1

[SSM]
The magnetic
equator
is a line
the surface
of Earth
on
the two(a)
solenoids
are equal
in length
andonradius
and have
identical
(a) Because
which Earths magnetic field is horizontal. At the magnetic equator, how would
cores, their self-inductances are proportional to the square of their number of
you orient a flat sheet of paper so as to create the maximum magnitude of
turns per unit
has the
larger
self-inductance.
magnetic
flux length.
throughHence
it? (b)AHow
about
the minimum
magnitude of magnetic
flux?
2
(b) The self-inductances of the two
LA
0 nA AA A
coils
are given
Determine
theby:
Concept The magnetic flux
will be a maximum when the normal
and
2
to the sheet is parallel to the magnetic field.LThe magnetic
flux will be a minimum
B
0 nB AB B
when the normal to the sheet is perpendicular to the magnetic field.

PROBLEMAS
TEMA VIII

2
Divide the self-inductance of coil A
AA A nA2and
LA is both
AA A
0 nA horizontal
(a) Orient the sheet so the normal to the sheet
by the self-inductance of coil B and
2
2
LB
nB AB B
perpendicular to the local tangent to the magnetic
equator.
0 nB AB B
simplify to obtain:
or, because the coils have the same
(b) Orient the sheet of paper so the normallengths
to the sheet
is perpendicular
to the
and radii
(hence, the same
CAPITULO
28
direction of the normal described in the answer
to Part (a).areas),
cross-sectional

PROBLEMAS RESUELTOS
2

L
n2
nA
2

At one of Earths magnetic poles,Ahow Awould

you orient a flat
2
nBmagnetic flux
nB
B
sheet of paper so as to create the maximumLmagnitude
of
through it?
2
If n increases by a factor of 3, will
3nB
LA
9 when the normal
Determine
Thebecause
magnetic flux will be a maximum
decrease
by the
the Concept
same factor,
L
n
B
B
to the
sheet isare
parallel
the magnetic
field. Orient
the
sheet so the normal to the
the
inductors
madetofrom
the
sheet
is
vertical.
same length of wire. Hence:
3
[SSM]
the following combination of SI units is
15
[SSM] Show
True orthat
false:
2
equivalent to the volt: T m s .
(a) The induced emf in a circuit is equal to the negative of the magnetic flux
through the circuit.
Determine the Concept Because a volt is a joule per coulomb, we can show that
(b) There can be a2 non-zero induced emf at an instant when the flux through the
T to
m zero.
circuit
is equal
are equivalent to a volt by making a series of substitutions and
the SI units
s
(c) The self inductance
of a solenoid is proportional to the rate of change of the
simplifications
that reduces these units to a joule per coulomb.
current
in the solenoid.
(d) The magnetic energy density at some point in space is proportional to the
square of the magnitude of
N the magnetic field at that point.
N
N m
: is proportional 2to the current
TheThe
units
of a tesla of
area solenoid
m 2 in it.
(e)
inductance
T m
A m
A m
A
s
s
s
(a) False. The induced emf in a circuit is equal to the rate of change of the
685
magnetic flux
through
theampere
circuit.
J Magnetic Induction
Substitute
the units
of an
Magnetic Induction
685
C
(C/s), replace N m with J, and
2

(simplify
d
)
Evaluate
for
n
k
:
.03016
TJ m22 i when
k
0the flux
Tmflux
m 0can
m
(b) True.toThe
rate
of change of the magnetic
s be non-zero
obtain:

k
(d) Evaluate m for n k :
0
.
03016
T
m
i
0
m
through the circuit is momentarily zero
s
C
s
(e) Evaluate m for n 0.60i 0.80 j :
j :
False. Themself
is determined by its length, crossn 0.60i of0.a80solenoid
e) Evaluate
for inductance
((c)
sectional area, number of turns per 2unit671
length, and the permeability of the matter
0.03016 T m i 0.60i 0.80 j
18 mWb
m
in its core.
0.03016 T m 2 i 0.60i 0.80 j
18 mWb
m

