Information &

Communication Technology
ICT

[G.C.E (O/L)-11]

Sri Lankan School

Education

Information System
By:
MOHAMED CASSIM MOHAMED RASMY
Computer Lab Administrator / Teacher of ICT
KM/KM Maharus Shams Maha Vidyalaya
Sainthamaruthu, Sri Lanka.
Email: mrasihan@gmail.com, rasihan@live.com
Tel: +94673690504, Mobile: +94783826212

ICTInformation & Communication Technology

Mr.MCM Rasmy

INFORATION SYTEM jfty; Kiwik

Kiwik vd;gJ:
VjhtJ xU Fwpf;Nfhis milAk; nghUl;L gy gFjpfs; xd;wpize;J nraw;gLtJ
Kiwik vdg;gLk;.
cjhuzkhf: fy;tp Kiwik, kdpj cly;, murpay; Kiwik, fzpdp Kiwik, fzf;fpay; Kiwik
Kiwik xd;wpd; %d;W Kf;fpa mbg;gil mk;rq;fs; / mbg;gil %yfq;fs;
1. cs;sPL

2. epuw;gLj;jy;

cs;sPL

3. ntspaPL vd;gdthFk;.

epuw;gLj;jy;

ntspaPL

cs;sPL: cs;sPlhdJ Kiwikapdhy; nrad;Kiwg;gLj;jf;fhf ngw;Wf; nghs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.

ntspaPL: cs;sPlhdJ nrad;Kiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l gpd;dh; Kiwikapdhy; #oYf;F mDg;gp itf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
cjhuzk;:
ghlrhiy vDk; Kiwikapy; cs;s mbg;gigl %yfq;fshf gpd;tUtd fUjg;gLfpd;wd.
Nehf;fk;: fy;tp mmwpTila khzth;fs;
cs;sPL:

khzth;fs;, Mrphpah;fs;, epjp, fw;g;gpj;jy; cgfuzq;fs;

nrad;Kiwg;gLj;jy;:

fw;wy;, fw;gpj;jy;, ghPl;irfs;, fUj;juq;Ffs;

ntspaPL:

fy;tp mwpTila khzth;fs;

Sub System cg Kiwik

xU KiwikahdJ gy gFjpfshf gphpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;thW gphpf;fg;gLfpd;w gFjpfNs cg Kiwik
vdg;gLk;.
cjhuzj;jpw;F: kdpj cliy vLj;jhy; ,JnthU ,aw;if KiwikahFk;. ,g;gpujhd Kiwikf;F rkpghl;Lj;
njhFjp>

Rthrj;

njhFjp,

nraw;gLtJ njdpthFk;.
nfhz;Ls;sd.

njhFjp,

,uj;j

Rw;Nwl;lj;

,e;j

cgKiwikfSk;

euk;Gj;
mtw;wpd;

njhFjp

Nghd;w

nraw;ghl;Lf;Fupa

gy
gy

cg

Kiwikfs;

mtataq;fisf;

NkYk; xU ghlrhiyia fUJk; NghJ

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Mr.MCM Rasmy

NkYk; xU Post Office ia fUJk; NghJ

System Boundary Kiwik vy;iy

Kiwik vy;iy vd;gJ Kiwikapid mjDila #oypypUe;J NtWgLj;JtjhFk;.

Ex:

Open and Close System

Open System (jpwe;j Kiwik)
,k;KiwikahdJ cs;sPl;bid #oypypUe;J ngw;W ntspaPl;bidAk; #oYf;F mDg;gp itf;fpd;w xU
KiwikahFk;.
Close System (%ba Kiwik)
,k;KiwikahdJ cs;thhpahd nrad;Kiwg;gLj;jyhFk; mjhtJ ,q;F cs;sPL #oypypUe;J ngw;Wf;
nfhs;sg;glkhl;lhJ mNj Nghd;W ntspaPl;bidAk; #oYf;F mDg;g itf;fhj xU KiwikahFk;

jfty; Kiwik Information System

xU epWtdj;jpd; ehshe;j nraw;ghLfSf;F Njitahd jfty;fis toq;Fk; Kiwik jfty; Kiwik
MFk;. ,e;jj; jfty; MdJ kdpjh;fs;, ,ae;jpuq;fs; Nghd;w gy %yfq;fspypUe;J ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$baJk;
Kfhikj;Jtg; gpur;rpidfSf;F jPh;thf mikaf;$baJkhd juTfspd; xd;wpidg;Ng jfty; Kiwik MFk;.

