Report JJC #68334-2

VALE S.A.
BELO HORIZONTE (MG), BRAZIL
FLOW TEST PROPERTY MEASUREMENTS TO IRON ORE SAMPLES VALE
Report #68334-2
Date: November 09, 2012
Jenike and Johanson Chile S.A.
____________________________
Oscar Angulo P., Mech. Eng.
____________________________
Alfredo del Campo A., Eng.Sc.D.
Av. Libertad 798 Of. 501 Edificio Libertad Fono/Fax (56-32) 269-0596 Via del Mar - Chile
Tyngsboro, MA, USA San Luis Obispo, CA, USA Toronto, Canada Perth, Australia
CONTENT
Page
1.0
INTRODUCTION
2.0
TESTS
3.0
2.1
Characterization tests
2.2
Flow property tests
3
11
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE MATERIAL HANDLING,

FLOW AND STORAGE OF THE MATERIAL TESTED
25
3.1
Flow Patterns
25
3.2
General comments for the functional design of storage and

handling systems for the materials tested
27
3.3
Caution
27
3.4
Conclusions
28
APPENDIX I : Flow Test Results for Iron Ore

Report JJC #68334-1
REPORT
TO
VALE S.A.
Report #68334-2
Date: Nov. 09, 2012
Distribution:
M. T. Ferreira
J.A. Rodrigues
FLOW PORPERTY MEASUREMENTS TO IRON ORE SAMPLES

VALE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
Jenike and Johanson Chile S.A. (JJC) was contracted by Vale S.A. (VALE), to perform
characterization and flow property tests with six samples of different iron ore products to
be stored and handled in their projects. Representative samples of each one of the six
materials to be tested were collected by the client, sent to our laboratory and tested at two
moisture contents. Tests were performed for continuous flow (instantaneous) and for 24
hours at rest.
According to the scope of the technical services specified by the client this report only
contains the critical presentation of the test results, including some general comments
referred to the functional design of storage and handling systems for these products.
Functional design recommendations for the future storage and handling installations for
these products can be prepared in base of the results presented here, but they are beyond
the scope of the work contracted at this point.
VALE S.A.
Report JJC #68334-2
November 9, 2012
Page 1
2.0
TESTS
From the viewpoint of bulk solids handling, materials can gain or not cohesive strength
when stored in bins, silos and/or stockpiles, depending on the combination of a series
factors. Besides, different flow problems may occur depending on the geometry and
location of the discharge hoppers, on the dimensions of the discharge outlets, and on the
flow pattern that the material will develop when flowing (either mass flow, funnel flow or
expanded flow, see appendix).
The flowability of most materials is affected by the following variables:
Particle size distribution,

Maximum particle size and content of fines,
Moisture content,
Particle shape,
Time of storage at rest,
Consolidation pressure (height of the silo, bin and/or pile),
Weather conditions (rain, freezing, ambient moisture, etc.),
Presence of additives, clays, talcs and/or dusts,
Chemical, lithological and/or mineralogical nature of the material
The fine fraction of a material (the fraction under 1/4) determines if the material will
present cohesive strength or not. VALE sent to our laboratory representative samples of
the following products:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
HFR The Gaff

Projeto ITMS
GFI
GFH Zogota
GFH The Gaff
AFH The Gaff
According to the ASTM D 6128 standard series of tests were performed to each of the
samples at two adjusted moisture levels. Tests were performed in order to characterize
and determine the flow properties of the materials. The results of these tests are
summarised in the following sections.
VALE S.A.
Report JJC #68334-2
November 9, 2012
Page 2
The client instructed JJC to adjust the moisture content of each named sample to two levels:
10% & 13% (wet basis), except for Projeto ITMS that was required to be adjusted to 8.5% &
12% (wet basis), respectively. In the case of the product HFR The Gaff the maximum
moisture level was 11.7% because above this level it showed plastic behavior.
All the tests were undertaken in our Laboratory at environmental temperature and relative
humidity conditions. The results of the tests are presented in our report JJC #68334-1, which
is attached as Appendix.
2.1
Characterisation tests
The samples were mixed, homogenized and divided. The moisture content (determined
as received), particle size distribution and particle density were determined and the
results are shown in Table 1.
The moisture content of the material is defined by the relation (as percentage, in wet
basis) of the H2O weight in the mix and the original weight of the sample; it was
determined by drying up a small sample of each material in an oven at 105 5C until
there was no more weight lost (Chilean Standard NCh.1515.Of79).
The particle density corresponds to the real density of the material (weight by volume
unit) and it was determined by the volumetric shifting in a pycnometer; the procedure is
described in the Chilean Standard NCh. 1532.Of80.
Table 1 shows the denomination, weight, as received moisture content and the particle
density of the samples.
Table 1. Denomination, quantity, as received moisture content (wet basis) and
particle density (p), of the samples.
Denomination
HFR The Gaff
Projeto ITMS
GFI
GFH Zogota
GFH The Gaff
AFH The Gaff
VALE S.A.
Report JJC #68334-2
Quantity [kg]
29.3
46.5
20.5
30.0
30.3
30.2
Moisture (%)
1.2
0.6
1.0
1.3
4.8
5.6
p (kg/m3)
4970
3760
4770
4890
4760
4820
November 9, 2012
Page 3
Table 2. Particle size distribution of the received samples.

Weight percentage retained [%]
Mesh
Mesh
opening HFR The
Projeto
size
GAFF
ITMS
1/4"
6,3 mm
#5
4 mm
#10
2 mm
#16
GFI
GFH
GFH The AFH The
Zogota
GAFF
GAFF
6.3
11.9
14.8
11.8
14.5
11.3
9.3
1,2 mm
7.5
5.8
8.1
11.0
7.4
7.7
#30
600 m
7.9
4.8
11.0
11.6
8.1
7.1
#50
300 m
7.4
3.2
10.9
8.9
8.7
6.6
#100
150 m
10.3
6.6
14.1
10.0
12.0
10.2
#200
75 m
19.6
24.9
22.8
14.0
20.9
29.0
#325
45 m
16.0
20.4
13.7
13.7
14.3
13.8
- #325
19.4
13.2
7.6
16.3
17.3
16.3
Total
100
100
100
100
100
100
The particle size distribution was determined for each sample by using a set of ASTM E11 sieves the results are shown in Table 2. This table includes the sieve openings and the
weight fraction of material retained in each of them. Figures 1 to 6 show the size fractions
obtained by sieving each sample. Figures 7 to 12 show the accumulated size distributions
of each of the six types of material tested.
VALE S.A.
Report JJC #68334-2
November 9, 2012
Page 4
Figure 1. Particle size fractions of HFR The Gaff
Figure 2. Particle size fractions of Projeto ITMS
VALE S.A.
Report JJC #68334-2
November 9, 2012
Page 5
Figure 3. Particle size fractions of GFI
Figure 4. Particle size fractions of GFH Zogota
VALE S.A.
Report JJC #68334-2
November 9, 2012
Page 6
Figure 5. Particle size fractions of GFH The Gaff
Figure 6. Particle size fractions of AFH The Gaff
VALE S.A.
Report JJC #68334-2
November 9, 2012
Page 7
Figure 7. Accumulated particle size distribution of HFR The Gaff
Figure 8. Accumulated particle size distribution of Projeto ITMS
VALE S.A.
Report JJC #68334-2
November 9, 2012
Page 8
Figure 9. Accumulated particle size distribution of GFI
Figure 10. Accumulated particle size distribution of GFH Zogota

VALE S.A.
Report JJC #68334-2
November 9, 2012
Page 9
Figure 11. Accumulated particle size distribution of GFH The Gaff
Figure 12. Accumulated particle size distribution of AFH The Gaff
VALE S.A.
Report JJC #68334-2
November 9, 2012
Page 10
2.2
Flow property tests

The following flow property tests were done at different moisture contents for each
sample as agreed with the client. Time tests were done to simulate the maximum time at
rest in which the materials might be stored in a silo under the pressure of the material
stored above it.
All the tests were undertaken in our Laboratory at environmental temperature and relative
humidity conditions. The results of the tests are presented in the report JJC #68334-1,
attached as Appendix of this report.
2.2.1 Cohesive strength

Tests at instantaneous conditions (continuous flow) and for 24 hours at rest under pressure
were done to the six samples at different adjusted moisture contents. It is important to
bear in mind that the flow function allows to know the cohesive strength gained by a
material submitted to a given consolidating force, and based on this knowledge to
determine the minimum dimensions of the discharge outlet which are required to ensure
the reliable flow of material, avoiding arching and ratholing problems. Ratholing is the
occurrence of a cylindrical and vertical hole formed in the mass of material stored in a
bin, silo or pile, when the design of the storage system is not fitted to the flow properties
of the stored material.
In general, the results of the flow property tests show that the tested products gain
cohesive strength in different degrees when submitted to a consolidating stress. Figure 13
to 18 show the flow functions determined for the six samples at the different moisture
levels. These figures include the limits corresponding to the classification for bulk solids
proposed by A. Jenike ("Storage and Flow of Solids", Bulletin No. 123, University of
Utah, 1964).
It can be observed in Figures 13 to 18 that the iron ore samples tested vary mostly from
cohesive to very cohesive depending on their moisture content, consolidating
pressure, and time at rest under pressure. For example, Figure 17 shows that GHF The
Gaff is cohesive for high consolidating pressures and instant conditions, but it becomes
very cohesive at low consolidating pressures after 24 hours at rest.
VALE S.A.
Report JJC #68334-2
November 9, 2012
Page 11
Table 3 shows the critical arching dimensions BC, BP and BF, and the critical rathole
dimension DF for an effective head EH of 5 m for the products tested. For example, Table
3 shows that for HFR The Gaff at 11.7% H2O, the minimum diameter of a circular
opening BC in a converging hopper (i.e. conical or pyramidal hopper), must be at least 1.0
m to avoid arching after 24 hours of rest under pressure, if mass flow is to be achieved.
For the case of a hopper with a slotted outlet (i.e. wedge shaped), the minimum width of
the discharge outlet BP must be at least 0.5 m to avoid arching after 24 hours at rest if
mass flow is to be achieved. If mass flow is not achieved in a wedge shaped hopper, the
diagonal of the slotted outlet DF must be equal or larger than 6 m to avoid ratholing for a
5 m effective height. For a better understanding of the nomenclature used in this section
please see the figures and explanations given in the appendix of our report JJC #68334-1,
attached in the appendix.
It can be observed from the values on Table 3 that the ratholing critical dimension DF
tends to increase when the material is left at rest under pressure for 24 hours.
VALE S.A.
Report JJC #68334-2
November 9, 2012
Page 12
Figure 13. Flow function of HFR The Gaff
Figure 14. Flow function of Projeto ITMS

VALE S.A.
Report JJC #68334-2
November 9, 2012
Page 13
Figure 15. Flow function of GFI
Figure 16. Flow function of GFH Zogota
VALE S.A.
Report JJC #68334-2
November 9, 2012
Page 14
Figure 17. Flow function of GFH The Gaff
Figure 18. Flow function of AFH The Gaff
VALE S.A.
Report JJC #68334-2
November 9, 2012
Page 15
Table 3. Minimum dimensions to avoid arching and ratholing problems, under

gravity flow conditions, for the iron ore samples tested (Overpressure P factor =1.0).
Material
Moisture
content
[%]
HFR The
Gaff
10
11.7
8.5
Projeto
ITMS
12
10
GFI
13
10
GFH
Zogota
13
GFH The
Gaff
AFH The
Gaff
10
13
10
13
Resting
time
[hours]
0
24
0
24
0
24
0
24
0
24
0
24
0
24
0
24
0
24
0
24
0
24
0
24
Mass Flow
Arching dimensions
[m]
BC
BP
BF
0.9
0.5
0.5
1.2
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.3
0.3
1.0
0.5
0.7
1.2
0.6
0.8
1.5
0.7
1.0
1.5
0.7
0.9
1.9
0.9
1.3
0.6
0.3
0.5
1.1
0.5
0.9
0.9
0.4
0.8
1.1
0.5
1.7
0.6
0.3
0.3
0.8
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.3
0.3
0.9
0.4
0.6
0.7
0.3
0.5
1.1
0.5
0.7
0.7
0.4
0.4
2.4
1.1
2.2
0.7
0.3
0.5
1.1
0.5
0.7
0.5
0.3
0.3
2.7
1.2
***
Funnel flow
Rathole
dimensions DF [m]
EH=5
4
5
2
6
6
7
6
8
10
10
9
11
5
6
5
7
6
6
6
12
5
6
4
15
(***) Denotes unassisted gravity flow cannot be ensured (simulated widths of up to 2.6 m).
Where:
BC:
BP:
BF:
DF:
EH:
VALE S.A.
Report JJC #68334-2
Minimum opening diameter recommended for a conic hopper.

Minimum opening width recommended for a wedge shaped hopper.
Minimum opening width recommended for a funnel flow hopper.
Critical rathole diameter.
Effective height of the material.
November 9, 2012
Page 16
2.2.2 Compressibility
Measurements of the compressibility of a bulk solid allow to determine the variation of its
bulk density (apparent density) as a function of the effective height (consolidation
pressure in a silo or a pile). Figures 19 to 24 show the bulk density, , as a function of the
consolidation pressure, , for samples corresponding to the six types of materials tested at
the different adjusted moisture contents. The slopes of the lines show that all the tested
materials have some degree of compressibility. For example, HFR the Gaff at 10%
moisture content shows a bulk density range from approx. 1890 kg/m3 for a low pressure
of 3 kPa (EH=0.2 m) up to approx. 2800 kg/m3 for pressures of 150 kPa (EH=6 m) and
approx. 3030 kg/m3 for a higher pressure of 360 kPa (EH=12 m).
Figure 19. Compressibility of HFR The Gaff
VALE S.A.
Report JJC #68334-2
November 9, 2012
Page 17
Figure 20. Compressibility of Projeto ITMS
Figure 21. Compressibility of GFI
VALE S.A.
Report JJC #68334-2
November 9, 2012
Page 18
Figure 22. Compressibility of GFH Zogota
Figure 23. Compressibility of GFH The Gaff
VALE S.A.
Report JJC #68334-2
November 9, 2012
Page 19
Figure 24. Compressibility of AFH The Gaff
2.2.3 Wall friction

Two important considerations in the mass flow silo and/or hopper design are: roughness
and inclination of the hopper wall to force the material to slide and the opening
dimensions to prevent arching and achieve the flow pattern desired.
Wall friction tests at instantaneous conditions (continuous flow) and for 24 hours at rest
under pressure were done to determine the minimum slope required by hopper walls to
cause mass flow. Three wall materials were tested (agreed with the client): Mild carbon
steel, A.R. Steel T-500, Astralloy-V liner.
Table 4 shows the optimum slope angle P to achieve mass flow in wedge shaped hoppers
for tan outlet width BP of 0.6 meter. In a similar way, table 5 shows the maximum slope
angle c to achieve mass flow in conical hoppers, for an outlet diameter BC of 0.6 meter.
VALE S.A.
Report JJC #68334-2
November 9, 2012
Page 20
Table 4. Optimum hopper angle p to obtain mass flow in wedge shaped or

transition hoppers, for BP =0.6 m.
(p is measured in degrees from the vertical).
Material
HFR The
Gaff
Projeto
ITMS
Moisture
content
%
10
11.7
8.5
12
10
GFI
13
GFH
Zogota
GFH The
Gaff
AFH The
Gaff
10
13
10
13
10
13
Optimum angle p [o]

Wall surface tested
Resting
time
Mild Carbon
[hours]
A.R. Steel T-500
Steel
0
20
20
24
8.*
8.*
0
27
25
24
11
10.*
0
21
18
24
12
14
0
22
20
24
8.*
8.*
0
15
17
24
13
13
0
21
21
24
15
16
0
20
20
24
10.*
10.*
0
22
20
24
17
17
0
21
22
24
8.*
8.*
0
26
26
24
18
12
0
20
21
24
9.*
10
0
25
24
24
20
10.*
AstralloyV
23
18
26
17
20
16
22
12
16
13
21
17
20
17
23
21
22
20
28
25
22
18
27
23
(*) Flow along the wall is questionable.
VALE S.A.
Report JJC #68334-2
November 9, 2012
Page 21
From Tables 4 and 5 it can be seen that for these products, the Astralloy-V liner is a
more effective lining material, specially in some cases. It can be noticed from the results
shown in Tables 4 and 5 that wedge shaped hoppers are more convenient, since they
require lower height than conical hoppers. For example, the test results show that to
achieve mass flow, the slope of the side wall in a wedge shaped hopper must be p < 17
from vertical, if Astralloy-V liner is used as wall material in a bin containing HFR The
Gaff with 11.7% moisture content, staying at rest a maximum of 24 hours, and using a
0.6m wide outlet. If a conical hopper with a 0.6 m outlet diameter were used in the same
conditions, a wall angle c < 4 from vertical would be necessary to obtain mass flow, i.e.
a more height demanding design would be required.
Table 5. Maximum hopper angle c to obtains mass flow in conic hoppers, for BC=0.6 m.
(c is measured in degrees from the vertical).
Maximum angle c [o]
Moisture Resting
Wall surface tested
Material
Content
time
A.R. Steel T%
[hours] Mild Carbon Steel
Astralloy-V
500
0
10
10
11
10
HFR The
24
0.
0.*
6
Gaff
0
14
12
13
11.7
24
1
0.*
4
0
9
8
9
8.5
Projeto
24
0
0
4
ITMS
0
7
6
5
12
24
0.*
0.*
0.*
0
5
7
5
10
24
0.*
0.*
1
GFI
0
10
10
10
13
24
3
0
5
0
9
9
10
10
GFH
24
0.*
0.*
6
Zogota
0
10
9
12
13
24
3
1
8
0
9
10
10
10
24
0
0.*
7
GFH The
16
Gaff
0
14
14
12
13
24
2
0
VALE S.A.
Report JJC #68334-2
November 9, 2012
Page 22
AFH The
Gaff
10
13
0
24
0
24
8
0.*
14
8
9
0.*
13
1.*
10
7
16
8
(*) Flow along the wall is questionable.
2.2.4 Minimum opening

Once the lining material of the hopper and its inclination are determined, it is important to
consider the right dimensions of the hopper opening for the material discharge. This
opening is needed to be dimensioned to:
1)
2)
3)
Prevent the arching formation due to the cohesion of the material.

