Archaeology in Asia Minor

Author(s): Machteld J. Mellink

Source: American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 79, No. 3 (Jul., 1975), pp. 201-222
Published by: Archaeological Institute of America
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/503480
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 Archaeology in
MACHTELD J. MELLINK
The year1974was one of greatlossesin the
ranksof Anatolianarchaeologists.PieterLam-
brechts,excavatorof Pessinus,died on June
21, 1974. Kokten, excavatorof Karain
Kililof
and explorer prehistoricAnatoliancaves,
died on July 25, 1974.RodneyS. Young, ex-
cavatorof Gordion,died on October25, 1974.
Beforethis year'sarchaeologicalreportshad
been completed,Arid MiifidMansel,excava-
tor of Perge and Side and the Dean of Clas-
sical Archaeologyin Turkey, died on Janu-
ary 18, 1975.The losses are stunning.This
newsletterhad the privilegeof personalguid-
ance by the men now lost. A dedicationof
this reportto theirmemoryis but a tokenof
friendshipandlastingrespectforachievement.
The excavationseasonof 1974 was affectedby
suspensionsduringthe Cypruscrisisat leastin the
maritimeregions,but in spiteof this a good amount
of work was achieved.At many sites the emphasis
was on study, restoration,the preparationof final
reportsfor publication,as well as the preparation
of
the excavatedsites for future survivaland study.
The next decadeswill see much progressin the
planningof conservationof excavatedsites,even if
reconstruction is not envisaged.The problemis an
old one. Archaeologistshave known sincethe days
of Schliemannthat partsof their sites have to be
left intact for futureexamination;the questionof
reconstructionand anastylosishas been considered
anddebatedeversinceEvansresuscitated the palace
at Knossos.In Anatolia,as elsewhere,the increase
in roadbuildingand the expansionof moderncon-
structionin city centersand suburbsexposesor ap-
proachesancientmonumentsand sites; rescuear-
chaeologyis practicedon a largescaleby the staffs
of localmuseums.
Among the largescalerescueoperationsthe work
in the Keban areastandsout by its achievements.
Many of the sites are being floodednow by the
waters rising behind the Keban dam. In seven
years of excavationsthe archaeologicalprehistory
and history of the area has been systematically in-
Asia Minor
PLATES 38-46
vestigated. The regional manifestations of Neo-
lithic, Chalcolithic, Early Bronze Age, and second
millennium cultures have become known both in
their original traits and as crucial links between the
hitherto better known ancient peoples of Mesopo-
tamia and central Anatolia. Some of the results are
sketched below in the brief summaries of the work
at Tepecik, Norsuntepe and Korucutepe. The im-
plications will extend to the West of Anatolia as
well as to its neighbors in SoutheasternEurope.
Analytical techniques are being experimentallyre-
fined in the expansion of archaeologicalapproaches.
It should be noted that apart from the technical
apparatus introduced by the modern "total" ar-
chaeologists,patient old-fashioned digging now also
yields more evidence for such building techniques
as wattle-and-daub in the Keban area sites, as it
does in the Pontic region at Ikiztepe and in North-
ern Lycia at Karatas. The attention of Anatolian
archaeologists and architectural historians is also
increasingly directed towards the recording of the
surviving age-old traditions of regional village ar-
chitecture before the use of concrete, tile and bricks
destroys this tangible record of the past.
A remarkable concentration of efforts is taking
place in the realm of Luvian and Lycian studies.
Linguists are clarifying the relationships of second
and first millennium idioms and writing systems
with sound and remarkable results. One recent
collaborative paper is Hittite Hieroglyphs and Lu-
wian: New evidence for the connection by J.D.
Hawkins, Anna Morpurgo-Davies and Giinter
Neumann (NAKG 1973, 6). E. Laroche has just
published his comments on the funeral inscriptions
from Xanthos in Xanthos V (Paris 1974). Giinter
Neumann continues his studies of Lycian in Die
Sprache 20 (1974) 109-14. The outstanding new
discovery was the trilingual stela found in the Le-
toon in 1973and now published in CRAI 1974,with
its confirmation of much that had been tentatively
accepted as interpretation of Lycian. The new
volume of Xanthos V by P. Demargne is a tribute
to Lycian architecturaltradition. Several teams of
archaeologists and architects are at work to study
202 MACHTELD J. MELLINK [AJA 79

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the forms of Lycian sites and buildings, sculptures
and inscriptions are recorded in the process. The
excavations at Limyra have drawn attention to the
presence of heroa in the Lycian mountains. The
extensive publication of the necropolis of Myra is
approaching completion.
