Graphically Estimating Limits

12-1 Estimating Limits Graphically
Estimate each limit using a graph. Support your conjecture using a table of values.
1.
SOLUTION:
Analyze Graphically
Graph f (x) = 4x 10.
The graph of f (x) = 4x 10 suggests that as x approaches 5, f (x) approaches 10. Therefore, we can estimate that
is 10.
Support Numerically
Make a table of values for f , choosing x-values that approach 5 by using some values slightly less than 5 and some
values slightly greater than 5.
The pattern of outputs suggests that as x approaches 5 from the left or from the right, f (x) approaches 10. This
supports our graphical analysis.
ANSWER:
10
2.
SOLUTION:
Analyze Graphically
Graph
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.
Page 1

2.
SOLUTION:
Analyze Graphically
Graph
The graph of
suggests that as x approaches 2, f (x) approaches 12. Therefore, we can
estimate that
is 12.
Support Numerically
ANSWER:
12
3.
SOLUTION:
Analyze Graphically
Graph
Page 2

3.
SOLUTION:
Analyze Graphically
Graph
The graph of
estimate that

is 15.
Support Numerically
Make a table of values for f , choosing x-values that approach 2 by using some values slightly less than 2 and
some values slightly greater than 2.
ANSWER:
15
4.
SOLUTION:
Analyze Graphically
Graph f (x) =
Page 3

4.
SOLUTION:
Analyze Graphically
Graph f (x) =
The graph of f (x) =
suggests that as x approaches 2, f (x) approaches 3. Therefore, we can estimate that
is 3.
Support Numerically
ANSWER:
3
5.
SOLUTION:
Analyze Graphically
Graph
.
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Page 4

5.
SOLUTION:
Analyze Graphically
Graph
The graph of
that
suggests that as xapproaches3,f (x) approaches 25. Therefore, we can estimate

is 25.
Support Numerically
The pattern of outputs suggests that as x approaches 3from the left or from the right, f (x) approaches 25. This
ANSWER:
25
6.
SOLUTION:
Analyze Graphically
Graph f (x) =
Page 5

6.
SOLUTION:
Analyze Graphically
Graph f (x) =
is 1.
Support Numerically
ANSWER:
1
7.
SOLUTION:
Analyze Graphically
Graph
Page 6

7.
SOLUTION:
Analyze Graphically
Graph
The graph of
estimate that
is 0.
Support Numerically
ANSWER:
0
8.
SOLUTION:
Analyze Graphically
Graph f (x) =
Page 7

8.
SOLUTION:
Analyze Graphically
Graph f (x) =
is 4.
Support Numerically
ANSWER:
4
9.
SOLUTION:
Analyze
eSolutions
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Graph
Page 8

9.
SOLUTION:
Analyze Graphically
Graph
.
The graph of
that
suggests that as x approaches 6, f (x) approaches 5.72. Therefore, we can estimate

is 5.72.
Support Numerically
The pattern of outputs suggests that as x approaches 6 from the left or from the right, f (x) approaches 5.72. This
ANSWER:
5.72
10.
SOLUTION:
Analyze Graphically
Graph f (x) =
Page 9

10.
SOLUTION:
Analyze Graphically
Graph f (x) =
suggests that as x approaches 5, f (x) approaches 9. Therefore, we can estimate

that
is 9.
Support Numerically
ANSWER:
9
Estimate each one-sided or two-sided limit, if it exists.
11.
eSolutions
SOLUTION:
Graph f (x) =
Page 10