Prevent the arching formation due to the particle interlocking.
Obtain the flow of the material desired.
According to the results shown in Table 3, the materials tested tend to form an arch due to
their cohesiveness, both for instantaneous and after 24 hours at rest under pressure (for the
particle size distribution and conditions tested).
To prevent the formation of cohesive arches, the minimum opening BP recommended, for
a wedge shaped mass flow hopper, should be equal or larger than the BP values shown in
Table 3, whereas the length of the opening should be at least 3 times BP. In addition, the
hopper should also be dimensioned to prevent the formation of ratholes, and to reach the
desired flow rate of material. Usually, an interface for mass flow is necessary below the
hopper discharge opening. More information about this topic can be found in article
Interfacing Belt Feeders and Hoppers to Achieve Reliable Operation available in our
website www.jenike.com.
2.2.5 Chute tests

Chute tests were done for the six samples at different moisture contents over surfaces of
Mild carbon steel, A.R. Steel T-500 and Astralloy-V liners; in order to determine the
minimum slope angle that a flat surface should have to keep the flow of material after
impact, as a function of the impact pressure. Table 6 shows the results obtained for an
VALE S.A.
Report JJC #68334-2
November 9, 2012
Page 23
impact pressure of 7.2 kPa. The results show that for these materials, the design of chutes
must be done in such a way that the impact pressures are kept in very low values, keeping
incidence angles low, and/or taking advantage of the incoming velocity to redirect the
material.
Table 6. Minimum chute angle to obtain material flowing after impact

(chute is measured in degrees from the horizontal).
Material
HFR The Gaff

Projeto ITMS
GFI
GFH Zogota
GFH The Gaff
AFH The Gaff
Moisture
content
%
10
11.7
8.5
11.7
10
13
10
13
10
13
10
13
Minimum chute angle chute [o]

Wall sample tested
Mild Carbon A.R. Steel TAstralloy-V
Steel
500
72o
78o
72o
55o
58o
60o
90o
90o
90o
76o
77o
77o
89o
90o
88o
89o
84o
88o
65o
67o
67o
54o
56o
60o
65o
69o
65o
70o
71o
83o
79o
81o
81o
75o
75o
70o
If the liner material to be used in a chute is different from the chute materials tested, then
we recommend sending samples of the liner material to our laboratory to run the
corresponding tests in order to check that its roughness is acceptable, and to verify that the
adhesion phenomenon is not produced.
VALE S.A.
Report JJC #68334-2
November 9, 2012
Page 24
3.0
GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS TO STORE AND HANDLE THE TESTED

MATERIALS
Bulk materials may or may not gain cohesive strength when handled in bins, silos and
stockpiles depending on the combination of several factors, such as: height of the silo or
pile, percentage and size distribution of fines, moisture content, storage time at rest,
presence of clays or talcs, and chemical nature of the product.
If the material does gain cohesive strength, like the iron ore samples tested, then problems
of arching or ratholing may occur - depending on the shape of the hopper, dimensions of
the outlet, wall angles, wall liner, and the flow pattern developed by the bulk solid in the
bin or pile.
3.1
Flow patterns
From the standpoint of flow there are three types of flow patterns: funnel flow, mass flow
and expanded flow, as it is shown in Figure 25.
Funnel flow
Mass flow
Expanded flow
Figure 25. Flow patterns.
VALE S.A.
Report JJC #68334-2
November 9, 2012
Page 25
Funnel flow occurs when the hopper is not sufficiently steep and smooth to force material
to slide along the walls or when the outlet is not fully effective. In a funnel flow bin or
pile, solids flow toward the outlet through a channel that forms within stagnant solids.
With a non free-flowing material, the channel expands upward from the outlet to a
diameter that approximates the largest dimension of the effective outlet. When the outlet
is fully effective, this dimension is the diameter of the outlet if it is circular, or the
diagonal if it is square or slotted (rectangular). Higher within the mass, the flow channel
will remain almost vertical, forming a pipe, if its diameter is less than the critical rathole
diameter. With a free-flowing material, the flow channel expands at an angle, which
depends on the effective angle of internal friction of the material. The resulting flow
channel is generally circular with a diameter in excess of the outlet diameter or diagonal.
When material is withdrawn from a funnel flow silo or stockpile, a flow channel develops
right above the outlet and material sloughs off of the top free surface sliding into the flow
channel. With sufficient cohesion, sloughing may cease, allowing the channel to empty
out completely and form a stable rathole. It is very difficult to break up the stable
material around a rathole by external means such as poking or vibration. Depending on
the steepness and smoothness of the hopper walls, a bin may or may not empty
completely. In general, funnel flow silos and stockpiles are only suitable for coarse, freeflowing or slightly cohesive, non-degrading materials when segregation is not important.
Mass flow, on the other hand, occurs when the hopper is sufficiently steep and smooth to
force the material to slide along the hopper walls. All the material in a mass flow bin is in
motion whenever any is withdrawn. Shallow valleys are not permitted and the outlet must
be fully effective. Ratholes cannot form in a mass flow bin, thus eliminating stagnant
regions. Mass flow bins are recommended for handling cohesive materials, powders,
materials which degrade with time and when segregation needs to be minimized.
Expanded flow is a combination of the two previous flow patterns, in which the lower
part of a funnel flow silo or stockpile operates in mass flow. The mass flow hopper should
expand the flow channel to a diagonal or diameter equal to or greater than the critical
rathole diameter, thus eliminating the likelihood of ratholing. Multiple mass flow hoppers
can be placed close enough to cause a combined flow channel in excess of the critical
rathole diameter. Expanded flow silos and stockpiles are recommended for the storage of
large quantities of non-degrading materials, and for modifying existing funnel flow silos
to correct problems caused by arching, ratholing and flushing.
VALE S.A.
Report JJC #68334-2
November 9, 2012
Page 26
It is important to point out that feeders and/or gates play an important role in the correct
operation of bins, silos and hoppers. Also, bin and hopper outlets must be fully effective
with properly designed interfaces to achieve mass flow, as we will see later. If a gate like
an emergency spile bar shutoff pin gate valve is used below a mass-flow hopper, the
gate must be operated either fully open or fully closed. It is critical that spile bars do not
protrude into the material flow during normal operation.
3.2
General comments for the functional design of storage and handling systems for the
materials tested
According to the test results the iron ore samples tested, at the adjusted moisture contents
specified by the client, show different degrees of tendency to arch if outlet dimensions are
smaller than the values shown in Table 3. Achieving a mass flow or expanded flow design
is feasible because the measured wall friction angles p, necessary to achieve mass flow
in wedge shaped or transition hoppers, are not too restrictive, specially for wedge shaped
or transition hoppers. Depending on the requirements for live capacity and discharge flow
rates, the geometry of the silo and the characteristics of the discharge system have to be
determined taking in consideration the flow properties presented in this report.
The scope of the present report does not include the functional design of any storage
and handling system. However in the near future Jenike and Johanson Chile S.A.
could be asked to develop these type of designs based on the test results reported
here.
3.3
Caution
Our recommendations are based on samples and information provided by the Client, and
upon expected operation conditions as described by the Client. We assume that the
information furnished by the Client is accurate and complete, that the samples and expected
operation conditions are representative of those which will be obtained in the completed
facility, and that the Client will carry out routine tests and maintenance during periods of
operation in accordance with prudent industrial practice.
VALE S.A.
Report JJC #68334-2
November 9, 2012
Page 27
Bulk materials of inferior flowability (e.g. more cohesive with larger critical arching and
ratholing dimensions) when transported will behave differently than the materials referred to
in this report.
3.4
Conclusions
Diverse tests were undertaken to determine the characteristics and flow properties of the
sample of the fine fraction (under mesh) of iron ores provided by VALE S.A., from
the point of view of bulk solids handling and storage.
In general, the flow property test results show that the fine fractions of the iron ore
samples tested are cohesive if handled continuously (instantaneous flow) at the moisture
content tested. They can become very cohesive if flow is intended after 24 hours of
storage and under pressure, especially a low consolidating pressures.
In addition, the iron ore samples tested exhibit a strong tendency to form cohesive arches
and stable ratholes when handled in funnel flow silos, mainly due to the high moisture
contents and high amounts of fine particles contained. Also, these materials are very
compressible.
This report highlights the critical flow properties of the iron ore samples tested. These
data should be used in a next stage to design the systems that will safely and effectively
handle, store and feed these materials in the silos and transfer chutes to be installed in the
projects, including their corresponding reclaim systems (not included in this report).
VALE S.A.
Report JJC #68334-2
November 9, 2012
Page 28
APPENDIX I :
Flow Test Results for Iron Ore
Report JJC #68334-1
VALE S.A.
FLOW TEST RESULTS

FOR
IRON ORE SAMPLES
Report #68334-1
Date: November 5, 2012
Jenike and Johanson Chile S.A.
Prepared by:
___________________________
lvaro Sierra A.
Reviewed by:
___________________________
Alfredo del Campo A. Eng.Sc.D.
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
GENERAL COMMENTS
SUMMARY OF TESTS PERFORMED
RESULTS OF TESTS
APPENDIX
SELECTION OF BIN AND FEEDER
Types of Bins
Mass Flow
Funnel Flow
Expanded Flow
Feeders
DISCUSSION OF TEST REPORT DATA
Moisture
Section I - Bin Dimensions for Dependable Flow
Calculation of Effective Head
Calculation of P Factors
Vibration
Impact Pressure from Fall into a Bin
External Loading
Liquid or gas Flow Loading
Limits on Bin Sizes
Section II - Bulk Density
Section III - Maximum Hopper Angles for Mass Flow
Section IV - Critical Solids Flow Rate
Section V - Air Permeability Test Report
Section VI - Chutes
GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND SYMBOLS
TECHNICAL PAPERS REFERENCES
FIGURES
page
1
2
3
4
A1
A1
A1
A1
A1
A2
A2
A3
A3
A3
A4
A5
A5
A6
A6
A6
A6
A7
A7
A8
A9
A10
A12
A15
A17
INTRODUCTION
This test report describes the flow properties of your material(s).
These properties are expressed in terms of bin dimensions required to ensure dependable
flow, maximum hopper angle for mass flow, and if tested, minimum chute angles and
critical discharge rates through bin outlets. All dimensions represent limiting conditions for
flow. Therefore, larger outlets, steeper hoppers and chutes, and flow rates below critical are
acceptable. If your material is one, which will compact excessively in a large, bin, the
largest diameter or width and height of the cylinder to limit this compaction is also given.
In case you are unfamiliar with the use of this type of data, an Appendix follows the main
body of the report. Most of the symbols used in the report are shown in figures in pages
A17 to A19. A Glossary of Terms and Symbols is provided on pages A12 to A14. The
concepts of gravity flow of solids and examples of application of solids flow data are
further illustrated in technical papers available upon request.
GENERAL COMMENT
Six samples of Iron Ore from VALE, Brazil were received in our laboratory (on August
21, 2012 the two first, and on October 01, 2012 the other four) to perform flow property
tests. The samples were identified as follows and the As received moisture content was
determinated.
Name
Weight
Moisture
(wet basis)
HFR The Gaff

Projeto ITMS
GFI
GFH Zogot
GFH The Gaff
AFH The Gaff
29.3 kg
46.5 kg
20.5 kg
30.0 kg
30.3 kg
30.2 kg
1.0%
8.5 %
1.0%
1.3%
4.8%
5.6%
The samples were prepared for testing by adjusting at two different levels of moisture
content: 10% and 11.7% on HFR The Gaff, 8.5% and 12% on Projeto ITMS and 10%
and 13% for the other four. Tests performed on the samples included instantaneous flow
function, 24 hours flow function, instantaneous wall friction tests, 24 hours wall friction
tests (on three wall materials: Mild Carbon Steel Plate Aged, A.R. Steel T-500 and
Astralloy V), chute tests on the same wall liners, compressibility, particle size analysis
and particle density determination.
All tests were performed in our laboratory at ambient conditions of temperature and
relative humidity.
SUMMARY OF TESTS PERFORMED
This report presents various flow property test results as indicated for the
following material(s) :
BULK
MATERIAL
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
MATERIAL
ID # DESCRIPTION
PARTICLE SIZE
MOISTURE
CONTENT
11459
11460
11461
11462
11464
11470
11465
11471
11466
11472
11467
11473
As
As
As
As
As
As
As
As
As
As
As
As
10% (wet basis)

11.7% (wet basis
8.5% (wet basis)
12% (wet basis)
10% (wet basis)
13% (wet basis)
10% (wet basis)
13% (wet basis)
10% (wet basis)
13% (wet basis)
10% (wet basis)
13% (wet basis)
HFR The Gaff

HFR The Gaff
Projeto ITMS
Projeto ITMS
GFI
GFI
GFH Zogota
GFH Zogota
GFH The Gaff
GFH The Gaff
AFH The Gaff
AFH The Gaff
BULK
MATERIAL
TIME
hr
TEMPERATURE
deg C
0.0
24.0
22
22
0.0
24.0
22
22
0.0
24.0
22
22
0.0
24.0
22
22
0.0
24.0
22
22
0.0
24.0
22
22
0.0
24.0
22
22
0.0
24.0
22
22
0.0
24.0
22
22
10
0.0
24.0
22
22
SIEVE
BIN
ANALYSIS DIM
X
recd
recd
recd
recd
recd
recd
recd
recd
recd
recd
recd
recd
BULK
DENSITY
HOPPER
ANGLES
CHUTE
ANGLES
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
FLOW
RATE
OTHER
BULK
MATERIAL
TIME
hr
TEMPERATURE
deg C
11
0.0
24.0
22
22
12
0.0
24.0
22
22
SIEVE
BIN
ANALYSIS DIM
X
BULK
DENSITY
HOPPER
ANGLES
CHUTE
ANGLES
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
FLOW
RATE
OTHER
BULK MATERIAL 1:
HFR The Gaff
PARTICLE SIZE As recd

MOISTURE CONTENT 10% (wet basis)
SECTION I.
BIN DIMENSIONS FOR DEPENDABLE FLOW
Storage Time at Rest

0.0 hrs
Temperature
22 deg C
Relative Humidity 60.0%
PART A.
BINS WITH UNLIMITED MAXIMUM SIZE
Optimum Mass Flow Dimensions

P-Factor
BC meters
1.00
1.25
1.50
2.00
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.3
Funnel Flow Dimensions

P-Factor
BF (meters)EH=
1.00
1.25
1.50
2.00
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.9
BP meters
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.2
0.3
0.8
2
3
Critical Rathole Diameters, DF (meters)
1.2
1.2
1.4
2
3
TERMS
P-FACTOR = overpressure factor
BC = recommended minimum outlet diameter, conical hopper
BP = recommended minimum outlet width, slotted or oval outlet
BF = minimum width of rectangular outlet in a funnel flow bin
EH = effective consolidating head
For detailed explanations of terms see appendix pages A5, A6, and A7.
4 meters
3
BULK MATERIAL 1:
HFR The Gaff


24.0 hrs
Temperature
22 deg C
PART A.

P-Factor
BC meters
1.00
1.25
1.50
2.00
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.8

P-Factor
BF (meters)EH=
1.00
1.25
1.50
2.00
0.6
0.7
0.8
1.3
BP meters
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.9
0.2
0.3
0.8
2
3
1.5
1.5
2
2
3
TERMS
4 meters
4
BULK MATERIAL 1:
HFR The Gaff

SECTION II.
SOLIDS DENSITY
TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
BULK DENSITY
The bulk density, GAMMA, is a function of the major consolidating
pressure, SIGMA1, expressed in terms of effective head, EH.
EH (meters)
0.2
0.3
SIGMA1 (kPa)
3.
6.
GAMMA (kg/m^3)
0.8
1.5
17.
36.
3.0
78.
6.1
168.
12.2
363.
24.4
783.
1886.1 2033.6 2246.5 2422.3 2611.8 2816.1 3036.4 3273.9
COMPRESSIBILITY PARAMETERS
Bulk density, GAMMA, is a function of the major consolidating pressure
SIGMA1, as follows:
BETA
GAMMA is the greater of GAMMA0 (SIGMA1/SIGMA0)
and GAMMAM.
For GAMMA between 1758.2 and 2609.3 kg/m^3

GAMMA0 = 1626.55 kg/m^3
SIGMA0 =
0.62 kPa
BETA = 0.09801
Minimum bulk density
GAMMAM =1505.3 kg/m^3
PARTICLE DENSITY
The weight density of an individual particle of the solid is
CAPGAMMA = 4970.0 kg/m^3
BULK MATERIAL 1:
HFR The Gaff

SECTION IIA.
SIEVE ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTION : siene analysis

U.S. SIEVE
NUMBER
OPENING SIZE
(inches)
(mm)
% WT. RETAINED
#5
0.1570
3.988
0.00
#10
0.0787
1.999
11.90
#16
0.0469
1.191
7.47
#30
0.0234
0.594
7.87
#50
0.0117
0.297
7.40
#100
0.0059
0.150
10.32
#200
0.0029
0.074
19.62
#325
0.0017
0.043
16.02
PAN
19.40
100.00
BULK MATERIAL 1:
HFR The Gaff

SECTION III.
MAXIMUM HOPPER ANGLES FOR MASS FLOW
WALL MATERIAL: Mild Carbon Steel Plate, Aged

STORAGE TIME AT REST 0.0 hrs
TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
HOPPER ANGLES FOR VARIOUS HOPPER SPANS
Dia of Cone (meters)
Width of Oval (meters)
0.12
0.06
0.15
0.08
0.30
0.17
0.61
0.34
1.22
0.65
2.16
1.13
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
0.7
1.0
1.0
1.3
2.
3.
5.
6.
11.
15.
21.
30.
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
30.
30.
30.
30.
30.
30.
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
20.
10.
20.
10.
20.
10.
20.
10.
20.
10.
20.
10.

TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.39
0.22
0.61
0.35
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
2.1
4.2
3.6
6.9
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
*
48.
7.*
0.*
44.
8.
0.
1.06
0.59
8.
14.
41.
8.*
0.*
Flow along walls is questionable.
BULK MATERIAL 1:
HFR The Gaff

WALL MATERIAL: A.R. Steel T-500

TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.12
0.06
0.15
0.08
0.30
0.17
0.61
0.34
1.22
0.65
2.17
1.13
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
0.7
1.0
1.0
1.3
2.
3.
5.
6.
11.
15.
21.
30.
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
30.
30.
30.
30.
30.
30.
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
20.
10.
20.
10.
20.
10.
20.
10.
20.
10.
20.
10.

TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.39
0.22
0.61
0.35
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
2.1
4.2
3.5
7.0
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
*
49.
7.*
0.*
47.
7.*
0.*
1.06
0.59
8.
14.
46.
8.*
0.*
10
BULK MATERIAL 1:
HFR The Gaff

WALL MATERIAL: Astralloy V

TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.13
0.07
0.30
0.17
0.61
0.34
1.22
0.65
2.11
1.10
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
0.7
1.1
2.1
2.9
5.
6.
11.
15.
21.
29.
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
37.
31.
29.
28.
28.
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
15.
3.
22.
9.
23.
11.
23.
12.
23.
13.

TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.34
0.19
0.61
0.34
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
2.1
3.4
4.3
6.3
0.96
0.52
8.
11.
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
38.
34.
33.
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
14.
2.
18.
6.
18.
7.
11
BULK MATERIAL 1:
HFR The Gaff

SECTION VI.
CHUTE ANGLES
Tests were conducted at the indicated impact pressures, temperatures, and

time(s) at rest to determine the angles required for nonconverging
chutes in order to maintain flow after material impact. The angle given is
the minimum angle from the horizontal that will cause a bed of material
to slide on the chute. In general, chutes should be designed
with at least a 5 degree safety margin on this angle; if the chute
converges, a significantly steeper chute may be required.
Chute Material
Temperature(deg C)
Material Chute
Time
at Rest
(hours)
Impact
Pressure
(kPa)
Chute Angles (deg)

Range
Min.
Rec.
Mild Carbon Steel

Plate, Aged
22
22
0.0
0.3
1.0
2.4
4.4
7.2
37
40
50
60
65
to
to
to
to
to
38
41
51
61
67
43.
46.
56.
66.
72.
A.R. Steel T-500
22
22
0.0
0.3
1.0
2.4
4.4
7.2
39
42
52
63
71
to
to
to
to
to
40
43
53
65
73
45.
48.
58.
70.
78.
Astralloy V
22
22
0.0
0.3
1.0
2.4
4.4
7.2
37
41
52
61
66
to
to
to
to
to
38
43
53
63
67
43.
48.
58.
68.
72.
12
BULK MATERIAL 2:
HFR The Gaff

MOISTURE CONTENT 11.7% (wet basis)
SECTION I.

0.0 hrs
Temperature
22 deg C
PART A.

P-Factor
BC meters
1.00
1.25
1.50
2.00
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.9

P-Factor
BF (meters)EH=
1.00
1.25
1.50
2.00
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.6
BP meters
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.3
0.8
2
3
0.7
0.8
1.0
1.3
2
TERMS
13
3 meters
2
BULK MATERIAL 2:
HFR The Gaff


24.0 hrs
Temperature
22 deg C
PART A.

P-Factor
BC meters
1.00
1.25
1.50
2.00
1.0
1.6
3.6
+++

P-Factor
BF (meters)EH=
1.00
1.25
1.50
2.00
0.7
1.6
***
***
BP meters
0.5
0.7
1.4
***
0.2
0.3
0.8
2
3
0.8
1.0
1.5
2
4
3 meters
4
*** Denotes unassisted gravity flow is impossible. However, widths of only

up to
1.9 meters were simulated by our tests. If larger widths
are practical for your application, further testing at higher pressures
might reveal conditions under which unassisted gravity flow is possible.
+++ Denotes unassisted gravity flow is impossible. However, diameters of only
up to
3.8 meters were simulated by our tests. If larger diameters
TERMS
14
BULK MATERIAL 2:
HFR The Gaff

SECTION II.
SOLIDS DENSITY
TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
BULK DENSITY
EH (meters)
0.2
0.3
SIGMA1 (kPa)
4.
8.
GAMMA (kg/m^3)
0.8
1.5
20.
40.
3.0
83.
6.1
171.
12.2
351.
24.4
723.
2457.0 2527.7 2624.2 2699.7 2777.3 2857.2 2939.3 3023.8
SIGMA1, as follows:
BETA
GAMMA0 = 2291.50 kg/m^3
SIGMA0 =
0.62 kPa
BETA = 0.03929
15
and GAMMAM.
BULK MATERIAL 2:
HFR The Gaff

SECTION III.

TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.10
0.06
0.15
0.08
0.30
0.17
0.61
0.33
1.22
0.63
1.74
0.89
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
0.8
1.3
1.3
1.8
3.
4.
6.
8.
14.
18.
21.
27.
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
38.
33.
29.
26.
25.
25.
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
14.
2.
19.
7.
25.
12.
27.
14.
27.
16.
27.
17.

TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.31
0.18
0.61
0.34
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
2.2
4.3
5.2
8.9
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
0.84
0.45
8.
13.
45.
38.
37.
7.
0.
11.
1.
11.
2.
16
BULK MATERIAL 2:
HFR The Gaff


TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.12
0.07
0.15
0.09
0.30
0.17
0.61
0.33
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
0.8
1.6
1.1
2.0
3.
4.
6.
8.
14.
19.
21.
28.
43.
33.
29.
26.
26.
9.
0.
20.
7.
24.
12.
25.
14.
26.
15.
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
*
48.
7.*
0.*
1.22
0.63

TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.32
0.18
0.61
0.34
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
2.2
4.3
4.9
9.1
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
*
57.
7.*
0.*
46.
8.*
0.*
0.85
0.46
8.
14.
41.
10.*
1.*
17
1.76
0.90
BULK MATERIAL 2:
HFR The Gaff


TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.12
0.07
0.30
0.17
0.61
0.33
1.22
0.63
1.75
0.90
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
0.9
1.6
2.7
3.7
6.
8.
14.
19.
21.
28.
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
42.
31.
28.
26.
25.
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
10.
0.
22.
10.
25.
13.
26.
15.
27.
16.

TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.32
0.18
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
2.2
4.3
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
*
46.
7.*
0.*
0.78
0.42
7.7
11.4
32.
17.
7.
18
BULK MATERIAL 2:
HFR The Gaff

SECTION VI.
CHUTE ANGLES

Chute Material
Temperature(deg C)
Material Chute
Time
at Rest
(hours)
Impact
Pressure
(kPa)
Chute Angles (deg)

Range
Min.
Rec.
Mild Carbon Steel

Plate, Aged
22
22
0.0
0.4
1.1
2.5
4.5
7.3
39
42
44
45
49
to
to
to
to
to
41
43
45
47
50
46.
48.
50.
52.
55.
A.R. Steel T-500
22
22
0.0
0.4
1.1
2.5
4.5
7.3
41
43
44
46
51
to
to
to
to
to
43
44
45
47
53
48.
49.
50.
52.
58.
Astralloy V
22
22
0.0
0.4
1.1
2.5
4.5
7.3
42
43
45
52
54
to
to
to
to
to
43
45
46
53
55
48.
50.
51.
58.
60.
19
BULK MATERIAL 3:
Projeto ITMS

SECTION I.

0.0 hrs
Temperature
22 deg C
PART A.

P-Factor
BC meters
1.00
1.25
1.50
2.00
1.2
1.5
1.9
+++

P-Factor
BF (meters)EH=
1.00
1.25
1.50
2.00
0.8
1.1
1.9
***
BP meters
0.6
0.7
0.8
1.9
0.2
0.3
0.8
2
3
1.5
1.5
2
3
4
5 meters
6

up to
up to
TERMS
20
BULK MATERIAL 3:
Projeto ITMS


24.0 hrs
Temperature
22 deg C
PART A.

P-Factor
BC meters
1.00
1.25
1.50
2.00
1.5
1.9
2.6
+++

P-Factor
BF (meters)EH=
1.00
1.25
1.50
2.00
1.0
1.6
***
***
BP meters
0.7
0.9
1.1
***
0.2
0.3
0.8
2
3
2
2
2
3
5
5 meters
7

up to
up to
TERMS
21
BULK MATERIAL 3:
Projeto ITMS

SECTION II.
SOLIDS DENSITY
TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
BULK DENSITY
EH (meters)
0.2
0.3
SIGMA1 (kPa)
2.
4.
GAMMA (kg/m^3)
0.8
1.5
12.
27.
3.0
59.
6.1
130.
12.2
284.
24.4
622.
1337.9 1464.9 1651.5 1808.3 1979.9 2167.9 2373.7 2599.1
SIGMA1, as follows:
BETA
and GAMMAM.

GAMMA0 = 1168.88 kg/m^3
SIGMA0 =
0.62 kPa
BETA = 0.11571
PARTICLE DENSITY
22
BULK MATERIAL 3:
Projeto ITMS

SECTION IIA.
SIEVE ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTION : sieve analysis

U.S. SIEVE
NUMBER
OPENING SIZE
(inches)
(mm)
% WT. RETAINED
1/4"
0.2500
6.350
0.00
#5
0.1570
3.988
6.27
#10
0.0787
1.999
14.84
#16
0.0469
1.191
5.84
#30
0.0234
0.594
4.83
#50
0.0117
0.297
3.16
#100
0.0059
0.150
6.59
#200
0.0029
0.074
24.95
#325
0.0017
0.043
20.39
PAN
13.15
100.00
23
BULK MATERIAL 3:
Projeto ITMS

SECTION III.

TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.16
0.09
0.30
0.17
0.61
0.34
1.22
0.67
2.86
1.51
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
0.6
1.0
1.4
2.1
3.
4.
7.
10.
21.
29.
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
39.
34.
31.
30.
29.
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
13.
1.
19.
7.
21.
9.
21.
11.
21.
11.

TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.46
0.27
0.61
0.35
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
2.0
3.6
2.8
4.8
1.34
0.74
7.
12.
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
42.
40.
38.
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
10.
0.
12.
0.
12.
1.
24
BULK MATERIAL 3:
Projeto ITMS


TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.14
0.08
0.30
0.17
0.61
0.34
1.22
0.67
2.96
1.57
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
0.6
0.9
1.5
2.0
3.
4.
7.
10.
21.
31.
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
32.
32.
32.
32.
32.
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
18.
8.
18.
8.
18.
8.
18.
8.
18.
8.

TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.48
0.28
0.61
0.35
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
2.0
3.9
2.8
4.9
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
1.30
0.72
7.
12.
44.
41.
36.
8.
0.
11.
0.
15.
4.
25
BULK MATERIAL 3:
Projeto ITMS


TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.15
0.09
0.30
0.17
0.61
0.34
1.22
0.67
2.88
1.52
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
0.6
1.0
1.4
2.1
3.
4.
7.
10.
21.
30.
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
37.
33.
31.
30.
30.
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
15.
3.
20.
7.
20.
9.
20.
10.
20.
10.

TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.43
0.24
0.61
0.34
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
2.0
3.2
3.0
4.6
1.28
0.70
7.
11.
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
38.
36.
34.
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
15.
2.
16.
4.
17.
6.
26
BULK MATERIAL 3:
Projeto ITMS

SECTION VI.
CHUTE ANGLES

Chute Material
Temperature(deg C)
Material Chute
Time
at Rest
(hours)
Impact
Pressure
(kPa)
Chute Angles (deg)

Range
Min.
Rec.
Mild Carbon Steel

Plate, Aged
22
22
0.0
0.2
0.9
2.3
4.4
7.1
39
42
59
73
89
to
to
to
to
to
40
43
60
74
90
45.
48.
65.
79.
90.
A.R. Steel T-500
22
22
0.0
0.2
0.9
2.3
4.4
7.1
37
46
64
80
89
to
to
to
to
to
38
47
66
81
90
43.
52.
71.
86.
90.
Astralloy V
22
22
0.0
0.2
0.9
2.3
4.4
7.1
38
45
66
83
89
to
to
to
to
to
39
47
67
84
90
44.
52.
72.
89.
90.
27
BULK MATERIAL 4:
Projeto ITMS

SECTION I.

0.0 hrs
Temperature
22 deg C
PART A.

P-Factor
BC meters
1.00
1.25
1.50
2.00
1.5
1.6
1.9
2.9

P-Factor
BF (meters)EH=
1.00
1.25
1.50
2.00
0.9
1.0
1.3
***
BP meters
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.3
0.2
0.3
0.8
2
3
2
2
2
3
4
5 meters
6

up to
TERMS
28
BULK MATERIAL 4:
Projeto ITMS


24.0 hrs
Temperature
22 deg C
PART A.

P-Factor
BC meters
1.00
1.25
1.50
2.00
1.9
2.3
3.2
+++

P-Factor
BF (meters)EH=
1.00
1.25
1.50
2.00
1.3
1.8
***
***
BP meters
0.9
1.1
1.4
***
0.2
0.3
0.8
2
3
2
2
3
4
5
5 meters
8

up to
up to
TERMS
29
BULK MATERIAL 4:
Projeto ITMS

SECTION II.
SOLIDS DENSITY
TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
BULK DENSITY
EH (meters)
0.2
0.3
SIGMA1 (kPa)
2.
5.
GAMMA (kg/m^3)
0.8
1.5
14.
30.
3.0
64.
6.1
139.
12.2
301.
24.4
652.
1516.6 1643.0 1826.4 1978.6 2143.5 2322.1 2515.6 2725.3
SIGMA1, as follows:
BETA
GAMMA0 = 1326.66 kg/m^3
SIGMA0 =
0.62 kPa
BETA = 0.10353
30
and GAMMAM.
BULK MATERIAL 4:
Projeto ITMS

SECTION III.

TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.17
0.10
0.30
0.17
0.61
0.34
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
0.7
1.3
1.5
2.5
4.
5.
8.
11.
21.
29.
40.
33.
30.
29.
12.
0.
20.
7.
22.
10.
22.
12.
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
*
50.
7.*
0.*
1.22
0.68
2.65
1.41

TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.46
0.27
0.61
0.35
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
2.0
4.1
2.8
5.6
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
*
56.
7.*
0.*
52.
7.*
0.*
1.40
0.80
8.
15.
45.
8.*
0.*
31
BULK MATERIAL 4:
Projeto ITMS


TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.17
0.10
0.30
0.17
0.61
0.34
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
0.7
1.3
1.4
2.5
3.
5.
8.
11.
21.
30.
41.
35.
32.
30.
11.
0.
18.
6.
20.
9.
20.
10.
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
*
51.
7.*
0.*
1.22
0.68
2.70
1.44

TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.46
0.27
0.61
0.35
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
2.0
4.1
2.8
5.6
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
*
59.
7.*
0.*
55.
7.*
0.*
1.40
0.80
8.
15.
47.
8.*
0.*
32
BULK MATERIAL 4:
Projeto ITMS


TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.17
0.10
0.30
0.17
0.61
0.34
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
0.7
1.3
1.4
2.5
3.
5.
8.
11.
21.
28.
41.
35.
31.
28.
10.
0.
18.
5.
22.
9.
23.
13.
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
*
51.
7.*
0.*
1.22
0.68
2.63
1.40

TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.46
0.27
0.61
0.35
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
2.0
4.1
2.8
5.6
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
*
49.
7.*
0.*
46.
7.*
0.*
1.28
0.72
8.
12.
39.
14.
2.
33
BULK MATERIAL 4:
Projeto ITMS

SECTION VI.
CHUTE ANGLES

Chute Material
Temperature(deg C)
Material Chute
Time
at Rest
(hours)
Impact
Pressure
(kPa)
Chute Angles (deg)

Range
Min.
Rec.
Mild Carbon Steel

Plate, Aged
22
22
0.0
0.3
1.0
2.3
4.4
7.2
39
42
51
64
70
to
to
to
to
to
40
43
53
65
71
45.
48.
58.
70.
76.
A.R. Steel T-500
22
22
0.0
0.3
1.0
2.3
4.4
7.2
41
45
54
66
71
to
to
to
to
to
42
46
55
67
72
47.
51.
60.
72.
77.
Astralloy V
22
22
0.0
0.3
1.0
2.3
4.4
7.2
41
46
54
64
71
to
to
to
to
to
42
47
56
65
72
47.
52.
61.
70.
77.
34
BULK MATERIAL 5:
GFI

SECTION I.

0.0 hrs
Temperature
22 deg C
PART A.

P-Factor
BC meters
1.00
1.25
1.50
2.00
0.6
0.8
1.5
+++

P-Factor
BF (meters)EH=
1.00
1.25
1.50
2.00
0.5
1.6
***
***
BP meters
0.3
0.4
0.6
***
0.2
0.3
0.8
2
3
5 meters
0.4
0.6
1.1
2
5
10

up to
up to
TERMS
35
BULK MATERIAL 5:
GFI


24.0 hrs
Temperature
22 deg C
PART A.

P-Factor
BC meters
1.00
1.25
1.50
2.00
1.1
1.6
3.1
+++

P-Factor
BF (meters)EH=
1.00
1.25
1.50
2.00
0.9
***
***
***
BP meters
0.5
0.7
1.1
***
0.2
0.3
0.8
2
3
5 meters
0.7
0.8
1.3
2
5
10

up to
up to
TERMS
36
BULK MATERIAL 5:
GFI

SECTION II.
SOLIDS DENSITY
TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
BULK DENSITY
EH (meters)
0.2
0.3
SIGMA1 (kPa)
2.
5.
GAMMA (kg/m^3)
0.8
1.5
13.
27.
3.0
59.
6.1
126.
12.2
272.
24.4
584.
1431.5 1539.9 1695.8 1824.2 1962.4 2111.0 2270.8 2442.7
SIGMA1, as follows:
BETA
and GAMMAM.

GAMMA0 = 1272.63 kg/m^3
SIGMA0 =
0.62 kPa
BETA = 0.09527
PARTICLE DENSITY
37
BULK MATERIAL 5:
GFI

SECTION IIA.
SIEVE ANALYSIS

U.S. SIEVE
NUMBER
OPENING SIZE
(inches)
(mm)
% WT. RETAINED
#5
0.1570
3.988
0.00
#10
0.0787
1.999
11.84
#16
0.0469
1.191
8.11
#30
0.0234
0.594
10.95
#50
0.0117
0.297
10.82
#100
0.0059
0.150
14.12
#200
0.0029
0.074
22.80
#325
0.0017
0.043
13.74
PAN
7.63
100.00
38
BULK MATERIAL 5:
GFI

SECTION III.

TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.13
0.07
0.30
0.16
0.61
0.33
1.22
0.65
3.02
1.61
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
0.6
1.1
1.6
2.6
4.
6.
8.
12.
21.
33.
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
39.
35.
34.
34.
33.
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
10.*
0.*
13.
3.
15.
5.
15.
6.
16.
6.

TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.39
0.21
0.61
0.33
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
2.0
3.5
3.3
5.8
1.23
0.66
8.
12.
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
41.
39.
36.
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
10.*
0.*
10.*
0.*
13.
3.
39
BULK MATERIAL 5:
GFI


TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.13
0.07
0.30
0.16
0.61
0.32
1.22
0.65
2.96
1.57
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
0.6
1.1
1.7
2.6
4.
6.
8.
12.
21.
31.
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
38.
34.
33.
32.
32.
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
10.
0.
15.
5.
16.
7.
17.
7.
17.
8.

TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.39
0.21
0.61
0.33
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
2.0
3.5
3.3
5.8
1.23
0.66
8.
12.
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
43.
39.
36.
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
10.*
0.*
10.*
0.*
13.
3.
40
BULK MATERIAL 5:
GFI


TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.13
0.07
0.30
0.16
0.61
0.32
1.22
0.65
2.98
1.58
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
0.6
1.1
1.6
2.7
4.
6.
8.
12.
21.
32.
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
41.
36.
34.
33.
32.
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
10.*
0.*
12.
3.
15.
5.
16.
6.
17.
7.

TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.39
0.21
0.61
0.33
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
2.0
3.5
3.3
5.8
1.22
0.65
8.
12.
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
40.
38.
35.
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
10.*
0.*
10.
1.
13.
3.
41
BULK MATERIAL 5:
GFI

SECTION VI.
CHUTE ANGLES

Chute Material
Temperature(deg C)
Material Chute
Time
at Rest
(hours)
Impact
Pressure
(kPa)
Chute Angles (deg)

Range
Min.
Rec.
Mild Carbon Steel

Plate, Aged
22
22
0.0
0.2
0.9
2.3
4.4
7.1
33
42
57
70
82
to
to
to
to
to
35
43
59
71
84
40.
48.
64.
76.
89.
A.R. Steel T-500
22
22
0.0
0.2
0.9
2.3
4.4
7.1
33
43
58
69
87
to
to
to
to
to
34
44
59
70
88
39.
49.
64.
75.
90.
Astralloy V
22
22
0.0
0.2
0.9
2.3
4.4
7.1
34
41
57
70
82
to
to
to
to
to
35
42
58
71
83
40.
47.
63.
76.
88.
42
BULK MATERIAL 6:
GFI

SECTION I.

0.0 hrs
Temperature
22 deg C
PART A.

P-Factor
BC meters
1.00
1.25
1.50
2.00
0.9
1.3
2.6
+++

P-Factor
BF (meters)EH=
1.00
1.25
1.50
2.00
0.8
***
***
***
BP meters
0.4
0.6
0.9
***
0.2
0.3
0.8
2
3
1.0
1.2
2
3
5
5 meters
9

up to
up to
TERMS
43
BULK MATERIAL 6:
GFI


24.0 hrs
Temperature
22 deg C
PART A.

P-Factor
BC meters
1.00
1.25
1.50
2.00
1.1
2.2
+++
+++

P-Factor
BF (meters)EH=
1.00
1.25
1.50
2.00
1.7
***
***
***
BP meters
0.5
0.7
3.0
***
0.2
0.3
0.8
2
3
5 meters
1.0
1.3
2
3
6
11

up to
up to
TERMS
44
BULK MATERIAL 6:
GFI

SECTION II.
SOLIDS DENSITY
TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
BULK DENSITY
EH (meters)
0.2
0.3
SIGMA1 (kPa)
2.
5.
GAMMA (kg/m^3)
0.8
1.5
14.
29.
3.0
62.
6.1
133.
12.2
283.
24.4
602.
1583.3 1686.9 1834.5 1954.6 2082.6 2219.0 2364.3 2519.2
SIGMA1, as follows:
BETA
GAMMA0 = 1415.56 kg/m^3
SIGMA0 =
0.62 kPa
BETA = 0.08384
45
and GAMMAM.
BULK MATERIAL 6:
GFI

SECTION III.

TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.12
0.07
0.15
0.09
0.30
0.17
0.61
0.34
1.22
0.66
2.71
1.45
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
0.6
0.9
0.8
1.2
2.
2.
4.
5.
9.
12.
21.
29.
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
37.
35.
32.
31.
30.
30.
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
15.
3.
17.
5.
21.
8.
21.
10.
21.
10.
21.
11.

TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.38
0.22
0.61
0.34
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
2.0
3.3
3.4
5.4
1.17
0.64
7.
12.
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
40.
37.
35.
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
12.
0.
15.
3.
15.
4.
46
BULK MATERIAL 6:
GFI


TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.13
0.07
0.30
0.17
0.61
0.34
1.22
0.66
2.70
1.44
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
0.6
1.0
1.7
2.4
4.
5.
9.
12.
21.
29.
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
40.
33.
31.
30.
29.
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
12.
0.
20.
8.
21.
10.
21.
11.
21.
11.

TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.43
0.25
0.61
0.35
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
2.0
3.9
3.3
5.5
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
1.16
0.64
7.
11.
44.
40.
35.
7.
0.
12.
0.
16.
5.
47
BULK MATERIAL 6:
GFI


TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.12
0.07
0.30
0.17
0.61
0.34
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
0.5
1.0
1.7
2.4
4.
5.
9.
12.
21.
29.
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
1.22
0.66
2.70
1.44
43.
34.
31.
30.
29.
9.
0.
19.
7.
21.
10.
21.
11.
21.
11.

TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.37
0.21
0.61
0.34
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
2.0
3.2
3.5
5.3
1.15
0.63
7.
11.
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
38.
36.
34.
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
14.
2.
17.
5.
17.
6.
48
BULK MATERIAL 6:
GFI

SECTION VI.
CHUTE ANGLES

Chute Material
Temperature(deg C)
Material Chute
Time
at Rest
(hours)
Impact
Pressure
(kPa)
Chute Angles (deg)

Range
Min.
Rec.
Mild Carbon Steel

Plate, Aged
22
22
0.0
0.2
0.9
2.3
4.4
7.1
37
46
58
69
82
to
to
to
to
to
38
47
59
71
84
43.
52.
64.
76.
89.
A.R. Steel T-500
22
22
0.0
0.2
0.9
2.3
4.4
7.1
37
45
59
67
77
to
to
to
to
to
38
46
60
68
79
43.
51.
65.
73.
84.
Astralloy V
22
22
0.0
0.2
0.9
2.3
4.4
7.1
36
46
59
69
82
to
to
to
to
to
37
47
60
70
83
42.
52.
65.
75.
88.
49
BULK MATERIAL 7:
GFH Zogota

SECTION I.

0.0 hrs
Temperature
22 deg C
PART A.

P-Factor
BC meters
1.00
1.25
1.50
2.00
0.6
0.6
0.7
1.1

P-Factor
BF (meters)EH=
1.00
1.25
1.50
2.00
0.3
0.4
0.5
***
BP meters
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.5
0.2
0.3
0.8
2
3
0.8
0.9
1.3
2
3
5 meters
5

up to
TERMS
50
BULK MATERIAL 7:
GFH Zogota


24.0 hrs
Temperature
22 deg C
PART A.

