-2833

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E THE GA(W)-I AIRFOIL

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Langley Research Cmter

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AERONAUTICS AND SPACE A

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WASHINGTON, 0.

c.

JUNE 1977

I 1. Report No.

2. Government Accession No.

3. Recipient's Catalog No
5. Repon Date

4. Title and Subtitle

June 1977

FORCE AND PRESSURE TESTS OF THE GA(W)-1 A I R F O I L WITH A 20%

AILERON AND PRESSURE TESTS WITH A 30% FOWLER FLAP

6. Performing Organization Code

8. Performing Organization Report No.

7. Authorlsl

WSU AR 76-1

W. H . Wentz, J r , H. C . Seetharam, and K . A. F i s c k o

10. Work Unit No.

9. Performing Organization Name and Address

505-06-33-1 0

Wichita State University

W i c h i t a , KS 67208

11. Contract or Grant No.

NSG-1165
13. Type of Repon and Period Covered

C o n t r a c t o r Report

12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address

N a t i o n a l A e r o n a u t i c s & Space A d m i n i s t r a t i o n
Washington, DC

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

20546

18. Distribution Statement

17. Key Words (Suggested by Author(s))

A ir f o i1
Flap

Unclassified - Unlimited

A i 1e r o n

Subject C a t e g o r y 02

Pressure d i s t r i b u t i o n s
19. Security Classif. (of this report1

Unclassified

20. Security Classif. (of this page)

Unclassified

21.

NO. o f pages

22. Price'

34

For sale by t h e National Technical I n f o r m a t i o n Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161

$5.00

SUMMARY
Wind t u n n e l f o r c e and p r e s s u r e t e s t s h a v e b e e n c o n d u c t e d
f o r t h e G A ( W J - 1 a i r f o i l e q u i p p e d w i t h a 20% a i l e r o n , and press u r e t e s t s have been c o n d u c t e d w i t h a 30% Fowler f l a p .

All

t e s t s w e r e c o n d u c t e d a t a Reynolds number of 2 . 2 x lo6 a n d a

Mach number o f 0 . 1 3 .

The a i l e r o n p r o v i d e s c o n t r o l e f f e c t i v e -

n e s s s i m i l a r t o a i l e r o n s a p p l i e d t o more c o n v e n t i o n a l a i r f o i l s .
E f f e c t s o f a i l e r o n g a p s from 0 % t o 2 % c h o r d were e v a l u a t e d , as

w e l l as h i n g e moment c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .
GA(W)-1

The a f t camber of t h e

s e c t i o n r e s u l t s i n a s u b s t a n t i a l u p - a i l e r o n moment,

b u t t h e h i n g e moments a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a i l e r o n d e f l e c t i o n a r e
similar t o o t h e r configurations.

Fowler f l a p p r e s s u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n s i n d i c a t e t h a t unsepar a t e d f l o w i s a c h i e v e d f o r f l a p s e t t i n g s up t o 40, o v e r a

l i m i t e d a n g l e of a t t a c k r a n g e

Theoretical pressure d i s t r i -

b u t i o n s compare f a v o r a b l y w i t h e x p e r i m e n t f o r l o w f l a p d e f l e c t i o n s , b u t show s u b s t a n t i a l e r r o r s a t l a r g e d e f l e c t i o n s .

iii

INTRODUCTION

The h i g h p e r f o r m a n c e p o s s i b l e w i t h t h e new GA(W)-1 a i r f o i l

and a i r f o i l - f l a p c o m b i n a t i o n s h a s been r e p o r t e d e a r l i e r ( R e f s .
1,2,3).

T h e p r e s e n t r e p o r t documents f o r c e and p r e s s u r e t e s t s

of t h e a i r f o i l f i t t e d w i t h a 2 0 % a i l e r o n , a n d p r e s s u r e s t u d i e s

of t h e a i r f o i l w i t h a 3 0 % F o w l e r f l a p .

All e x p e r i m e n t a l t e s t s r e p o r t e d h e r e i n were c o n d u c t e d i n
t h e Walter Beech Memorial Wind T u n n e l a t W i c h i t a S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y
SYMBOLS
The f o r c e and moment d a t a h a v e b e e n r e f e r r e d t o t h e . 2 5 c loc a t i o n on t h e f l a p - n e s t e d a i r f o i l .
given i n both International

Dimensional q u a n t i t i e s are

( S I ) U n i t s and U . S .

Measurements w e r e made i n U. S. Custov.ary U n i t s .

Customary U n i t s .
Conversion fac-

t o r s b e t w e e n t h e v a r i o u s u n i t s may b e f o u n d i n r e f e r e n c e 4 .