Estimate each one-sided or two-sided limit, if it exists.
11.
SOLUTION:
Graph f (x) =
Thegraphoff (x) =
suggests that
= 0.
ANSWER:
0
12.
SOLUTION:
Graph f (x) =
Thegraphoff (x) =
suggests that
= 4.
ANSWER:
4
13.
SOLUTION:
Graph f (x) =
Page 11
Thegraphoff (x) =
suggests that
= 4.
12-1ANSWER:
Estimating Limits Graphically
4
13.
SOLUTION:
Graph f (x) =
Thegraphoff (x) =
suggests that
= 0 and
= 0.
Because the left- and right-hand limits of f (x) as x approaches 0 are the same,
= 0.
ANSWER:
0
14.
SOLUTION:
Graph f (x) =
Thegraphoff (x) =
suggests that
= 0.1667.
ANSWER:
0.1667
15.
SOLUTION:
Graph f (x) =
Page 12
Thegraphoff (x) =
suggests that
= 0.1667.
12-1ANSWER:
0.1667
15.
SOLUTION:
Graph f (x) =
Thegraphoff (x) =
suggests that
= 1.
ANSWER:
1
16.
SOLUTION:
Graph f (x) =
Thegraphoff (x) =
suggests that
= 0.
ANSWER:
0
17.
SOLUTION:
Graph f (x) =
Page 13
Thegraphoff (x) =
suggests that
= 0.
12-1ANSWER:
0
17.
SOLUTION:
Graph f (x) =
Thegraphoff (x) =
0.87 and
suggests that
1.08.
Since the left- and right-hand limits of f (x) as x approaches 2approachdifferentvalues,the
does
not exist.
ANSWER:
does not exist
18.
SOLUTION:
Graph f (x) =
Thegraphoff (x) =
suggests that
= 15.
ANSWER:
15
19.
SOLUTION:
Graph
f (x)- =Powered by Cognero
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Manual
Page 14
Thegraphoff (x) =
suggests that
= 15.
12-1ANSWER:
15
19.
SOLUTION:
Graph f (x) =
Thegraphoff (x) =
suggests that
= 7.
suggests that
= 10 and
ANSWER:
7
20.
SOLUTION:
Graph f (x) =
Thegraphoff (x) =
= 10.
= 10.
ANSWER:
10
21.
SOLUTION:
Graph f (x) =
Page 15
= 10.
12-1ANSWER:
10
21.
SOLUTION:
Graph f (x) =
Thegraphoff (x) =
suggests that
= 7.
ANSWER:
7
22.
SOLUTION:
Graph f (x) =
Thegraphoff (x) =
suggests that
= 3.
ANSWER:
3
23.
SOLUTION:
Graph f (x) =
Page 16
Thegraphoff (x) =
suggests that
= 3.
12-1ANSWER:
3
23.
SOLUTION:
Graph f (x) =
suggests that
= 1.5 and
= 1.5.
Since the left- and right-hand limits of f (x) as x approaches 0 approach different values, the
does not exist.
ANSWER:
does not exist
24.
SOLUTION:
Graph f (x) =
suggests that
= 0.5 and
= 0.5.
Since the left- and right-hand limits of f (x) as x approaches approach different values, the
does not exist.
ANSWER:
does not exist
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eSolutions
SOLUTION:
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does not exist.
12-1ANSWER:
does not exist
25.
SOLUTION:
Graph
The graph of
suggests that
= 0 and
= 0.
= 0.
ANSWER:
0
26.
SOLUTION:
Graph
The graph of
suggests that
= 9 and
= 9.
9.
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= 0.
12-1ANSWER:
0
26.
SOLUTION:
Graph
The graph of
suggests that
= 9 and
= 9.
9.
ANSWER:
9
27.
SOLUTION:
Graph
The graph of
suggests that
= 5 and
= 5.
does not exist.
Page 19
9.
12-1ANSWER:
9
27.
SOLUTION:
Graph
The graph of
suggests that
= 5 and
= 5.
does not exist.
ANSWER:
does not exist
28.
SOLUTION:
Graph
The graph of
suggests that
= 2.
= 2 and
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does not exist.
12-1ANSWER:
does not exist
28.
SOLUTION:
Graph
The graph of
suggests that
= 2 and
= 2.
=2.
ANSWER:
2
For each function below, estimate each limit if it exists.
29.
SOLUTION:
From the graph of f (x), it appears that as x approaches 6 from the left and right, f (x) approaches 4. Therefore,
= 4.
ANSWER:
eSolutions
4
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=2.
12-1ANSWER:
2
For each function below, estimate each limit if it exists.
29.
SOLUTION:
= 4.
ANSWER:
4
30.
SOLUTION:
= 6.
ANSWER:
6
31.
SOLUTION:
From the graph of g(x), it appears that as x approaches 4 from the left and right, g(x) approaches
= .
. Therefore,
ANSWER:
32.
SOLUTION:
From the graph of g(x), it appears that as x approaches 6 from the left, g(x) approaches
from the right g(x) approaches .
Therefore,
does not exist.
and as x approaches 6
ANSWER:
does not exist
Estimate each limit, if it exists.
33.
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Therefore,
does not exist.
12-1ANSWER:
does not exist
Estimate each limit, if it exists.
33.
SOLUTION:
Analyze Graphically
Graph
The graph of
suggests that
getscloserto4,f (x) approaches
and
. Therefore, we can estimate that
is
, becauseasx
Support Numerically
The pattern of outputs suggests that as xapproaches 4 from the left or from the right, f (x) approaches
. This
ANSWER:
34.
SOLUTION:
Analyze Graphically
Graph
The graph of
suggests that
and
Page 23
,becauseasx
ANSWER:

34.
SOLUTION:
Analyze Graphically
Graph
The graph of
suggests that
getscloserto4,f (x) approaches
and
=
is
,becauseasx
Support Numerically
The pattern of outputs suggests that as x approaches 5 from the left or from the right, f (x) approaches
. This
ANSWER:
35.
SOLUTION:
Analyze Graphically
Graph
The graph of
suggests that
and
of f (x) as x gets closer to 4 are not the same,
. Because the left- and right-hand limits

Page 24
is does not exist.
. This
12-1ANSWER:
35.
SOLUTION:
Analyze Graphically
Graph
The graph of
suggests that
and
. Because the left- and right-hand limits
is does not exist.
Support Numerically
The pattern of outputs suggests that as x approaches 4 from the left, f (x) approaches and as x approaches 4
from the right, f (x) approaches . Therefore the limit does not exist. This supports our graphical analysis.
ANSWER:
does not exist
36.
SOLUTION:
Analyze Graphically
Graph
.
The graph of
estimate that
suggests that
is
.Asxincreases,f (x) approaches
. Therefore, we can
Support
eSolutions
ManualNumerically
Make a table of values for f , choosing increasing x-values.
Page 25
The pattern of outputs suggests that as x approaches 4 from the left, f (x) approaches and as x approaches 4
12-1ANSWER:
does not exist
36.
SOLUTION:
Analyze Graphically
Graph
.
The graph of
suggests that
estimate that
is
.Asxincreases,f (x) approaches
. Therefore, we can
Support Numerically
The pattern of outputs suggests that as x approaches
, f (x) approaches
. This supports our graphical analysis.
ANSWER:
37.
SOLUTION:
Analyze Graphically
Graph
The graph of
f(x) approaches
suggests that
and
=
is
,becauseasxgetscloserto6,
Support Numerically
values
slightly
greater
than 6.
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The pattern of outputs suggests that as x approaches
, f (x) approaches
12-1ANSWER:
37.
SOLUTION:
Analyze Graphically
Graph
The graph of
f(x) approaches
suggests that
and
=
is
,becauseasxgetscloserto6,
Support Numerically
. This
ANSWER:
38.
SOLUTION:
Analyze Graphically
Graph
The graph of
suggests that

eSolutions
Support Numerically
Make a table of values for f , choosing decreasing x-values.
is
. As xdecreases,f (x) approaches
.
Page 27
. This
12-1ANSWER:
38.
SOLUTION:
Analyze Graphically
Graph
The graph of
suggests that
is
. As xdecreases,f (x) approaches
Support Numerically
The pattern of outputs suggests that as xapproaches