Ex:
Data

Processing -

Information

Note: jfty; Kiwikapid kdpj jfty; Kiwik kw;Wk; fzpdpia mbg;gilahf nfhz;l jfty;
Kiwik vd ,U tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
kdpj jfty; Kiwik (Manual Information System)
juTfshdJ kdpjh;fshy; nrad;Kiwf;Fl;gLj;jg;gLtjhFk;. ,q;F fzpdpapd; jiyaPL fhzg;glkhl;lhJ.
Ex: ghlrhiy khzth;fspd; tuTg;gjpT

Ehyf Gj;jfq;fSf;F ,yf;fkpLjy;

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Mr.MCM Rasmy

kdpj jfty; Kiwikapd; ed;ikfs; (Advantages of a Manual Information System)

1.
2.
3.

nefpo;e;J nfhLf;f$baJ
Nkw;ghh;itfisAk; jPh;khdq;fspidAk; Nkw;nfhs;s Kbjy;
kdpjh;fspd; cjtpfis ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Kbjy;

kdpj jfty; Kiwikapd; jPikfs; (disadvantages of a Manual Information System)

1.

kdpjh;fdhy; nra;ag;gLk; NtiyahdJ ek;gpf;if jd;ik mw;wJ

2.

kdpj %isahdJ nkJthfr; nraw;gLk; jd;ik nfhz;lJ

3.

kdpjh;fdhy; xU Ntiyia njhlh;r;rpahf nra;Ak; NghJ fisg;Gj; jd;ik Vw;gLfpwJ.

fzpdpia mbg;gilahf nfhz;l jfty; Kiwik computer-based Information System

juTfshdJ

kdpjh;fshy;

nrad;Kiwf;Fl;gLj;jg;gLtjw;F

gjpyhf

fzpdpia

mbg;gilahf

nfhz;L

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; nrad;Kiwg;gLj;jNy MFk;.

,J 5 mbg;gil %yfq;fis cs;slf;fpajhf fhzg;gLk;.
Hard Ware (Machine), Soft Ware (Instructions), kdpjh;fs(People), tpjpfs; (Rules) juTk; jftYk; (Data and
Information)
Types of Processing Systems nrad;Kiwg;ggLj;jypd; tiffs;

Batch Processing njhFjpr; nrad;Kiw

On line / real time Processing chpa Neuj;jpy; nrad;Kiwf;Fl;gLj;jy;

Batch Processing njhFjpr; nrad;Kiw
fpilf;Fk; juTfis xU njhFjpahf my;yJ gy njhFjpahf Nrh;j;J itj;J Ntiy Neuk jtph;e;j Vida
Neuq;fspy; nrad;Kiwg;gLj;jy; Mfk;.
Eg: Credit Card Companies Process Billing - ,q;F Customer xt;nthU nfhLf;fy; thq;fYf;Fk; Bill id
ngWtjpy;iy khwhf Monthly Bill id ngWfpwhh;
ed;ik : ghhpadtpyhd juTfis Fiwe;j nrytpy; nrad;Kiwg;gLj;jy;
jPik:

Njit Vw;gLk; NghJ jftiy ngWtJ fbdk;.

On line / real time Processing chpa Neuj;jpy; nrad;Kiwf;Fl;gLj;jy;

,J fzpdpapd; Process System w;F xg;ghdJ mjhtJ User cila xt;nthU Ntz;LNfhSf;Fk; ,q;F
gpujpgypg;G fhzg;gLk;.