P-Factor
BC meters
1.00
1.25
1.50
2.00
0.8
0.9
1.2
3.1

P-Factor
BF (meters)EH=
1.00
1.25
1.50
2.00
0.5
0.7
1.4
***
BP meters
0.4
0.4
0.5
1.1
0.2
0.3
0.8
2
3
0.9
1.1
2
3
4
5 meters
6

up to
TERMS
51
BULK MATERIAL 7:
GFH Zogota

SECTION II.
SOLIDS DENSITY
TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
BULK DENSITY
EH (meters)
0.2
0.3
SIGMA1 (kPa)
3.
6.
GAMMA (kg/m^3)
0.8
1.5
15.
32.
3.0
69.
6.1
146.
12.2
310.
24.4
658.
1774.8 1884.2 2039.3 2165.0 2298.5 2440.2 2590.6 2750.3
SIGMA1, as follows:
BETA
and GAMMAM.

GAMMA0 = 1581.75 kg/m^3
SIGMA0 =
0.62 kPa
BETA = 0.07945
PARTICLE DENSITY
52
BULK MATERIAL 7:
GFH Zogota

SECTION IIA.
SIEVE ANALYSIS

U.S. SIEVE
NUMBER
OPENING SIZE
(inches)
(mm)
% WT. RETAINED
#5
0.1570
3.988
0.00
#10
0.0787
1.999
14.49
#16
0.0469
1.191
10.95
#30
0.0234
0.594
11.57
#50
0.0117
0.297
8.89
#100
0.0059
0.150
10.01
#200
0.0029
0.074
14.02
#325
0.0017
0.043
13.74
PAN
16.33
100.00
53
BULK MATERIAL 7:
GFH Zogota

SECTION III.

TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.11
0.06
0.15
0.08
0.30
0.16
0.61
0.32
1.22
0.64
2.45
1.30
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
0.6
1.1
1.0
1.5
2.
3.
5.
7.
10.
14.
21.
30.
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
37.
35.
32.
31.
30.
30.
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
11.
1.
14.
4.
18.
8.
19.
9.
20.
10.
20.
11.

TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.33
0.18
0.61
0.33
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
2.1
3.6
4.0
7.1
1.09
0.59
8.
13.
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
43.
40.
38.
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
10.*
0.*
10.*
0.*
10.*
0.*
54
BULK MATERIAL 7:
GFH Zogota


TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.12
0.06
0.15
0.08
0.30
0.16
0.61
0.32
1.22
0.65
2.46
1.30
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
0.7
1.2
0.9
1.5
2.
3.
5.
7.
10.
14.
21.
30.
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
38.
36.
33.
31.
30.
30.
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
10.*
0.*
12.
3.
17.
7.
19.
9.
20.
10.
20.
10.

TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.33
0.18
0.61
0.33
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
2.1
3.6
4.0
7.1
1.09
0.59
8.
13.
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
44.
41.
39.
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
10.*
0.*
10.*
0.*
10.*
0.*
55
BULK MATERIAL 7:
GFH Zogota


TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.12
0.06
0.15
0.08
0.30
0.16
0.61
0.32
1.22
0.64
2.44
1.29
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
0.7
1.2
0.9
1.5
2.
3.
5.
7.
10.
14.
21.
30.
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
37.
35.
32.
30.
30.
29.
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
10.
1.
13.
4.
17.
8.
19.
10.
20.
10.
21.
11.

TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.31
0.17
0.61
0.32
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
2.1
3.4
4.4
6.7
0.98
0.52
8.
11.
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
35.
33.
32.
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
13.
3.
16.
6.
17.
8.
56
BULK MATERIAL 7:
GFH Zogota

SECTION VI.
CHUTE ANGLES

Chute Material
Temperature(deg C)
Material Chute
Time
at Rest
(hours)
Impact
Pressure
(kPa)
Chute Angles (deg)

Range
Min.
Rec.
Mild Carbon Steel

Plate, Aged
22
22
0.0
0.3
1.0
2.3
4.4
7.2
35
41
47
49
59
to
to
to
to
to
36
42
48
50
60
41.
47.
53.
55.
65.
A.R. Steel T-500
22
22
0.0
0.3
1.0
2.3
4.4
7.2
39
43
50
56
60
to
to
to
to
to
40
44
51
57
62
45.
49.
56.
62.
67.
Astralloy V
22
22
0.0
0.3
1.0
2.3
4.4
7.2
36
40
49
55
61
to
to
to
to
to
37
41
50
56
62
42.
46.
55.
61.
67.
57
BULK MATERIAL 8:
GFH Zogota

SECTION I.

0.0 hrs
Temperature
22 deg C
PART A.

P-Factor
BC meters
1.00
1.25
1.50
2.00
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.9

P-Factor
BF (meters)EH=
1.00
1.25
1.50
2.00
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.8
BP meters
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.2
0.3
0.8
2
3
0.8
0.9
1.3
2
3
TERMS
58
5 meters
5
BULK MATERIAL 8:
GFH Zogota


24.0 hrs
Temperature
22 deg C
PART A.

P-Factor
BC meters
1.00
1.25
1.50
2.00
0.9
1.1
1.6
+++

P-Factor
BF (meters)EH=
1.00
1.25
1.50
2.00
0.6
1.0
***
***
BP meters
0.4
0.5
0.7
1.9
0.2
0.3
0.8
2
3
1.0
1.2
2
3
5
5 meters
7

up to
up to
TERMS
59
BULK MATERIAL 8:
GFH Zogota

SECTION II.
SOLIDS DENSITY
TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
BULK DENSITY
EH (meters)
0.2
0.3
SIGMA1 (kPa)
3.
6.
GAMMA (kg/m^3)
0.8
1.5
17.
35.
3.0
73.
6.1
151.
12.2
312.
24.4
646.
2095.8 2169.8 2271.6 2351.8 2434.8 2520.7 2609.7 2701.8
SIGMA1, as follows:
BETA
GAMMA0 = 1940.48 kg/m^3
SIGMA0 =
0.62 kPa
BETA = 0.04766
60
and GAMMAM.
BULK MATERIAL 8:
GFH Zogota

SECTION III.

TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.10
0.05
0.15
0.08
0.30
0.16
0.61
0.32
1.22
0.64
2.16
1.14
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
0.7
1.2
1.1
1.8
2.
4.
5.
8.
11.
15.
21.
28.
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
39.
35.
32.
30.
29.
27.
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
10.*
0.*
13.
3.
17.
7.
20.
10.
22.
12.
24.
14.

TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.28
0.15
0.61
0.33
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
2.1
3.6
4.8
8.0
0.90
0.48
8.
12.
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
43.
36.
33.
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
10.*
0.*
12.
3.
16.
6.
61
BULK MATERIAL 8:
GFH Zogota


TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.10
0.05
0.15
0.08
0.30
0.16
0.61
0.32
1.22
0.64
2.24
1.18
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
0.7
1.2
1.1
1.9
2.
4.
5.
8.
11.
16.
21.
30.
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
43.
38.
33.
31.
30.
29.
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
10.*
0.*
10.*
0.*
16.
6.
19.
9.
20.
10.
21.
11.

TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.28
0.15
0.61
0.33
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
2.1
3.6
4.6
8.1
0.89
0.47
8.
11.
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
49.
37.
33.
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
10.*
0.*
10.
1.
16.
7.
62
BULK MATERIAL 8:
GFH Zogota


TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.10
0.05
0.15
0.08
0.30
0.16
0.61
0.32
1.22
0.64
2.16
1.14
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
0.7
1.2
1.1
1.9
3.
4.
5.
7.
12.
15.
21.
28.
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
44.
38.
32.
29.
27.
27.
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
10.*
0.*
10.*
0.*
18.
8.
22.
12.
23.
13.
24.
14.

TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.28
0.15
0.61
0.32
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
2.1
3.6
5.2
7.7
0.84
0.44
8.
11.
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
41.
32.
30.
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
10.*
0.*
18.
8.
20.
11.
63
BULK MATERIAL 8:
GFH Zogota

SECTION VI.
CHUTE ANGLES

Chute Material
Temperature(deg C)
Material Chute
Time
at Rest
(hours)
Impact
Pressure
(kPa)
Chute Angles (deg)

Range
Min.
Rec.
Mild Carbon Steel

Plate, Aged
22
22
0.0
0.4
1.0
2.4
4.5
7.2
39
41
42
45
47
to
to
to
to
to
40
42
43
47
49
45.
47.
48.
52.
54.
A.R. Steel T-500
22
22
0.0
0.4
1.0
2.4
4.5
7.2
40
41
43
47
50
to
to
to
to
to
41
42
44
48
51
46.
47.
49.
53.
56.
Astralloy V
22
22
0.0
0.4
1.0
2.4
4.5
7.2
39
41
43
47
54
to
to
to
to
to
40
42
44
48
55
45.
47.
49.
53.
60.
64
BULK MATERIAL 9:
GFH The Gaff

SECTION I.

0.0 hrs
Temperature
22 deg C
PART A.

P-Factor
BC meters
1.00
1.25
1.50
2.00
0.7
0.9
1.2
+++

P-Factor
BF (meters)EH=
1.00
1.25
1.50
2.00
0.5
0.7
1.4
***
BP meters
0.3
0.4
0.5
***
0.2
0.3
0.8
2
3
0.8
1.0
1.4
2
4
4 meters
5

up to
up to
TERMS
65
BULK MATERIAL 9:
GFH The Gaff


24.0 hrs
Temperature
22 deg C
PART A.

P-Factor
BC meters
1.00
1.25
1.50
2.00
1.1
1.4
2.0
+++

P-Factor
BF (meters)EH=
1.00
1.25
1.50
2.00
0.7
1.2
***
***
BP meters
0.5
0.6
0.9
***
0.2
0.3
0.8
2
3
1.1
1.3
2
3
4
4 meters
5

up to
up to
TERMS
66
BULK MATERIAL 9:
GFH The Gaff

SECTION II.
SOLIDS DENSITY
TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
BULK DENSITY
EH (meters)
0.2
0.3
SIGMA1 (kPa)
3.
6.
GAMMA (kg/m^3)
0.8
1.5
17.
37.
3.0
79.
6.1
169.
12.2
360.
24.4
767.
2012.1 2144.5 2332.8 2486.3 2649.8 2824.0 3009.7 3207.7
SIGMA1, as follows:
BETA
and GAMMAM.

GAMMA0 = 1762.34 kg/m^3
SIGMA0 =
0.62 kPa
BETA = 0.08416
PARTICLE DENSITY
67
BULK MATERIAL 9:
GFH The Gaff

SECTION IIA.
SIEVE ANALYSIS

U.S. SIEVE
NUMBER
OPENING SIZE
(inches)
(mm)
% WT. RETAINED
#5
0.1570
3.988
0.00
#10
0.0787
1.999
11.33
#16
0.0469
1.191
7.39
#30
0.0234
0.594
8.09
#50
0.0117
0.297
8.68
#100
0.0059
0.150
12.05
#200
0.0029
0.074
20.86
#325
0.0017
0.043
14.34
PAN
17.26
100.00
68
BULK MATERIAL 9:
GFH The Gaff

SECTION III.

TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.14
0.08
0.30
0.17
0.61
0.34
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
0.7
1.5
2.1
3.1
5.
7.
11.
15.
21.
30.
35.
31.
30.
29.
17.
5.
21.
9.
21.
10.
21.
11.
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
*
45.
7.*
0.*
1.22
0.65
2.13
1.12

TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.37
0.21
0.61
0.35
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
2.1
4.2
3.9
7.5
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
*
47.
7.*
0.*
44.
8.
0.
1.04
0.58
8.
14.
42.
8.*
0.*
69
BULK MATERIAL 9:
GFH The Gaff

WALL MATERIAL: A.R Steel T-500

TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.12
0.07
0.30
0.17
0.61
0.34
1.22
0.65
2.07
1.09
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
0.7
1.2
2.2
3.1
5.
7.
11.
15.
21.
28.
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
39.
33.
31.
29.
27.
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
13.
1.
20.
7.
22.
10.
22.
11.
24.
14.

TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.37
0.21
0.61
0.35
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
2.1
4.2
3.8
7.5
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
*
52.
7.*
0.*
47.
7.*
0.*
1.04
0.58
8.
14.
44.
8.*
0.*
70
BULK MATERIAL 9:
GFH The Gaff


TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.12
0.07
0.15
0.09
0.30
0.17
0.61
0.34
1.22
0.65
2.07
1.09
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
0.7
1.2
1.0
1.5
2.
3.
5.
7.
11.
15.
21.
28.
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
38.
36.
33.
31.
29.
27.
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
14.
2.
16.
4.
20.
8.
22.
10.
22.
11.
24.
14.

TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.32
0.18
0.61
0.34
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
2.1
3.4
4.7
6.7
0.90
0.49
8.
11.
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
38.
33.
31.
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
14.
2.
20.
7.
20.
9.
71
BULK MATERIAL 9:
GFH The Gaff

SECTION VI.
CHUTE ANGLES

Chute Material
Temperature(deg C)
Material Chute
Time
at Rest
(hours)
Impact
Pressure
(kPa)
Chute Angles (deg)

Range
Min.
Rec.
Mild Carbon Steel

Plate, Aged
22
22
0.0
0.3
1.0
2.4
4.4
7.2
34
38
44
54
57
to
to
to
to
to
36
40
45
55
60
41.
45.
50.
60.
65.
A.R. Steel T-500
22
22
0.0
0.3
1.0
2.4
4.4
7.2
36
39
49
57
62
to
to
to
to
to
37
40
50
58
64
42.
45.
55.
63.
69.
Astralloy V
22
22
0.0
0.3
1.0
2.4
4.4
7.2
36
39
45
54
59
to
to
to
to
to
37
40
46
55
60
42.
45.
51.
60.
65.
72
BULK MATERIAL 10:
GFH The Gaff

SECTION I.

0.0 hrs
Temperature
22 deg C
PART A.

P-Factor
BC meters
1.00
1.25
1.50
2.00
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.2

P-Factor
BF (meters)EH=
1.00
1.25
1.50
2.00
0.4
0.5
0.6
***
BP meters
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.6
0.2
0.3
0.8
2
3
0.6
0.7
1.0
2
4
3 meters
4

up to
TERMS
73
BULK MATERIAL 10:
GFH The Gaff


24.0 hrs
Temperature
22 deg C
PART A.

P-Factor
BC meters
1.00
1.25
1.50
2.00
2.4
3.6
+++
+++

P-Factor
BF (meters)EH=
1.00
1.25
1.50
2.00
2.2
***
***
***
BP meters
1.1
1.5
***
***
0.2
0.3
0.8
2
3
1.3
1.5
2
3
7
3 meters
8

up to
up to
TERMS
74
BULK MATERIAL 10:
GFH The Gaff

SECTION II.
SOLIDS DENSITY
TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
BULK DENSITY
EH (meters)
0.2
0.3
SIGMA1 (kPa)
4.
9.
GAMMA (kg/m^3)
0.8
1.5
22.
45.
3.0
91.
6.1
184.
12.2
375.
24.4
762.
2826.9 2873.5 2936.3 2984.8 3034.0 3084.1 3134.9 3186.7
SIGMA1, as follows:
BETA
GAMMA0 = 2704.75 kg/m^3
SIGMA0 =
0.62 kPa
BETA = 0.02306
75
and GAMMAM.
BULK MATERIAL 10:
GFH The Gaff

SECTION III.

TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.10
0.06
0.15
0.09
0.30
0.17
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
0.7
1.5
1.4
2.2
3.
4.
7.
10.
15.
19.
21.
27.
37.
30.
27.
26.
25.
16.
4.
23.
10.
24.
14.
26.
15.
26.
16.
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
*
45.
7.*
0.*
0.61
0.32
1.22
0.65

TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.27
0.16
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
2.1
4.2
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
*
45.
7.*
0.*
0.74
0.40
7.6
12.4
36.
13.
3.
76
1.69
0.90
BULK MATERIAL 10:
GFH The Gaff


TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.09
0.05
0.15
0.09
0.30
0.17
0.61
0.32
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
0.7
1.4
1.4
2.2
3.
4.
7.
9.
15.
19.
21.
27.
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
1.22
0.65
44.
36.
30.
27.
25.
25.
8.
0.
17.
5.
23.
11.
25.
14.
26.
16.
27.
16.

TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.27
0.16
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
2.1
4.2
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
*
1.68
0.89
46.
7.*
0.*
0.77
0.42
7.6
13.5
38.
10.
0.
77
BULK MATERIAL 10:
GFH The Gaff


TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.09
0.05
0.15
0.08
0.30
0.17
0.61
0.32
1.22
0.65
1.66
0.88
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
0.7
1.3
1.5
2.1
3.
4.
7.
9.
15.
19.
21.
26.
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
41.
33.
28.
25.
24.
24.
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
11.
0.
20.
8.
25.
13.
26.
16.
28.
17.
28.
17.

TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.24
0.14
0.30
0.17
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
2.1
3.7
2.9
4.5
0.65
0.35
8.
10.
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
41.
37.
29.
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
11.
0.
16.
4.
22.
12.
78
BULK MATERIAL 10:
GFH The Gaff

SECTION VI.
CHUTE ANGLES

Chute Material
Temperature(deg C)
Material Chute
Time
at Rest
(hours)
Impact
Pressure
(kPa)
Chute Angles (deg)

Range
Min.
Rec.
Mild Carbon Steel

Plate, Aged
22
22
0.0
0.5
1.2
2.6
4.6
7.4
43
47
55
58
64
to
to
to
to
to
44
48
56
60
65
49.
53.
61.
65.
70.
A.R. Steel T-500
22
22
0.0
0.5
1.2
2.6
4.6
7.4
48
55
57
62
65
to
to
to
to
to
50
56
58
64
66
55.
61.
63.
69.
71.
Astralloy V
22
22
0.0
0.5
1.2
2.6
4.6
7.4
47
53
63
69
76
to
to
to
to
to
49
54
64
70
78
54.
59.
69.
75.
83.
79
BULK MATERIAL 11:
AFH The Gaff

SECTION I.

0.0 hrs
Temperature
22 deg C
PART A.

P-Factor
BC meters
1.00
1.25
1.50
2.00
0.7
0.8
1.1
+++

P-Factor
BF (meters)EH=
1.00
1.25
1.50
2.00
0.5
0.6
1.2
***
BP meters
0.3
0.4
0.5
1.5
0.2
0.3
0.8
2
3
0.7
0.9
1.3
2
4
4 meters
4

up to
up to
TERMS
80
BULK MATERIAL 11:
AFH The Gaff


24.0 hrs
Temperature
22 deg C
PART A.

P-Factor
BC meters
1.00
1.25
1.50
2.00
1.1
1.4
2.3
+++

P-Factor
BF (meters)EH=
1.00
1.25
1.50
2.00
0.7
1.3
***
***
BP meters
0.5
0.6
0.9
***
0.2
0.3
0.8
2
3
1.0
1.1
2
2
4
4 meters
5

up to
up to
TERMS
81
BULK MATERIAL 11:
AFH The Gaff

SECTION II.
SOLIDS DENSITY
TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
BULK DENSITY
EH (meters)
0.2
0.3
SIGMA1 (kPa)
3.
6.
GAMMA (kg/m^3)
0.8
1.5
17.
36.
3.0
77.
6.1
165.
12.2
354.
24.4
761.
1873.8 2014.5 2216.8 2383.2 2562.2 2754.5 2961.3 3183.6
SIGMA1, as follows:
BETA
and GAMMAM.

GAMMA0 = 1625.42 kg/m^3
SIGMA0 =
0.62 kPa
BETA = 0.09456
PARTICLE DENSITY
82
BULK MATERIAL 11:
AFH The Gaff

SECTION IIA.
SIEVE ANALYSIS

U.S. SIEVE
NUMBER
OPENING SIZE
(inches)
(mm)
% WT. RETAINED
#5
0.1570
3.988
0.00
#10
0.0787
1.999
9.27
#16
0.0469
1.191
7.72
#30
0.0234
0.594
7.10
#50
0.0117
0.297
6.64
#100
0.0059
0.150
10.17
#200
0.0029
0.074
29.00
#325
0.0017
0.043
13.79
PAN
16.32
100.00
83
BULK MATERIAL 11:
AFH The Gaff

SECTION III.

TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.15
0.08
0.30
0.17
0.61
0.34
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
0.7
1.4
1.9
3.0
4.
6.
11.
15.
21.
30.
37.
33.
30.
30.
15.
3.
20.
8.
20.
10.
21.
10.
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
*
48.
7.*
0.*
1.22
0.65
2.20
1.15

TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.39
0.22
0.61
0.35
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
2.1
4.2
3.6
7.1
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
*
46.
7.*
0.*
44.
8.*
0.*
1.05
0.58
8.
14.
42.
9.*
0.*
84
BULK MATERIAL 11:
AFH The Gaff


TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.15
0.08
0.30
0.17
0.61
0.34
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
0.7
1.4
1.9
2.9
5.
6.
11.
15.
21.
30.
36.
32.
30.
29.
17.
4.
21.
9.
21.
10.
21.
11.
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
*
46.
7.*
0.*
1.22
0.65
2.18
1.14

TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.39
0.22
0.61
0.35
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
2.1
4.2
3.6
7.1
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
*
50.
7.*
0.*
44.
8.*
0.*
1.04
0.57
8.
13.
38.
10.
0.
85
BULK MATERIAL 11:
AFH The Gaff


TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.14
0.08
0.30
0.17
0.61
0.34
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
0.7
1.3
2.0
2.9
5.
6.
11.
15.
21.
29.
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
1.22
0.65
2.16
1.13
43.
34.
31.
29.
28.
8.
0.
19.
6.
22.
10.
22.
11.
22.
12.

TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.34
0.19
0.61
0.34
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
2.1
3.4
4.4
6.4
0.95
0.51
8.
11.
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
38.
34.
32.
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
14.
2.
18.
7.
18.
8.
86
BULK MATERIAL 11:
AFH The Gaff

SECTION VI.
CHUTE ANGLES

Chute Material
Temperature(deg C)
Material Chute
Time
at Rest
(hours)
Impact
Pressure
(kPa)
Chute Angles (deg)

Range
Min.
Rec.
Mild Carbon Steel

Plate, Aged
22
22
0.0
0.3
1.0
2.3
4.4
7.2
36
41
52
59
73
to
to
to
to
to
37
43
53
60
74
42.
48.
58.
65.
79.
A.R. Steel T-500
22
22
0.0
0.3
1.0
2.3
4.4
7.2
35
42
53
64
74
to
to
to
to
to
36
43
54
65
76
41.
48.
59.
70.
81.
Astralloy V
22
22
0.0
0.3
1.0
2.3
4.4
7.2
35
42
53
64
75
to
to
to
to
to
36
43
54
65
76
41.
48.
59.
70.
81.
87
BULK MATERIAL 12:
AFH The Gaff

SECTION I.

0.0 hrs
Temperature
22 deg C
PART A.

P-Factor
BC meters
1.00
1.25
1.50
2.00
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6

P-Factor
BF (meters)EH=
1.00
1.25
1.50
2.00
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
BP meters
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.8
2
3
0.6
0.7
0.8
1.1
2
TERMS
88
3 meters
2
BULK MATERIAL 12:
AFH The Gaff


24.0 hrs
Temperature
22 deg C
PART A.

P-Factor
BC meters
1.00
1.25
1.50
2.00
2.7
+++
+++
+++

P-Factor
BF (meters)EH=
1.00
1.25
1.50
2.00
***
***
***
***
BP meters
1.2
2.3
***
***
0.2
0.3
0.8
2
3
3 meters
1.2
1.5
2
4
9
10

up to
up to
TERMS
89
BULK MATERIAL 12:
AFH The Gaff

SECTION II.
SOLIDS DENSITY
TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
BULK DENSITY
EH (meters)
0.2
0.3
SIGMA1 (kPa)
4.
8.
GAMMA (kg/m^3)
0.8
1.5
21.
42.
3.0
86.
6.1
176.
12.2
359.
24.4
733.
2643.8 2697.6 2770.5 2826.8 2884.4 2943.1 3003.0 3064.1
SIGMA1, as follows:
BETA
GAMMA0 = 2509.31 kg/m^3
SIGMA0 =
0.62 kPa
BETA = 0.02825
90
and GAMMAM.
BULK MATERIAL 12:
AFH The Gaff

SECTION III.

TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.08
0.04
0.15
0.08
0.30
0.16
0.61
0.32
1.22
0.64
1.77
0.93
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
0.7
1.3
1.6
2.3
3.
5.
7.
9.
15.
19.
21.
28.
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
38.
32.
29.
27.
26.
26.
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
10.*
1.*
18.
8.
22.
12.
24.
14.
25.
15.
25.
15.

TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.23
0.12
0.30
0.16
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
2.1
3.7
2.8
5.0
0.71
0.37
8.
11.
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
55.
49.
31.
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
10.*
1.*
10.*
1.*
18.
8.
91
BULK MATERIAL 12:
AFH The Gaff


TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.08
0.04
0.15
0.08
0.30
0.16
0.61
0.32
1.22
0.64
1.78
0.93
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
0.7
1.3
1.4
2.4
3.
5.
7.
9.
14.
19.
21.
28.
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
43.
35.
30.
28.
27.
27.
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
10.*
1.*
13.
3.
20.
10.
23.
13.
24.
14.
25.
14.

TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.23
0.12
0.30
0.16
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
2.1
3.7
2.8
5.0
0.80
0.43
8.
13.
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
49.
47.
42.
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
10.*
1.*
10.*
1.*
10.*
1.*
92
BULK MATERIAL 12:
AFH The Gaff


TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.08
0.04
0.15
0.08
0.30
0.16
0.61
0.32
1.22
0.64
1.73
0.91
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
0.7
1.3
1.6
2.3
3.
5.
7.
9.
15.
19.
21.
27.
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
39.
31.
27.
26.
25.
25.
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
10.*
1.*
18.
8.
23.
13.
26.
16.
27.
17.
27.
17.

TEMPERATURE
22 deg C
0.23
0.12
0.30
0.16
SIGMA (kPa)
SIGMA1 (kPa)
2.1
3.7
2.8
5.0
0.71
0.38
8.
11.
Wall Friction Angle

PHI-PRIME (deg)
46.
41.
32.
Hopper Angles
THETA-P (deg)
THETA-C (deg)
10.*
1.*
10.*
1.*
17.
8.
93
BULK MATERIAL 12:
AFH The Gaff

SECTION VI.
CHUTE ANGLES

Chute Material
Temperature(deg C)
Material Chute
Time
at Rest
(hours)
Impact
Pressure
(kPa)
Chute Angles (deg)

Range
Min.
Rec.
Mild Carbon Steel

Plate, Aged
22
22
0.0
0.5
1.2
2.5
4.6
7.3
47
50
52
54
64
to
to
to
to
to
49
51
53
56
65
54.
56.
58.
61.
70.
A.R. Steel T-500
22
22
0.0
0.5
1.2
2.5
4.6
7.3
48
53
55
59
69
to
to
to
to
to
49
54
56
60
70
54.
59.
61.
65.
75.
Astralloy V
22
22
0.0
0.5
1.2
2.5
4.6
7.3
46
49
54
63
69
to
to
to
to
to
47
50
55
64
70
52.
55.
60.
69.
75.
94
FIGURES
BULK MATERIAL: HFR The Gaff

PARTICLE SIZE: As rec'd
MOISTURE % WT: 10% (wet basis)
CREATE:
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12/11/04
JOB#: 68334
ID#: 11459
70.0
DELTA
PHI 0.00 hrs
PHI 24.00 hrs
50.0
30.0
Delta & Phi, degrees
90.0
DELTA & PHI RELATIONS
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
100.0
120.0
Consolidating Pressure SIGMA1, kPa
60.0
FLOW FUNCTION(S)
0.0 hrs 22 deg C
24.0 hrs 22 deg C
Cone ffcr = 1.17
40.0
20.0
0.0
Strength f, kPa
Wedge ffcr = 1.02
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0

Plot 1

CREATE:
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12/11/04
JOB#: 68334
ID#: 11459
30.0
YIELD LOCUS
Steady State
0.0 hrs 22 deg C
24.0 hrs
V1
Fc inst
22 deg C
Fc 24. hrs 26.6 kPa

Delta
44.5 deg
38.0 deg
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
Phi
5.0
0.0
Shear Load S, kgf for 6.35 cm cell
87.7 kPa
23.1 kPa
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
Normal Load V, kgf for 6.35 cm cell
Plot 2
25.0
30.0

CREATE:
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12/11/04
JOB#: 68334
ID#: 11459
18.0
YIELD LOCUS
Steady State
0.0 hrs 22 deg C
24.0 hrs
V1
Fc inst
22 deg C
Fc 24. hrs 13.6 kPa

Delta
49.8 deg
34.5 deg
6.0
9.0
12.0
15.0
Phi
3.0
0.0
22.4 kPa
11.6 kPa
0.0
3.0
6.0
9.0
12.0
Plot 3
15.0
18.0

CREATE:
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12/11/04
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ID#: 11459
12.0
YIELD LOCUS
Steady State
0.0 hrs 22 deg C
24.0 hrs
V1
Fc inst
22 deg C
Fc 24. hrs 10.2 kPa

Delta
59.6 deg
36.5 deg
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
Phi
2.0
0.0
12.5 kPa
8.9 kPa
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
Plot 4
10.0
12.0

TEMPERATURE: 22 deg C
CREATE:
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2000.0
1000.0
Bulk Density GAMMA, kg/m^3
3000.0
BULK DENSITY VS. CONSOLIDATING PRESSURE
1.00
10.0
Plot 5
100.0

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16.0
siene analysis
8.0
0.0
% Wt. per Sieve Range
24.0
Particle Size Distribution
0.00100
6 7 8 9
0.0100
6 7 8 9
0.100
6 7 8 9
1.00
Particle Size (inches)

Cumulative Particle Size Distribution
#50
#20
#10
#6
1/4"
1/2"
60.0
90.0
#100
30.0
0.0
% Wt. Smaller Than Given Size
100.0
#200
0.00100
6 7 8 9
0.0100
6 7 8 9

Plot 6
0.100
6 7 8 9
1.00

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STORAGE TIME AT REST
0.0 hrs
4.0
8.0
24.0 hrs
0.0
SHEAR STRESS TAU, kPa
12.0
WALL YIELD LOCUS
0.0
4.0
8.0
12.0
16.0
20.0
24.0
20.0
24.0
NORMAL STRESS SIGMA, kPa
60.0
30.0
0.0
PHI-PRIME, degrees
90.0
WALL FRICTION ANGLE
0.0
4.0
8.0
12.0
16.0

Plot 7

CREATE:
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12/08/30
12/11/04
JOB#: 68334
ID#: 11459

0.0 hrs
4.0
8.0
24.0 hrs
0.0
12.0
WALL YIELD LOCUS
0.0
4.0
8.0
12.0
16.0
20.0
24.0
20.0
24.0
60.0
40.0
20.0
PHI-PRIME, degrees
80.0
WALL FRICTION ANGLE
0.0
4.0
8.0
12.0
16.0

Plot 8

CREATE:
RUN:
12/08/30
12/11/04
JOB#: 68334
ID#: 11459

0.0 hrs
4.0
8.0
24.0 hrs
0.0
12.0
WALL YIELD LOCUS
0.0
4.0
8.0
12.0
16.0
20.0
24.0
20.0
24.0
60.0
40.0
20.0
PHI-PRIME, degrees
80.0
WALL FRICTION ANGLE
0.0
4.0
8.0
12.0
16.0

Plot 9

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12/11/04
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ID#: 11459
Chute Angles versus Impact Pressure

90.0
for Mild Carbon Steel Plate, Aged

Material Temp.: 22 deg C
60.0
45.0
30.0
15.0
0.0
Chute Angle, degrees
75.0
Chute Temp.: 22 deg C
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
Impact Pressure, kPa
Plot 10
8.0
10.0
12.0

CREATE:
RUN:
12/08/30
12/11/04
JOB#: 68334
ID#: 11459

90.0
for A.R. Steel T-500

60.0
45.0
30.0
15.0
0.0
75.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
Plot 11
8.0
10.0
12.0

CREATE:
RUN:
12/08/30
12/11/04
JOB#: 68334
ID#: 11459

90.0
for Astralloy V
60.0
45.0
30.0
15.0
0.0
75.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
Plot 12
8.0
10.0
12.0

MOISTURE % WT: 11.7% (wet basis)
CREATE:
RUN:
12/08/30
12/11/04
JOB#: 68334
ID#: 11460
70.0
DELTA
PHI 0.00 hrs
PHI 24.00 hrs
50.0
30.0
90.0
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
100.0
120.0
60.0
FLOW FUNCTION(S)
0.0 hrs 22 deg C
24.0 hrs 22 deg C
Cone ffcr = 1.20
40.0
20.0
0.0
Strength f, kPa
Wedge ffcr = 1.03
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0

Plot 13

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12/08/30
12/11/04
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ID#: 11460
30.0
YIELD LOCUS
Steady State
0.0 hrs 22 deg C
24.0 hrs
V1
Fc inst
22 deg C
Fc 24. hrs 38.2 kPa

Delta
41.6 deg
35.7 deg
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
Phi
5.0
0.0
81.1 kPa
18.9 kPa
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
Plot 14
25.0
30.0

CREATE:
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12/11/04
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ID#: 11460
24.0
YIELD LOCUS
Steady State
0.0 hrs 22 deg C
24.0 hrs
V1
Fc inst
22 deg C
Fc 24. hrs 16.2 kPa

Delta
44.3 deg
33.4 deg
8.0
12.0
16.0
20.0
Phi
4.0
0.0
27.6 kPa
10.7 kPa
0.0
4.0
8.0
12.0
16.0
Plot 15
20.0
24.0

CREATE:
RUN:
12/08/30
12/11/04
JOB#: 68334
ID#: 11460
12.0
YIELD LOCUS
Steady State
0.0 hrs 22 deg C
24.0 hrs
V1
Fc inst
22 deg C
Fc 24. hrs 11.4 kPa

Delta
48.2 deg
31.6 deg
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
Phi
2.0
0.0
15.0 kPa
8.0 kPa
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
Plot 16
10.0
12.0

CREATE:
RUN:
12/08/30
12/11/04
JOB#: 68334
ID#: 11460
2000.0
1000.0
3000.0
1.00
10.0
Plot 17
100.0

CREATE:
RUN:
12/08/30
12/11/04
JOB#: 68334
ID#: 11460

0.0 hrs
4.0
8.0
24.0 hrs
0.0
12.0
WALL YIELD LOCUS
0.0
4.0
8.0
12.0
16.0
20.0
24.0
20.0
24.0
60.0
30.0
0.0
PHI-PRIME, degrees
90.0
WALL FRICTION ANGLE
0.0
4.0
8.0
12.0
16.0

Plot 18

CREATE:
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12/08/30
12/11/04
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ID#: 11460

0.0 hrs
4.0
8.0
24.0 hrs
0.0
12.0
WALL YIELD LOCUS
0.0
4.0
8.0
12.0
16.0
20.0
24.0
20.0
24.0
60.0
30.0
0.0
PHI-PRIME, degrees
90.0
WALL FRICTION ANGLE
0.0
4.0
8.0
12.0
16.0

Plot 19

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ID#: 11460

0.0 hrs
4.0
8.0
24.0 hrs
0.0
12.0
WALL YIELD LOCUS
0.0
4.0
8.0
12.0
16.0
20.0
24.0
20.0
24.0
60.0
30.0
0.0
PHI-PRIME, degrees
90.0
WALL FRICTION ANGLE
0.0
4.0
8.0
12.0
16.0

Plot 20

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90.0

60.0
45.0
30.0
15.0
0.0
75.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
Plot 21
8.0
10.0
12.0

CREATE:
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12/08/30
12/11/04
JOB#: 68334
ID#: 11460

90.0

60.0
45.0
30.0
15.0
0.0
75.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
Plot 22
8.0
10.0
12.0

CREATE:
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12/11/04
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ID#: 11460

90.0
for Astralloy V
60.0
45.0
30.0
15.0
0.0
75.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
Plot 23
8.0
10.0
12.0
BULK MATERIAL: Projeto ITMS

CREATE:
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12/08/30
12/11/04
JOB#: 68334
ID#: 11461
70.0
DELTA
PHI 0.00 hrs
PHI 24.00 hrs
50.0
30.0
90.0
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
100.0
120.0
60.0
FLOW FUNCTION(S)
0.0 hrs 22 deg C
24.0 hrs 22 deg C
Cone ffcr = 1.17
40.0
20.0
0.0
Strength f, kPa
Wedge ffcr = 1.02
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0

Plot 24

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30.0
YIELD LOCUS
Steady State
0.0 hrs 22 deg C
24.0 hrs
V1
Fc inst
22 deg C
Fc 24. hrs 38.9 kPa

Delta
46.7 deg
36.1 deg
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
Phi
5.0
0.0
90.9 kPa
35.3 kPa
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
Plot 25
25.0
30.0

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18.0
YIELD LOCUS
Steady State
0.0 hrs 22 deg C
24.0 hrs
V1
Fc inst
22 deg C
Fc 24. hrs 14.4 kPa

Delta
54.1 deg
36.8 deg
6.0
9.0
12.0
15.0
Phi
3.0
0.0
22.2 kPa
12.9 kPa
0.0
3.0
6.0
9.0
12.0
Plot 26
15.0
18.0

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12.0
YIELD LOCUS
Steady State
0.0 hrs 22 deg C
24.0 hrs
V1
Fc inst
22 deg C
Fc 24. hrs 10.2 kPa

Delta
62.5 deg
37.2 deg
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
Phi
2.0
0.0
12.2 kPa
9.2 kPa
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
Plot 27
10.0
12.0

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2000.0
1000.0
3000.0
1.00
10.0
Plot 28
100.0

CREATE:
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12/11/04
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ID#: 11461
20.0
sieve analysis
10.0
0.0
30.0
0.00100
6 7 8 9
0.0100
6 7 8 9
0.100
6 7 8 9
1.00

#50
#20
#10
#6
1/4"
1/2"
60.0
90.0
#100
30.0
0.0
100.0
#200
0.00100
6 7 8 9
0.0100
6 7 8 9

Plot 29
0.100
6 7 8 9
1.00

CREATE:
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12/11/04
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ID#: 11461

0.0 hrs
4.0
8.0
24.0 hrs
0.0
12.0
WALL YIELD LOCUS
0.0
4.0
8.0
12.0
16.0
20.0
24.0
20.0
24.0
60.0
40.0
20.0
PHI-PRIME, degrees
80.0
WALL FRICTION ANGLE
0.0
4.0
8.0
12.0
16.0

Plot 30

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ID#: 11461

0.0 hrs
5.0
10.0
24.0 hrs
0.0
15.0
WALL YIELD LOCUS
0.0
4.0
8.0
12.0
16.0
20.0
24.0
20.0
24.0
60.0
30.0
0.0
PHI-PRIME, degrees
90.0
WALL FRICTION ANGLE
0.0
4.0
8.0
12.0
16.0

Plot 31

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0.0 hrs
5.0
10.0
24.0 hrs
0.0
15.0
WALL YIELD LOCUS
0.0
4.0
8.0
12.0
16.0
20.0
24.0
20.0
24.0
60.0
40.0
20.0
PHI-PRIME, degrees
80.0
WALL FRICTION ANGLE
0.0
4.0
8.0
12.0
16.0

Plot 32

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90.0

60.0
45.0
30.0
15.0
0.0
75.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
Plot 33
8.0
10.0
12.0

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ID#: 11461

90.0

60.0
45.0
30.0
15.0
0.0
75.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
Plot 34
8.0
10.0
12.0

CREATE:
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90.0
for Astralloy V
60.0
45.0
30.0
15.0
0.0
75.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
Plot 35
8.0
10.0
12.0

CREATE:
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12/11/04
JOB#: 68334
ID#: 11462
70.0
DELTA
PHI 0.00 hrs
PHI 24.00 hrs
50.0
30.0
90.0
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
100.0
120.0
60.0
FLOW FUNCTION(S)
0.0 hrs 22 deg C
24.0 hrs 22 deg C
Cone ffcr = 1.16
40.0
20.0
0.0
Strength f, kPa
Wedge ffcr = 1.02
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0

Plot 36

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36.0
YIELD LOCUS
Steady State
0.0 hrs 22 deg C
24.0 hrs
V1
Fc inst
22 deg C
Fc 24. hrs 44.2 kPa

Delta
46.1 deg
37.3 deg
12.0
18.0
24.0
30.0
Phi
6.0
0.0
103.0 kPa
34.8 kPa
0.0
6.0
12.0
18.0
24.0
Plot 37
30.0
36.0

CREATE:
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ID#: 11462
24.0
YIELD LOCUS
Steady State
0.0 hrs 22 deg C
24.0 hrs
V1
Fc inst
22 deg C
Fc 24. hrs 19.7 kPa

Delta
53.5 deg
39.0 deg
8.0
12.0
16.0
20.0
Phi
4.0
0.0
30.0 kPa
15.6 kPa
0.0
4.0
8.0
12.0
16.0
Plot 38
20.0
24.0