analysis.
, f (x) approaches
. This supports our graphical
ANSWER:
39.
SOLUTION:
Analyze Graphically
Graph
The graph of
we can estimate that
suggests that
= 0. As xincreases,f (x) approaches
. Therefore,
is 0.
Support
eSolutions
ManualNumerically
Page 28

analysis.
, f (x) approaches
. This supports our graphical
12-1ANSWER:
39.
SOLUTION:
Analyze Graphically
Graph
The graph of
suggests that
= 0. As xincreases,f (x) approaches
. Therefore,
is 0.
Support Numerically
, f (x) approaches 0. This supports our graphical analysis.
ANSWER:
0
40.
SOLUTION:
Analyze Graphically
Graph
The graph of
suggests that
left- and right-hand limits of f (x) as x gets closer to 0 are not the same,
and
. Because the
is does not exist.
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Support Numerically
12-1ANSWER:
0
40.
SOLUTION:
Analyze Graphically
Graph
The graph of
suggests that
left- and right-hand limits of f (x) as x gets closer to 0 are not the same,
and
. Because the
is does not exist.
Support Numerically
The pattern of outputs suggests that as x approaches 3fromtheleft,f (x) approaches and as x approaches 3
ANSWER:
does not exist
41.
SOLUTION:
Analyze Graphically
Graph
The graph of
suggests that
estimate that
is
. As x increases, f (x) approaches
. Therefore, we can
Page 30
The pattern of outputs suggests that as x approaches 3fromtheleft,f (x) approaches and as x approaches 3
12-1ANSWER:
does not exist
41.
SOLUTION:
Analyze Graphically
Graph
The graph of
estimate that
suggests that
is
. As x increases, f (x) approaches
. Therefore, we can
Support Numerically
, f (x) approaches
ANSWER:
42.
SOLUTION:
Analyze Graphically
Graph
.
The graph of
suggests that
does not exist. As x increases, f (x) oscillates. Therefore,
does not exist.
eSolutions
ManualNumerically
Support
Page 31
ANSWER:

42.
SOLUTION:
Analyze Graphically
Graph
.
The graph of
suggests that
does not exist. As x increases, f (x) oscillates. Therefore,
does not exist.
Support Numerically

analysis.
, f (x) does not have a limit. This supports our graphical
ANSWER:
does not exist
43.
SOLUTION:
Analyze Graphically
Graph
The graph of
can estimate that
suggests that
= 1. As x decreases, f (x) approaches 1. Therefore, we
is 1.
Support Numerically
Page 32

analysis.
, f (x) does not have a limit. This supports our graphical
12-1ANSWER:
does not exist
43.
SOLUTION:
Analyze Graphically
Graph
The graph of
= 1. As x decreases, f (x) approaches 1. Therefore, we
suggests that
is 1.
can estimate that
Support Numerically
ANSWER:
1
44.
SOLUTION:
Analyze Graphically
Graph
The graph of
suggests that
= 1 and
= 1. Because the left- and right-had limits

Page 33
is does not exist.
12-1ANSWER:
1
44.
SOLUTION:
Analyze Graphically
Graph
The graph of
suggests that
= 1 and
= 1. Because the left- and right-had limits
is does not exist.
Support Numerically
The pattern of outputs suggests that as x approaches 0 from the left, f (x) approaches 1 and as x approaches 0 from
the right, f (x) approaches 1. Therefore the limit does not exist. This supports our graphical analysis.
ANSWER:
does not exist
45.
SOLUTION:
Analyze Graphically
Graph
The graph of
suggests that
= 0 and
Page 34
=0,becauseasxgetscloserto4,f
The pattern of outputs suggests that as x approaches 0 from the left, f (x) approaches 1 and as x approaches 0 from
the right, f (x) approaches 1. Therefore the limit does not exist. This supports our graphical analysis.
12-1ANSWER:
does not exist
45.
SOLUTION:
Analyze Graphically
Graph
The graph of
suggests that
(x) approaches 0. Therefore, we can estimate that
=0,becauseasxgetscloserto4,f
= 0 and
is 0.
Support Numerically
ANSWER:
0
46.
SOLUTION:
Analyze Graphically
Graph
The graph of
estimate that
suggests that
is 2.
= 2. As x decreases, f (x) approaches 2. Therefore, we can
Page 35
12-1ANSWER:
0
46.
SOLUTION:
Analyze Graphically
Graph
The graph of
estimate that
suggests that
= 2. As x decreases, f (x) approaches 2. Therefore, we can
is 2.
Support Numerically
ANSWER:
2
47.MEDICINEAvaccinewasquicklyadministeredtocombatasmalloutbreakofaminorinfection.Thenumberof
reported cases of the infection w weeks since the vaccine was administered is shown.
a. Use the graph to estimate

b. Use the graph to estimate
SOLUTION:
a.As w approaches 1,
b. As w approaches ,
ifitexists,andinterpretyourresults.
approaches 100.
approaches 250 and as w approaches 3,
approaches 0. This means that eventually the vaccine will eliminate all cases of the
infection.
ANSWER:
a.
b. 0; Sample answer: Eventually, the vaccine will eliminate all cases of the infection.
Page 36
12-1ANSWER:
2
47.MEDICINEAvaccinewasquicklyadministeredtocombatasmalloutbreakofaminorinfection.Thenumberof
reported cases of the infection w weeks since the vaccine was administered is shown.
a. Use the graph to estimate

b. Use the graph to estimate
SOLUTION:
a.As w approaches 1,
b. As w approaches ,
approaches 100.
approaches 250 and as w approaches 3,
approaches 0. This means that eventually the vaccine will eliminate all cases of the
infection.
ANSWER:
a.
48.TRACK AND FIELDThelogisticfunctionf (x) =
, where x is the number of years

