds are alive and like any living thing they can be harmed by
adverse conditions. While some seeds may survive for thousands of years
under the proper conditions, others will lose viability quickly, even when
properly stored.
To maintain dormancy the following must be done.
1. Keep seeds in a cool, dark location with low humidity, like a
refrigerator.
2. Label (seed name, source, year) and store them in a small
resalable bag or empty film canister that is, in turn, kept in a larger
plastic container.
Once you are ready to sow, you can test the viability of many, but
not all, seeds by soaking them in water for a few hours. The seeds that
are still living will sink to the bottom, while the dead ones will float on
the surface. This test generally works better for larger seeds, but there
are no absolutes.
Stored seed can be affected by:
o
DONT:
Do not dispose of unwanted materials in the street or storm drain.
Do not assume that a material is safe for storm water because it
says it is non-toxic or biodegradable. Non-toxic means the product is not
toxic to the user. Biodegradable means the product will eventually break
down, but it may harm the environment in the meantime.
Washing If tools are kept clean they are less likely to corrode or
have moving parts size. This also reduces the likelihood of pests
and diseases being spread from infected areas to uninfected areas.
Storing Keeping tools stored properly means they are less likely
to be damaged, lost or stolen. Tools left lying around can also be
dangerous, particularly if the business is likely to have young
children visiting (a retail nursery) or if they can be used by
burglars to break the office, work buildings or storage sheds.
d. Protect any parts that are likely to rust or become corroded with paint
or wipe with an oil rag.
e. Keep battery terminals free of corrosion. Cover terminals with a smear
of petroleum jelly. Battery level should be topped up. All connections
should be kept tight.
f. Make sure any oil are kept topped up, drained and replaced at regular
intervals. Follow manufacturers recommendations.
g. Keep air cleaners clean and unblocked.
h. Keep any cutting edges properly sharpened.
i. Periodically check up and tighten any loose nuts, bolts, screws , etc.
REPORT PREPARATIONS
The nursery enterprise is an important source of employment and
income generation. It is important for the nursery owner to make an
estimate of expenditure and probable income during the operation of the
nursery.
Similarly, it is also beneficial for the entrepreneur to make a
nurseryM production plan of work, manpower and raw material
requirement for successful operation of the nursery. The anticipation of
income is also an area which requires planning for proper financial
appraisal in the nursery venture. Proper financial planning of the
income, expenditure statements is an essential factor in the success of
the nursery business.
Entrepreneurs can use business analysis as a guide for important
decisions such as business expansions, financing, marketing strategies,
operations planning, and product selection. When applied properly, this
information can increase nursery business profitability, control costs,
reduce the risk of business failure, boost employee productivity and job
satisfaction, enhance physical efficiency, and improve management
professionalism.
It can also support the evaluation of costs and returns for
individual products to determine a more profitable product mixture.
Financial analysis can assist in identifying some common problems in
wholesale plant nurseries such as low output, slow crop growth or poor
pricing, excessive costs, waste or overuse, poor cash flow,
overcapitalization or undercapitalization, and imbalanced debt structure.
Scion
Scion
No of
Grafts
produced
Scion
No. of
plants
ready for
sale and
plantation
Name &
Address of
person to
whom
plants are
sold
Record of source of
rootstock and scion
Rootstock
number
Scion
numbe
Rate of
Sale
per
plant
Remarks
Apart from the record for the sale and production of nursery
plants it is also recommended that the nursery entrepreneur maintain
record of expenditure in the nursery which is called bookkeeping.
Bookkeeping is one of the functions of financial accounting.
Bookkeeping entails maintaining proper records and books for
recording complete details of transactions made during the course of
business. Business transactions can be classified into several major
activities/groups e.g. sales, purchases, assets, etc.
Separate books for recording transactions pertaining to these
activities are maintained. Details of the transactions were recorded
into respective heading. This exercise is called Bookkeeping.
It is advisable to maintain books of accounts for the following
reasons:
Party
name
Total
Bill
No.
Ledger Folio
Item
Name
Party
name
Bill
No.
Ledger Folio
Item
Name
Total
3. Ledger: All accounts involved in the transactions recorded in the
journal or its subsidiary books are maintained here, and necessary
posting is made.
Debit Side
Credit Side
Date
Particular Folio
No.
Name of Account
Amount
Particular Folio
No.
Amount
It may be noticed from the format that a ledger account has two sides:
debit into four sections, viz. `Date', `Particulars', `Journal Folio
Number' and `Amount'.
