1997 - ieee standard 802.

11 -2mbps
1999 802.11 a - commercial / industrial 5ghz 54 mbps speed more
802.11 b - home / domestic d 2.4ghz 11 mbps speed less
iesm band remote microve wifi bluetooth
frequency more =speed more = range less
frequency less= speed less = range more
802.11 g use 2.4 ghz(good range) 54 mbps speed ()
2009 - two band 2.4 and 5 600 mbps 802.11 n
2013 802.11 ac 5ghz frequency 1.3 gbps in future therotically it can give 6.9 gb
ps less range
WiFi (or Wi-Fi) is short for Wireless Fidelity. WiFi is a wireless networking te
chnology that allows computers, mobile phones, game consoles, and other devices
to communicate over a wireless signal. The same way a radio can tune into a radi
o station signal over the airwaves, your device can pick up a signal that connec
ts it to the internet, thru the air. As a matter of fact, a WiFi signal is a hig
h-frequency radio signal.
WiFi was first released for consumers in 1997 by the organization named IEEE(Ins
titution of Electrical Engineers) the standard was name as 802.11.WiFi use ISM b
and.The industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) radio bands are radio bands (po
rtions of the radio spectrum) reserved internationally for the use of radio freq
uency (RF) energy for industrial, scientific and medical purposes other than tel
ecommunications.Examples of applications in these bands include radio-frequency
process heating, microwave ovens etc.
A basic specification for WiFi was created, which allowed for 2 Mbit/s of data t
ransfer.In 1999 802.11 a and 802.11 b was introduced. 802.11 a was developed for
commercial/industrial use which allowed 54 Mbit/s of data transfer speed and it
used 5Ghz frequency for transfer;as it used high frequency band of 5Ghz it caus
ed for high speed data tranfer but for shorter range.802.11 b was developed for
home/domestic use which allowed 11 Mbit/s of data transfer speed and it used 2.4
Ghz frequency for transfer;as it used low frequency band of 2.4 Ghz it caused f
or low speed data tranfer but for more wider range as comapred to 802.11 a.
In 2003 802.11g was introduced it is the third modulation standard for wireless
LANs it extended through put to 54 Mbit/s using 2.4 GHz band.Later came 802.11 n
in 2009 the fourth modulation standard offered speed upto 600 Mbit/s using both
2.4 GHz band and 5 GHz band thus providing advantage of high speed and long dis
tance data transfer. Latest among all was introduced in 2013 named as 802.11 ac
it gave speed of 1.3 Gbps and it used 5 GHz band for transfer.
The smallest building block of a wireless LAN is a basic service set (BSS), whic
h consists of some number of stations executing the same MAC protocol and compet
ing for access to the same shared wireless medium. A BSS may be isolated or it m
ay connect to a backbone distribution system (DS) through an access point (AP).
The access point functions as a bridge.In BSS, client station do not communicate
directly with one another.Rather if 1 station in BSS want to communicate with a
nother station in same BSS ,the MAC frame is first sent from orginating station
to AP, and then from AP to destination station.Similarly a MAC frame from statio
n in BSS to a remote station is sent from local station to AP and then relayed b
y AP over the DS on its way to destination station.The DS can be a switch, a wir
ed network or a wirless network.

When all the station in BSS are mobile station, with no connection to other BSSs
, the BSS is called as independent BSS (IBSS).An IBSS is typically a adhoc netwo
rk.In an IBSS, the station all communicate direclty, and no AP is involved.

Zigbee networks support 3 network topologies: star,peer-to-peer and cluster tree

topology
star networks are suitable for simple requirments with low power consumption.Mes
h networks have capability of high level reliablity and provides various paths i
n network