The

symbols u s e d i n t h e p r e s e n t r e p o r t a r e d e f i n e d as f o l l o w s :
C

A i r f o i l reference chord ( flap-nested)

Cd

A i r f o i l s e c t i o n drag c o e f f i c i e n t , s e c t i o n drag/
(dynamic p r e s s u r e x c h o r d )

Cf
C

F l a p chord

C o n t r o l s u r f a c e h i n g e moment c o e f f i c i e n t , s e c t i o n moment/
(dynamic p r e s s u r e x c o n t r o l s u r f a c e r e f e r e n c e c h o r d 2 )

Airfoil section l i f t coefficient, section lift/(dynamic

pressure x chord)

A i r f o i l s e c t i o n p i t c h i n g moment c o e f f i c i e n t w i t h r e s p e c t
t o t h e . 2 5 c l o c a t i o n , s e c t i o n moment/(dynamic p r e s s u r e
x chord2)
A i r f o i l o r f l a p normal f o r c e c o e f f i c i e n t , s e c t i o n n o r m a l
f o r c e / (dynamic p r e s s u r e x c h o r d )

C o e f f i c i e n t of p r e s s u r e ,

kc

Cove l e n g t h

Static pressure

Coordinate p a r a l l e l t o a i r f o i l chord

C o o r d i n a t e normal t o a i r f o i l c h o r d

Angle of a t t a c k , d e g r e e s

Increment

R o t a t i o n o f s u r f a c e from n e s t e d p o s i t i o n , d e g r e e s

(p-p,)/dynamic

pressure

Subscripts:
a

Aileron

Flap

Pivot

Remote free-stream value

APPARATUS FJJD TEST PJIETHODS

Model D e s c r i p t i o n
The GA(W)-1 a i r f o i l i s a 1 7 % maximum t h i c k n e s s s e c t i o n d e v e l For tests i n

oped a t t h e NASA Langley R e s e a r c h C e n t e r (Ref. 1 ) .

t h e WSU two-dimensional

f a c i l i t y , models are s i z e d w i t h a 9 1 . 4 c m

( 3 6 i n c h ) s p a n and 6 1 . 0 c m ( 2 4 i n c h ) c h o r d .

The f o r w a r d s e c t i o n

o f t h e model w a s f a b r i c a t e d f r o m l a m i n a t e d manogany b o n d e d t o a
2 . 5 c m x 3 4 . 8 c m (I i n c h x 1 3 . 7 i n c h ) aluminum s p a r .

Wing t r a i l -

i n g s e c t i o n s t o match e a c h f l a p a n d a i l e r o n were f a b r i c a t e d f r o m
s o l i d aluminum a s w e r e t h e f l a p s a n d a i l e r o n s .

A i r f o i l and f l a p

o r a i l e r o n a r e mounted on 1 0 7 c m ( 4 2 i n c h ) d i a m e t e r e n d p l a t e s .
A s e t of e x t e r n a l b r a c k e t s p e r m i t p o s i t i o n i n g of

w i t h o u t d i s t u r b i n g t h e f l o w o v e r t h e model.
w i t h f l u s h tubes f o r s t a t i c p r e s s u r e s u r v e y s .

flap or aileron

Models a r e f i t t e d
Geometric c o n t o u r

d e t a i l s a r e g i v e n i n f i g u r e 1.
A s shown, t h e 2 0 % a i l e r o n model h a s i n s e r t s t o p e r m i t t e s t s

w i t h l e a d i n g e d g e g a p s o f 2 % , l%, and 0 . 5 % c h o r d .

T e s t s were made

w i t h z e r o g a p by s e a l i n g t h e s l o t w i t h c l o t h - b a c k e d a d h e s i v e t a p e
a p p l i e d t o t h e a i r f o i l lower s u r f a c e .
The F o w l e r f l a p h a s 3 0 % c h o r d w i t h f u l l F o w l e r a c t i o n p o s s i b l e
as shown i n f i g u r e l ( b ) .

The f o r c e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n d o p t i m i z a t i o n

of t h i s a i r f o i l - f l a p combination have been r e p o r t e d i n r e f e r e n c e 2 .

Performance w i t h s p o i l e r s h a s been r e p o r t e d i n r e f e r e n c e s 3 and 5.
The p u r p o s e o f t h e p r e s e n t r e s e a r c h i s t o p r o v i d e s u r f a c e p r e s s u r e
d i s t r i b u t i o n a n d f l a p loads i n f o r m a t i o n f o r optimum f l a p s e t t i n g s .
A l l t e s t s w e r e c o n d u c t e d w i t h t r a n s i t i o n f i x e d by 2 . 5

mm

(0.10 i n c h ) w i d e s t r i p s o f 4480 c a r b o r u n d u m g r i t l o c a t e d a t 5 %
c h o r d on u p p e r and lower s u r f a c e s .
Instrumentation

Pressure s t u d i e s are c o n d u c t e d by m u l t i p l e x i n g a s many a s 96

p r e s s u r e p o r t s t h r o u g h f o u r p r e s s u r e t r a n s d u c e r s b y means o f a s e t
2

of p r e s s u r e s c a n n i n g s w i t c h e s .

The t u n n e l i s e q u i p p e d w i t h a

s e m i - a u t o m a t e d d a t a s y s t e m w h i c h c o n v e r t s a n a l o g f o r c e and p r e s s u r e o u t p u t s i g n a l s t o d i g i t a l f o r m , and r e c o r d s t h e d a t a on
punch c a r d s .