(i) Date: In this column, the date of a transaction as entered in the
journal book from where the entry is brought to the ledger account is
mentioned.
(ii) Particulars: In this column the name of the account in which the
corresponding credit or debit (under the double entry principle) is
mentioned.
(iii) Journal Folio Number: In this column the page number of the journal
book or subsidiary book from where the transaction is brought to the
account is mentioned.
(iv) Amount: In this column the amount, with which the account is
debited or credited, is mentioned.
What to process:
This time let us see whether you understand the concept in this
lesson.
1. Visit a nearby nursery in your area and observe the following:
a. Do they have a method of identifying hazards? ________
b. When hazards have been identified, do they conduct a risk
assessment to help determine the best way to eliminate or control the
risks? How?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
c. Do they inform new workers about work rules prohibiting horseplay
and the use of alcohol and drugs at work ? _________
d. Do they inspect the workplace regularly? _______
e. Have you observed workers to determine if they need refresher training
in safe work procedures? _______________
2. Visit the first aid program of the nursery.
a. Ask one worker if all of the workers know the location of the first
aid kit?
b. Do workers know who the first aid attendant is, how to contact
him/her, and how to get assistance in emergencies?
c. Are workers instructed to report all injuries?
d. Do they record all injuries?
What to reflect and understand
Visit a nearby school nursery and fill up the following records.
A. Source of Rootstock and Scion material in nursery
Land Survey
No.
of Mother
Plants
Scion
Scion
No of
Grafts
produced
Scion
No. of
plants
ready for
sale and
plantation
Name &
Record of source of
Address of rootstock and scion
person to
whom
plants are
sold
Rootstock
Scion
number
number
Rate of
Sale
per
plant
Remarks
What to transfer
Visit a nearby school nursery in the area and use this sample to
develop a report for recording the results of your regular workplace
inspections.
A. INSPECTION CHECKLIST
Go over every aspect of your workplace to identify possible
hazards. Use blank lines to add items specific to your workplace.
A. Tools and Equipment
1. Are tools and equipment kept clean?
2. Is equipment in good working order and
regularly maintained?
Yes
No
Sprayer
Chainsaws
Others.
3.
4.
5.
6.
B. INSPECTION REPORT
Nursery
name:______________________________________________________________
Date:_______________________________________________________________
Inspectors
names:___________________________________________________________
Type of hazar
T Type of
DE
Recommended
PPPerson
Date
hazard
Describe
corrective
responsible
remedied
(critical,
hazard
action
for remedial
urgent,
and
action
important)
precise
Ty
location
Posttest
A. Write T if the statement is correct and F if it is wrong.
____1. It is best to identify unsafe conditions and acts that may cause
injury when conducting inspections in the nursery.
____2. It is NOT advisable to ask workers how they perform in the
nursery.
____3. A water leak is an ordinary problem in a nursery.
____4. A problem that exists in I the operation must be fixed right away
to avoid it to recur.
_____5. It is best to hold a regular meeting with workers to avoid bigger
problems to happen in the future.
_____6. All workplaces must meet the first aid requirements.
_____7. Nurseries are considered high-risk workplaces.
_____8. It is NOT advisable to communicate to workers of whatever plans
one has for the nursery.
_____9. Store emergency equipment in an area where no one can
open/get it right away.
_____10. Seeds are alive and living organisms that need not be harmed or
exposed to harsh environment.
Glossary of terms
Berm- A flat strip of land, raised bank, or terrace bordering a river or
canal.
Journal Folio- The number of the ledger account in which
the journal entry was posted is recorded in the folio number column
Storm water- is water that originates from precipitation.
References:
__________2001,Good Nursery Practices; A Simple Guide, Nairobi Kenya,
2001, First Ed.
__________1986,Health and Safety for Greenhouses and Nurseries.
Horticultural Educ.
Keats C. hall, 1984, Manual on Nursery Practices, Forestry Project Dept.
2nd Edition
__________2001,Prince Edward Island Farm Safety Code of Practice, First
Ed.
__________1988, Trees in Newcastle; Nursery Operations and Practices,
Hustle Central Rivers.
Lantican, R. M. 2001, The Science and Practice of Crop
Production,published SEAMEO, SEARCA and UPLB, College, Los
Banos, Laguna
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http://www.nzdl.org/gsdl/collect/envl/archives/HASHb166.dir/p118.gif
http://seattletimes.com/ABPub/2007/01/22/2003536302.jpg
http://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/images/photos/2011/colombia-v-p-coe-02114.jpg
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/img/ac306e03.gif
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