The sites singled out last year for particular
promise continue to attract special attention. Masat
in the Pontic zone is a site where the correlation
As in everyinstallmentof these reports,the in-
formationand illustrationshave been generously
madeavailableby the excavators,
museumdirectors
and curators,the Directorsof the Departmentof
Antiquitiesand Museumsin Ankara,authorsand
explorers,to all of whom I express my sincere
thanks.
PALAEOLITHIC, NEOLITHIC, CHALCOLITHIC SITES

of Hittite Empire levels and Mycenaean trade is Karain.The last excavationseasoncompletedby

feasible and where excavation will yield history. Kilih K6kten was that of 1973,reportedupon by
The West Anatolian sites with Mycenaean and him in AJA 78 (1974) 107. The photographpl. 38,
Minoan contacts were inactive last year. fig. I was sent by him to illustratethe smalleren-
Progress reports on Anatolian excavations have trancesto the Westof the maincave;it is published
appeared in TiirkArkDerg 20:1-2 (1973) and 21:I here as a final tributeto the pioneerwork at the
(1974); AnatSt 23 (1973) 13-68 and 24 (1974) 17- Palaeolithiccaveat Karain.
29; Anatolica 4 (1971-1972) I-81. For the continuing Beysehir-Erbaba. Prof.JacquesBordazcontinued
harvest of Greek epigraphy in Asia Minor see a new his excavationsat Erbabain 1974.The upperlevel
installment of the Bulletin epigraphique by Jeanne was clearedover a largeareato allow the analysis
et Louis Robert in REG 86 (1973) 133-84. of the layoutof the settlement.In 1975the better
The following two publications will be quoted preservedlower levels will be studied.In a deep
by abbreviated titles: sounding a large numberof well preservedreed
matting impressionscame to light.
Melanges Mansel is the extensive scholarlytribute qatal Hiiyiik. In 1973a teamof conservators un-
to Arif Miifid Mansel on the occasion of his der the directionof Pamela Pratt workedon the
sixty-fifth birthday: conservationof the wall paintingsin the Ankara
Mansel'e Armagan I-III (Tiirk Tarih Kurumu Museum.Severalpaintingshave been consolidated
Yayinlarl VII: 6o, Ankara 1974) by the removalof all mud plasterfor which a re-
Festschrift Giiterbock - Anatolian Studies pre- versiblesyntheticresin was substituted.The hunt-
sented to Hans Gustav Giiterbock on the oc- ing friezesfromroomF V, I arenow safelyon dis-
casion of his 65th birthday (Publications de play in the Museum(AnatSt 24 [1974] 13-15)-
l'Institut historique et archeologique nierlan- Malatya-Arslantepe. The excavationsunder the
dais de Stamboul, 35, Istanbul 1974) directionof Dr. Alba Palmierihave now reached
1975] ARCHAEOLOGYIN ASIA MINOR
Chalcolithic levels. A preliminary notice appeared complex were excavated in the East part of the
in TiirArkDerg 21:i (1974) 138.Level VII cor- inner citadel. As elsewhere, two main levels came
responds to Amuq F, a period evidently well rep-
resented from Cilicia (Tarsus) to the Keban area
(Norsuntepe and Tepecik). Burials of this period
at Arslantepe are accompanied by chaff-faced pot-
tery and bevelled rim bowls.
Keban. Tepecik, Tiilintepe. Neolithic and Chal-
colithic material from these mounds is discussed in
preliminary reports by Dr. Ufuk Esin and Gilven
Arsebiik in TiirkArkDerg 20:2 (i973) 39-62 and in
Keban Project i97i (i974) 109-59. As a result of
the recent campaigns, Dr. Ufuk Esin kindly reports,
it has become evident that Tepecik was first settled
in the late Neolithic period, in the course of the
sixth millennium B.C. The material culture is re-
lated to that of Syro-Ciliciaand the Anatolian lake
district. In the Chalcolithic period stronger Meso-
potamian ties are evident. There are many indica-
tions of metallurgy in the Chalcolithic levels. At
Tiilintepe, the 1974 campaign revealed the building
level of the Halaf period. The houses are rectangu-
lar; there are large open areas in the settlement.