since 1900, models the world record heights in meters for womens pole vaulting from 1996 to 2008.
a. Graphthefunctionfor96x196.
b. Estimate
ifitexists.
c. Explain the relationship between the limit of the function and the world record heights.
SOLUTION:
a.
b. The graph of f (x) =
suggeststhat
approaches 5.334. Therefore, we can estimate that
= 5.334. As x decreases, f (x)

is 5.334.
Support Numerically
Page 37
ANSWER:
a.
48.TRACK AND FIELDThelogisticfunctionf (x) =
, where x is the number of years

since 1900, models the world record heights in meters for womens pole vaulting from 1996 to 2008.
a. Graphthefunctionfor96x196.
b. Estimate
ifitexists.
c. Explain the relationship between the limit of the function and the world record heights.
SOLUTION:
a.
b. The graph of f (x) =
suggeststhat
approaches 5.334. Therefore, we can estimate that
= 5.334. As x decreases, f (x)

is 5.334.
Support Numerically
The pattern of outputs suggests that as x approaches , f (x) approaches 5.334. This supports our graphical
analysis. Therefore, the limit of the function suggests that the womens world record in pole vaulting will approach
but not exceed 5.334 meters.
ANSWER:
a.
b. 5.334
c. The limit of the function suggests that the womens world record in pole vaulting will approach but not exceed
5.334 meters.
49.INTERNET VIDEO A group of friends created a video parody of several popular songs and posted it online. As
word of the video spread, interest grew. A model that can be used to estimate the number of people p that viewed
d
the video is p (d) = 12(1.25012) 12, where d is days since the video was originally posted.
Page 38
a. Graphthefunctionfor0d20.
b. Estimate the number of people who viewed the video by the ends of the 5th, 10th, and 20th days. How many
people will have viewed it after 2 months? (Use d = 60.)
b. 5.334
The limit of theLimits
function Graphically
suggests that the womens world record in pole vaulting will approach but not exceed
12-1c.Estimating
5.334 meters.
49.INTERNET VIDEO A group of friends created a video parody of several popular songs and posted it online. As
word of the video spread, interest grew. A model that can be used to estimate the number of people p that viewed
d
the video is p (d) = 12(1.25012) 12, where d is days since the video was originally posted.
a. Graphthefunctionfor0d20.
b. Estimate the number of people who viewed the video by the ends of the 5th, 10th, and 20th days. How many
people will have viewed it after 2 months? (Use d = 60.)
c. Estimate
SOLUTION:
a.
b. When d = 5, p (d) = 25.

When d = 10, p (d) = 100.
When d = 20, p (d) = 1031.
When d = 60, p (d) = 7,880,000.
c. As dapproaches,
may view the video.
,approaches.Sampleanswer:Thelimitsuggeststhataninfiniteamountofpeople
ANSWER:
a.
b. 25, 100, 1031; Approximately 7,880,000 people will have viewed the video after 2 months.
c. Sampleanswer:Thelimitsuggeststhataninfiniteamountofpeoplemayviewthevideo.
50.TECHNOLOGY The number of cell phone owners between the ages of 18 and 25 has steadily increased since the
n
1990s. A sequence model that can estimate the number of people ages 1825 per cell phone is a n = 64.39(0.82605)
+ 1, where n represents years since 1993.
a. Graph the function for the years 1993 to 2011.
b. Use the graph to estimate the amount of people per cell phone for 1998, 2007, and 2011.
c. Use your graph to estimate
d.Explaintherelationshipbetweenthelimitofthefunctionandthenumberofpeoplepercellphone.
SOLUTION:
a.
Page 39
25, 100, 1031; Approximately

7,880,000 people will have viewed the video after 2 months.
12-1b.Estimating
Limits Graphically
c. Sampleanswer:Thelimitsuggeststhataninfiniteamountofpeoplemayviewthevideo.
50.TECHNOLOGY The number of cell phone owners between the ages of 18 and 25 has steadily increased since the
n
1990s. A sequence model that can estimate the number of people ages 1825 per cell phone is a n = 64.39(0.82605)
+ 1, where n represents years since 1993.
a. Graph the function for the years 1993 to 2011.
b. Use the graph to estimate the amount of people per cell phone for 1998, 2007, and 2011.
d.Explaintherelationshipbetweenthelimitofthefunctionandthenumberofpeoplepercellphone.
SOLUTION:
a.
b. When n = 5, a n = 25.77.
When n = 14, a n = 5.44.
When n = 18, a n = 3.07.
c. Make a table of values for a, choosing increasing n-values.
Then
=1
d. There will eventually be one cell phone for every person between the ages of 18 and 25.
ANSWER:
a.
b. 25.77; 5.44; 3.07

c. 1
51.CHEMICALS An underground pipeline is leaking a toxic chemical. After the leak began, it spread as shown
t1
below. The distance the chemical spreads each year can be defined as d(t) = 2000(0.7)
years since the leak began.
, for t1,wheret is
Page 40
51.CHEMICALS An underground pipeline is leaking a toxic chemical. After the leak began, it spread as shown
t1
The distance the chemical spreads each year can be defined as d(t) = 2000(0.7)
12-1below.
Estimating
Limits Graphically
years since the leak began.
, for t1,wheret is
a. Graphthefunctionfor1t15.
b. Use your graph to find values of d for t = 5, 10, and 15 years.
d.Willthechemicaleverspreadtoahospitalthatislocated7000metersawayfromtheleak?Recallthatthesum
of an infinite geometric series can be found by
.
SOLUTION:
a.
b. When n = 5, a n = 480.2.
When n = 10, a n = 80.71.
When n = 15, a n = 13.56.
Page 41