27
[SSM] A long solenoid has n turns per unit length, has a radius R1,
27

[SSM]
solenoid
n turns
radiusisR1,
A circular
coilhas
with
radiusper
R2unit
andlength,
with N has
totala turns
and carries
a currentAI. long
I. A circular
coil withfrom
radius
with
N total
turns is flux
and
carries
2 and(a
) Find
the magnetic
coaxial
witha current
the solenoid
and equidistant
its Rends.
a
)
Find
the
magnetic
coaxial
with
the
solenoid
and
equidistant
from
its
ends.
(
R1.
through the coil if R2 > R1. (b) Find the magnetic flux through the coil if R2 < flux
through the coil if R2 > R1. (b) Find the magnetic flux through the coil if R2 < R1.
Picture the Problem The magnetic field outside the solenoid is, to a good
Picture
the Problem
The magnetic
field outside
solenoid
a of
good
approximation,
zero. Hence,
the flux through
the coil the
is the
flux in is,
the to
core
the
approximation,
zero.
Hence,
the
flux
through
the
coil
is
the
flux
in
the
core
of
the
solenoid. The magnetic field inside the solenoid is uniform. Hence, the flux
solenoid.
The
magnetic
solenoid
is uniform.
Hence, the
R1: flux
through the
circular
coil isfield
giveninside
by thethe
same
expression
with R2 replacing
through the circular coil is given by the same expression with R2 replacing R1:

(a) The flux through the large

(circular
a) The flux
loopthrough
outside the
the large
solenoid is
circular
loop
outside
the
solenoid
is
given by:

m
m

NBA
NBA

solenoid if the magnetic field is reduced to zero in 1.40 s.

coaxial with the solenoid and equidistant from its ends. (a) Find the magnetic flux
through the coil if R2 > R1. (b) Find the magnetic flux through the coil if R2 < R1.
Picture the Problem We can use its definition to find the magnetic flux through
the solenoid
Faradays
to find field
the emf
induced
the solenoid
when
the
Picture
the and
Problem
The law
magnetic
outside
theinsolenoid
is, to
a good
external field iszero.
reduced
to zero
in 1.4through
s.
approximation,
Hence,
the flux
the coil is the flux in the core of the
solenoid. The magnetic field inside the solenoid is uniform. Hence, the flux
NBA cos with R replacing R :
(a) Express
the magnetic
m
through
the circular
coil isflux
given by the same
expression
2
1
through the solenoid in terms of
NB R 2 cos
:
A,flux
andthrough
NBA
(N,
a) B,
The
the large
m
circular loop outside the solenoid is
2
Substitute
400 60.0 mT 0.00800 m cos 50
given
by: numerical values and
m
evaluate m:
3.10 mWb 3.1 mWb
2
Substituting for B and A and
N 0 nI R12
m
0 nIN R1
simplifying yields:
0 3.10 mWb
(b) Apply Faradays law to
m
1.40 s nIN R 2
t
(obtain:
b) The flux through the coil when
N 0 nI R22
m
0
2
R2 < R1 is given by:
2.2 mV