Ovens exist in the courtyards, those inside the
houses probably served heating purposes. Small
finds of stone, obsidian, bone, horn, pottery, and
terracotta were extensive.
Keban. Asvan Project. Chalcolithic materialfrom
two sites is discussed in AnatSt 23 (1973): Kurupi-
nar (93-95) and 9ayboyu (97-o18).
Keban. Norsuntepe. In the 1974 season at Nor-
suntepe, Chalcolithic levels were again reached in
the deep soundings on the West slope, see below
under Bronze Age sites.
gayonii. In Belleten 151 (1974) 361-77 Halet
discusses the excavations in the
gambel gay6nii
context of the prehistoricproject of the Universities
of Istanbul and Chicago. Other publications re-
ferring to this project are to be found in JNES 32
(I973) 37-39, ProcPhilSoc 116 (i972) 319-20 and
ProcNatAcadSciUSA 71
(i974) 568-71.
Prehistoric Celts. In IstMitt 23-24 (1973-1974) 49-
52 M. Korfmann points out that prehistoric celts
found at Didyma may have been used as amulets
or cult objects although the manufacture of pol-
ished stone tools lasted into the second millennium
B.C. as attested at many Anatolian sites.
BRONZE AGE SITES
Kiiltepe. In the 1974season at Kiiltepe, Prof. Tah-
sin Ozgiip kindly reports,more rooms of the palace
203
to light, the lower corresponding to Karum II, the
upper to Karum Ib. An Old Assyrian tablet was
found in the lower level. The upper level had good
specimens of Karum Ib pottery; it also yielded
several bullae. There is little left of the South side
of the inner citadel which was opened up by Hroz-
ny. The West side measures 130 m. in length, the
North side 120 m.
In the West area of the mound orivate houses of
the Karum Ib and II periods were investigated.
Characteristic pottery was found in situ on the
floors.One house of the Karum II period had large
bronze cauldrons of shapes similar to those of pot-
tery jars. The upper levels in this area of the mound
have houses and pottery of the Phrygian period.
Soundings in the Karum allowed the completion
of the plan of a Ib house; tablets and seals belonged
to the inventory. A tomb of the Ib period produced
an imported Syrian jar with bichrome design in the
shoulder zone. The plan of the Karum with its
street system and subdivisions is being studied (see
Belleten 151 [19741 543-44)-
In 1974, Dr. Peter Neve kindly reports,
Bo',azk6y.
work in Bogazk6y was mostly in the nature of a
study and building season. "Supplementaryinves-
tigations were made in the area NW of Temple I,
viz. in subsectors of J/2o where in 1973 we had
found the head of a statue and fragments of a spe-
cial kind of relief vase (AJA 78 [1974]
io09). More
pieces of the vase were found. It was at least i m.
high; the body is an elongated oval with a slender
neck; the main handle was set opposite the relief
a
design (ibexes, deer, vessel); two other handles
are set at right angles. The vase belonged to the
inventory of a building which antedates the con-
struction of the magazines in front of the Northern
enclosure wall and the adjoining terracing; this
makes it early in the Hittite Empire period, level 2
in the lower city, or IVb in the Biiyiikkale sequence.
The statue head is earlier as it was found in sec-
ondary context in the wall filling of the same build-
ing. Some restoration took place to repair the
Northern enclosure wall so far as exposed between
the city gates in I/19 and J/2I; more restorationwill
follow future clearance in this area. A new ex-
cavation house is being built in the garden of the
new local museum at Bogazk6y.
An illustrated report on the 1971 campaign ap-
peared in TiirkArkDerg 20:I 129-54. K.
(i973)
204 MACHTELD J. MELLINK
Bittel comments on the lion basin near Temple I
in Festschrift Giiterbock 65-68; on the 1972 season
in MDOG io6 (i974) 99-102. H.G. Giiterbock dis-
cussed two inscribed and decorated blocks belong-
ing to the Hittite spring chamber discovered in
1968-1969in Melanges Mansel I, 421-24. Among
philological investigations of special archaeological
interest are Yasar Coskun's study of libation vessels
mentioned in Hittite texts (Dil ve Tarih-Co'rafya
Fakiiltesi Dergisi 27 [1969] 1-61) and E. Neu, Der
Anitta Text (Studien zu den Bogazk6y Texten 18,
Wiesbaden 1974).
