Professional Documents
Culture Documents
- RETAINING WALLS
Wooden
concrete.
and
prefabricated
reinforced
plywood leaves;
Steel and plastic leaves intertwined;
Sheets of reinforced concrete;
Precast concrete (crib walls and block
walls);
it is also closely spaced piles in situ soil
cement; -wire mesh boxes (gabions) anchors
in soil or rock mass (nailed to the floor).
Heads or aprons,
1.4 CANTILEVER.
cantilevered walls are constructed of
reinforced concrete and usually consist of a
horizontal and a vertical trunk balance wall.
The weight of the soil mass above the heel
helps keep the stable wall. Cantilever wall are
economical for heights up to 10 m (32 ft).
Typical costs in 2005 is approximately $ 80 /
ft2.
1. REVETMENT
Function of revetment is to protect the
collapse of riverbank due to erosion, scouring
and/or riverbed degradation.
1.1. Planning of Revetment
1.3. Height
Basically, the height of revetment is
determined by setting it at the Design Flood
Level (DFL). However, the revetment height
should be designed up to the top of riverbank
or crest of embankment because there is a
possibility of occurrence of floodwaters to
exceed the DFL or top of the bank. If the
height of revetment is more than 5.0 meters,
berm (banquette) must be provided and is so
designed in order to separate the revetment
into segments, as well as in consideration of
site condition (geography and geology).
1.4. Depth
For a narrow river (less than 50 meters in
width) the minimum depth of revetment
foundation should be 1.0 meter below the
deepest riverbed elevation of the original
riverbed or design riverbed, because riverbed
materials are subjected to erosion during
flood times. In case of a wide river (more than
50 meters in width), more than 1.0-meter
depth of revetment foundation should be
considered. In the case of a wide river where
the velocity is generally mild and when the
mainstream course is fixed and flowing very
far from the bank required for revetment,
(more than 20 meters away) the foundation
may be placed 1.0 meter below from existing
toe of the bank.
1.5. Segment Length
1.6. Slope
The slope of revetment should be gentle as
much as possible to for stability purposes.
Though standard slope is 2:1 horizontal and
vertical, respectively, it depends on the
natural slope of the ground before
construction. For concrete revetment, a
maximum slope of 0.3:1 shall be observed
considering stability and the resulting residual
hydraulic pressure. The slope of each type of
revetment is shown in Table 1.17.
Fig. 1.6 a
1.9. Prevention
of
Outflow
Backfill/Behind Material
of
Fig. 1.6 b
1.7. Thickness
The thickness of revetment is generally
decided based on the existing flow velocity,
sediment runoff whenever the latter exists or
likely to occur in the proposed improvement
stretch
(topography
and
geological
conditions, scouring, degradation, etc.), soil
and groundwater pressure at the back of
revetment and other associated factors.
Minimum overall thickness should be 300 mm
for all types of revetment, except for
reinforced concrete type.
1.8. Drainage Pipe / Weep Hole
During flood times, the rise of flood water
level in the river is almost coinciding with the
rise of groundwater behind the revetment
especially when the ground has been already
saturated. After the floods, the rate of
subsidence of floodwater in the river is
usually greater than the recession of
groundwater level behind the revetment
without drainage pipes/weep holes.
The lowest weep holes shall be installed just
above the ordinary water level.
Wooden stockade
Gabion
Boulder
Concrete block
2. DIKE
2.1. Basic Concept
Dike (sometimes called levee) is a flood
prevention structure from overflow into the
inland ground (city, important land etc.) that
lets the flood discharge flow confined within
the river. The dike is built continuously to
protect flood prone area, where people and
their property exist.
etc.
Table 1.17 Criteria for Selection of Revetment
Erosion (Scouring)
Overflow
Seepage
Earthquake
Erosion.
Overflow.
Seepage.
Earthquake.
2.5. Crest
The crest width of a dike shall be in
accordance with the design flood discharge,
and shall not be less than the value given in
Table 2.5.
2.4. Freeboard
The freeboard of a dike is an allowance in
height and shall not be less than the value
given in Table 2.4, according to the design
flood discharge.
2.11.
Lakeshore Dike