28 (a) Compute the magnetic flux through the rectangular loop shown in
33
[SSM]
A 100-turn
circularfor
coila has
a diameter
ofcm,
2.00d cm,
your answer
= 5.0
cm, b = 10
= 2.0a cm, and
Figure28-45.
(b) Evaluate
resistance
I = 20 A. of 50.0 , and the two ends of the coil are connected together. The
plane of the coil is perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field of magnitude 1.00 T.
The direction
of the field
reversed.
(a)element
Find theoftotal
that passes
through
Picture
the Problem
We is
can
set up the
areacharge
dA, express
the flux
d m
a
cross
section
of
the
wire.
If
the
reversal
takes
0.100
s,
find
(
b
)
the
average
through it, and then carry out the details of the integration to express m.
current and (c) the average emf during the reversal.
d m BdA
(a) The flux through the strip of area
Picture the Problem We can use the definition of average current to express the
dA is given by:
where dA bdx .
total charge passing through the coil as a function of Iav. Because the induced
current is proportional to the induced emf and the
inducedI emf, in turn, is given
Express B at a distance x from a
0 2I
0
B
by Faradays law, we can express Q as a function of the number of turns of the
long, straight wire:
4 x 2 x
coil, the magnetic field, the resistance of the coil, and the area of the coil.
Knowing the reversal time, we can find the average Icurrent from
its definition and
Substitute to obtain:
0
0 Ib dx
d
bdx
m
the average emf from Ohms law.
2 x
2
x

(a) Express the total charge that

passes through the coil in terms
of the induced current:
Chapter 28
690
Chapter 28
690
Relate the induced current to the
Relate the
induced current to the
induced
emf:
induced emf:
Using Faradays law, express the
Using Faradays
law,of
express
the
induced
emf in terms
m:
induced emf in terms of m:
Substitute in equation (1) and
Substitute
equation (1) and
simplify
to in
obtain:
simplify to obtain:

Substitute numerical values and

(1)

I av t

I I av
I I av

R
R
m

tm
t

tm t 2 m
Q
t
Rt t 2R m
Q R t
R
R
R

2 NB d 2
2
2 NBA 2 NB 4 d
2 NBA
R
R4
R
NBR d 2
2
NB
2 Rd
where d is2 Rthe diameter of the coil.
where d is the diameter of the coil.

100 1.00 T

0.0200 m

the
rod? emf in terms of
induced

m:

Picture
theinProblem
Theand
rod is executing simple harmonic
motion in the xy
Substitute
equation (1)
m
plane,
i.e.,toinobtain:
a plane perpendicular to the magnetic field. The
induced
in the
2 m
simplify
t emf
Q
t
t
rod is a consequence of its motion in this magneticRfield and
vB .
R is given Rby

Because were given the position of the oscillator as a function of 2time, we can
2 NB d
2 NBA
differentiate this expression to obtain v.
4
R
R
2dx
(a) The potential difference between
vB NBBd
the ends of the rod is given by:
2 R dt
where d is the diameter of the coil.
dx d
Evaluate dx/dt:
2.0 cm cos120 t
2
dt
dt
Substitute numerical values and
100 1.00 T 0.0200 m
Q 2.0 cm 120 s 1 sin 120 t
evaluate Q:
2 50.0
7.54 m/s sin 120 t
1.257 mC 1.26 mC
Substitute numerical values and evaluate :
Q 1.257 mC
(b) Apply the definition of average
I av
12.57 mA
current to obtain:
t
0.100 s
1.2 T 0.15 m 7.54 m/s sin 120 t
1.4 V sin 120 t
12.6 mA
(b) The maximum potential
(c) Using between
Ohms law,
therod
difference
the relate
ends the
emf in of
thethe
coilexpression
to the average
isaverage
the amplitude
for
current:
derived in Part (a):