Eg:

ATM in Bank, Air Line Seat Reservation

jfty; Kiwikapd; Kfhik kl;lq;fs;

fPo; kl;lk; (Lower or Operational management)
eLj;ju my;yJ
cah; kl;lk;

Information System

(Middle / Tactical management)

(Upper or Strategic Management)

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Mr.MCM Rasmy

Types of Information System jfty; Kiwikapd; tiffs;

4. Decision Information System (DSS)

1. Office Automation System ( OAS)

5. Processing Control System (PCS)

2. Transaction Processing System (TPS)

6. Intelligent Information System, Expert System ( ES) etc

3. Management Information System (MIS)

Office Automation System (OAS)
OAS MdJ rfy kl;l Kfhikj;Jt gpuNahfq;fSf;Fj; Njitahd mUtyf ghpkhw;wq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

Eg: Electronic Messaging, Audio, Video Conferencing, Word Processing, Desktop Processing, Voice

Mail
Transaction Processing System (TPS)
TPS MdJ tpahuj; mjhopw;ghLfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;w jfty; nrad;Kiwg;gLj;jYf;fhf gad;gLjjg;gLfpd;w xU
IS MFk;. Eg: Airline Reservation System, Banking System, Marketing Department
Management Information System (MIS)
MIS MdJ Kfhikf; fl;Lg;gl;Lf;Fk;, Kfhikj;Jt nraw;ghl;bw;Fk;, je;jpNuhga Kfhikr; nraw;ghl;bw;Fk;
gad;gLj;Jfpd;w cs;sf tsq;fisf; nfhz;l Kfhik KiwahFk;. (Middle Management).
Decision Information System (DSS)
DIS MdJ jPh;khdk; vLg;gjw;Fk; gpur;rpidfSf;F jPh;T fhz;gjw;fhfTk;

cah;kl;l Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;F

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
Processing Control System (PCS)
PCS MdJ gutyhf ,ae;jpuq;fs; kw;Wk; cgfuzq;fis fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
Eg: Traffic Light, Airplane System, Petrol Pumps, and Washing Machine
Kiwik mgptpUj;jp tho;f;ifr; rf;fuk; (SDLC) System Development Life Cycle

SDLC vd;gJ kdpjdhy; nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L tUk; jfty; Kiwikf;F gjpyhf tpidj;jpwDilaJk;,

gaDWjp kpf;fJkhd fzpdpalg;gilapyhd Xh; jfty; Kiwia vt;thW cUthf;fyhk; vd;gjid gpd;tUk;
gbKiwfspDhlhf vLj;J tpsf;FtNj SDLC MFk;.
SDLC d; gbKiwfs;
1. Kiwik gw;wpa fw;wy; - System Study
2. Feasibility Study - rhj;jpats Ma;T
3. Kiwikg; gFg;gha;T - System Analysis
4. Kiwik tbtikg;G - System Design
5. Software Development (Coding)
6. guPl;rpj;jy; - Testing
7. Kiwik mKyhf;fk; - System Implementation
8. guhkhpg;G - Maintenance
Kiwik gw;wpa fw;wy; - System Study
Kiwik mgptpUj;jp tho;f;ifr; rf;fuj;jpd; KjyhtJ fl;lk; Fwpj;j Kiwikiag; gw;wpf; fw;wy; MFk;. ,J
jw;NghJ eilKiwapYs;s ngsjPf Kiwik (Physical system) vt;thW fhzg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gjidj; njspthfg;
glk;gpbj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

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eilKiwapy; Kiwikf; fw;wyhdJ ,uz;L fl;lq;fshfr; nraw;gLfpd;wJ.

01. KiwikapDila Muk;g fl;l (Preliminary survey) Ma;T MFk;. ,J Kiwikapd; vy;iyg; gug;ig
(scope Nehf;fk;) ,dq;fz;L nfhs;tjw;F cjTfpd;wJ.
02. Kiwik NkYk; tpupthTk;> MokhfTk; Ma;T nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;tha;tpd; %yk; jw;Nghija
Kiwikapy; gadhsu;fspd; Njitfs;> Kiwikapy; fhzg;gLk; tiuaiwfs; kw;Wk; gpur;rpidfs;
Nghd;wd njspthf Muhag;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;j Kiwikf; fw;wiy KbT nra;j gpd;Nd Kiwik
Ma;thsupdhy; Kiwikapd; Kd;nkhopTfs; jahupf;fg;gl;L gadhsu;Sf;F Kd;itf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
eilKiw Kiwikapy; ,dq;fhzg;gl;l midj;J tplaq;fs;> eilKiw Kiwapy; fhzg;gLk; tiuaiwfs;>
eptu;j;jp nra;aj; Njitahd rpghupRfs; kw;Wk; ghadhsupd; Njitia eptu;j;jp; nra;tjpy; eilKiw
Kiwikapy; fhzg;gLk; gpur;rpidfs; Nghd;wd ,e;j Kd;nkhopag;gl;l Kiwikapy; cs;slf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
Kiwik fw;wiy NkYk; Ma;Tg+u;tkhf tpsf;f> Kiwikf; fw;wy; epiyahdJ
KiwNa fle;J nry;y Ntz;Lk;.