Alaca Hiiyiik. The clearing of the North area of
the citadel was continued under the supervision of
architect Mahmut Akok. The passage in the pos-
tern was excavated to a deeper level. To the South
of the sphinx gate an area has been expropriated
in preparationfor the building of a new museum.
For an interim report see Belleten 151
(I974) 540-
41. A new volume appeared in the publication se-
ries of Alaca, Hamit Z. Kosay and Mahmut Akok,
Alaca Hayfik Excavations 1963-1967(Ankara 1973,
Tuirk Tarih Kurumu series 5, No. 28).
Eskiyapar. Director Raci Temizer kindly reports
the following details concerning the continuing ex-
cavations of this mound W of the town of Alaca.
"Two trenches are in progress. In the recently ex-
propriated village area the upper levels (Roman-
Hellenistic/Galatian-Phrygian) are telescoped. A
Roman building with stone pavement and a Ro-
man kiln (perhaps a pottery kiln) were excavated.
The second trench is in the area to the W of the
Old Hittite building cleared in 1968. Here the ma-
sonry base of the fortification wall of the Hittite
Empire was traced. Part of it had been demolished
by villagers; among the debris lay a well-worked
but plain orthostatof andesite measuring I.50 x 1.05
x 0.35 m. The fortification wall overlay the W side
of a cult room belonging to the Old Hittite build-
ing. This is a room with plaster-coatedmudbrick
walls and an inventory of characteristicOld Hittite
pottery."
Zile-Masat Hiiyiik. This site ca. 20 km. to the
SW of Zile (see AJA 78 [1974] io9-io) had a sec-
ond season in the new excavation program under
the direction of Prof. Tahsin Ozgiip who kindly
reports the following. The site, which lies in a
strategic position in a rich valley, has three upper
habitation levels of the Phrygian period. The houses
are comparable to those of Alisar and Alaca and
last into the late sixth-early fifth century B.C.
[AJA 79
Among the richlydecoratedpotteryare largekra-
ters of buff and red ware. Some elaboratefour-
handledvesselshave panelswith bichromedesigns
of animals(bull, lion, griffins,birds) or geometric
patterns.
The upperof two Hittite Empirelevels yielded
houses,the lower,a largeburntbuilding.The walls
of the latterare of mudbrickand timberon good
stonefoundations.The buildingcontainsmuchpot-
tery in situ; the varietyof shapesand sizes rep-
resentsa corpusof Hittite Empire wares: plates,
bowls,someof veryfine fabric,flasks,pitchers,bot-
tles, pilgrimflasks,spoutedcups,very largepithoi.
The accompanying bullaepromisedatingevidence.
Together with the Hittite potteryfragmentsmore
Mycenaean flasks and stirrupjars came to light
(see below under Mycenaeansites). This building
with its rich contentspromisesto add basic evi-
dence for the historyof centralAnatolia and its
contacts.The lower levels containextensiveEarly
Bronze Age and even Chalcolithicmaterial,the
latter of the Biiyiik Giilliicekvariety.For an in-
terim reportsee Belleten 151 (i974) 28-29.
PonticSites.Ikiztepe.The moundof Ikiztepe,7
km. to the NW of Bafraand 1.5 km. W of the
lower Halys-Kizilirmakis now the main objective
of the expeditionled by Prof.U. BahadirAlkim of
IstanbulUniversity.He kindly reportsthat in the
1974 campaignexcavationsstartedon two of the
four hills which actuallymake up the site. In all
trenchesevidenceof wattle-and-daub architecture
came to light in the form of fragmentsof walling
and large postholes.On the highest mound (ca.