When n = 15, a n = 13.56.
c. Make a table of values for d, choosing increasing t-values.
t
1
10
d(t)
2000
80.707
100
1000
10,000
9 x 1013
0
0
=0
d.
The sum of the series is approximately 6666.67. The spill will never reach a hospital 7000 meters away.
ANSWER:
a.
b. 480.2; 80.71; 13.56

c. 0.
d. No; the sum of the infinite series is approximately 6666.67 meters, which is less than the 7000 meters required to
reach the hospital.
52.DEPRECIATION Chuck purchases a motorcycle for $11,000, and it depreciates each year that he owns it. The
value v of the motorcycle after t years can be estimated by the model
t
v(t) = 11,000(0.76) .
a. Graphthefunctionfor0t10.
b. Use your graph to estimate the value of the motorcycle for t = 3, 7, and 10 years.
d. Explain the relationship between the limit of the function and the value of Chucks motorcycle.
SOLUTION:
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52.DEPRECIATION Chuck purchases a motorcycle for $11,000, and it depreciates each year that he owns it. The
value v of the motorcycle after t years can be estimated by the model
t
v(t) = 11,000(0.76) .
12-1a.Estimating
Limits Graphically
Graphthefunctionfor0t10.
b. Use your graph to estimate the value of the motorcycle for t = 3, 7, and 10 years.
d. Explain the relationship between the limit of the function and the value of Chucks motorcycle.
SOLUTION:
a.
b. When t = 3, v(t) = $4828.74.
When t = 7, v(t) = $1610.97.
When t= 10, v(t) = $707.18.
c. Make a table of values for v, choosing increasing t-values.
t
1
10
v(t)
8360
707.18
1.3 x 108
100
1000
0
10,000
0
eSolutions100,000
Manual - Powered0by Cognero
Thus,
0.
Page 43
1
10
8360
707.18
100
1.3 x 108
10,000
100,000
0
0
12-1 Estimating
Limits
Graphically
1000
0
Thus,
0.
d. If Chuck keeps his motorcycle, it will eventually be worth $0.
ANSWER:
a.
b. $4828.74; $1610.97; $707.18

c. 0
d. If Chuck keeps his motorcycle, it will eventually be worth $0.
For the function below, estimate each limit if it exists.
53.
SOLUTION:
From the negative side to x = 0, the graph approaches y = 1.
= 1
ANSWER:
1
54.
SOLUTION:
Page 44
= 1
ANSWER:
12-11Estimating Limits Graphically

54.
SOLUTION:
From the positive side to x = 0, the graph approaches y = 4.
=4
ANSWER:
4
55.
SOLUTION:
The graph of f (x) suggests that
= 1 and
approaches 0 approach different values, the
= 4. Since the left- and right-hand limits of f (x) as x

does not exist.
ANSWER:
does not exist
56.
SOLUTION:
From
the negative
to x =
eSolutions
Manual
- Powered side
by Cognero
=1
2, the graph approaches y = 1.
Page 45
does not exist.
12-1ANSWER:
does not exist
56.
SOLUTION:
From the negative side to x = 2, the graph approaches y = 1.
=1
ANSWER:
1
57.
SOLUTION:
From the positive side to x = 2, the graph approaches y = 6.

=6
ANSWER:
6
58.
SOLUTION:
From either side to x = 1, the graph approaches y = 2.5.

= 2.5
ANSWER:
Page 46
=6
12-1ANSWER:
6
58.
SOLUTION:
From either side to x = 1, the graph approaches y = 2.5.

= 2.5
ANSWER:
2.5
GRAPHING CALCULATOR Determine whether each limit exists. If not, describe what is happening
graphically at the limit.
59.
SOLUTION:
suggests that
and
right-hand limits of f (x) as x approaches 1 approach different values, the
. Since the left- and

does not exist.
At x = 1, there is a vertical asymptote.
ANSWER:
no; vertical asymptote
60.
SOLUTION:
Page 47
ANSWER:
12-1no;Estimating
Limits Graphically
vertical asymptote
60.
SOLUTION:
suggests that
and
hand limits of f (x) as x approaches 2 approach different values, the
. Since the left- and right-
does not exist.
ANSWER:
61.
SOLUTION:
As x gets closer to 0, the corresponding function values oscillate. Therefore
doesnotexist.
ANSWER:
no; oscillations
62.
SOLUTION:
suggests that
Page 48
= 1 and
= 1. Since the left- and right-hand limits
doesnotexist.
As x gets closer to 0, the corresponding function values oscillate. Therefore
12-1ANSWER:
no; oscillations
62.
SOLUTION:
= 1 and
suggests that
of f (x) as x approaches 5 approach different values, the
= 1. Since the left- and right-hand limits

does not exist.
At x = 5, there are different one-sided limits.
ANSWER:
no; different one-sided limits
63.
SOLUTION:
suggests that
f(x) as x approaches 0 approach different values, the
and
. Since the left- and right-hand limits of
does not exist.
ANSWER:
64.
SOLUTION:
Page 49
12-1ANSWER:
64.
SOLUTION:
suggests that
and
right-hand limits of f (x) as x approaches 4 approach different values, the
. Since the left- and

does not exist.
ANSWER:
65.ERRORANALYSIS Will and Kenyi are finding the limit of the function below as x approaches 6. Will says that
the limit is 4. Kenyi disagrees, arguing that the limit is 3. Is either of them correct? Explain your reasoning.
SOLUTION:
Neither Will nor Kenyi is correct. Will has found the limit as x approaches 6 from the left while Kenyi has found
the limit as x approaches 6 from the right. If f (x) approaches a different value from the left than from the right,
then the limit at that point does not exist.
ANSWER:
Neither; sample answer: If f (x) approaches a different value from the left than from the right, then the limit at that
point does not exist.
66.OPEN ENDED Give an example of a function f such that