gpd;tUk; fl;lq;fisAk;

gpur;rpid ,dq;fhzYk;> nray;jpl;l Muk;gKk; (problem identification and project initiation)

gpd;Gy Ma;T

mDkhdpj;jy; my;yJ fz;Lgpbg;Gfs;

(background analysis)
(inference or findings )

rhj;jpats Ma;T - Feasibility Study

Muk;g fw;wypd; ngWNgwhfNt rhj;jpats Ma;T mikfpd;wJ. Kd;nkhopag;gl;l KiwikahdJ njhopw;glf;
$ba Mw;wiyf; nfhz;Ls;s jd;ik> Njitfisg; g+u;j;jp nra;Ak; jd;ik> tsq;fs;fspd; jpwikahd gad;ghL>
nryTf;Nfw;g gad;jUk; jd;ik vd;gtw;iwg; guPl;rpj;Jg; ghu;f;Fk; nray;ghlhf rhj;jpats Ma;T mikfpd;wJ.
rhj;jpats Ma;tpd; gpujhd Nehf;F gpur;rpid jPu;g;gJ kl;Lkd;wp Fwpg;gpl;l vy;iyg;gug;ig

(scope)

miltNj

MFk;. nryT (cost) ed;ikfs; (benefits) vd;gtw;iw kpfTk; jpUj;jkhf kjpg;gPL nra;jNy rhj;jpats Ma;tpd;
nray;ghlhFk;.
Kiwikg; gFg;gha;T - System Analysis
Gjpa Kiwiknahd;W mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ vd fw;gid nra;J nfhs;SNthkhapd; mLj;j epiyahdJ
(phase) Kiwik gFg;gha;thFk;. eilKiw Kiwikg; gw;wpa xU Mokhd fw;wNy Kiwikg; gFg;gha;T
epiyapy; eilngWfpd;wJ. ,q;NfNa cUthf;fg; NghFk; Gjpa Kiwikapd; epu;khz Ntiyf;fhd tpguq;fs;
ngwg;gLfpd;wd. Kiwikapdhy; epiwNtw;wg;gLk; gy;NtW nraw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; Kiwikapd; cs;NsAk;
ntspNaAk; mr;nraw;ghLfSf;F ,ilNaahd njhlu;Gfs; vd;gd Kiwikg; gFg;gha;tpy; Mokhd
fw;fg;gLfpd;wJ. gFg;gha;tpd; NghJ eilKiw Kiwikapy; fpilf;ff; $ba Nfhg;Gf;fs;> jPu;khdk; epiwNtw;Wk;
epiyfs;

(decision

Nghd;wtw;wpypUe;J

points),
juTfs;

kw;Wk;

eilKiw

Nrfupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

Kiwikapy;
,t;thW

ifahsg;gLk;;

juTfs;

nfhLf;fy;

Nrfupf;fg;gLtjw;F

thq;fy;fs;

Neu;Kfg;guPl;ir

(Interviews) Neub fsmtjhdg;G (on-site observation) kw;Wk; tpdhf;nfhj;Jfs; (questionnaire) Nghd;w fUtpfs;
cgNahfpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Gjpa Kiwikf;fhd rupahd vy;iyia (boundary) ,yFthf tiue;J nfhs;tjw;F
gpd;tUk; gbKiwfisg; gad;gLj;j KbAk;.

gpur;rpidfs; kw;Wk; ghtidahsu;fspd; Gjpa NjitfisAk; fUj;jpw; nfhs;sy;.

Kiwikapd;

Gjpa

gug;gpid

cs;slf;fpajhf

Kiwikapd;

rhu;ghditfisAk;

vjpuhditfisAk;

fUj;jpw; nfhz;L nraw;gly;.

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Kiwikg; gFg;gha;tpy; fye;jhNyhrpf;fg;gLk; Kf;fpa fUj;Jf;fs;

ghtidahsupd; Njitfspd; mbg;gilapy; Gjpa Kiwikapdhy; epiwNtw;wg;gl Ntz;ba tplaq;fisf;

nfhz;l tpguq;fs;.