30 m. abovethe plain) EarlyBronzeII levelswere
excavated;the potteryis handmade,some of thin
darkfabric.Among the smallfinds werefigurines,
bone and stonehammers,flint and obsidianblades,
clay sling missiles,loomweights.Early Bronze.III
levels were found in anothertrench.Old Hittite
materialcame from the secondmound. The pot-
tery is characteristicin shapes: beaked pitchers,
large bowls, also fine wheelmadebuff cups with
stems,a localvariant.The presenceof Old Hittite
materialand the locationof Ikiztepe(which in an-
cient times was near the coast although it now is
7 km. inland) make the identification with Zal-
puwa-Zalpa a good possibility. See Prof. Alklm's
reports in TiirArkDerg 20:2 (i'973) 8-9 and Bel-
leten 151 (1974) 553-56.
Topaklh. Prof. Luigi Polacco kindly reports the
following on the 1974 season: "After the digging
 1975] ARCHAEOLOGYIN ASIA MINOR
in the great stratigraphic trench had been con-
cluded in 1973, we returned in 1974 (our ninth sea-
son) to the central portion of the mound where we
exposed two remarkable buildings, one of them
belonging to the third-second centuries B.C., the
other to the second-first centuries B.C. Although
these buildings are clearly Hellenistic in date, both
in architecture and in finds they display a strong
dependence on the local Anatolian tradition." Re-
cent reports on the Topakli excavations have ap-
peared in Atti dell'Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Let-
tere ed Arti 131 (1972-1973) 87-oo00and 169-82; 132
(I973-I974) 125-39
with extensive plans, sections
and photographs of the trenches and pottery, some
of it illustrated in color. See also AnatSt 23 (1973)
66-67 and 24 (1974) 56-57; TiirkArkDerg 20:1
(1973) I69-83; 21:1 (i1974) 147-76.
Kirsehir. In M'langes Mansel II, 963-65 Tahsin
Ozgii? publishes a Hittite cup (rhyton) with bull
protome from the region of Kirsehir.
Hacibektas. The excavations are continuing an-
nually under the direction of Prof. Kemal Balkan.
Acemhiiyiik. Prof. Nimet Ozgii kindly pro-
vides the following information on her continuing
excavations at the site of Acemhiiyiik.
Hatipler Tepesi: The monumental storage build-
ing was further excavated. It has about fifty rooms,
some of which served as pithos magazines. In 1974
its SE facade was exposed; this faces the previously
excavated palace. In front of the facade is a line of
mudbrick bases positioned opposite the crosswalls
of the storage building. Stone ledges run along the
outer base of the facade between the crosswalls.
These details of construction again point to a spe-
cial treatment of the front of the building, perhaps
comparableto that of the palace which had a porti-
co with bases at 2.50 m. intervals. Among the finds
from the storage building were bullae with old and
new seal impressions, e.g. a seal with addorsed,
winged, bearded sphinxes wearing caps. To the NE
of the storage building, further exploration yielded
upper level finds of highly polished red pottery
and a tiny fragment of a rock crystal bull's head.
Trench on the slope: In the lower trench started
in 1972, the sequence of four levels running parallel
with those on the mound was confirmed. See Bel-
leten
i5i (1974) 550-5'.
Emirgazi. In Festschrift Heinrich Otten (Wies-
baden 1973) I1-13 Sedat Alp publishes a fragment
of a Hittite Hieroglyphic inscription from Emir-
gazi found previously but hitherto unpublished.
205
The inscriptions of Emirgazi, E of Konya, belong
to Tuthaliya IV, as do the newly discovered in-
scriptions of Ilgln W of Konya.
Karahiiyiik-Konya. In 1974, Prof. Sedat Alp
kindly reports, a new trench was opened on the S
side of the mound in squares D-F/Io-II. Here the
series of levels 1-7 was investigated in the profile of
the mound. Levels 5-6 were especially well repre-
sented; they yielded good examples of "intermedi-
ate" and other styles of painted pottery, e.g. two-
handled jars with chevron decoration in zones, also
rhyta in animal shape. The trench on the NW side
of the mound, squares C-D/4-5, contains a rather
large, burnt building, partly damaged by villagers.
One of the rectangular rooms had a horseshoe-
shaped hearth with platform. The building belongs
to the upper level (i). Among the inventory were
several stamp seals (one of quatrefoil shape with a
design of lion and eagle), a cylinder seal, and cres-
cent-shapedweights with impressions of stamp and
cylinder seals. The most important pottery find was
a red-brown polished ring-vase with attachment
for handle and spout, related to an example from
Bogazk6y. See Belleten 151 (i974) 545-46.
