Hillard & Botting

Grammar Notes

1. Active Voice First Conjugation -Stems

Tense

Present

Future Simple

Imperfect

Perfect

Future Perfect

Pluperfect

Indicative

Subjunctive

am
ams
amat
ammus
amtis
amant

I love or I am loving
you (s.) love or you are loving
he loves or he is loving
we love or we are loving
you (pl.) love or you (pl.) are loving
they love or they are loving

amam
ams
amet
ammus
amtis
ament

ambo
ambis
ambit
ambimus
ambitis
ambunt

I shall love
you (s.) will love
he will love
we shall love
you (pl.) will love
they will love

ambam
ambs
ambat
ambmus
ambtis
ambant

I was loving
you (s.) were loving
he was loving
we were loving
you (pl.) were loving
they were loving

amrem
amrs
amret
amrmus
amrtis
amrent

amv
amvist
amvit
amvimus
amvistis
amvrunt

I have loved or I loved

you (s.) have loved or you (s.) loved
he has loved or he loved
we have loved or we loved
you (pl.) have loved or you (pl.) loved
they have loved or they loved

amverim
amvers
amverit
amvermus
amvertis
amverint

amver
amveris
amverit
amverimus
amveritis
amverint

I shall have loved

you (s.) will have loved
he will have loved
we shall have loved
you (pl.) will have loved
they will have loved

amveram
amvers
amverat
amvermus
amvertis
amverant

I had loved
you (s.) had loved
he had loved
we had loved
you (pl.) had loved
they had loved
292

Imperative

am, amt, love (s.)

amt, let him love
amte, amtte, love (pl.)
amant, let them love

The Verb Infinitive

Infinitives
Present amre, to love
Perfect amvisse, to have loved
Future amtrus esse, to be about to love
Gerund
amandum, the loving
Supines
amtum, in order to love
amt, in or for loving
Participles
amvissem
amvisss
amvisset
amvissmus
amvisstis
amvissent

Present amns, loving

Future amtrus, about to love

293

Hillard & Botting

Grammar Notes

2. Active Voice Second Conjugation -Stems

Tense

Present

Future Simple

Imperfect

Perfect

Future Perfect

Pluperfect

Indicative

Subjunctive

mone
mons
monet
monmus
montis
monent

I advise or I am advising
you (s.) advise or you are advising
he loves or he is advising
we advise or we are advising
you (pl.) advise or you (pl.) are advising
they advise or they are advising

moneam
mones
moneat
monemus
monetis
moneant

monb
monbis
monbit
monbimus
monbitis
monbunt

I shall advise
you (s.) will advise
he will advise
we shall advise
you (pl.) will advise
they will advise

monbam
monbs
monbat
monbmus
monbtis
monbant

I was advising
you (s.) were advising
he was advising
we were advising
you (pl.) were advising
they were advising

monrem
monrs
monret
monrmus
monrtis
monrent

monu
monuist
monuit
monuimus
monuistis
monurunt

I have advised or I advised

you (s.) have advised or you (s.) advised
he has advised or he advised
we have advised or we advised
you (pl.) have advised or you (pl.) advised
they have advised or they advised

monuerim
monuers
monuerit
monuermus
monuertis
monuerint

monuer
monueris
monuerit
monuerimus
monueritis
monuerint

I shall have advised

you (s.) will have advised
he will have advised
we shall have advised
you (pl.) will have advised
they will have advised

monueram
monuers
monuerat
monuermus
monuertis
monuerant

I had advised
you (s.) had advised
he had advised
we had advised
you (pl.) had advised
they had advised
294

Imperative

mon, mont, advise (s.)

mont, let him advise
mont, montte, advise (pl.)
monent, let them advise

The Verb Infinitive

Infinitives
Present monre, to advise
Perfect monuisse, to have advised
Future monitrus esse, to be about to advise
Gerund
monendum, the advising
Supines
monitum, in order to advise
monit, in or for advising
Participles
monuissem
monuisss
monuisset
monuissmus
monuisstis
monuissent