of a function g such that g(0) exists but
exists but f (0) does not exist. Give an example
doesnotexist.
SOLUTION:
Sample answer: f (x) =
From the table below,
; f (0) =
whichisundefinedsincethedenominatoris0.
x
f(x)
0.1
0.998
0.001
0.999
Page 50
then the limit at that point does not exist.
ANSWER:
sample answer:
(x) approaches a different value from the left than from the right, then the limit at that
12-1Neither;
Estimating
LimitsIf fGraphically
point does not exist.
66.OPEN ENDED Give an example of a function f such that
exists but f (0) does not exist. Give an example
doesnotexist.
of a function g such that g(0) exists but
SOLUTION:
; f (0) =
From the table below,
whichisundefinedsincethedenominatoris0.
x
0.1
0.001
f(x)
0.998
0.999
0
0.01
0.1
0.999
0.998
g(0) = 2(0) or 0
doesnotexistsince
and
ANSWER:
67.CHALLENGE Suppose f (x) =
andg(x) =
Ifg(a) = 0 and f
. Estimate
Explainyourreasoning.
(a)0,whatcanyouassumeabout
SOLUTION:
The graph of f (x) approaches different values as x approaches 1, so
does not exist.
Likewise, the graph of g(x) approaches different values as x approaches 2, so
g(x) = 0 when x = 1, and the graph of
does not exist.
approaches different values as x approaches 1, so
doesnot
exist.
If the denominator of a rational function is equal to zero for a given point, the limit at this point does not exist.
ANSWER:
does not exist;
doesnotexist
doesnotexistsampleanswer:Ifthedenominatorofa
rational function is equal to zero for a given point, the limit at this point does not exist.
68.REASONING Determine whether the following statement is always, sometimes, or never true. Explain your
reasoning.
Page 51

ANSWER:
12-1Sample
Estimating
Limits
Graphically
answer: f (x)
=
,
67.CHALLENGE Suppose f (x) =
andg(x) =
Ifg(a) = 0 and f
. Estimate
Explainyourreasoning.
(a)0,whatcanyouassumeabout
SOLUTION:
The graph of f (x) approaches different values as x approaches 1, so
does not exist.
Likewise, the graph of g(x) approaches different values as x approaches 2, so
g(x) = 0 when x = 1, and the graph of
does not exist.
approaches different values as x approaches 1, so
doesnot
exist.
If the denominator of a rational function is equal to zero for a given point, the limit at this point does not exist.
ANSWER:
does not exist;
doesnotexist
doesnotexistsampleanswer:Ifthedenominatorofa
rational function is equal to zero for a given point, the limit at this point does not exist.
68.REASONING Determine whether the following statement is always, sometimes, or never true. Explain your
reasoning.
If f (c) = L, then
SOLUTION:
Sometimes; sample answer: The limit of f (x) as x approaches c does not depend on the value of the function at
point c. If a function has a point discontinuity at f (c) = L, then the limit of the function could be any value not equal to
L.
ANSWER:
point c. If a function has a point discontinuity at f (c) = L, then the limit of the function could be any value not equal to
L.
69.OPENENDED Sketch the graph of a function such that

exist.
SOLUTION:
f (0) = 2, f (2) = 5, and
doesnot
Page 52
ANSWER:
c. If a function
has a point
discontinuity at f (c) = L, then the limit of the function could be any value not equal to
12-1point
Estimating
Limits
Graphically
L.
69.OPENENDED Sketch the graph of a function such that
f (0) = 2, f (2) = 5, and
doesnot
exist.
SOLUTION:
If f (x) approaches 3 as x approaches 0 and f (0) = 2, then we will need to plot (0, 2) and have two lines meet at (0,
3) with an open circle at that point.
If the limit of f (x) as x approaches 2 does not exist, then two lines will have to meet at different y-values for f (2).
We know that f (2) = 5, so plot a point at (2, 5). Extend a line to the right from this point.
Sample answer:
ANSWER:
Sample answer:
70.CHALLENGE For the function below, estimate each limit if it exists.
a.
b.
c.
SOLUTION:
Graph f (x).
Page 53

70.CHALLENGE For the function below, estimate each limit if it exists.
a.
b.
c.
SOLUTION:
Graph f (x).
a. The graph of f (x) suggests that
= 2 and
b. The graph of
suggests that
does not exist.

= 1. As x increases, f (x) approaches 1 from the left. Therefore, we
is 1.
can estimate that

c. The graph of
= 1. Since the left- and right-hand limits of f (x) as x
suggests that
= 1. As x decreases, f (x) approaches 1 from the right. Therefore,
is 1.
ANSWER:
a. does not exist
b. 1
c. 1
71.Writing in Math Explain what method you could use to estimate limits if a function is continuous. Explain how this
differs from methods used to estimate functions that are not continuous.
SOLUTION:
Sample answer: If f (x) is continuous at x = a, you can substitute a into the function. If the function is not continuous,
you may be able to simplify it and then substitute in a. If neither of these methods works, you must estimate the limit
graphically.
Continuous Example:
Non-Continuous Example:
Page 54
ANSWER:
a. does not exist
1
12-1b.Estimating
c. 1
Limits Graphically
71.Writing in Math Explain what method you could use to estimate limits if a function is continuous. Explain how this
differs from methods used to estimate functions that are not continuous.
SOLUTION:
graphically.
Continuous Example:
Non-Continuous Example:
Graphing Example:
does not exist
ANSWER:
graphically.
72.FUEL ECONOMY The table shows various engine sizes available from an auto manufacturer and their
respective fuel economies.
Page 55
graphically.
72.FUEL ECONOMY The table shows various engine sizes available from an auto manufacturer and their
respective fuel economies.
a.Makeascatterplotofthedata,andidentifytherelationship.
b. Calculate and interpret the correlation coefficient. Determine whether it is significant at the 10% level.
c. If the correlation is significant at the 10% level, find the least-squares regression equation and interpret the slope
and intercept in context.
d.Usetheregressionequationthatyoufoundinpartc to predict the expected miles per gallon that a car would get
for an engine size of 8.0 liters. State whether this prediction is reasonable. Explain.
SOLUTION:
a.
The data appear to have a negative linear correlation.
b.
r 0.814
Thecorrelationcoefficientindicatesthatthedatahaveanegativelinearcorrelation
State the null and alternative hypotheses.
H0: There is no correlation.
Ha: There is a correlation.
Test at 10%. Use = 0.05.
Page 56
Thecorrelationcoefficientindicatesthatthedatahaveanegativelinearcorrelation
State the null and alternative hypotheses.
H0: There is no correlation.