In Melanges Mansel II, 703-707 Prof. Alp pub-
lished a lead figurine from the large pit (trench O)
in the upper level at Karahiiyiik. The figurine is
modelled in front and back and representsa winged
Ishtar, similar to figurines on contemporary stone
moulds and seal impressions (later Colony Pe-
riod).
Iflatun Pinar. New observationsand suggestions
concerning the original form of the Hittite monu-
ment are presented by R. Naumann in Melanges
Mansel I, 467-74.
Meydancik Kalesi. The work at Meydanclk was
suspended due to the Cyprus events in 1974. We
owe the following illustrations to the kindness of
Prof. E. Laroche to supplement the account given
in AJA 78 (1974) IIi: pl. 38, fig. 3 gives a general
view of the site from the N after the construction
of an entrance road; pl. 38, fig. 4 shows a stretch
of masonry of the S wall of the fortress,now cleared
over its entire length.
Karatas-Semayiik. In 1974 no new excavation
took place at the Early Bronze Age site. The pot-
tery from Bagbasl, a probably Late Chalcolithic
group of material antedating the Karatas sequence,
was studied and partly mended for publication. A
report on the 1973 season appeared in AJA 78
(1974)
351-59?
206 MACHTELD J. MELLINK
Sardis. Ahlathl Tepecik. The prehistoric site and
cemetery on the S shore of the Gygaean lake are
discussed by D.G. Mitten and Giildem Yii riim in
Archaeology27 (1974) 22-29.
Burial Customs West Anatolia. In AJA 78 (1974)
415-25 Tamara S. Wheeler discussed Early Bronze
Age burial customs of Western Anatolia.
Troad. Notes on Bronze Age sites by J.M. Cook
appeared in Bronze Age Migrations in the Aegean
edited by R.A. Crossland and Ann Birchall (Lon-
don 1974) 37-40.
Malatya-Arslantepe. The excavations of I971-
1972 are reported upon by Dr. Alba Palmieri in
TiirkArkDerg 21:1 (1974) 137-46. Level VI on
the NE part of the mound is of the Early Bronze
Age. Architecture and pottery discovered at Ars-
lantepe parallel discoveries at Norsuntepe and else-
where in the Keban district. Middle Bronze Age
levels were excavatedon the SW part of Arslantepe,
including a burnt building with elaborate hearth
(double horsehoe shape with round platform).
A bronze figurine probably from the vicinity of
Malatya was published by Tahsin Ozgiiu in Fest-
schrift Giiterbock 253-55.
Keban Area. Norsuntepe. Dr. Harald Haupt-
mann concluded the excavations of the German
Archaeological Institute with his seventh campaign
in the summer of 1974. He kindly reports as fol-
lows:
"Early Bronze Age. In the SE and S part of the
citadel the buildings of level VIII were added to
the general plan. The L-shaped complex in squares
Q-T/21-23 is made of two parallel rows of rooms.
The N wing, 30 m. long, in two of its N rooms has
benches and hearth slabs; the central room on the
S side has a domed oven on a platform against the
E wall. Two of the rooms in the E wing served as
domestic units; one of the larger rooms has a
domed oven; it is connected via a doorway with
another similar room. Investigations W of the court
yielded three rooms in N-O/I8-20, the central one
with a platform-oven; a larger room with hearth
adjoins to the S, and a double unit completes the
W side. The pottery of this level is typical E.B. III
A ware; black polished, partly fluted ware and the
dark-on-light painted ware. A bivalve mould for
a shaft-hole axe also came from this level (pl. 39,
fig. 8). On the SE part of the plateau E.B. II build-
ings were reached; these have a different orienta-
tion. On the W slope, in the deep sounding, the
stratigraphic connection was made between the
[AJA 79
E.B. levels and the Chalcolithic levels (M/I9, K-
L/Ig). The E.B. levels total some 18 m. in depth
with 29 building stages, roughly datable to 3000-
2000 B.C. Level XIII is the lowest E.B. II stratum,
in level XIV the E.B. I painted ware appears with
red-on-buff designs of triangles and animal motifs
(pl. 39, fig. 6). Level XVI showed a break in archi-
tecture with the appearance of houses built with
posts. An example from level XVII is shown in
pl. 38, fig. 2. The posts stand at 20-30cm. intervals;
they supported a wattle-and-daubsuperstructure.A
terracotta idol from level XVI, pl. 39, fig. 5 is re-
markable for its extensive jewelry. In the lower
E.B. I levels mudbrick architecture also appears.