CREATE:
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12/11/04
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ID#: 11462
18.0
YIELD LOCUS
Steady State
0.0 hrs 22 deg C
24.0 hrs
V1
Fc inst
22 deg C
Fc 24. hrs 14.9 kPa

Delta
62.7 deg
42.2 deg
6.0
9.0
12.0
15.0
Phi
3.0
0.0
18.0 kPa
12.6 kPa
0.0
3.0
6.0
9.0
12.0
Plot 39
15.0
18.0

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2000.0
1000.0
3000.0
1.00
10.0
Plot 40
100.0

CREATE:
RUN:
12/08/30
12/11/04
JOB#: 68334
ID#: 11462

0.0 hrs
4.0
8.0
24.0 hrs
0.0
12.0
WALL YIELD LOCUS
0.0
4.0
8.0
12.0
16.0
20.0
24.0
20.0
24.0
60.0
30.0
0.0
PHI-PRIME, degrees
90.0
WALL FRICTION ANGLE
0.0
4.0
8.0
12.0
16.0

Plot 41

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12/08/30
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ID#: 11462

0.0 hrs
5.0
10.0
24.0 hrs
0.0
15.0
WALL YIELD LOCUS
0.0
4.0
8.0
12.0
16.0
20.0
24.0
20.0
24.0
60.0
30.0
0.0
PHI-PRIME, degrees
90.0
WALL FRICTION ANGLE
0.0
4.0
8.0
12.0
16.0

Plot 42

CREATE:
RUN:
12/08/30
12/11/04
JOB#: 68334
ID#: 11462

0.0 hrs
4.0
8.0
24.0 hrs
0.0
12.0
WALL YIELD LOCUS
0.0
4.0
8.0
12.0
16.0
20.0
24.0
20.0
24.0
60.0
30.0
0.0
PHI-PRIME, degrees
90.0
WALL FRICTION ANGLE
0.0
4.0
8.0
12.0
16.0

Plot 43

CREATE:
RUN:
12/08/30
12/11/04
JOB#: 68334
ID#: 11462

90.0

60.0
45.0
30.0
15.0
0.0
75.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
Plot 44
8.0
10.0
12.0

CREATE:
RUN:
12/08/30
12/11/04
JOB#: 68334
ID#: 11462

90.0

60.0
45.0
30.0
15.0
0.0
75.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
Plot 45
8.0
10.0
12.0

CREATE:
RUN:
12/08/30
12/11/04
JOB#: 68334
ID#: 11462

90.0
for Astralloy V
60.0
45.0
30.0
15.0
0.0
75.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
Plot 46
8.0
10.0
12.0
BULK MATERIAL: GFI

CREATE:
RUN:
12/10/02
12/11/04
JOB#: 68334
ID#: 11464
65.0
DELTA
PHI 0.00 hrs
PHI 24.00 hrs
40.0
15.0
90.0
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
100.0
120.0
60.0
FLOW FUNCTION(S)
0.0 hrs 22 deg C
24.0 hrs 22 deg C
Cone ffcr = 1.29
40.0
20.0
0.0
Strength f, kPa
Wedge ffcr = 1.20
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0

Plot 47
BULK MATERIAL: GFI

CREATE:
RUN:
12/10/02
12/11/04
JOB#: 68334
ID#: 11464
36.0
YIELD LOCUS
Steady State
0.0 hrs 22 deg C
24.0 hrs
V1
Fc inst
22 deg C
Fc 24. hrs 45.6 kPa

Delta
51.6 deg
39.5 deg
12.0
18.0
24.0
30.0
Phi
6.0
0.0
95.5 kPa
43.4 kPa
0.0
6.0
12.0
18.0
24.0
Plot 48
30.0
36.0
BULK MATERIAL: GFI

CREATE:
RUN:
12/10/02
12/11/04
JOB#: 68334
ID#: 11464
18.0
YIELD LOCUS
Steady State
0.0 hrs 22 deg C
24.0 hrs
V1
Fc inst
22 deg C
Fc 24. hrs 14.8 kPa

Delta
52.1 deg
35.4 deg
6.0
9.0
12.0
15.0
Phi
3.0
0.0
22.4 kPa
12.5 kPa
0.0
3.0
6.0
9.0
12.0
Plot 49
15.0
18.0
BULK MATERIAL: GFI

CREATE:
RUN:
12/10/02
12/11/04
JOB#: 68334
ID#: 11464
12.0
YIELD LOCUS
Steady State
0.0 hrs 22 deg C
24.0 hrs
V1
Fc inst
22 deg C
Fc 24. hrs 7.0 kPa

Delta
48.2 deg
27.3 deg
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
Phi
2.0
0.0
9.6 kPa
5.9 kPa
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
Plot 50
10.0
12.0
BULK MATERIAL: GFI

CREATE:
RUN:
12/10/02
12/11/04
JOB#: 68334
ID#: 11464
2000.0
1000.0
3000.0
1.00
10.0
Plot 51
100.0
BULK MATERIAL: GFI

CREATE:
RUN:
12/10/02
12/11/04
JOB#: 68334
ID#: 11464
16.0
sieve analysis
8.0
0.0
24.0
0.00100
6 7 8 9
0.0100
6 7 8 9
0.100
6 7 8 9
1.00

#50
#20
#10
#6
1/4"
1/2"
60.0
90.0
#100
30.0
0.0
100.0
#200
0.00100
6 7 8 9
0.0100
6 7 8 9

Plot 52
0.100
6 7 8 9
1.00
BULK MATERIAL: GFI

CREATE:
RUN:
12/10/02
12/11/04
JOB#: 68334
ID#: 11464

0.0 hrs
5.0
10.0
24.0 hrs
0.0
15.0
WALL YIELD LOCUS
0.0
4.0
8.0
12.0
16.0
20.0
24.0
20.0
24.0
60.0
40.0
20.0
PHI-PRIME, degrees
80.0
WALL FRICTION ANGLE
0.0
4.0
8.0
12.0
16.0

Plot 53
BULK MATERIAL: GFI

CREATE:
RUN:
12/10/02
12/11/04
JOB#: 68334
ID#: 11464

0.0 hrs
5.0
10.0
24.0 hrs
0.0
15.0
WALL YIELD LOCUS
0.0
4.0
8.0
12.0
16.0
20.0
24.0
20.0
24.0
60.0
30.0
0.0
PHI-PRIME, degrees
90.0
WALL FRICTION ANGLE
0.0
4.0
8.0
12.0
16.0

Plot 54
BULK MATERIAL: GFI

CREATE:
RUN:
12/10/02
12/11/04
JOB#: 68334
ID#: 11464

0.0 hrs
5.0
10.0
24.0 hrs
0.0
15.0
WALL YIELD LOCUS
0.0
4.0
8.0
12.0
16.0
20.0
24.0
20.0
24.0
60.0
40.0
20.0
PHI-PRIME, degrees
80.0
WALL FRICTION ANGLE
0.0
4.0
8.0
12.0
16.0

Plot 55
BULK MATERIAL: GFI

CREATE:
RUN:
12/10/02
12/11/04
JOB#: 68334
ID#: 11464

90.0

60.0
45.0
30.0
15.0
0.0
75.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
Plot 56
8.0
10.0
12.0
BULK MATERIAL: GFI

CREATE:
RUN:
12/10/02
12/11/04
JOB#: 68334
ID#: 11464

90.0

60.0
45.0
30.0
15.0
0.0
75.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
Plot 57
8.0
10.0
12.0
BULK MATERIAL: GFI

CREATE:
RUN:
12/10/02
12/11/04
JOB#: 68334
ID#: 11464

90.0
for Astralloy V
60.0
45.0
30.0
15.0
0.0
75.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
Plot 58
8.0
10.0
12.0
BULK MATERIAL: GFI

CREATE:
RUN:
12/10/09
12/11/04
JOB#: 68334
ID#: 11470
70.0
DELTA
PHI 0.00 hrs
PHI 24.00 hrs
50.0
30.0
90.0
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
100.0
120.0
60.0
FLOW FUNCTION(S)
0.0 hrs 22 deg C
24.0 hrs 22 deg C
Cone ffcr = 1.16
40.0
20.0
0.0
Strength f, kPa
Wedge ffcr = 1.02
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0

Plot 59
BULK MATERIAL: GFI

CREATE:
RUN:
12/10/09
12/11/04
JOB#: 68334
ID#: 11470
36.0
YIELD LOCUS
Steady State
0.0 hrs 22 deg C
24.0 hrs
V1
Fc inst
22 deg C
Fc 24. hrs 56.9 kPa

Delta
51.5 deg
38.2 deg
12.0
18.0
24.0
30.0
Phi
6.0
0.0
101.5 kPa
49.0 kPa
0.0
6.0
12.0
18.0
24.0
Plot 60
30.0
36.0
BULK MATERIAL: GFI

CREATE:
RUN:
12/10/09
12/11/04
JOB#: 68334
ID#: 11470
18.0
YIELD LOCUS
Steady State
0.0 hrs 22 deg C
24.0 hrs
V1
Fc inst
22 deg C
Fc 24. hrs 14.1 kPa

Delta
55.1 deg
40.6 deg
6.0
9.0
12.0
15.0
Phi
3.0
0.0
23.2 kPa
12.3 kPa
0.0
3.0
6.0
9.0
12.0
Plot 61
15.0
18.0
BULK MATERIAL: GFI

CREATE:
RUN:
12/10/09
12/11/04
JOB#: 68334
ID#: 11470
12.0
YIELD LOCUS
Steady State
0.0 hrs 22 deg C
24.0 hrs
V1
Fc inst
22 deg C
Fc 24. hrs 11.3 kPa

Delta
61.1 deg
40.1 deg
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
Phi
2.0
0.0
14.0 kPa
9.7 kPa
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
Plot 62
10.0
12.0
BULK MATERIAL: GFI

CREATE:
RUN:
12/10/09
12/11/04
JOB#: 68334
ID#: 11470
2000.0
1000.0
3000.0
1.00
10.0
Plot 63
100.0
BULK MATERIAL: GFI

CREATE:
RUN:
12/10/09
12/11/04
JOB#: 68334
ID#: 11470

0.0 hrs
4.0
8.0
24.0 hrs
0.0
12.0
WALL YIELD LOCUS
0.0
4.0
8.0
12.0
16.0
20.0
24.0
20.0
24.0
60.0
40.0
20.0
PHI-PRIME, degrees
80.0
WALL FRICTION ANGLE
0.0
4.0
8.0
12.0
16.0

Plot 64
BULK MATERIAL: GFI

CREATE:
RUN:
12/10/09
12/11/04
JOB#: 68334
ID#: 11470

0.0 hrs
4.0
8.0
24.0 hrs
0.0
12.0
WALL YIELD LOCUS
0.0
4.0
8.0
12.0
16.0
20.0
24.0
20.0
24.0
60.0
30.0
0.0
PHI-PRIME, degrees
90.0
WALL FRICTION ANGLE
0.0
4.0
8.0
12.0
16.0

Plot 65
BULK MATERIAL: GFI

CREATE:
RUN:
12/10/09
12/11/04
JOB#: 68334
ID#: 11470

0.0 hrs
4.0
8.0
24.0 hrs
0.0
12.0
WALL YIELD LOCUS
0.0
4.0
8.0
12.0
16.0
20.0
24.0
20.0
24.0
60.0
40.0
20.0
PHI-PRIME, degrees
80.0
WALL FRICTION ANGLE
0.0
4.0
8.0
12.0
16.0

Plot 66
BULK MATERIAL: GFI

CREATE:
RUN:
12/10/09
12/11/04
JOB#: 68334
ID#: 11470

90.0

60.0
45.0
30.0
15.0
0.0
75.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
Plot 67
8.0
10.0
12.0
BULK MATERIAL: GFI

CREATE:
RUN:
12/10/09
12/11/04
JOB#: 68334
ID#: 11470

90.0

60.0
45.0
30.0
15.0
0.0
75.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
Plot 68
8.0
10.0
12.0
BULK MATERIAL: GFI

CREATE:
RUN:
12/10/09
12/11/04
JOB#: 68334
ID#: 11470

90.0
for Astralloy V
60.0
45.0
30.0
15.0
0.0
75.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
Plot 69
8.0
10.0
12.0
BULK MATERIAL: GFH Zogota

CREATE:
RUN:
12/10/02
12/11/04
JOB#: 68334
ID#: 11465
70.0
DELTA
PHI 0.00 hrs
PHI 24.00 hrs
50.0
30.0
90.0
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
100.0
120.0
60.0
FLOW FUNCTION(S)
0.0 hrs 22 deg C
24.0 hrs 22 deg C
Cone ffcr = 1.29
40.0
20.0
0.0
Strength f, kPa
Wedge ffcr = 1.20
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0

Plot 70

CREATE:
RUN:
12/10/02
12/11/04
JOB#: 68334
ID#: 11465
36.0
YIELD LOCUS
Steady State
0.0 hrs 22 deg C
24.0 hrs
V1
Fc inst
22 deg C
Fc 24. hrs 35.5 kPa

Delta
49.6 deg
42.6 deg
12.0
18.0
24.0
30.0
Phi
6.0
0.0
94.8 kPa
28.1 kPa
0.0
6.0
12.0
18.0
24.0
Plot 71
30.0
36.0

CREATE:
RUN:
12/10/02
12/11/04
JOB#: 68334
ID#: 11465
18.0
YIELD LOCUS
Steady State
0.0 hrs 22 deg C
24.0 hrs
V1
Fc inst
22 deg C
Fc 24. hrs 12.9 kPa

Delta
50.5 deg
38.8 deg
6.0
9.0
12.0
15.0
Phi
3.0
0.0
23.4 kPa
10.3 kPa
0.0
3.0
6.0
9.0
12.0
Plot 72
15.0
18.0

CREATE:
RUN:
12/10/02
12/11/04
JOB#: 68334
ID#: 11465
12.0
YIELD LOCUS
Steady State
0.0 hrs 22 deg C
24.0 hrs
V1
Fc inst
22 deg C
Fc 24. hrs 6.9 kPa

Delta
52.7 deg
37.9 deg
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
Phi
2.0
0.0
11.3 kPa
5.9 kPa
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
Plot 73
10.0
12.0

CREATE:
RUN:
12/10/02
12/11/04
JOB#: 68334
ID#: 11465
2000.0
1000.0
3000.0
1.00
10.0
Plot 74
100.0

CREATE:
RUN:
12/10/02
12/11/04
JOB#: 68334
ID#: 11465
12.0
sieve analysis
6.0
0.0
18.0
0.00100
6 7 8 9
0.0100
6 7 8 9
0.100
6 7 8 9
1.00

#50
#20
#10
#6
1/4"
1/2"
60.0
90.0
#100
30.0
0.0
100.0
#200
0.00100
6 7 8 9
0.0100
6 7 8 9

Plot 75
0.100
6 7 8 9
1.00

CREATE:
RUN:
12/10/02
12/11/04
JOB#: 68334
ID#: 11465

0.0 hrs
4.0
8.0
24.0 hrs
0.0
12.0
WALL YIELD LOCUS
0.0
4.0
8.0
12.0
16.0
20.0
24.0
20.0
24.0
60.0
30.0
0.0
PHI-PRIME, degrees
90.0
WALL FRICTION ANGLE
0.0
4.0
8.0
12.0
16.0

Plot 76

CREATE:
RUN:
12/10/02
12/11/04
JOB#: 68334
ID#: 11465

0.0 hrs
4.0
8.0
24.0 hrs
0.0
12.0
WALL YIELD LOCUS
0.0
4.0
8.0
12.0
16.0
20.0
24.0
20.0
24.0
60.0
40.0
20.0
PHI-PRIME, degrees
80.0
WALL FRICTION ANGLE
0.0
4.0
8.0
12.0
16.0

Plot 77

CREATE:
RUN:
12/10/02
12/11/04
JOB#: 68334
ID#: 11465

0.0 hrs
4.0
8.0
24.0 hrs
0.0
12.0
WALL YIELD LOCUS
0.0
4.0
8.0
12.0
16.0
20.0
24.0
20.0
24.0
60.0
40.0
20.0
PHI-PRIME, degrees
80.0
WALL FRICTION ANGLE
0.0
4.0
8.0
12.0
16.0

Plot 78

CREATE:
RUN:
12/10/02
12/11/04
JOB#: 68334
ID#: 11465

90.0

60.0
45.0
30.0
15.0
0.0
75.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
Plot 79
8.0
10.0
12.0

CREATE:
RUN:
12/10/02
12/11/04
JOB#: 68334
ID#: 11465

90.0

60.0
45.0
30.0
15.0
0.0
75.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
Plot 80
8.0
10.0
12.0

CREATE:
RUN:
12/10/02
12/11/04
JOB#: 68334
ID#: 11465

90.0
for Astralloy V
60.0
45.0
30.0
15.0
0.0
75.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
Plot 81
8.0
10.0
12.0

CREATE:
RUN:
12/10/09
12/11/04
JOB#: 68334
ID#: 11471
70.0
DELTA
PHI 0.00 hrs
PHI 24.00 hrs
50.0
30.0
90.0
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
100.0
120.0
60.0
FLOW FUNCTION(S)
0.0 hrs 22 deg C
24.0 hrs 22 deg C
Cone ffcr = 1.30
40.0
20.0
0.0
Strength f, kPa
Wedge ffcr = 1.20
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0

Plot 82

CREATE:
RUN:
12/10/09
12/11/04
JOB#: 68334
ID#: 11471
36.0
YIELD LOCUS
Steady State
0.0 hrs 22 deg C
24.0 hrs
V1
Fc inst
22 deg C
Fc 24. hrs 42.7 kPa

Delta
48.5 deg
42.3 deg
12.0
18.0
24.0
30.0
Phi
6.0
0.0
102.6 kPa
27.3 kPa
0.0
6.0
12.0
18.0
24.0
Plot 83
30.0
36.0

CREATE:
RUN:
12/10/09
12/11/04
JOB#: 68334
ID#: 11471
24.0
YIELD LOCUS
Steady State
0.0 hrs 22 deg C
24.0 hrs
V1
Fc inst
22 deg C
Fc 24. hrs 13.4 kPa

Delta
50.5 deg
42.6 deg
8.0
12.0
16.0
20.0
Phi
4.0
0.0
26.1 kPa
8.6 kPa
0.0
4.0
8.0
12.0
16.0
Plot 84
20.0
24.0

CREATE:
RUN:
12/10/09
12/11/04
JOB#: 68334
ID#: 11471
12.0
YIELD LOCUS
Steady State
0.0 hrs 22 deg C
24.0 hrs
V1
Fc inst
22 deg C
Fc 24. hrs 9.9 kPa

Delta
52.6 deg
38.0 deg
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
Phi
2.0
0.0
13.4 kPa
7.0 kPa
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
Plot 85
10.0
12.0

CREATE:
RUN:
12/10/09
12/11/04
JOB#: 68334
ID#: 11471
2000.0
1000.0
3000.0
1.00
10.0
Plot 86
100.0

CREATE:
RUN:
12/10/09
12/11/04
JOB#: 68334
ID#: 11471

0.0 hrs
4.0
8.0
24.0 hrs
0.0
12.0
WALL YIELD LOCUS
0.0
4.0
8.0
12.0
16.0
20.0
24.0
20.0
24.0
60.0
30.0
0.0
PHI-PRIME, degrees
90.0
WALL FRICTION ANGLE
0.0
4.0
8.0
12.0
16.0

Plot 87

CREATE:
RUN:
12/10/09
12/11/04
JOB#: 68334
ID#: 11471

0.0 hrs
4.0
8.0
24.0 hrs
0.0
12.0
WALL YIELD LOCUS
0.0
4.0
8.0
12.0
16.0
20.0
24.0
20.0
24.0
60.0
30.0
0.0
PHI-PRIME, degrees
90.0
WALL FRICTION ANGLE
0.0
4.0
8.0
12.0
16.0

Plot 88

CREATE:
RUN:
12/10/09
12/11/04
JOB#: 68334
ID#: 11471

0.0 hrs
4.0
8.0
24.0 hrs
0.0
12.0
WALL YIELD LOCUS
0.0
4.0
8.0
12.0
16.0
20.0
24.0
20.0
24.0
60.0
30.0
0.0
PHI-PRIME, degrees
90.0
WALL FRICTION ANGLE
0.0
4.0
8.0
12.0
16.0

Plot 89

CREATE:
RUN:
12/10/09
12/11/04
JOB#: 68334
ID#: 11471

90.0

60.0
45.0
30.0
15.0
0.0
75.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
Plot 90
8.0
10.0
12.0

CREATE:
RUN:
12/10/09
12/11/04
JOB#: 68334
ID#: 11471

90.0

60.0
45.0
30.0
15.0
0.0
75.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
Plot 91
8.0
10.0
12.0