Gjpa Kiwikapdhy; epiwNtw;wg;gl Ntz;ba nray;fisAk; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; xd;NwhL xd;Wldhd

njhlu;GfisAk; fhl;Lk; nray; topKiw (Functional hierarchy)

nray; tiygpd;dy; ,J nray; topKiwf;F (function hierarchy ) xj;jjhf fhzg;gbDk; me;j

nray;fs; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l fhupaq;fSf;F nghJthff; fhzg;gLk;.

fpikf;ff;$ba Input fs;

Process Kiwfs;

Outpit d; tbtq;fs;

fl;Lg;ghL ghJfhg;G Kiwfs;.

jfty; Nrfupg;G El;gq;fs;
Information Gathering Techniques

Neu;Kfg;guPl;ir - Interviews
Kiwikg; gadhsu;fSk; kw;Wk; Vida> Kiwik rhu;ghdtu;fSk; NeUf;F Neu; re;jpj;jy;.

Neu;Kfg;guPl;ir - Interviews
mtrpakhd jfty;fisr; Nrfupj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F tpdhf; nfhj;Jf;fisj; jahupj;jy;.

Mtzq;fs; - Documents
gbtq;fs;> gw;Wr; rPl;Lf;fs;> fr;rhj;Jf;fs; (vouchers )> Jz;Lfs; (slips) Nghd;wtw;iwf; fw;wy;.

mtjhdpg;G - Observation
jsj;Jf;F Neubahfr; nrd;W eilKiw Kiwikapy; eilngWtdtw;iw Neubahf mtjhdpj;jy;.

fye;Jiuahly;. - Discussions
jdpg;gl;l my;yJ FOf; fye;Jiuahly;.
juTg; gFg;gha;Tk; xOq;fikg;Gk;
Data analyzing and organizing

RUf;Fjy; (Summarizing)

glq;fSk;> tiuGfSk; (Charting an graphing)

Vida nghUj;jkhd Kiwfs;.

Kiwik tbtikg;G - System Design

gadhsu;fspd; Njitfs; kw;Wk; Mokhd gFg;gha;T vd;gtw;Wf;Nfw;gNt Gjpa KiwikahdJ tbtikf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. ,f;fl;lNk

(Phase) Kiwik tbtikg;ghFk;. ,JNt Kiwik tbtikg;gpd; kpff; fbdkhd

epiyahFk;. nghJthf tbtikg;ghdJ ,uz;L fl;lq;fshf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.

Muk;g my;yJ nghJthd tbtikg;G fl;likg;G my;yJ tpupthd tbtikg;G

Information System

Preliminary or general design

Structure or detailed design

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Muk;g my;yJ nghJthd tbtikg;G:

,f;fl;lj;jpy; Ke;jpa Kiwikapd; mk;rq;fs; midj;Jk; njspthd tpgupf;fg;gLk;. Gjpa Kiwikapy;
cs;slf;fg;gl;l mk;rq;fis ];jhgpg;gjw;fhd nrytPdq;fSk; mtw;wpy; ,Ue;J ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gLk;
mD$yq;fSk; ,q;F kjpg;gpl;Lf; nfhs;sg;gLk;. ,e;jg;

Project MdJ ,d;Dk; rhj;jpag;glf; $bajhf

mikAk; gl;rj;jpNyNa tpupthd tbtikg;Gf; fl;lj;jpw;F efu KbAk;.

fl;likg;G my;yJ tpupthd tbtikg;G: ,;e;jf; fl;lj;jpNyNa fzpdpAldhd Ntiyfs; Muk;gpf;fpd;wd. ,e;jf;
fl;lj;jpy;

Kiwikapd;

tbtikg;G

mjpfstpy;>

mikg;G

Kiwiag;

(Structure

method)

ngWfp;d;wJ.

toq;fg;gl;l gpur;rpidf;F fzpdp Kiwapd; jPut

; pd; efyhf (blue print) mikg;G tbtikg;G (Structure design)
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

cs;sPL>

ntspaPL

kw;Wk;

nraw;ghL

gw;wpa

tpguq;fs;

njspthf

tiuag;gLk;.