The burnt level XIX had a 4 x 4 m. wattle-and-
daub house with rounded corners and two wooden
supportsin the interior; next to it stood a mudbrick
house. A house across the street was 6.50 m. wide
and had walls built of saplings and the usual wattle-
and-daub.The roof was supportedon strongerposts
along the exterior of the walls. Inside was a metal
workshop; on benches and around three fireplaces
lay numerous vessels, crucibles,stone and clay tools,
and moulds for shaft-hole axes. There was also a
smelting oven and slag. In level XX the houses
were again of mudbrick, with hearths of Karaz I
type. Level XXI had a contractedburial of an adult
male with two vases, the earliest E.B. burial found
at the site. A round building of 6 m. diameter,
comparable to those in Yarik Tepe or Judeideh
(Amuq G) belonged to level XXII. The lowest
reached level XXIV is burnt. A four-room house
and a two-room unit stood on either side of a street;
in the smaller house a large number of jars was
found to contain charredbarley, sesame and lentils.
The ceramic sequence is as follows: levels XX-XXI
have the most elaborate relief decoration (ladder
patterns) on black polished ware; trumpet handles
or Nahcevan lugs are fairly common; wheelmade
wares increase. In XXI-XXIV plain simple ware
and Amuq G variants (reserve slip) dominate.
Black polished ware decreases and painted ware
disappears in XXIII. The earliest E.B. levels also
produced cylinder seals and a seal impression on
clay with Jemdet Nasr designs.
"Chalcolithic.The deep sounding on the W slope
was taken down to two more Chalcolithic levels.
The upper one had four single-room houses with
round hearths (pl. 39, fig. 7). The lower level (early
Uruk period) has a more complex architecturecon-
sisting of two large rooms, smaller rooms, corridors,
1975] ARCHAEOLOGYIN ASIA MINOR
and a court. Copper working is attested by slag.
The main pottery shape is a flowerpot-like vessel.
Fine tools are of obsidian (arrow heads), larger
tools of flint. In J-K/I7 the sounding was taken
down to groundwater level. Ubaid and Halaf levels
were reached here at a level 35 m. below the top
of the mound.
"Cemetery. Two soundings on a lower mound to
the SE yielded evidence for a cemetery, probably
of the Bronze Age, below the present groundwater
level. On a mound to the W a pithos burial with
a contracted skeleton came to light."
For Iron Age levels, see below under East Ana-
tolian Iron Age sites. A report on the 1972 season
appeared in TiirkArkDerg 21:I (I974) 59-73.
Keban Area. Tepecik. Progress reports on the
Bronze Age and Chalcolithic excavations at Tepe-
cik appeared in TuirkArkDerg 20:2 (I973) 39-62
and in Keban Project 1971 (I974) 109-35. For Neo-
lithic and Chalcolithic levels, see above. Concern-
ing the 1974 season Dr. Ufuk Esin kindly reports
the following: "The site of Tepecik now has
yielded building levels from Neolithic to the Iron
Age. A building corresponding to the Uruk VI-IV
period was further excavated. Its walls stood on
heavy foundations. The plan is symmetrical. The
small finds for the first time allow a correlationbe-
tween the Late Chalcolithic levels of central Ana-
tolia (Alisar, Alaca Hiiyiik) and those of Meso-
potamia. The mound of Tepecik was fortified at
the end of the E.B. I period. Houses of the E.B. II
and III periods were excavated in 1974.The transi-
tion to the M.B. Age was investigated on the NW
side of the mound. It is a gradual development,
but towards the end of M.B. great terracing and
new building operations took place introducing the
period with Hittite contacts. The study of the cor-
relations within the Keban area and with Anatolia
and Mesopotamia are in full progress."
Keban Area. Korucutepe. Further reports on the
1968-I970 excavations appeared in JNES 33 ('974)
44-115.