max
av

1.4 V
I av R 12.57 mA 50.0

628 mV

34 [SSM]
At the equator,
a 1000-turn
a cross-sectional
area of
In Figure
28-47, thecoil
rodthat
has has
a mass
m and a resistance
R. The
41
2
rails
frictionless
and have
negligible
resistances.
distance to
300 are
cmhorizontal,
and a resistance
of 15.0
is aligned
so that
its plane isThe
perpendicular
Earths
magnetic
field
of
0.700
G.
(
a
)
If
the
coil
is
flipped
over
in
0.350
s, what
between the rails is . An ideal battery that has an emf is connected between
is the aaverage
induced
during
0.350 s? (bThe
) How
charge
points
and b so
that thecurrent
currentininit the
rod the
is downward.
rodmuch
released
from
flows
through
a
cross
section
of
the
coil
wire
during
the
0.350
s?
rest at t = 0. (a) Derive an expression for the force on the rod as a function of the
speed. (b) Show that the speed of the rod approaches a terminal speed and find an
Picture the
(a) speed.
Because
average
current
proportional
expression
forProblem
the terminal
(c)the
What
is the induced
current when
theisrod
is moving to
the
induced
emf
and
the
induced
emf,
in
turn,
is
given
by
Faradays
law, we can
at its terminal speed?
find Iav from the change in the magnetic flux through the coil, the resistance of the
Knowing
the force
average
coil, and
time required
flipping
thethe
coil.
(a) Thefornetthe
force
actingofon
rod(bis) the
magnetic
it
Picture
thetheProblem
current, we as
cana use
its definition
to find the
charge and
flowing
thea coil.
experiences
consequence
of carrying
a current
beinginin
magnetic field.
The net emf that drives I in this circuit is the difference between the emf of the
Magnetic Induction
699

battery and the emf induced in the rod as a result of its motion. Applying a righthand rule to the rod reveals that the direction of this magnetic force is to the right.
Hence the rod will accelerate to the right when it is released. (b) We can obtain
the equation of motion of the rod by applying Newtons second law to relate its
acceleration to , B, I, R and . (c) Letting v

v t in the equation for the current in

the circuit will yield current when the rod is at its terminal speed.

(a) Express the magnetic force on the

current-carrying rod:

The current in the rod is given by:

Fm

Substituting for I yields:

Fm

I B

B v
R
B v

(1)

3
B

B v

the equation of motion of the rod by applying Newtons second law to relate its
acceleration to , B, I, R and . (c) Letting v

v t in the equation for the current in

the circuit will yield current when the rod is at its terminal speed.
Chapter
700
Fm I B
(a) Express
the28
magnetic force on the
current-carrying rod:
Picture the Problem (a) We can find the magnitude of the induced emf by
applying Faradays law to the loop. (b) and (c) The application
of Ohms law will
B v
The current in the rod is given by:
(1)
I can find the rate of Joule heating
yield the induced current in the loop and we
R
2
using P I R .

Substituting for I yields:

(a) Apply Faradays law to express
the induced emf in the loop in terms
of the rate of change of the magnetic
(b) Letting the direction of motion of
field:
the rod be the positive x direction,
apply
Fx ma x tovalues
the rod:
Substitute
numerical
and
:
evaluate
Solving for dv dt yields:

(b) Using Ohms law, relate the

induced current to the induced
Note that as v increases,
voltage
thethe
B and
v the
0 , resistance
dv dt 0ofand
loop and evaluate I:
rod approaches its terminal speed vt .

SetExpress
dv dt the
0 to
obtain:
(c)
rate
at which power
is dissipated in a conductor in terms
) Substitute
vt for vand
inthe
equation
of(cthe
induced current
resistance
of the loop and evaluate
(1) to obtain:
P:

Fm d m
dt

B
R

B v
B
d
B dB
AB
A
R
R
dt
dt

B v
0.0500 m

m
2

BdBv
R2
dt

dv
dt
40.0 mT/s

0.3142 mV
0.314 mV
B
B v
mR
0.3142 mV
I
0.7854 mA
R
0.400
B
B vt 0 v t
mR0.785 mA
B