,e;j

tbtikg;Gf; fl;lj;jpy; Gjpa Kiwik vOjg;gl Ntz;ba program nkhop kw;Wk; Gjpa Kiwik nraw;glg;
NghFk; (run) platform vd;gdTk; jPu;khdpj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gLk;.
tbtikg;gjw;F gytpjkhd fUtpfs; (Tools) El;ggq;fSk; (techniques ) gad;gLfpd;wd.
mitahtd:

gha;r;ry; Nfhl;Lg;glk; - Flowchart

juTg; gha;r;ry; tupg;glk; - Data flow diagram (DFDs)

juT mfuhjp - Data dictionary

fl;likf;fg;gl;l Mq;fpyk; - Structured English

jPu;khd ml;ltiz - Decision table

jPu;khd kutup - Decision tree

Kiwik tbtikg;ghdJ gpd;tUk; fl;lq;fis cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ.

tbtikg;G (Interface design)

gadhsu; ,ilKfkhdJ (Interface) gpd;tUtdtw;iw cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ.
o

Input ,w;fhd ,ilKfk; (Interface) tbtikj;jy;.

Output ,w;fhd ,ilKfk;

(Interface ) tbtikj;jy;.

juTj; jsk; tbikj;jy; (Database design )

nkd;nghUs; tbtikg;G (Software design). : fzpdp Programs tbtikf;Fk; nraw;ghlhFk;.

Coding Software Development

Gjpa Kiwikia tbtikj;j gpd; KO KiwikiaAk; fzpdpapdhy; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sf; $ba Kiwf;F
khw;wp mikf;f; Ntz;ba Njit Vw;gLfpd;wJ. Gjpa Kiwikiaf; fzpdp program nkhopapy; Coding
nra;tNj me;jr; nray;ghlhFk;. ,J xu; Kf;fpakhd fl;lkhFk;. ,q;F fzpdp nkhopapd; cjtpAld; tiuaWj;j
nrayhdJ (Defined Procedure)

fzpdp tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sk; nkhopf;F khw;wg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J program epiy

vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;. ,q;F programmers, tpguq;fis fzpdpf; fl;lisfshf khw;wp mikfpd;wdu;. ,JNt
program vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;j program xU Kiwikapd; KOr; nray;ghl;ilAk; fl;Lg;gLj;JtJld;
xd;wpy; ,Ue;J ,d;ndhd;wpw;F juT efu;j;Jk; nray;ghl;ilAk; ,izf;fpd;wJ.
nghJthf Coding MdJ gFjp gFjpahfNt nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. KO Coding IAk; xNu jlitapy; vOjhky;
gFjp gFjpahfr; nra;Ak; NghJ tpiuthf mgptpUj;jp nra;jy;> guhkupj;jy; kw;Wk; vjpu;fhyj;jpy; VNjDk;
khw;wq;fs; nra;jy; Nghd;wthwhd Njitfs; Vw;gLk; NghJ myw;iw ,yFthf nra;af; $bajhf ,Uf;Fk;.

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guPl;rpj;jy; - Testing
Gjpa Kiwikia nray;ghl;bw;fhf cz;ikahf mKyhf;f Kd;G me;j Kiwikapy; VjhtJ gpiofs; (bugs)
fhzg;gbd; mtw;iw ePf;Ftjw;fhf Kiwikia guPl;rpj;jy; mtrpakhFk;. cUthf;fg;gl;l Kiwik ntw;wpfukhf
miktjw;F guPl;rpj;jy; fl;lk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. Kiwikapd; KOg; program ck; coding nra;j gpd;G
guPl;rpj;jy; jpl;lk; xd;W mtrpakhtJld; guPl;rhu;j;jkhd juTfs; toq;fg;gl;L Gjpa Kiwikia run nra;J
ghu;f;f

Ntz;Lk;.

guPl;rhu;j;jkhf

run

nra;J

ngwg;gLk;

ntspaPlhdJ

vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;l

ngWNgw;wpw;Fg;

nghUe;Jtjhf mika Ntz;Lk;.