Computational a n a l y s i s and computer q r a p h i c s are

d o n e t h r o u g h t h e U n i v e r s i t y D i g i t a l Computinq C e n t e r .
T e s t Procedure

x 1 06
L i f t , d r a g a n d p i t c h i n g moment d a t a

A l l t e s t s w e r e c o n d u c t e d a t a R e y n o l d s number o f 2 . 2

and Mach number of 0 . 1 3 .

a r e o b t a i n e d by d i r e c t l o a d c e l l m e a s u r e m e n t s f r o m t h e t u n n e l

main b a l a n c e .

Drag d a t a a r e c o r r e c t e d f o r e n d p l a t e t a r e d r a g

b a s e d upon wake s u r v e y d r a g m e a s u r e m e n t s c o n d u c t e d w i t h t h e unflapped a i r f o i l .

Wind T u n n e l
The WSU Walter Beech T u n n e l i s a c l o s e d r e t u r n t u n n e l w i t h
atmospheric t e s t s e c t i o n s t a t i c p r e s s u r e .

two-dimensional

The t e s t s e c t i o n w i t h

i n s e r t s is 0 . 9 1 m x 2 . 1 3 m ( 3 f e e t x 7 f e e t ) .

Complete d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e i n s e r t a n d c a l i b r a t i o n d e t a i Is a r e
given i n r e f e r e n c e 6 .
TEST RESULTS
Force T e s t s with 20% Aileron
R e s u l t s of three-component

f o r c e m e a s u r e m e n t s are shown i n

f i g u r e s 2 through 4 f o r 0 % , 0.5%,

1%a n d 2 % a i l e r o n g a p s .

Cross-

p l o t s o f i m p o r t a n t i n c r e m e n t a l e f f e c t s o f a i l e r o n d e f l e c t i o n are
shown i n f i g u r e s 5 t h r o u g h 7 .
T h e s e d a t a show t h a t t h e a i l e r o n p r o v i d e s p o s i t i v e c o n t r o l
r e s p o n s e o r d e f l e c t i o n s from - 6 0 "

t o +60 t h r o u g h o u t t h e a n g l e

of a t t a c k r a n g e p r i o r t o s t a l l .
From t h e cI1 v s .

a l p h a curves , i t i s o b s e r v e d t h a t down a i l e -

r o n r e s u l t s i n e a r l y s t a l l i n g , a n d c o n v e r s e l y f o r up a i l e r o n .
means t h a t c o n t r o l r e v e r s a l occurs a t p o s t - s t a l l

This

a n g l e s of a t t a c k .

While t h i s i s n o t a d e s i r a b l e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c , it i s t y p i c a l a i l e r o n
b e h a v i o r , and i s n o t p e c u l i a r t o t h e G A ( W ) - 1 a i r f o i l .
P i t c h i n g moment d a t a r e f l e c t a nose-down t e n d e n c y o r downward
aileron deflections.

Drag d a t a r e f l e c t a t e n d e n c y t o w a r d g r e a t e r

d r a g i n c r e a s e f o r down a i l e r o n t h a n f o r u p a i l e r o n .

This d r a g

d i f f e r e n c e w i l l p r o d u c e a d v e r s e yawing moments on a f i n i t e s p a n
wing.

I t must b e remembered, h o w e v e r , t h a t t h e p r i n c i p a l c o n t r i -

b u t i o n t o a i l e r o n a d v e r s e yaw i s i n d u c e d d r a g .
E f f e c t s o f a i l e r o n s l o t g a p o p e n i n g a r e i l l u s t r a t e d by comparing the various figures.

F i g u r e s 5 ( a ) t h r o u g h 5 ( d ) show t h a t

o p e n i n g t h e g a p from 0 % t o 2 . 0 % r e s u l t s i n o n l y v e r y s l i g h t deg r a d a t i o n of c o n t r o l a u t h o r i t y .

C l o s e examination of f i g u r e s

3 ( a ) t h r o u g h 3 ( d ) shows t h a t t h e m o s t s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t o f g a p
opening i s t o increase t h e b a s i c s e c t i o n d r a g w i t h z e r o a i l e r o n
deflection.

T h i s e f f e c t becomes more p r o n o u n c e d a s l i f t c o e f f i -

cient is increased.

Gaps o f 0 . 5 % and 1%a c t u a l l y i n c r e a s e cRmax

s l i g h t l y , e v i d e n t l y as a r e s u l t o f t h e b o u n d a r y l a y e r e n e r g i z a t i o n
provided.

A g a p o f 0 . 5 % would seem t o b e a good compromise, p r o -

v i d i n g a d e q u a t e c l e a r a n c e w i t h minimal p e n a l t y .
Pressure T e s t s with 20% Aileron
P r e s s u r e s u r v e y s w e r e c o n d u c t e d f o r -10' t o + l o o a i l e r o n w i t h

z e r o g a p t o d e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r g a p s e a l i n g h a d any s i g n i f i c a n t i n fluence (figure 8 ) .

B e c a u s e o f t h e e x t e n s i v e t i m e r e q u i r e d t o ob-

t a i n p r e s s u r e d a t a , complete p r e s s u r e surveys w e r e conducted o n l y

f o r t h e 0.5% gap c o n f i g u r a t i o n ( f i g u r e 9 ) .