CREATE:
RUN:
12/10/09
12/11/04
JOB#: 68334
ID#: 11471

90.0
for Astralloy V
60.0
45.0
30.0
15.0
0.0
75.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
Plot 92
8.0
10.0
12.0
BULK MATERIAL: GFH The Gaff

CREATE:
RUN:
12/10/02
12/11/04
JOB#: 68334
ID#: 11466
70.0
DELTA
PHI 0.00 hrs
PHI 24.00 hrs
50.0
30.0
90.0
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
100.0
120.0
60.0
FLOW FUNCTION(S)
0.0 hrs 22 deg C
24.0 hrs 22 deg C
Cone ffcr = 1.16
40.0
20.0
0.0
Strength f, kPa
Wedge ffcr = 1.01
0.0
20.0
40.0
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80.0

Plot 93

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RUN:
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JOB#: 68334
ID#: 11466
30.0
YIELD LOCUS
Steady State
0.0 hrs 22 deg C
24.0 hrs
V1
Fc inst
22 deg C
Fc 24. hrs 37.4 kPa

Delta
44.8 deg
34.1 deg
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
Phi
5.0
0.0
87.3 kPa
33.7 kPa
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
Plot 94
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ID#: 11466
18.0
YIELD LOCUS
Steady State
0.0 hrs 22 deg C
24.0 hrs
V1
Fc inst
22 deg C
Fc 24. hrs 15.0 kPa

Delta
51.8 deg
36.2 deg
6.0
9.0
12.0
15.0
Phi
3.0
0.0
23.8 kPa
12.7 kPa
0.0
3.0
6.0
9.0
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Plot 95
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ID#: 11466
12.0
YIELD LOCUS
Steady State
0.0 hrs 22 deg C
24.0 hrs
V1
Fc inst
22 deg C
Fc 24. hrs 10.4 kPa

Delta
58.5 deg
39.1 deg
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
Phi
2.0
0.0
13.4 kPa
8.7 kPa
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
Plot 96
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16.0
sieve analysis
8.0
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24.0
0.00100
6 7 8 9
0.0100
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0.100
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1.00

#50
#20
#10
#6
1/4"
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60.0
90.0
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#200
0.00100
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0.0100
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Plot 98
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PHI-PRIME, degrees
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WALL FRICTION ANGLE
0.0
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PHI-PRIME, degrees
90.0
WALL FRICTION ANGLE
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Plot 100

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PHI-PRIME, degrees
90.0
WALL FRICTION ANGLE
0.0
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Plot 101

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for Astralloy V
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60.0
DELTA
PHI 0.00 hrs
PHI 24.00 hrs
30.0
0.0
90.0
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
100.0
120.0
60.0
FLOW FUNCTION(S)
0.0 hrs 22 deg C
24.0 hrs 22 deg C
Cone ffcr = 1.27
40.0
20.0
0.0
Strength f, kPa
Wedge ffcr = 1.17
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0

Plot 105

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ID#: 11472
30.0
YIELD LOCUS
Steady State
0.0 hrs 22 deg C
24.0 hrs
V1
Fc inst
22 deg C
Fc 24. hrs 50.0 kPa

Delta
46.1 deg
38.5 deg
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
Phi
5.0
0.0
84.7 kPa
25.4 kPa
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
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ID#: 11472
24.0
YIELD LOCUS
Steady State
0.0 hrs 22 deg C
24.0 hrs
V1
Fc inst
22 deg C
Fc 24. hrs 28.6 kPa

Delta
60.7 deg
45.0 deg
8.0
12.0
16.0
20.0
Phi
4.0
0.0
23.8 kPa
14.4 kPa
0.0
4.0
8.0
12.0
16.0
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CREATE:
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ID#: 11472
12.0
YIELD LOCUS
Steady State
0.0 hrs 22 deg C
24.0 hrs
V1
Fc inst
22 deg C
Fc 24. hrs 15.8 kPa

Delta
52.6 deg
13.6 deg
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
Phi
2.0
0.0
10.6 kPa
8.7 kPa
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
Plot 108
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Plot 109
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20.0
24.0
60.0
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0.0
PHI-PRIME, degrees
90.0
WALL FRICTION ANGLE
0.0
4.0
8.0
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16.0

Plot 110

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24.0
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60.0
30.0
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PHI-PRIME, degrees
90.0
WALL FRICTION ANGLE
0.0
4.0
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16.0

Plot 111

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24.0
20.0
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60.0
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PHI-PRIME, degrees
90.0
WALL FRICTION ANGLE
0.0
4.0
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16.0

Plot 112

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ID#: 11472

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45.0
30.0
15.0
0.0
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Plot 113
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90.0

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Plot 114
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90.0
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BULK MATERIAL: AFH The Gaff

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ID#: 11467
70.0
DELTA
PHI 0.00 hrs
PHI 24.00 hrs
50.0
30.0
90.0
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
100.0
120.0
60.0
FLOW FUNCTION(S)
0.0 hrs 22 deg C
24.0 hrs 22 deg C
Cone ffcr = 1.16
40.0
20.0
0.0
Strength f, kPa
Wedge ffcr = 1.02
0.0
20.0
40.0
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80.0

Plot 116

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ID#: 11467
30.0
YIELD LOCUS
Steady State
0.0 hrs 22 deg C
24.0 hrs
V1
Fc inst
22 deg C
Fc 24. hrs 38.8 kPa

Delta
44.2 deg
34.0 deg
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
Phi
5.0
0.0
89.0 kPa
32.9 kPa
0.0
5.0
10.0
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20.0
Plot 117
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ID#: 11467
18.0
YIELD LOCUS
Steady State
0.0 hrs 22 deg C
24.0 hrs
V1
Fc inst
22 deg C
Fc 24. hrs 15.1 kPa

Delta
50.7 deg
32.9 deg
6.0
9.0
12.0
15.0
Phi
3.0
0.0
23.0 kPa
13.1 kPa
0.0
3.0
6.0
9.0
12.0
Plot 118
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12.0
YIELD LOCUS
Steady State
0.0 hrs 22 deg C
24.0 hrs
V1
Fc inst
22 deg C
Fc 24. hrs 9.0 kPa

Delta
56.6 deg
36.8 deg
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
Phi
2.0
0.0
11.7 kPa
7.5 kPa
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
Plot 119
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ID#: 11467
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20.0
sieve analysis
10.0
0.0
30.0
0.00100
6 7 8 9
0.0100
6 7 8 9
0.100
6 7 8 9
1.00

#50
#20
#10
#6
1/4"
1/2"
60.0
90.0
#100
30.0
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100.0
#200
0.00100
6 7 8 9
0.0100
6 7 8 9

Plot 121
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PHI-PRIME, degrees
90.0
WALL FRICTION ANGLE
0.0
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Plot 122

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ID#: 11467

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PHI-PRIME, degrees
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WALL FRICTION ANGLE
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Plot 123

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PHI-PRIME, degrees
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WALL FRICTION ANGLE
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Plot 124

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ID#: 11467

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ID#: 11473
70.0
DELTA
PHI 0.00 hrs
PHI 24.00 hrs
50.0
30.0
90.0
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
100.0
120.0
60.0
FLOW FUNCTION(S)
0.0 hrs 22 deg C
24.0 hrs 22 deg C
Cone ffcr = 1.31
40.0
20.0
0.0
Strength f, kPa
Wedge ffcr = 1.22
0.0
20.0
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80.0

Plot 128

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ID#: 11473
30.0
YIELD LOCUS
Steady State
0.0 hrs 22 deg C
24.0 hrs
V1
Fc inst
22 deg C
Fc 24. hrs 55.7 kPa

Delta
47.8 deg
45.3 deg
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
Phi
5.0
0.0
84.4 kPa
10.0 kPa
0.0
5.0
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ID#: 11473
18.0
YIELD LOCUS
Steady State
0.0 hrs 22 deg C
24.0 hrs
V1
Fc inst
22 deg C
Fc 24. hrs 21.9 kPa

Delta
52.2 deg
41.1 deg
6.0
9.0
12.0
15.0
Phi
3.0
0.0
24.3 kPa
10.5 kPa
0.0
3.0
6.0
9.0
12.0
Plot 130
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ID#: 11473
12.0
YIELD LOCUS
Steady State
0.0 hrs 22 deg C
24.0 hrs
V1
Fc inst
22 deg C
Fc 24. hrs 15.9 kPa

Delta
48.2 deg
30.3 deg
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
Phi
2.0
0.0
11.2 kPa
6.2 kPa
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
Plot 131
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ID#: 11473
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8.0
12.0
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60.0
30.0
0.0
PHI-PRIME, degrees
90.0
WALL FRICTION ANGLE
0.0
4.0
8.0
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16.0

Plot 133

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ID#: 11473

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20.0
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60.0
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PHI-PRIME, degrees
90.0
WALL FRICTION ANGLE
0.0
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16.0

Plot 134

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ID#: 11473

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Plot 135

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ID#: 11473

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APPENDIX
SELECTION OF BIN AND FEEDER

Types of bins
A bin (silo, bunker) generally consists of a vertical cylinder and sloping, converging
hopper.
The first step in the process of bin selection is to decide on the type of bin required. From
the standpoint of flow, there are three types: mass flow, funnel flow and expanded flow.
Mass flow bins
In a mass flow bin, the hopper is sufficiently steep and smooth to cause flow of all the
solids without stagnant regions whenever any solids are withdrawn.
Mass flow bins, examples of which are shown in Fig. A1, have certain advantages. Flow is
uniform, and the feed density is practically independent of the head of solids in the bin.
This frequently permits the use of volumetric feeders for feed rate control. Since stagnant
regions are eliminated, low level indicators work reliably. Even though the solids may
segregate at the point of charge into the bin, segregation of the discharge is minimized by
the first-in-first-out flow sequence associated with mass flow. This flow sequence also
ensures uniform residence time and deaeration of a fine powder.
Mass flow bins are recommended when handling cohesive materials, powders, materials
which degrade with time, and when segregation needs to be minimized.
Ledges and protrusions are not permitted in a mass flow hopper. In addition the outlet must
be fully effective. If the hopper is equipped with a shut-off gate, the gate must not prevent
flow of material along the hopper wall. If a feeder is used, it must draw material across the
full outlet area. (See "Feeders" below)
Mass flow bins can be used for in-bin blending. Of particular benefit in this regard is Jenike
& Johansons patented BINSERT system. This device controls the flow pattern of solids
in a bin.
Funnel flow bins
Funnel flow occurs when the hopper is not sufficiently steep and smooth to force material
to slide along the walls. It also occurs when the outlet of a mass flow bin is not fully
effective. Examples of funnel flow bins are shown in Fig. A2.
In a funnel flow bin, solids flow toward the outlet through a channel that forms within
stagnant material. With non-free-flowing solids, this channel expands to a diameter that
approximates the largest dimension of the outlet. When the outlet is fully effective, this
dimension is its diameter if circular, or the diagonal if it is square or rectangular. The
channel will be stable if its diameter is less than the critical rathole diameter.
With free-flowing solids, the flow channel expands at an angle which depends on the
effective angle of friction of the material. The resulting flow channel is generally circular
with a diameter in excess of the outlet diameter or diagonal.
A1
When the bin discharge rate is greater than the charge rate, the level of solids within the
channel drops causing layers to slough off the top of the stagnant mass and fall into the
channel. This spasmodic behavior is detrimental with cohesive solids since the falling solid
packs on impact, thereby increasing the chance of arching. With sufficient cohesion
sloughing may cease, allowing the channel to empty out completely and form a stable
rathole. Aerated solids charged into this empty rathole may overflow the feeder.
When a fluidized powder is charged directly into a funnel flow channel at a sufficiently
high rate and is withdrawn at the same time, it has no chance to deaerate. It therefore
remains fluidized in the channel and floods when exiting the bin. A rotary valve is often
used under these conditions to contain the material, but a uniform flow rate cannot be
ensured because flow into the valve is erratic.
In general funnel flow bins are only suitable for coarse, free-flowing or slightly cohesive,
non-degrading solids when segregation is unimportant.
Converting funnel flow bins to mass flow can often be achieved with relatively little
expense. One way to do this is to use the BINSERT system referred to in the paragraph
on blending above. Another way is to install a low friction liner.
Expanded flow bins
Examples of expanded flow bins are shown in Fig. A3. The lower part of such a bin
operates with flow along the hopper walls (similar to mass flow) while the upper part
operates in funnel flow. The mass flow outlet usually requires a smaller feeder than would
be the case for a funnel flow bin. The mass flow hopper section should expand the flow
channel to a diagonal or diameter equal to or greater than the critical rathole diameter. This
eliminates the likelihood of ratholing in the funnel flow section.
These bins are used for storage of large quantities of non-degrading solids. This design is
also useful as a modification of existing funnel flow bins to correct erratic flow caused by
arching, ratholing or flooding.
This concept can be used with multiple outlet as shown in Fig. A3 (b) where
simultaneously flowing mass flow hoppers are placed close enough together to cause a
combined flow channel larger than the critical rathole diameter.
With extremely free-flowing solids such as plastic pellets, cement clinker and coarse sand,
both funnel flow and expanded flow bins may pulsate. This is caused by the flow pattern
suddenly switching from a steady state, central channel-type flow to a much more
extensive secondary flow pattern that may extend to the bin walls. Such a condition may
reduce segregation problems, but the shock loads imposed may seriously challenge the
structural integrity of the bin.
Feeders
Feeders are used to control the rate of material discharge from a bin (hopper, silo, bunker)
outlet. They must not be confused with conveyors which simply transport material from
one point to another. Common feeders include screws, belts, rotary vanes, rotary plows,
rotary tables, vibrating pans, and vibrating louvers. The rate of material being discharged is
most commonly controlled volumetrically from these feeders, i.e., the volume of material
per unit time may be varied by changing feeder speed, amplitude or frequency. Several of
these
A2
feeders may also operate gravimetrically, i.e.,the mass of material per unit time is measured
and controlled.
Proper feeder selection depends on a number of factors based on the bin choice and feed
requirements.
Two major objectives for efficient feeder design are uniform withdrawal of the material
from the entire bin outlet area (i.e., fully effective) and minimizing the material loads on
the feeder, all within the process requirements of flow rate and layout. In order to ensure
that the outlet is fully effective, the choice of feeder must be based on the outlet size and
shape. If the requirements of bin selection dictate that the outlet be slotted, the feeder must
increase in capacity in the direction of feed to ensure a uniform draw of material across the
entire outlet. The choice of feeders is generally limited to either a belt or screw. If the
feeders capacity does not increase properly, the feeder will tend to draw material either
from the front or back of the slot resulting in a high velocity flow channel having a
diameter only one to two times the width of the slot. This becomes critical when feeding
powders as the powder may remain fluidized within this channel and flood on exiting the
bin.
To limit high initial loads and starting torque caused by differential settlement between the
hopper and the feeder, it is essential that the feeder be either suspended from the bin itself
or supported on a flexible frame so as to readily deflect with the bin as solids are added to
it.
Detailed feeder selection guidelines are explained in technical papers available from Jenike
& Johanson, several of which are listed in the Technical Papers Reference at the end of this
Appendix.
DISCUSSION OF TEST REPORT DATA
In the discussion which follows, each Section of the test report is explained in general
terms. Please refer to Figs. A1, A2, and A3 where many of the symbols are shown. The
symbols and other terms used in the text are explained in the Glossary of Terms and
Symbols on pages A12 to A14. The concepts of gravity flow of solids and examples of
application of solids flow data are described in technical papers available from Jenike &
Johanson. (See the Technical Papers Reference at the end of this Appendix).
Moisture
Unless otherwise noted, moisture values quoted in this report have been determined by
preparing three samples, approximately 15 g. each. If the material contains coarse particles,
each sample was first screened to-6 mesh. The samples were then dried at 107C for two
hours in a forced convection oven. The three values of loss in weight of each sample
divided by its original weight were averaged and denoted as the samples moisture.
Section I - Bin Dimensions for Dependable Flow
This section specifies the bin outlet dimensions necessary for dependable flow in both mass
flow and funnel flow bins. These dimensions have been calculated on the basis of the
frictional and cohesive properties of the solid given in a subsequent part of the report. In all
cases, it is assumed that flow takes place only under the action of gravity, i.e., without
internal or external assistance.
A3
In general these dimensions are a function of the time the solid remains in storage at rest,
its moisture content, temperature, particle size and overpressure, if any, that is applied to it
during storage. The P-FACTORs given in the table are ratios of applied compaction
pressure to that pressure resulting from gravity flow only. If there are no overpressures
present, the critical dimensions for P-FACTOR = 1.0 should be used. If the P-FACTOR is
greater than 1.0, it is assumed that overpressures have been exerted on the solid during
storage, but are removed when the solid is required to flow. See pages A5 to A6 for
calculation of P-FACTORs. If overpressures are applied during discharge, additional
considerations are required; contact a Jenike & Johanson engineer to discuss your specific
application.
When considering the effect of overpressure which acts on a solid during time of storage at
rest, it is not necessary that the overpressure act during the entire time at rest. Soon after an
overpressure has been applied, a solid reaches the maximum densification associated with
the overpressure. Hence, the critical outlet dimensions will be essentially the same whether
the overpressure acts for a short time or continuously during the entire time at rest.
Mass flow bins have hopper walls which are smooth enough and steep enough to cause
flow along them; hence, stable channels within the material (ratholes) do not develop. Only
two dimensions, both of which are shown in Fig. A1, are specified: BC, the minimum
outlet diameter for a conical hopper; and BP, the minimum width for a slotted or oval
outlet. The length of the slot or oval should be at least three times its width or the end walls
must be vertical and smooth for BP to apply. These outlet dimensions are recommended to
prevent cohesive arching. Particle interlocking should also be considered.
A funnel flow bin is created whenever the hopper walls are not steep enough and smooth
enough to cause flow along them. Slotted outlets are recommended for these bins unless the
material is quite free flowing. To prevent stable arches from forming, the width of the slot
must be at least equal to BF. In a funnel flow bin the solid is held up at the walls and flows
only within a circular channel whose diameter is approximately equal to the diameter or
length of the effective outlet. If this flow channel diameter is less than the critical rathole
diameter DF given in the report, a stable rathole is likely to form, and the live capacity of
the bin will be essentially only that material which is in the flow channel above the outlet.
To prevent stable ratholes from forming, funnel flow bins should be designed with slotted
outlets of length at least as long as DF.
In general DF is proportional to the consolidating pressure imposed on the solid during
filling of the bin. Hence, in the upper regions of a bin where pressures are low, the critical
rathole diameter DF is small and the flow channel diameter may exceed DF. This causes
the rathole to be unstable at this point allowing the material to collapse into the stable
rathole below. A partial emptying of the bin will result.
Calculation of Effective Head - (EH)
The critical rathole diameter DF is a function of the major consolidating pressure which
acts on the solids in the bin. It is convenient to express this pressure in terms of EH, the
effective consolidating head of solid in the bin, as follows:
or
EH = [R/( k)] [1 - e -k H/R]
(1)
EH = 2R
whichever is larger. The parameters are:

A4
R = hydraulic radius of the cylindrical portion of the bin, i.e., ratio of cross sectional
area to circumference
R = D/4 for a circular cylinder of diameter D or a square cylinder of side D
R = W/2 for a long rectangular cylinder of width W
= tan(PHI-PRIME), coefficient of friction between the stored solid and the cylinder
walls (see Section III)
k = ratio of horizontal to vertical solids pressure. A value of 0.4 is usually acceptable
within cylinders
H = height of the cylindrical portion of a bin
When the feeder is properly designed for uniform flow and when convergence of the
hopper extends to the feeder, the effective head (EH) of solid on the feeder during flow in a
mass flow bin is approximately
EH = BP for a transition mass flow hopper
EH = BC/2 for a conical mass flow hopper
(2)
See page A4 for definitions of BP and BC.