Kiwikia guPl;rhj;jkhf run nra;jy; gpd;tUk; Kiwfspy; ,lk;ngWk;. ,q;F ,t; run ,w;fhf guPl;rhu;j;jkhf
juTfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

myF (Unit) my;yJ

Kiwikg; gupNrhjid - System test

ghtidahsu; mq;fPfupg;gjw;fhd gupNrhjid - User acceptance test

Module gupNrhjid

myFg; gupNrhjid - Unit test

Programs

code nra;J compiled nra;ag;gl;L njhopw;gLk; epiyiag; ngw;wTld; cUthf;fg;gl;l guPl;rhu;j;j

juTfSld; jdpj;jdpahf mit guPl;rpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mq;F vjpu;ghuhj gpur;rpidfs; VJk; Njhd;wpd; mit
,dq;fhzg;gl;L jpUj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
Kiwikg; gupNrhjid - System Test
Kiwikapd; xt;nthU program ck; jdpj;jdpahf guPl;rpf;fg;gl;L mtw;wpd; gpiofs; fhzg;gbd; mitfs;
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;L
juTfisg;

jpUjg;gl;l

gad;gLj;jpg;

nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.

xt;nthU

gpd;

Kiwikg;

guPl;rpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
fl;l

execution

gupNrhjid
KO
%yKk;

nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.

KiwikAk;
ngwg;gLk;

,f;fl;lj;jpy;

cz;ikahd
ngWNgWfs;

cz;ikahd

juTfSld;

my;yJ

execute

ntspaPLfshdij

gFg;gha;T nra;ag;gLk;. ngWNgw;Wg; gFg;gha;tpd; NghJ ngw;glg;l ntspaPlhdJ vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;l ngWNgw; Wld;
nghUe;jhtpbd; mjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;L Fwpj;j programs ,y; cs;s gpiofs; jpUj;jg;gl;L
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;l

ngWNgw;wpid

miltjw;F

NkYk;

guPl;rpf;fg;gl

Ntz;Lk;.

,t;thW

vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk;

ntspaPl;bid ngWk;tiuapy; programs MdJ jpUjjg;gl;L guPl;rpf;Fk; nray;ghL njhlUk;.

ghtidahsu; mq;fPfupg;gjw;fhd gupNrhjid - user acceptance test
KiwikahdJ vt;tpj gpioAkpd;wp

run MtJ cWjpnra;ag;gl;lTld; ,e;j Kiwikia ghtpf;f vjpu;ghu;g;gtu;

miof;fg;gl;L mtu;fspd; rupahd juTfsld; guPl;rpf;fg;gl;L mtu;fspd; Njitfs; rupahf epiwNtw;wg;gLfpd;wjh

vd;gJ ,q;F guPl;rpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
Kiwik ghpNrhjidapd; Nehf;fq;fs;
1.

Errors / bugs ,idj; jpUj;Jjy;

2.

User requirements Kw;W KOjhf nra;ag;gl;ljh vd;gij Nrhjpj;jy;

3.

Fwpg;gpl;l O/S kw;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;l H/W ,y; Software rhpahf ,Uf;fpd;wjh vdr; Nrhjpj;jy;

mKyhf;fk; - Implementation
mgptpUj;jp

nra;ag;gl;l

Gjpa

Kiwikia

njhlq;Ffpd;wJ. ,e;j mKyhf;fy; fl;lj;jpNyNa

ghtidahsu;fs;

Vw;Wf;

nfhz;lTld;

mKyhf;fy;epiy

Project MdJ Nfhl;ghl;L (Theory) epiyapy; ,Ue;J ghtid

epiyf;F khWfpd;wJ. ,e;j epiyapNyNa Kiwikapd; vy;yh program fSk; ghtidahsu;fspd; fzpdpfSf;F
Install

nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.

Install nraw;ghL epiwtile;j gpd; Fwpj;j Kiwik gapw;rpapd; gpujhd tplaq;fs;

gpd;tUkhW mikAk;.

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nghwpapid execute nra;tJ vg;gb?

juTfs; enter nra;tJ vg;gb?

juTfs; process nra;tJ vg;gb? ( nraw;ghl;bd; tpguq;fs;)

mwpf;if xd;iwg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy; vg;gb? (reports)

fzpdp Kiwik gw;wp ghtidahsUf;fhd gapw;rp Kbtile;jTld; ,t;tsT fhyKk; ifahy; nra;ag;gl;l
(manual)

NtiyfshdJ

fzpdp

kakhf;fg;gl;l

njhopw;ghl;Lf;F

khw;wg;gLk;.