Comparison o f f i g u r e s

8 and 9 shows t h a t t h e g a p h a s l i t t l e e f f e c t on o v e r a l l p r e s s u r e

distributions.
A i l e r o n h i n g e moment d a t a w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e 8 0 % c h o r d h i n g e l i n e l o c a t i o n were o b t a i n e d by n u m e r i c a l i n t e g r a t i o n o f t h e s u r f a c e
pressure data.

R e s u l t s o f t h i s a n a l y s i s a r e shown i n f i g u r e 1 0 .

The d a t a show t h a t t h e h i n g e moment v a r i a t i o n i s n e a r l y l i n e a r w i t h

aileron deflection.
ment.

The 0 . 5 % g a p h a s n e g l i g i b l e e f f e c t o n h i n g e mo-

The a i l e r o n i s s u b j e c t e d t o l a r g e u p - a i l e r o n

z e r o d e f l e c t i o n a t h i g h a n g l e s of a t t a c k .

moments w i t h

This is a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e

r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e camber n e a r t h e t r a i l i n q e d g e which c h a r a c t e r i z e s
t h e GA(W)-1 a i r f o i l s e c t i o n .
P r e s s u r e Tests w i t h 30% Fowler F l a p

Optimum s e t t i n g s f o r t h e 3 0 % F o w l e r f l a p w e r e d e t e r r r i n e d f r o m
f o r c e tests r e p o r t e d e a r l i e r (Ref. 2 ) .

Subsequent t o those t e s t s ,

a s l i g h t l y m o d i f i e d 40'
f l a p t r a c k design.

f l a p s e t t i n g w a s developed t o s i m p l i f y

The c R v s .

c1

p e r f o r m a n c e w i t h o r i g i n a l and

m o d i f i e d f l a p s e t t i n g s i s e s s e n t i a l l y t h e same, as shown i n f i g u r e 11.

The p r e s s u r e d a t a p r e s e n t e d h e r e were o b t a i n e d w i t h t h e

m o d i f i e d s e t t i n g f o r 40 f l a p , and o r i g i n a l s e t t i n g s f o r a l l
other f l a p d e f l e c t i o n s .

Experimental p r e s s u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n s are

presented i n figure 12.

The f l a p cove on t h i s model h a s a f a i r l y a b r u p t e n t r y .

Theo-

r e t i c a l a n a l y s i s o f t h e a i r f o i l - f l a p c o m b i n a t i o n ( u s i n g t h e method
of r e f e r e n c e 7 ) w i t h t h e t r u e c o v e s h a p e i n v a r i a b l y r e s u l t s i n a

computer p r e d i c t i o n o f flow s e p a r a t i o n a t t h e cove e n t r y .

It was

e x p e r i m e n t a l l y observed t h a t t h e flow does separate i n t h e r e g i o n ,

b u t r e a t t a c h m e n t o c c u r s a h e a d of t h e s l o t e x i t .

Since t h e present

t h e o r e t i c a l t e c h n i q u e s do n o t account f o r f l o w r e a t t a c h m e n t , it w a s
decided t h a t t h e e f f e c t i v e a i r f o i l contour should be modified i n
t h e cove r e g i o n t o approximate t h e s e p a r a t i o n and r e a t t a c h m e n t .
F i g u r e 1 3 c o m p a r e s r e s u l t s o f a n a l y s e s u s i n g t h r e e cove c o n t o u r s
w i t h a n e x p e r i m e n t a l p r e s s u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n f o r 30'

f l a p a t 10.3'

angle of attack.
B a s e d upon t h e s e r e s u l t s , a d e c i s i o n w a s made t o a p p r o x i m a t e
t h e e f f e c t i v e s h a p e o f t h e f r e e s t r e a m l i n e w i t h i n t h e cove by a
s t r a i g h t l i n e f r o m t h e c o v e e n t r a n c e t o t h e 7 5 % assumed r e a t t a c h ment l o c a t i o n .

I t i s s e e n t h a t t h i s m o d i f i c a t i o n r e s u l t s i n con-

s i d e r a b l e improvement i n t h e p r e d i c t i o n of p r e s s u r e s n e a r t h e a i r -

f o i l t r a i l i n g edge.

Two a d d i t i o n a l d i f f i c u l t i e s a r i s e i n u t i l i z -

i n g t h e t h e o r e t i c a l computing r o u t i n e .
p r o g r a m may i n d i c a t e f l o w s e p a r a t i o n .

First,

t h e computational

I f separation is present

a t 0 . 9 5 ~o r f u r t h e r a f t , l i t t l e c h a n g e i n p r e s s u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n i s
e x p e c t e d , and t h e program r e s u l t s are p r o b a b l y v a l i d .

However, i f

a s u b s t a n t i a l r e g i o n of s e p a r a t i o n i s p r e s e n t , l a r g e chanqes i n
p r e s s u r e s are e x p e c t e d .

C a l c u l a t i o n o f s e p a r a t e d f l o w cases i s

beyond t h e c a p a b i l i t y o f t h e p r e s e n t c o m p u t e r p r o g r a m , and t h e r e f o r e computer-predicted p r e s s u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n s are probably i n v a l i d f o r t h e s e cases.