Present monns, advise

Future monitrus, about to advise

295

Hillard & Botting

Grammar Notes

3. Active Voice Third Conjugation Consonant (and U) Stems

Tense

Present

Future Simple

Imperfect

Perfect

Future Perfect

Pluperfect

Indicative

Subjunctive

reg
regis
regit
regimus
regitis
regunt

I rule or I am ruling
you (s.) rule or you are ruling
he rules or he is ruling
we rule or we are ruling
you (pl.) rule or you (pl.) are ruling
they rule or they are ruling

regam
regs
regat
regmus
regtis
regant

regam
regs
reget
regmus
regtis
regent

I shall rule
you (s.) will rule
he will rule
we shall rule
you (pl.) will rule
they will rule

regbam
regbs
regbat
regbmus
regbtis
regbant

I was ruling
you (s.) were ruling
he was ruling
we were ruling
you (pl.) were ruling
they were ruling

regerem
regers
regeret
regermus
regertis
regerent

rx
rxist
rxit
rximus
rxistis
rxrunt

I have ruled or I ruled

you (s.) have ruled or you (s.) ruled
he has ruled or he ruled
we have ruled or we ruled
you (pl.) have ruled or you (pl.) ruled
they have ruled or they ruled

rxerim
rxers
rxerit
rxermus
rxertis
rxerint

rxer
rxeris
rxerit
rxerimus
rxeritis
rxerint

I shall have ruled

you (s.) will have ruled
he will have ruled
we shall have ruled
you (pl.) will have ruled
they will have ruled

rxeram
rxers
rxerat
rxermus
rxertis
rxerant

I had ruled
you (s.) had ruled
he had ruled
we had ruled
you (pl.) had ruled
they had ruled
296

Imperative

rege, regit, rule (s.)

regit, let him rule
regite, regitte, rule (pl.)
regunt, let them rule

The Verb Infinitive

Infinitives
Present regere, to rule
Perfect rxisse, to have ruled
Future rctrus esse, to be about to rule
Gerund
regendum, the ruling
Supines
rctum, in order to rule
rct, in or for ruling
Participles
rxissem
rxisss
rxisset
rxissmus
rxisstis
rxissent

Present regns, ruling

Future rctrus, about to rule

297

Hillard & Botting

Grammar Notes

4. Active Voice Fourth Conjugation -Stems

Tense

Present

Future Simple

Imperfect

Perfect

Future Perfect

Pluperfect

Indicative

Subjunctive

audi
auds
audit
audmus
audtis
audiunt

I hear or I am hearing
you (s.) hear or you are hearing
he hears or he is hearing
we hear or we are hearing
you (pl.) hear or you (pl.) are hearing
they hear or they are hearing

audiam
audis
audiat
audimus
auditis
audiant

audiam
audis
audiet
audimus
auditis
audient

I shall hear
you (s.) will hear
he will hear
we shall hear
you (pl.) will hear
they will hear

audibam
audibs
audibat
audibmus
audibtis
audibant

I was hearing
you (s.) were hearing
he was hearing
we were hearing
you (pl.) were hearing
they were hearing

audrem
audrs
audret
audrmus
audrtis
audrent

audv
audvist
audvit
audvimus
audvistis
audvrunt

I have heard or I heard

you (s.) have heard or you (s.) heard
he has heard or he heard
we have heard or we heard
you (pl.) have heard or you (pl.) heard
they have heard or they heard

audverim
audvers
audverit
audvermus
audvertis
audverint

audver
audveris
audverit
audverimus
audveritis
audverint

I shall have heard

you (s.) will have heard
he will have heard
we shall have heard
you (pl.) will have heard
they will have heard

audveram
audvers
audverat
audvermus
audvertis
audverant

I had heard
you (s.) had heard
he had heard
we had heard
you (pl.) had heard
they had heard
298

Imperative

aud, audt, hear (s.)

audt, let him hear
audte, audtte, hear (pl.)
audunt, let them hear

The Verb Infinitive

Infinitives
Present audre, to hear
Perfect audvisse, to have heard
Future audtrus esse, to be about to hear
Gerund
audiendum, the hearing
Supines
audtum, in order to hear
audt, in or for hearing
Participles
audvissem
audvisss
audvisset
audvissmus
audvisstis
audvissent

Present audiens, hearing

Future audtrus, about to hear

299