Kiwikia

run nra;tjw;F

gpd;tUk; ,uz;L cghaq;fs; gpd;gw;wg;gLfpd;wJ.

Neub mKyhf;fk; - Direct Implementation

rhkhe;jukhd

mKyhf;fk; - Parallel Implementation

Neub mKyhf;fy; - Direct Implementation

,e;j Kiwikapy; ghtidahsuhy; gad;gl;L te;j manual Kiwik epWj;jg;gl;L jPuk
; hdpf;fg;gl;l jpdj;jpy;
,Ue;J fzpdp kag;gLj;jg;gl;l KiwikahdJ Muk;gkhfpd;wJ.
mKyhf;fg;gLk; Vida Kiwikfspy; ,Ue;J ,t;tKyhf;fy; KiwikahdJ gpd;tUk; mD$yq;fisf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ.
1) nryT FiwT
2) Neur; rpf;fdk;.
,t;tKyhf;fj;jpd; gpujp$ykhff; fUjf; $baJ vd;dntd;why;> VjhtJ gpur;rpid Vw;gl;L Kiwikiaj;
njhlu;tjw;Ff; fbdj;jd;ik cUthfpd;w NghJ ghtidahsUf;F kPz;Lk; manual system ,w;F nry;tjw;F
khw;W topfs; ,y;yhjjhFk;. vdNt ghtidahsUf;F jkJ nraw;ghLfisj; njhlu Kbahj epiy
cUthfpd;wJ.
rkhe;ju mKyhf;fk; -

Parallel Implementation

,k;Kiwapy; mwpKfg;gLj;g;gl;l fzpdp kakhf;fg;gl;l Gjpa KiwikAk; Vw;fdNt fhzg;gl;l KiwikAk;

rkhe;jukhf ,aq;Fk; mjhtJ ,uz;L KiwikfSNk xNu Neuj;jpy; ,aq;Fk;.
gpd;tUk; fhuzq;fshy; ,e;j cghakhdJ ngUk; Jizahf mikfpd;wJ.
o

Manual KiwikapD}lhfg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; ngWNgWfs; fzpdp

kakhf;fg;gl;l Kiwik ,Ue;J

ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; ngWNgw;Wf;fSld; xg;gPL nra;a KbAk;.

o

fzpdp

kakhf;fg;gl;l

njhopw;ghl;ilg;

KiwikahdJ

ghjpf;fhJ

Vnddpy;

Muk;g
manual

fl;lj;jpNyNa

nray;

KiwikapD}lhf

,og;gpd;

mJ

epWtdj;jpd;

epWtdj;jpd;
njhopw;ghLfs;

njhlug;gLfpd;wd.
vt;thwhapDk; ,k;Kiw kpfg; ngupa gpujp$yj;jpidf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. mjhtJ epWtdj;jpd; xt;nthU NtiyAk;
,uz;L Kiw nra;ag;gLfpd;wd ,J ghtidahsUf;F xU Nkyjpf Ntiyahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
Kiwik guhkhpg;G System Maintenance
Kiwik guhkhpg;G vd;gJ mKy;gLj;jg;gLk; Gjpa jfty; Kiwia rhpahf NgZtjw;F Njitahd
Vw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;Sjy; MFk;. ,jw;fhf td;cWg;G nkd;cWg;G vd;gtw;Wld; njhlh;Ggl;l fzpdp
njhlh;ghd epWtdq;fSld; xg;ge;jq;fis Nkw;nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.

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Kiwik guhkhpg;G System Maintenance Nehf;fq;fs;

1.

Errors /bugs jpUj;Jjy;

2.

tpLgl;l User requirements ,idr; Nrh;j;jy;

3.

Additional User requirements ,idr; Nrh;j;jy;

4.

Extra environment changes ,dhy; Vw;gLk; khw;wk;

Kiwik mgptpUj;jp njhlh;ghd gpur;rpids; (Problem in System Development)

kjpg;gpLtjw;F mjpf Neuk; kw;Wk; nryT mjpfk;
jFe;j Project team I njhpT nra;tJ fbdk;
ghtidahsh; Njitfis mwptJ rpf;fyhdJ
ghpNrhjid Nkw;nfhs;tJ fbdk;.
Program w;F Coding vOJtJ rpf;fyhdJ
guhkhpg;gJ rpukkhdJ

Best of Luck

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