The s e c o n d c o m p u t a t i o n a l d i f f i c u l t y i n v o l v e s a n a l y s i s o f t h e
c o n f l u e n c e of t h e f l a p and a i r f o i l boundary l a y e r s .
I n a number

o f cases t h e p r o g r a m p r i n t s a " c o n f l u e n t b o u n d a r y l a y e r e r r o r "

message, i n d i c a t i n g t h a t s l o t flow v e l o c i t y and o u t e r flow v e l o c i t y a r e n o t w i t h i n l i m i t s s p e c i f i e d i n t h e program.

No means

f o r o b t a i n i n g proper c o n v e r g e n c e f o r t h e s e cases a r e p r e s e n t l y
p r o v i d e d by t h e program.
F i g u r e s 1 4 t h r o u g h 1 7 compare t h e o r e t i c a l p r e s s u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n s w i t h ' e x p e r i m e n t a l d i s t r i b u t i o n s f o r a number o f c a s e s .
Normal f o r c e c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r a i r f o i l a n d f l a p o b t a i n e d f r o m i n t e g r a t i o n o f s u r f a c e p r e s s u r e s a r e a l s o compared w i t h t h e o r y i n
these figures.

The a g r e e m e n t i s g e n e r a l l y q u i t e good f o r f l a p

d e f l e c t i o n s up t o 30'

a n d a n g l e s o f a t t a c k below s t a l l .

F o r 40'

f l a p I t h e t h e o r y c o n s i s t e n t l y o v e r - p r e d i c t s t h e f l a p upper s u r f a c e p r e s s u r e s I i n d i c a t i n g t h a t t h e f l a p boundary l a y e r i s t h i c k -

er than t h e t h e o r e t i c a l prediction.
U n f o r t u n a t e l y p r e d i c t i o n s o f s e p a r a t i o n are i n c o n s i s t e n t ,
and f r e q u e n t c o n f l u e n t b o u n d a r y l a y e r e r r o r s w e r e e n c o u n t e r e d .

CONCLUSIONS
1.

F o r c e a n d p r e s s u r e t e s t s h a v e shown t h a t a i l e r o n c h a r a c -

t e r i s t i c s f o r t h e GA(W)-1 a i r f o i l a r e n o t u n l i k e a i r f o i l s w i t h
more c o n v e n t i o n a l camber a n d t h i c k n e s s d i s t r i b u t i o n s .

The a i r -

f o i l provides excellent aileron control effectiveness.

2.

Hinge moment c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f an a i l e r o n a p p l i e d t o

t h e G A ( W ) - 1 a i r f o i l a r e r e a s o n a b l y l i n e a r a n d o f e x p e c t e d magnitudes.

The a i r f o i l a f t camber i n h e r e n t t o t h i s s e c t i o n does re-

s u l t i n rather large up-aileron

moments, p a r t i c u l a r l y a t l a r g e

angles of a t t a c k .
3.

P r e s s u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n s f o r a 30% Fowler f l a p a p p l i e d t o

t h e G A ( W ) - 1 a i r f o i l i n d i c a t e t h a t w i t h p r o p e r g a p and o v e r l a p ,
a t t a c h e d f l o w c a n b e p r o v i d e d f o r f l a p d e f l e c t i o n s up t o 40, a t

least f o r a l i m i t e d angle of a t t a c k range.

P r e s e n t viscous flow

c o m p u t a t i o n a l m o d e l i n g i s i n a d e q u a t e f o r many p r a c t i c a l f l a p cove
d e s i g n s i n which f l o w s e p a r a t i o n and r e a t t a c h m e n t o c c u r .
A e r o n a u t i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g Department
Wichita S t a t e University
W i c h i t a , Kansas 6 7 2 0 8
August 1 9 7 6

REFERENCES
1.

McGhee, R . J . a n d B e a s l e y , W.D.:
Low-Speed Aerodynamic C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of a 1 7 - P e r c e n t T h i c k A i r f o i l S e c t i o n D e s i g n e d f o r
General Aviation Applications.
N A S A TN D-7428, 1 9 7 3 .

2.

Wentz, W . H . and Seetharam, H . C . :

Development of a F o w l e r F l a p
S y s t e m f o r a High P e r f o r m a n c e General A v i a t i o n A i r f o i l . NASA
CR-2443, 1 9 7 4 .

3.

Wentz, W . H . :
Effectiveness of S p o i l e r s ontheGA(W)-1 A i r f o i l
w i t h a High-Performance Fowler F l a p .
NASA CR-2538, 1975.

4.

Mechtly, E.A.:
The I n t e r n a t i o n a l S y s t e m o f U n i t s - P h y s i c a l
Constants and Conversion F a c t o r s (Revised)
NASA S P - 7 0 1 2 ,
1969.

5.

Wentz, W . H . a n d V o l k , C . G . :
Reflection-Plane Tests of Spoilers
o n a n Advanced T e c h n o l o g y Wing w i t h a L a r g e F o w l e r F l a p . NASA
CR-2696 , 1 9 7 6 .

6.