Ha: There is a correlation.
Test at 10%. Use = 0.05.
The critical values for 10% are t = 1.812.
Calculate the test statistic.
Since t 4.43 and 4.43 < 1.812, the statistic falls within the critical region and the null hypothesis is rejected.
Therefore, the correlation is significant at the 10% levels.
c. Use the screen from part b.
= 2.118x + 36.445; The slope a = 2.118 indicates that for each additional liter that the engine is, the highway
mileage will decrease by 2.118 mpg. The y-intercept b = 36.445 indicates that when an engine size is equal to 0
liters, the highway mileage will be 36.445 mpg, which is not possible.
d.
Using this model, an engine size of 8.0 liters would result in 19.5 miles per gallon. This value is lower than the other
data values, but still within a reasonable range.
ANSWER:
a.
Page 57
Using this model, an engine size of 8.0 liters would result in 19.5 miles per gallon. This value is lower than the other
data values, but still within a reasonable range.
12-1ANSWER:
a.
The data appear to have a negative linear correlation;

b. r 0.814; The correlation coefficient indicates that the data have a relatively strong negative linear correlation.
Since t 4.43 and 4.43 < 1.812, the statistic falls within the critical region and the null hypothesis is rejected.
Therefore, the correlation is significant at the 10% level.
c. = 2.118x + 36.445; The slope a = 2.118 indicates that for each additional liter that the engine is, the highway
mileage will decrease by 2.118 mpg. The y-intercept b = 36.445 indicates that when an engine size is equal to 0
liters, the highway mileage will be 36.445 mpg, which is not possible.
d. Using this model, an engine size of 8.0 liters would result in 19.5 miles per gallon. This value is lower than the
other data values, but still within a reasonable range.
For each statement, write the null and alternative hypotheses and state which hypothesis represents the
claim.
73.A brand of dill pickles claims to contain 4 Calories.
SOLUTION:
The null hypothesis is the statement of equality. H0: = 4.
The alternative hypothesis is the statement of inequality. Ha: 4.
The claim is that = 4.
ANSWER:
H0: = 4 (claim), Ha: 4
74.A student claims that he exercises 85 minutes a day.

SOLUTION:
The null hypothesis is the statement of equality. H0: =85.
The alternative hypothesis is the statement of inequality. Ha: 85.
ANSWER:
H0: = 85 (claim), Ha: 85
75.A student claims that she can get ready for school in less than 10 minutes.
SOLUTION:
The null hypothesis is the statement of equality. H0: 10.
eSolutions
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by Cognero
TheManual
alternative
hypothesis
is the statement of inequality. Ha: < 10.
The claim is that < 10.
Page 58

ANSWER:
12-1HEstimating
Limits
: = 85 (claim),
H : Graphically
85
0
75.A student claims that she can get ready for school in less than 10 minutes.
SOLUTION:
The null hypothesis is the statement of equality. H0: 10.
The alternative hypothesis is the statement of inequality. Ha: < 10.
The claim is that < 10.
ANSWER:
H0: 10,Ha: < 10 (claim)
76.Use Pascal's triangle to expand

SOLUTION:
4
Write the series for (x + y) , replacing x with 3a and y with
b.
ANSWER:
4
2 2
81a + 72a b + 24a b +
ab +
Write and graph a polar equation and directrix for the conic with the given characteristics.
77.e = 1; vertex at (0, 2)

SOLUTION:
Because e = 1, the conic is a parabola. Since the vertex (0, 2) is below the origin, the directrix will be below the
origin in the form y = d, and the polar equation of the parabola will be in the form
. Use the value of e
and the polar form of a point on the conic to find the value of d. The vertex point (0, 2) has polar coordinates (r, )
=
or
Page 59
origin in the form y = d, and the polar equation of the parabola will be in the form
. Use the value of e
and the polar form of a point on the conic to find the value of d. The vertex point (0, 2) has polar coordinates (r, )
.
12-1= Estimating Limits or
Graphically
Usethevaluesfore and d to write the equation.
Evaluate the function for several -values in its domain and use these points to graph the function and its directrix.
The graph is a parabola with vertex at (0, 2).
Substitute 0 and
for .
ANSWER:
r=
Page 60
12-1ANSWER:
r=
78.e = 3; vertices at (0, 3) and (0, 6)

SOLUTION:
Because e = 3, the conic is a hyperbola. The center of the hyperbola is at (0, 4.5), the midpoint of the segment
between the given vertices. This point is above the pole. Therefore, the directrix is above of the pole at y = d. The
polar equation of a conic with this directrix is
Use the value of e and the polar form of a point on the conic to find the value of d. The vertex point (0, 3) has polar
coordinates (r, ) =
or
Use the values for e and d to write the equation.
Because d = 4, the equation of the directrix is y = 4. Evaluate the function for several -values in its domain and use
these points to graph the function and its directrix. The graph is a hyperbola with vertices at (0, 3) and (0, 6).
Page 61

d = 4, the equation of the directrix is y = 4. Evaluate the function for several -values in its domain and use
12-1Because
Estimating
Limits Graphically
these points to graph the function and its directrix. The graph is a hyperbola with vertices at (0, 3) and (0, 6).
ANSWER:
r=
Find the angle between each pair of vectors to the nearest tenth of a degree.
,v=
79.u =
SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
63.0
80.m = 3i 5j + 6k and n = 7i + 8j + 9k
Page 62