Initial loads may be several times these values.
Calculation of P-FACTORs
The magnitude of the overpressure factor can be estimated for vibration, impact during
charging into the bin, external loading, and fluid flow loading as follows (note these are
valid only if applied prior to flow):
Vibration. Vibration has two effects: while it tends to break arches that obstruct flow, it
also packs the solid in stagnant regions thereby giving it greater strength. In order to allow
for this packing, the recommended outlet dimensions at zero time at rest for a P-FACTOR
of 1.5 may be used as an approximation when calculating critical arching dimensions for
use with vibrating equipment.
Vibrators are suitable for materials which are free flowing under conditions of continuous
flow but cake and gain strength when stored at rest for hours or days. Hoppers for these
materials should be equipped with pads for mounting external vibrators. Vibrators should
be used only to initiate flow and turned off once flow has started.
Fine powders and wet materials tend to pack severely when vibrated; hence, vibrating
equipment is generally not recommended for them.
P-FACTOR = (1 + az/g) or ay/g
(3)
whichever is larger, where:

az = vertical upward component of acceleration imposed on the solid
ay = horizontal component of acceleration imposed on the solid
g = gravitational acceleration constant
A5
Impact pressure from fall into a bin . A coarse material compacts as it is charged into a bin
under the impact of the falling particles. When the material contains fines and the impact
area is close to the outlet, the impact P-FACTOR should be used in the design.
____
P-FACTOR = ( 1 + m ) [w/(A B GAMMA)] 2h/g
(4)
where:
w
h
m
m
A
B
GAMMA
=
=
=
=
=
=
weight flow rate into the bin

height of fall
0 for a long rectangular outlet
1 for a circular or square outlet
area impacted by falling stream of solids
outlet size or bin dimensions in the region of impact, i.e., the diameter in a
conical hopper or the width in a wedge shaped or transition hopper
= bulk density of solid
External loading . If the solid has been compacted by an external load F (such as the
weight of a tractor passing over an outside stockpile), the overpressure factor at the point of
application is given by
P-FACTOR = ( 1 + m ) F/(A B GAMMA)
(5)
where:
A = area of load application
Liquid or gas flow loading . If the solid has been subjected during storage to fluid or gas
flow such as may have been imposed by an air blaster, draining of a saturated solid or the
flow of air or gas during drying or chemical processing, the overpressure factor is given by
P-FACTOR = 1 + (dp/dz)/(GAMMA)
(6)
where:
dp/dz = the (vertical) liquid or gas pressure gradient at the bin outlet where z is
positive upward.
Limits on Bin Sizes
The bin dimensions in part A of this Section I apply to bins of unlimited maximum size.
However, some materials will compact in large bins causing large stable arches in the
upper part of the hopper while the lower portion may discharge without a problem. This
can lead to a very dangerous condition when a large arch is broken high in the hopper. The
impact of the falling material may cause structural damage to the bin and possibly tear the
hopper from the vertical bin section. If the material is capable of this type of behavior, an
additional part B is included which gives the maximum allowable mass flow bin and
hopper dimensions.
Often the upper limits on bin size occur only for compaction with time or for significant
overpressure conditions. If this is the case, the bin can be designed for an unlimited size
provided the critical time and overpressure values are not exceeded during the bin
operation.
A6
Section II Bulk Density

The bulk density GAMMA of a material is used in bin load and capacity calculations.
Values of bulk density of the sample tested are given in Section II as a function of the
Effective Head of solid EH and the major principal consolidating pressure SIGMA1. The
relationship is:
SIGMA1 = EH GAMMA
(7)
Within the cylindrical part of a bin, the effective consolidating head EH is given by eq.(1).
At the outlet of a mass flow bin, the head is given by eq.(2).
Note that if the sample tested is the fine fraction of a material having a wide range of
particle size, inclusion of the coarser particles will usually increase the bulk densities above
those given in this section.
Bulk density values have been computed from measured compressibility parameters of the
material which are also given in Section II. In general, all materials have a minimum density
GAMMA MINIMUM without fluidization. The relationship between bulk density and
consolidating pressure only applies when densities are greater than GAMMA MINIMUM.
Section III Maximum hopper Angles for Mass Flow
A solid sliding on a bin wall encounters frictional resistance proportional to the tangent of
the wall friction angle PHI-PRIME. This angle generally depends not only on the
roughness of the wall but also on the pressure which the solid exerts on the wall. For many
hard wall surfaces, the friction angle decreases as the solids contact pressure increases. This
pressure, which varies with position in the bin, is usually smallest at the outlet; therefore,
the hopper angle required is often dictated by the outlet size selected.
THETA-C and THETA-P are the recommended maximum hopper wall angles, measured
from the vertical, for conical and transition mass flow hoppers, respectively. See Fig. A1.
These values have been calculated from the friction test (wall yield loci) included at the end
of the report and are tabulated for a series of widths of oval hoppers and diameters of
conical hoppers.
To minimize headroom consider changing the slope of the hopper wall as a function of
position. For example, if a conical hopper is to be designed with an outlet diameter of 1 ft.
and the recommended THETA-C is 14 at 1 ft. diameter and 23 at 2 ft. and larger
diameters, use two conical sections. In the lower section where the diameter varies from
1 ft. to 2 ft., use a hopper angle of 14 . Above the 2 ft. diameter, use a hopper angle of 23.
Often, both continuous flow and time friction test are run on a material. If the solid adheres
to the wall with time, the time test results will indicate an increase in friction angles. To
overcome this time effect, the hopper walls should be made steeper, as recommended, or
other means - such as vibration of the bin walls - should be provided to initiate flow.
A7
Section IV Critical Solids Flow Rate

Coarse bulk solids
The maximum rate Q at which a coarse solid (say, 95% plus 1/4 in.) flows out of a mass
flow hopper is practically independent of the head of solid and is approximately given by
________________________
Q = (A GAMMA) B g/[2(1 + m) tan (THETA)]
(8)
where:
A = area of the outlet
B = diameter or width of the outlet
THETA = planar hopper wall angle for rectangular or oval outlets, or
= conical hopper wall angle for circular outlets
Fine bulk solids
Predicting the flow rate of fine solids from mass flow bins is more complicated because
their outflow is critically affected by the amount of air entrained in the solid.
Two limiting cases may occur: first, the bin may be charged and discharged at such a rapid
rate that a large amount of air is entrained within the solid. As a result the solid may flood
uncontrollably from the outlet independent of feeder speeds. The prediction of this critical
flooding condition requires an extensive two-phase flow calculation using a Jenike &
Johanson proprietary computer program and is not a part of this Flow Properties Test
Report.
Second, the bin may be filled intermittently with sufficient retention time before
discharging so that the powder is deaerated. As a result there may be a deficiency of air as
the solids expand upon discharging. This generally causes a critical flow rate at the outlet
which is tabulated in this section as a function of Effective Head of solid in the bin. Above
this critical rate, flow will be non-steady.
The critical rates are computed on the assumption that there is no air in-flow or out-flow
along the height of the bin, that air pressure at the outlet of the bin is the same as at the top
of the bin, and that the feeder outlet is not sealed against air in-flow. Should the operating
conditions deviate from these assumptions, a controlled rate different from the critical may
be possible.
If the tabulated flow rates are smaller than desired, it may be necessary to: use an air
permeation system to increase the rate; increase the outlet size; decrease the bin size; or
limit the storage time to prevent deaeration of the solid. Jenike & Johanson can analyze the
system and make recommendations.
If the specified flow rate from a bin is close to critical values, it is particularly important
that the feeder withdraw uniformly across the entire outlet. If this is not done, localized
limiting rate effects may occur at the outlet, especially at the ends of a slotted outlet. This
may result in pulsating flow from the bin, the development of fast flowing columns and an
uncontrolled rate of withdrawal with flooding.
A8
All the above comments apply as well when a gas other than air is used in the bin. The
critical property is the viscosity of the gas. The permeability test run by Jenike & Johanson
are usually done with air at room temperature. When the gas or the temperature is different,
the coefficient of permeability needs to be modified, as discussed below.
Section V Air Permeability Test Results
Values of air permeability are expressed as a function of the bulk density of the solid.
These values are used in the calculation of critical flow rates, given in Section IV, and in
the design of air permeation systems. Permeability is also used for purge vessel or drier
design and when fluidization is recommended.
The equation given in this section and the test method are both based on the assumption of
laminar flow of gas. This assumption is generally valid for all powders and for most
materials which have a significant portion of particles less than 20 mesh in size.
The permeability factor K has dimensions of velocity and is inversely proportional to the
viscosity of the gas. The results can be adjusted to elevated temperatures and to other gases
by multiplying the constant K0 by the ratio viscosity of air at room temperature to that of
the gas at the temperature in question.
A9
Section VI Chutes
A chute, unlike a hopper, does not operate full of material. As an example, a transfer chute
between two conveyors encloses and directs the stream of material, but discharges the
material before any level accumulates.
The chute design concepts given below only apply to a fast (i.e., accelerated) flow mode in
which material flows in contact with the chute bottom and side walls without contact with
the top surface. A good rule of thumb is that a chute should be sized such that it is no more
than one-third full in cross-section over the entire chute length. If the chute fills with
enough material, it may have to be considered a hopper. This case would require a proper
hopper design to ensure reliable flow.
In order to maintain material flow in a chute, its inside surface walls must be steep enough
and have sufficiently low friction to allow the material to flow along them. This is dictated
by the friction between the chute surface and the bulk material. This friction is dependent
upon the roughness of the surface and the impact pressure caused by the material hitting it.
The chute angle test measures the critical chute angles required for cleanoff as a function of
impact pressure for the limiting case where the material adheres to the surface. These
angles are used to determine the minimum chute angle required at an impact point to
overcome adhesion and ensure flow.
The test consists of loading a sample of the bulk solid on a representative coupon of the
chute surface with a range of loads to represent different impact pressures. After each load
is applied for a few seconds, the load is removed and the coupon is inclined about a distant
pivot point. The angle at which the bulk solid slides is plotted as a function of impact
pressure. Results are given in section VI of the test report.
The impact pressure, s, may be approximated using the following formula:
= Impact Pressure =
V 12
sin2
(9)
Where:
= bulk density (lbs. per cu. ft.)
= angle of impact between incoming stream and chute surface (degrees)
V1
g
= velocity before impact (for the case of a simple freefall, V12 = 2gh) (ft/s)
= acceleration due to gravity (32.2 ft/s2)
A10
A factor of 5 to 10 should be added to the highest measured value given to ensure

cleanoff.
Other design considerations include: controlling the particle stream, minimizing
(de)accelerations of particles, minimizing wear and power requirements on downstream
conveyors, minimizing abrasive wear of the chute itself, controlling dust, minimizing
attrition. For additional information on many of these considerations, see Jenike &
Johansons paper #145, "Design Principles for Chutes to Handle Bulk Solids."
A11
GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND SYMBOLS

Arching
- a no-flow condition in which material forms a stable arch (dome,

bridge) across the bin
Bin
- container for bulk solids with one or more outlets for withdrawal either
by gravity alone or by flow-promoting devices which assist gravity
Bunker
- same as bin, often used in reference to storing coal
Chute
- means of collecting material which, unlike a hopper, does not operate

full
Cylinder
- vertical part of a bin
Discharger
- device used to enhance material flow from a bin but which is not
capable of controlling the rate of withdrawal
Effective Head
- convenient way to express consolidating pressure by dividing it by

bulk density, see eqs. (1) and (2)
Elevator
- same as bin, often used in reference to storing grains
Expanded flow
- flow pattern which is a combination of mass flow and funnel flow
Feeder
- device for controlling the rate of withdrawal of bulk solid from a bin
Flow channel
- space in a bin through which a bulk solid is actually flowing during

withdrawal
Flooding, flushing - condition where an aerated bulk solid behaves like a fluid and flows
uncontrollably through an outlet or feeder
Funnel flow
- flow pattern in which a bulk solid flows in a channel formed within

stagnant material
Hopper
- converging part of a bin
Mass flow
- flow pattern in which all solid in a bin is in motion whenever any of it

is withdrawn
Piping
- same as ratholing
P-FACTOR
- the ratio of the applied solids compacting pressure to the solids

pressure during steady gravity flow, see eqs. (3) to (6)
Ratholing
- a no-flow condition in which material forms a stable vertical hole

within the bin
Silo
- same as bin
A12
- area of impact of falling stream of solids, area over which external load
is applied, or area of outlet, ft2
- acceleration along a chute surface, ft/sec2
az, ay
- vertical and horizontal accelerations, respectively, ft/sec2
- span across a bin at any elevation of the bin, ft.
BC
- minimum diameter of a circular outlet in a mass flow bin, ft.
BF
- minimum width of a rectangular outlet in a funnel flow bin, ft.
BP
- minimum width of an oval outlet in a mass flow bin, ft.
- diameter of cylindrical portion of a bin, ft.
DF
- critical ratholing (piping) dimension, ft.
EH
- effective consolidating head, ft
- force from an external load on material, lb.
fc
- unconfined compressive strength of a solid, psf
- gravitational constant = 32.2 ft/sec2
- height of cylinder, ft.
- height of fall of material, ft.
- ratio of horizontal to vertical pressure
- permeability, ft/sec.
K0
- permeability constant, ft/sec.
- length of hopper outlet, ft.
- parameter equal to 0 for rectangular outlet and equal to 1 for circular or

square outlet
- liquid or gas pressure, psf
- maximum discharge rate of a coarse solid, lb/sec.
- hydraulic radius, ft.
- shearing force applied to a shear cell, lb.; distance along chute surface,
ft.
- normal force applied to a shear cell, lb.; velocity along chute surface,
ft/sec.
A13
V1
- velocity of stream of particles just before impact on a chute surface,

ft/sec.
- width of rectangular bin cylinder, ft.
- weight flow rate into the bin, lb/sec.
- horizontal coordinate, ft.
- vertical coordinate, ft.
, GAMMA
- bulk density, pcf
, DELTA
- effective angle of internal friction of a solid during flow, degrees
- impact angle on chute surface, degrees
c, THETA-C
- maximum recommended angle (from vertical) of conical hoppers and

end walls of transition hoppers for mass flow, degrees
p, THETA-P
- maximum recommended angle (form vertical) of side walls of transition

or wedge-shaped hoppers for mass flow, degrees
,MU
- tan (PHI-PRIME)
, SIGMA
- normal stress applied to a shear cell, psf
1, SIGMA1
- major consolidating pressure, psf
, TAU
- shearing stress applied to a shear cell, psf
, PHI-PRIME
- kinematic angle of friction between a solid and a wall, degrees
, PHI
- angle of internal friction of a solid in incipient flow, degrees
A14
TECHNICAL PAPERS REFERENCE

Bin and Feeder Design
Storage & Flow of solids - Bulletin 123, Utah Engineering Experiment Station
Hopper Design Reference Card
117.
125.
133.
134.
142.
149.
153.
165.
How to Design Efficient Screw and Belt Feeders for Bulk Solids
Addressing Critical Solids Handling Aspects at the Pilot Scale
Feeding Solids into a Fluidized Bed Combustor
How Bin Retrofits Can Correct Flow Problems
Fine Power Flow Phenomena in Bins, Hoppers and Processing Vessels
Solve solids Flow Problems in Bins, Hoppers, and Feeders
Use Screw Feeders Effectively
Mass Flow Purge and Conditioning Vessels
Testing
158. Quality Control Tester to Measure Relative Flowability of Powders
162. Characterize Bulk Solids to Ensure Smooth Flow
179. Wall Friction: A Complex Variable in the Design of Bulk Solids Storage System
Chutes
145. Design Principles for Chutes to Handle Bulk Solids
Case Histories
35.
111.
116.
118.
137.
168.
A Silo for Ground Anthracite

Pyramidal Bins Ease Flow of Kaolin Clay at Filtrol
Bin Design Gets System Moving Again
Soybean Meal Flow Problems Solved at Agri and Staley
Consulting Firm Helps Pet Food Manufacturer Save Time and Money
Case Study: How Northern States Power Company Solved Handling Problems
Associated with Sub-Bituminous Coal
Segregation and Blending

107.
139.
161.
166.
178.
Understanding and Eliminating Particle Segregation Problems

In-Bin Blending Improves Process Control
Tumble Blending with Mass Flow Containers Improves Productivity and Quality
Blending and Segregation - Capabilities Available from Jenike & Johanson
How to Mix Dry Bulk Solids and Maintain Blend Integrity
Inserts
30.
31.
88a.
119.
The use of Flow-Corrective Inserts in Bins

Flow Corrective Insert in Bins
Controlling Flow Patterns in Bins by Use of an Insert
Versatile BINSERT System Solves Wide Range of Flow Problems
A15
Bin Loads
157.
Load Development and Structural Considerations in Silo Design
Pneumatic Conveying
109. Interfacing Storage Bins with Pneumatic Conveying Systems
115. Pneumatic Conveying: Principles of Operation
174. Characterization of Dilute Gas-Solids Flows Using the Rescaled Range Analysis
180. Pneumatic Conveying Services
Purge and Condition Vessels
165. Mass Flow Purge and Conditioning Vessels
184. Uniform Conditioning of Bulk Solids in Processing Vessels
Stockpile Design
185.
Tunnel Reclaim from Ore Stockpiles
Miscellaneous
89.
105.
135.
163.
164.
Measuring and Use of Wear Properties for Predicting Life of Bulk Materials
Handling Equipment
Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene Abrasion Resistant Liners Facilitate
solids Flow in Hoppers
Modeling Bulk Solids Flow
Identifying and Controlling Silo Vibration Mechanisms: Part I and Part II
Survey of Industrial Plants Handling Bulk Solids
A16
Cylinder diameter
(xx) = Critical dimension
Cylinder diameter
Cyl. height
Cyl. height
Side-wall
angle (p)
End-wall
angle (c)
Outlet width (BP)
Hopper
angle (c)
Outlet length (3 x BP)
A. Transition hopper
Outlet diameter (BC)
B. Conical hopper
Fig. A1
Examples of mass flow bins
A17
Width
(xx) = Critical dimension
A. Pyramidal hopper
Cyl. height
Label
Cylinder diameter
Valley angle
too shallow
for mass
flow
Cyl. height
Outlet width (BF)

Outlet diagonal length (DF)
Cylinder diameter
Cyl. height
Outlet width (BF)
B. Flat bottom
C. Conical
hopper
Not steep enough for mass flow
Outlet diameter (DF)
Fig. A2
Examples of funnel flow bins
A18
Cylinder diameter
Cyl. height
Diameter (DF)
Funnel flow
Mass flow
End-wall
angle (c)
Side-wall
angle (p)
Outlet width (BP)
Outlet length (3 x BP)
Width
Cyl. height
"Slot" length (DF)
Funnel flow
Mass flow
Hopper angle (c)
Fig. A3
Examples of Expandede Flow Bins
A19

Report JJC #68334-2

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VALE S.A.

BELO HORIZONTE (MG), BRAZIL

FLOW TEST PROPERTY MEASUREMENTS TO IRON ORE SAMPLES VALE

Flow property tests

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE MATERIAL HANDLING,

General comments for the functional design of storage and

APPENDIX I : Flow Test Results for Iron Ore

FLOW PORPERTY MEASUREMENTS TO IRON ORE SAMPLES

Particle size distribution,

HFR The Gaff

Table 2. Particle size distribution of the received samples.

opening HFR The

GFH The AFH The

Figure 1. Particle size fractions of HFR The Gaff

Figure 2. Particle size fractions of Projeto ITMS

Figure 3. Particle size fractions of GFI

Figure 4. Particle size fractions of GFH Zogota

Figure 5. Particle size fractions of GFH The Gaff

Figure 6. Particle size fractions of AFH The Gaff

Figure 7. Accumulated particle size distribution of HFR The Gaff

Figure 8. Accumulated particle size distribution of Projeto ITMS

Figure 9. Accumulated particle size distribution of GFI

Figure 10. Accumulated particle size distribution of GFH Zogota

Figure 11. Accumulated particle size distribution of GFH The Gaff

Figure 12. Accumulated particle size distribution of AFH The Gaff

Flow property tests

2.2.1 Cohesive strength

Figure 13. Flow function of HFR The Gaff

Figure 14. Flow function of Projeto ITMS

Figure 15. Flow function of GFI

Figure 16. Flow function of GFH Zogota

Figure 17. Flow function of GFH The Gaff

Figure 18. Flow function of AFH The Gaff

Table 3. Minimum dimensions to avoid arching and ratholing problems, under

Minimum opening diameter recommended for a conic hopper.

Figure 19. Compressibility of HFR The Gaff

Figure 20. Compressibility of Projeto ITMS

Figure 21. Compressibility of GFI

Figure 22. Compressibility of GFH Zogota

Figure 23. Compressibility of GFH The Gaff

Figure 24. Compressibility of AFH The Gaff

2.2.3 Wall friction

Table 4. Optimum hopper angle p to obtain mass flow in wedge shaped or

Optimum angle p [o]

(*) Flow along the wall is questionable.

(*) Flow along the wall is questionable.

2.2.4 Minimum opening

Prevent the arching formation due to the cohesion of the material.

2.2.5 Chute tests

Table 6. Minimum chute angle to obtain material flowing after impact

HFR The Gaff

Minimum chute angle chute [o]

GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS TO STORE AND HANDLE THE TESTED

Figure 25. Flow patterns.

FLOW TEST RESULTS

HFR The Gaff

SUMMARY OF TESTS PERFORMED

10% (wet basis)

HFR The Gaff

HFR The Gaff

PARTICLE SIZE As recd

BIN DIMENSIONS FOR DEPENDABLE FLOW

Storage Time at Rest