Siew, R.:
C a l i b r a t i o n of a Two-Dimensional
7 ' x 1 0 ' Wind T u n n e l . WSU AR 73-2, 1 9 7 3 .

7.

Mathematical
S t e v e n s , W.A., Goradia, S . H . and Braden, J . A . :
Model f o r Two-Dimensional Multi-Component A i r f o i l s i n V i s c o u s
Flow.

NASA CR-1843,

1971.

I n s e r t f o r t h e WSU

208c A i l e r o n C o o r d i n a t e s
Upper Surface

Lower Surface

.ooo

.01960

.005

.03750

.017
.035

.05000
.05286

.060

.04646

.060

.01960
.00375
01040
-. 01600
- . 01200

.085
.110
.135
.160

.03988
.'03315
.02639
.01961

.oa5

-.OOGGO

.185

.210
.235

L.E.

-000
.005
-017
.035

-.

.110
-135
-160

-. 00560
- . 00360
-. 00250

.01287

.185

-00609
00070

.210
.235

-.00260
-. 00400
-. 00800

-.

Radius = 0 . 0 3 4 4 3 ~

(a) 20% A i l e r o n .
Figure 1

Model Geometry.

aJ

u
\
Dl

O r ( P N 0
O P . 3 N O

r(

m o o 0 0

(d

0
d

U4

LnlnInO

m N W m

(3,

0 0 0 0 0

.....

(d
0

ulOc0N

0
n
4

nj

v m m w

*r

0 0 0 0 0

CJ

a
r5

mulow
U
\

m m m o

~ , . . . ' .
O N N C J ~

..
a,

$4

a
V

'U

!LA

0 (3 c 3 0 0 0
L
J' XI. 0 TI'0 0
07 o i c;.
ii) m
rl c1 c4 N d r0 0 0 0 0 0

c,

0 0 0 0 0
,-4 c.1 m v

-,
'J

0 00 0
UY 03 U
3
. U!
03
m N
00 0 0
0 0 0 0

in

0 0 0
LC 0 0

OaJ

c1 v 03
00 0

.............
I

0 0 0

O m 0 t n o m o U ! o U ! o m O
0 N m I---0
c3 N in r- 0 m in I--

.............

0 0 0 0 r i r i d d c 1 " m m

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I.,

w
I-,

10

11

\I

12

13

t-I

.005c Gap

SYM
-

&a
-

loo

R.n

0
0

0"
5"

1 5O
20"
30 O
40"

50 O
60 O

-1

16

30 O
40"

50 O

Aileron Down

-2

-1

LU

LL

23

24

.02c G a p d / c

SYM

c1
-8.0

-4

O0

8"

25

26

27

29

30

31

32

33

AILERON

DEFLaZTIDN = -10-00CEGREJS
MACH N3* = 0-13

m. =

"[xes

-8-00

SYMBOL

E 06

ALFHA

-8O

-7.00

2-2

O0

160

2oo

-6.00

Flagged Symbols D e n o t e L o w e r Surface Pressures

-5l-00

- 4 - 00

-3.00

-2.00

-1-00

0.00

1-03

(a)

-10'

Aileron, Large

e's.

Figure 8 - Pressure Distributions with 0% Gap.

34

-8.00
+
Y
D
v

-7.00

00
'
8
Eo
16

-6.00

-5.00

cP
-4.00

-3.00

-2"

-1-03

0.00

1-00

(b)

-10" Aileron, M o d e r a t e a ' s .

F i g u r e 8 - Continued.
35

-4.00

-3.00

-2.00

1-00

(c)

-5O

A i l e r o n , Large a ' s .

F i g u r e 8 - Continued.
36

-8.00

+
x

00

'
8

D
v

-7.00

-6 00
9

t
cP
-4.00

-2"

-1.00

0.00

(d)

-5'

A i l e r o n , Moderate a ' s .

Figure 8

37

Continued.

43-00

-7 -00

-6-00

-5*m
C

-4.00

-3-00

-2-00

-I -00

0.00

1-00

(e)

0" Aileron, Large a's.

Figure 8

38

Continued.

-8 00
8'

eo

-7-00

16'

-6.00

-5- 00

cP
-4 00

-3.00

-2.00

-1.00

0.00

1-00

(f)

0
'

A i l e r o n , Moderate a ' s .

Figure 8

39

Continued.

-8-00
+
-7.00

-8'
O0
16

Eoo

-6.00

-5

ao

cP

-4.00

-3.00

-2.00

-1.00 '

0.00

'

wc

1-00

(9) + S o A i l e r o n , L a r g e a ' s .
Figure 8

40

Continued.

-8.00
+
X
D
w

-7-00

go

120

so

-6 00

-5.00

=P
-4.00

-3.00

-2.00

-1-00

0.00

X/C

1.00

(h)

+ 5 O

1.00

A i l e r o n , Moderate a ' s .

Figure 8

41

Continued.

4ILERlJN OEFLECTIaV

= 10=00DEtREES

= 0-13
m- = 2.2 E

MACH M "DS

SW3OL

ALPHA

-8O

+
X

-7.00 .-

06

O0
1
6
'

zoo

-6.00

-s. 00
C

-4*00

-3 00

-2 * 00

-1.00

0.00

1-00

(i)

+loo

Aileron, Large a ' s .