dv
dt

I 2R

0.7854 mA

0.247 W
B
B
R

0.400

42 InAFigure
uniform
magnetic
field is established
the plane of a
43
28-48,
a conducting
rod that has perpendicular
a mass m and atonegligible
loop that has
a radius
equal
to 5.00
cm and
a resistance
equal
to 0.400rails
. The
resistance
is free
to slide
without
friction
along
two parallel
frictionless
that
magnitude
of the
field is increasing
of 40.0 and
mT/s.
Find (a)by
thea magnitude
have
negligible
resistances
separated at
byaarate
distance
connected
of the induced
emf
in the
(b) to
thea induced
current
in the
andan(c)
the rate
resistance
R. The
rails
are loop,
attached
long inclined
plane
thatloop,
makes
angle
of
Joule
heating
in
the
loop.
with the horizontal. There is a magnetic field directed upward as shown. (a) Show
that there is a retarding force directed up the incline given by
F B 2 2 v cos 2
R . (b) Show that the terminal speed of the rod is
2 2
vt mgR sin
B cos 2 .
Picture the Problem The free-body diagram shows the forces acting on the rod
as it slides down the inclined plane. The retarding force is the component of Fm
acting up the incline, i.e., in the x direction. We can express Fm using the
expression for the force acting on a conductor moving in a magnetic field.
Recognizing that only the horizontal component of the rods velocity v produces
an induced emf, we can apply the expression for a motional emf in conjunction
with Ohms law to find the induced current in the rod. In Part (b) we can apply
Newtons second law to obtain an expression for dv/dt and set this expression
equal to zero to obtain vt.

Magnetic Induction

701

y
r
Fn

r
Fm

r
mg

(a) Express the retarding force

acting on the rod:

F Fm cos
(1)
where
Fm I B
and I is the current induced in the rod
as a consequence of its motion in the
magnetic field.
B v cos

Express the induced emf due to the

motion of the rod in the magnetic
field:
Using Ohms law, relate the current
I in the circuit to the induced emf:
Substitute in equation (1) to obtain:

B v cos
R

B v cos
R

B cos

B 2 2 v cos 2

(b) Apply

Fx

max to the rod:

B 2 2v
cos 2
R

mg sin

and
dv
g sin
dt

When the rod reaches its terminal

speed vt , dv dt 0 :

Solve for vt to obtain:

vt

g sin

dv
dt

B 2 2v
cos 2
mR
B 2 2 vt
cos 2
mR

mgR sin

B2

cos 2

Substitute numerical values and evaluate L:

L

10 7 N/A 2 0.25 cm 10 cm
4 0.50 mm

0.16 H

52 In Figure 28-51, circuit 2 has a total resistance of 300 . After switch

S is closed, the current in circuit 1 increases reaching a value of 5.00 A after a
long time. A charge of 200 C passes through the galvanometer in circuit 2
during the time that the current in circuit 1 is increasing. What is the mutual
inductance between the two coils?
Picture the Problem We can apply Kirchhoffs loop rule to the galvanometer
circuit to relate the potential difference across L2 to the potential difference across
R2. Integration of this equation over time will yield an equation that relates the
mutual inductance between the two coils to the steady-state
current
in circuit 1 and
Magnetic
Induction
707
the charge that flows through the galvanometer.

Apply Kirchhoffs loop rule to

the galvanometer circuit:

dI1
dt

L2

or
MdI1
Integrate each term from t = 0 to
t= :

Because I2 = 0:

Substitute numerical values and

evaluate M:

dI 2
dt

L2 dI 2

M dI1

R2 I 2

R2 I 2 dt

L2 dI 2

R2 I 2 dt

and
MI1

L2 I 2

MI1

R2Q

R2Q

R2Q
I1

2.00 10 4 C
5.00 A

300

12.0 mH

Show that the inductance of a toroid of rectangular cross

2
o N H ln b / a where N is the
section, as shown in Figure 28-52 is given by L
2
total number of turns, a is the inside radius, b is the outside radius, and H is the
height of the toroid.
53

[SSM]

Picture the Problem We can use Amperes law to express the magnetic field
inside the rectangular toroid and the definition of magnetic flux to express m
through the toroid. We can then use the definition of self-inductance of a solenoid
to express L.

Using the definition of the selfinductance of a solenoid, express

L in terms of m, N, and I:
Apply Amperes law to a closed path
of radius a < r < b:

N m
I

B d

(1)

B2 r

0 C

or, because IC = NI,

B2 r

NI

NI