Find the angle between each pair of vectors to the nearest tenth of a degree.
,v=
79.u =
SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
63.0
80.m = 3i 5j + 6k and n = 7i + 8j + 9k
SOLUTION:
Write m and n in component form as
ANSWER:
93.4
eSolutions
- Powered
by Cognero to
UseManual
a graphing
calculator
81.7x2 50xy + 7y 2 = 288
graph the conic given by each equation.
Page 63
12-1ANSWER:
93.4
Use a graphing calculator to graph the conic given by each equation.
81.7x2 50xy + 7y 2 = 288

SOLUTION:
Graph both equations found by solving for y on the same screen.
2
2
7x 50xy + 7y = 288
2
2
7y (50x)y + (7x + 288) = 0
ANSWER:
82.x2 2
xy + 3y + 16
x + 16y = 0
SOLUTION:
2
2
x 2
xy + 3y + 16
x + 16y = 0
2
3y + (2
x+16)y + (x + 16
x) = 0
Page 64

82.x2 2
xy + 3y + 16
x + 16y = 0
SOLUTION:
2
2
x 2
xy + 3y + 16
x + 16y = 0
2
3y + (2
x+16)y + (x + 16
x) = 0
ANSWER:
83.SAT/ACT What is the area of the shaded region?
A 5
B 6
C 7
D 8
E9
SOLUTION:
Page 65
B 6
C 7
D 8
12-1E9
Estimating
Limits Graphically
SOLUTION:
To find the area of shaded area, find the area of the entire triangle
the right.
and subtract the smaller triangle
on
Use proportions to find x.
The correct choice is A.
ANSWER:
A
84.REVIEW Which of the following best describes the end behavior of f (x) = x10 x9 + 5x8?
F f (x) as x ,f (x) as x
G f (x) as x ,f (x) as x
H f (x) as x , f (x) as x
J f (x) as x ,f (x) as x
SOLUTION:
Page 66
The correct choice is A.
12-1ANSWER:
A
84.REVIEW Which of the following best describes the end behavior of f (x) = x10 x9 + 5x8?
F f (x) as x ,f (x) as x
G f (x) as x ,f (x) as x
H f (x) as x , f (x) as x
J f (x) as x ,f (x) as x
SOLUTION:
From the graph, it appears that f (x) as x ,f (x) as x .
f(x)
10
1.2 x 1010
5
1
1.4 x 107
7
0
1
1.4 x 107
10
1.2 x 1010
The table supports this conjecture. Choice G is correct.
ANSWER:
G
85.According to the graph of y = f (x),
A 0
B 1
C 3
D The limit does not exist.
SOLUTION:
The graph of f (x) suggests that
= 3 and
= 3. Therefore
3. The correct choice is C.
ANSWER:
C
86.REVIEW
WhichbyofCognero
the following
eSolutions
Manual - Powered
I
II
describes the graph of
It has an infinite discontinuity.

It has a jump discontinuity.
Page 67
12-1ANSWER:
C
86.REVIEW Which of the following describes the graph of
I
It has an infinite discontinuity.
II
It has a jump discontinuity.
III
It has a point discontinuity.
F I only
GIIonly
HIandIIonly
J IandIIIonly
KI,IIandIII
SOLUTION:
Find g(0).
The function is undefined at x = 0.

Find
. Construct a table that shows values of g(x) for x-values approaching 0 from the left and from the
right.
x
0.1
0.01
0.001
g(x)
100
10,000
1,000,000
0
0.001
0.01
0.1
1,000,000
10,000
100
Because g(0) is undefined and g(x)approachesasxapproaches0fromtheleftandasx approaches 0 from

the right, g(x) is discontinuous at x = 0 and has an infinite discontinuity at x = 0.
ANSWER:
F
Page 68

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12-1 Estimating Limits Graphically

12-1 Estimating Limits Graphically

suggests that as x approaches 2, f (x) approaches 12. Therefore, we can

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero

12-1 Estimating Limits Graphically

suggests that as x approaches 2, f (x) approaches 15. Therefore, we can

12-1 Estimating Limits Graphically

The graph of f (x) =

suggests that as x approaches 2, f (x) approaches 3. Therefore, we can estimate that

12-1 Estimating Limits Graphically

suggests that as xapproaches3,f (x) approaches 25. Therefore, we can estimate

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero

12-1 Estimating Limits Graphically

The graph of f (x) =

suggests that as x approaches 0, f (x) approaches 1. Therefore, we can estimate that

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero

12-1 Estimating Limits Graphically

suggests that as x approaches 0, f (x) approaches 0. Therefore, we can

12-1 Estimating Limits Graphically

The graph of f (x) =

suggests that as x approaches 4, f (x) approaches 4. Therefore, we can estimate that

12-1 Estimating Limits Graphically

suggests that as x approaches 6, f (x) approaches 5.72. Therefore, we can estimate

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero

12-1 Estimating Limits Graphically

suggests that as x approaches 5, f (x) approaches 9. Therefore, we can estimate

The graph of f (x) =

Estimate each one-sided or two-sided limit, if it exists.

12-1 Estimating Limits Graphically

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero

Since the left- and right-hand limits of f (x) as x approaches 2approachdifferentvalues,the

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero

The graph of f (x) =

does not exist.

The graph of f (x) =

does not exist.

25. Manual - Powered by Cognero

does not exist.

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero

does not exist.

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero

does not exist.

For each function below, estimate each limit if it exists.

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero

does not exist.

Estimate each limit, if it exists.

getscloserto4,f (x) approaches

. Therefore, we can estimate that

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero

supports our graphical analysis.

12-1 Estimating Limits Graphically

getscloserto4,f (x) approaches

. Therefore, we can estimate that

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero

of f (x) as x gets closer to 4 are not the same,

. Because the left- and right-hand limits

is does not exist.

of f (x) as x gets closer to 4 are not the same,

. Because the left- and right-hand limits

is does not exist.