Figure 8

42

Continued.

-B*oo
-7 00

S M a

ALPHA

-6.00

=P
-4.00

-3

-2 00

-1.00

(1)

+loo

Aileron, Moderate a s .

Figure 8

43

Concluded.

-8.00
+

-BO

O0

so

20

-7.00

-6-Do
F l a g g e d Symbols Denote
Lower S u r f a c e P r e s s u r e s
-5.m

cP
-4.09

-3.30

2.00

-1.00

c3.m

1.00

Aileron, Large a ' s

P r e s s u r e D i s t r i b u t i o n s with 0 . 5 % Gap.
44
(a)

Figure 9

-60'

-8.00
+
x

-7.00

12O
16'

-6.00

-5 00

-3 00

-2.00

-1.00

0.00

x/c

1 DO0

(b)

-60'

-a0

A i l e r Q n , Moderqte a ' s .

Figure 9

45

Continued.

-8 00

+
X

D
v

-7 00

-ao
O0

so

2oo

-6.00

-5 00

5
-4 00

-3.00

-2-00

-1.00

0.00

1.00

(c)

-40"

A i l e r o n , Large a's.

Figure 9

46

Continued.

AILER#\I

uncirrm

=-4o-00 EMACH M* = 0.13

R3Na-E
-8.00

SYMBll
+
%

-7.00 .

0
v

= 2-2 E 06
ALPHA

O0

Elo

12O

16'

-6-00, *

-5.00 '.
cP
-4-00

-3 00

-2.00

-1=oo

O*oO

1-80

1-00

(d) - 4 0 '

A i l e r o n , Moderate a ' s .

Figure 9

47

Continued.

x/c 1-00

-8'
O0

16'
2oo

b
7

-5.00
=P
-4.00

-3 00

-2.DO

-1.00

0.00

x/c

1.00

(e)

BO

- 2 O O
A i l e r o n , L a r g e a's.
F i g u r e 9 - Continued.
48

m x/c

1.00

-8-00

-7 00

-6 00

-5.00

-4.00

-3.00

-2 00

-1-00

0.00

*=eo x/c

1-00

(f)

A i l e r o n , Moderate a's.
Figure 9 - Continued.
-20'

49

1-00

-8.00

-7-00

-6.00

-3.00

-2.00

-1.00

-83

(9)

-10'

Aileron, Large a's.

Figure 9

50

Continued.

A I L E f X N EFLECTION = - I O * M 3

= 0.13
REYNOLOS No* = 2.2 E 06
MACH NO-

SYMBOL

-8.00

00
80
120

+
X
b

-6-00

16'

-7.00

ALPHA

'.

-5.00
cP
-4 00

-3 00

-2 = 00

-1*oo

0.00

1.00

=EO X/C

(h)

-10'

A i l e r o n , M o d e r a t e a's.

Figure 9

51

Continued.

1.00

-6 00

-5.00
=P
-4.00

-3.00

-2.00

-1.00

1.00

(i)

-5" A i l e r o n , Large a ' s .

F i g u r e 9 - Continued.
52

-8.00
+

Eo

120

16'

-7.00

-6.00

-5.00
cP
-4.00

-3.00

-2.00

-1=00

0.00

080

1.00

(j)

-5'

Aileron, M o d e r a t e a ' s .

Figure 9

53

Continued.

wc

1-00

-e oo
+
x
b

-7 00

-8
O0
16
20
@

-6 00

-5-00
cP

-4 00

-3 00

-2.00

-1 00

0.00

1-00

x c 1-00

(k)

O o Aileron, Large a's.

Figure 9

54

Continued.

-8 00
+

8 O

-7.00

l 2 O

16

-6.00

-5.00
cP
-4.00

-3.00

-2.00

-1.00

0.00

1-00

(1)

O o Aileron, Moderate a's.

Figure 9 - Continued.
55

ArL"

U5LEc-r"

= +5.m LEG-

MACH No- = 0-13

REYNOLDS M== 2.2 E 06

-8.00

S Y m
+
x

-7 00 ..

ALPHA

-80
00

16

20 O

-6-00

-5 00
=P

-4-00

-3.00

-2.00

-1 00

0.00

80

1-00

(m) 5 ' A i l e r o n , Large

a's.

Figure 9 - Continued.
56

.Q

x/c

1.00

AILERDN
'

CEFLECTIDN = +5*00 E G =

MACH NO- = 0.13

RCIN@LDSNO-

SYMBOL
+
x
0
0

2 - 2 E 06

ALPHA

00
80
12O
16

-6 00

-5 00

cP
-4.00

-3.00

-2.00

-1 00

0.00

- 80

1a 0 0

(n)

5" A i l e r o n , Moderate a ' s .

Figure 9

57

Continued.

.=Bo X

1-00

-8.00
X

2oo

.c

-7 =00

G.00

-5-00

-4.00

-3.00

-2.00

-1.00

0.00

1.00

9 8 0

I
(0)

loo

Aileron, Large a s .

Figure 9 - Continued.
58

-8 00
x
0
0

-7 = 00

120
16'

-6 00

-5 00

-4.00

-3-00

-2 00

-1.00

0.00

;1

1.00

(p)

10' Aileron, Moderate a's.

Figure 9

59

Continued.

x/c

1.00

-8.00
+
x
b

-7.00

-e O

O0

16,"
20

-6.00

-5 00

=P
-4.00

-3.00

-2.00

-1.00

0.00

1-00

-80

(9) 2 0 " A i l e r o n , L a r g e a ' s .

Figure 9

60

Continued.

-8.00
c

x
b

-7-00.

eo
eo
16'

-6-00

-5.00
=P
-4.00

-3 00

-2.00

-1.00

0.00

1-00

( r ) 20" A i l e r o n , Moderate a ' s .

Figure 9 - Continued.
61

-8.00

SYMBO,

+
X

-7 00

ALPHA
-8

00

16'
20

-6.00

-5.00

cp
-4.00

-3-00

-2.00

-1.00

0.00

1-00

=80

(s)

4 0 " Aileron, L a r g e a ' s .

Figure 9 - C o n t i n u e d .
62

AIiiERON E F L E C T I 0 \ 1 =+40-00
oEG9

= 0.13
"OLE NO- = 2.2 E
MACH N3-

-8.00

SYM3M_
+
X

ALPHA

O0

eo
I 2 O

0
v

-7.00

06

16

-6-00

-5 00
cP
-4900

-3 00

-2-00

-1900

0 =oo

-8Q

(t)

4 0 Aileron, Moderate a's.

Figure 9 - Continued.
63

-8.00
x
b
v

-7.00

-6.00

-5.00

=P
-4 00

-3.00

::1
20

-2.00

-1.00

0.00

1.00

f
(u)

60

A i l e r o n , Large a s .

F i g u r e 9 - Continued.
64

AILERON CFLCTIDN =+60=00E G *

MACH M== 0.13
Rc/NcLffi M== 2 - 2 E 06
-8 00

SYMBOL

+
x
0

-7 00

ALPHA

0:
8
12
16

-6 00

-5 00
cP

-4 00

-3 00

-2 00

-1 00

0-00

1-00

(v)

60 A i l e r o n , M o d e r a t e a ' s .
Figure 9

Concluded.
65

66

F i g u r e 11

L i f t comparison between modified flap geometry

and original flap geometry, 6 f = 40'.

68

FLAP D E F L E C T I O N = 1 0 . 0 DEGREES
= 0.13

MACH NO.

REYNOLDS NO.

-8-00

2 . 2 E 06

nnaoLALPHA
+
X

-7-00

-6.00

0.20
5.2'

10.3"

12.80

F l a g g e d Symbols Denote
Lower S u r f a c e P r e s s u r e s

-5.00

5
-4-00

-3.00

-2-00

-1.00

0.00

WC

1.00

(a) 1 0 '
Figure 1 2

1.00

Flap.

Experimental Pressure Distributions.

69

FLAP DEFLECTION = 2 0 . 0

MACH NO.
REYNOLDS NO.

= 0.13
= 2.2

0.10

5.2O

0
v

DEGREES

E 06

10.3O
12.8O

-70

(b) 2 0 ' F l a p .
F i g u r e 12 - C o n t i n u e d .
70

1-00

F L A P D E F L E C T I O N = 3 0 . 0 DEGREES
MACH NO.
REYNOLDS N O .

-8 00

SYMBOL
+
x
0

-7.00

0.13
= 2.2

E 06

ALPHA
0 . 1'
5.2"
10.3'
12.7"

-6 -00

-5-00

6
-4.00
-8.00
-3.00

9
-

-2.00

-1 -00

0-Oa

1
.

1-oc

( c ) 30' F l a p .
F i g u r e 1 2 - Continued.
71

FLAP DEFLECTION = 4 0 . 0
MACH NO.

REYNOLDS NO.

-8.00

0.13
= 2 . 2 E 06

SlMBOLALFliA
+
x
b

-700

DEGREES

v
4

0. 1'
2.6"
5.2'
7.7"

10.3'
12.7'

-6.00

-5.00

5
-4.00

-3-00

-2- 00

-1.00

I,

0.00

1-00

(d) 4 0 '

Flap.

F i g u r e 1 2 - Concluded.
72

-1

-1

73

74

76

F i g u r e 14

77

concluded

78

79

Figure 1 5 - c o n t i n u e d
80

F i g u r e 1 5 - concluded

81

82

Figure 16

continued

83

Figure 16 - c o n t i n u e d
84

F i g u r e 16

concluded
85

GA(W)-l

w i t h 30% Flap

Experiment
___--

Theory

(Ref. 7)

No c o n f l u e n t b o u n d a r y l a y e r e r r o r

(a)

Figure 17

c1 =

0.20

Experimental and Theoretical Pressures,40 Flap

86

F i g u r e 17 - c o n t i n u e d
87

88

F i g u r e 1 7 - coni;inued
89

90

F i g u r e 17 - c o n c l u d e d

NASA-Langley,

1977

CR-2833

91