The excavations were resumed under the direc-
tion of Dr. Hayri Ertem of Ankara University in
1973 and 1974. Dr. Ertem kindly reports the fol-
lowing (for referencesto the plan, see Keban Work
1969, pl. 42, or JNES 33 [19741 P. 377):
"On the mound, a large trench was opened in
P-Q-R/I8-2I down to Hittite levels. There are two
main building periods (2 and 3) of Hittite date. In
1973, three Hittite Hieroglyphic bullae were found
207
in a building of level 3; two more bullae came to
light in 1974, as well as a hieroglyphic stamp seal
of haematite with hammer-headhandle and a con-
vex button seal. Other trenches on the mound
were excavated to post-Hittite and Hittite levels;
among the finds are three fragments of a red-pol-
ished arm-shaped libation vessel resembling the
Bo'azk6y specimens of this type. Architectural in-
vestigations were made in squares T-U/II-I2 and
in I/19; in the latter trench the previously noted
postern-likeconstructionmeasures 1.25m. in height
and 0.75 m. in maximum width, rather like a chan-
nel than a true postern. Soundings in the vicinity
of the mound so far have failed to produce evidence
for a Hittite cemetery."
For the 1973 season, see AnatSt 24
(I974) 38-40.
Keban Area. Asvan Project. Interim reports on
the Early Bronze Age levels at Taskun Mevkii and
Asvankale appeared in AnatSt 23 (1973) 109-20
and 153-58.
Tilmen Hiiyiik. A report on the 1971 season ap-
peared in TiirkArkDerg 20:2 (I973) 5-13-
KzriskalHiiyiik. U. Bahadir Alkim describesthe
descending built tunnel on the SE edge of the
mound in Melanges Mansel II, 821-30. The date of
this construction is ca. 2000 B.C.; similar tunnels
are known from nearby Gedikli and also from Ma-
latya.
BRONZE AGE METALLURGY
The projectsreferredto last year in AJA 78
(i974)
113-14 are continuing, see P. de Jesus, Archaeology
27 (I974) 20I and notes by Robert Maddin and
James D. Muhly in Journal of Metals 26 (I974) I-7
suggesting that the Cape Gelidonya ingots may be
of Anatolian rather than Cypriote origin. See also
the recently published monograph by James D.
Muhly, Copper and Tin (New Haven 1973)-
MYCENAEAN AND MINOAN SITES
Miletus. Dr. Peter Hommel kindly provided two
illustrations of pottery fragments from the excava-
tions he conducted on stadium hill in 1973 (see AJA
78 [19741 114): pl. 39, fig. io, a fragment of a large
Mycenaeanbowl and pl. 39, fig. 9, the rim and body
fragment of a large lentoid flask of Hittite type,
height as preserved 0.25 m. No excavation took
place in 1974.
Western Anatolia. For a new discussion of Myce-
naean finds in W. Anatolia, see R. Hope Simpson
and J.F. Lazenby, BSA 68 (i'973) i74-79.
208 MACHTELD J. MELLINK [AJA 79

Masat. In 1974,more Mycenaean pottery came to Giyimli. In 1972 Prof. Afif Erzen undertook
light in the burnt Hittite Empire building at Masat excavations at the site of Giyimli high up in the
near Zile, see above under Bronze Age sites. There mountains 68 km. SE of Van, in the district of
were fragments of banded flasks,rathertall-necked, Giirpinar. A mound to the SW of the village had
and of a small stirrup jar, also banded. The num- been ransacked by the villagers who had found
ber of Mycenaean vessels from this building, Prof. pieces of Urartian bronze relief in great numbers.
Tahsin Ozgii kindly reports, is by now at least The site seems to have been a mountain refuge or
half a dozen, and the context is well attested. yayla in Urartian times. Some of the building plans
were checked and tell-tale fragments of bronze
URARTIAN AND EAST ANATOLIAN IRON AGE SITES
horsetrappings, frontlets, pectorals and belts were
Prof. Afif Erzen continued his work found (TiirkArkDerg 21:1 [19741 13-20; Belleten
avu-stepe.
in 1973 with a number of architectural investiga- 151
[I9741 I91-213).
tions. The 7.60 m. wide causeway which leads from Adilcevaz. Reports on the 1972 excavations at
the North flank of the citadel with its twin ramps Kefkalesi appeared in
TiirkArkDerg 21:2 (1974)
to the upper East citadel was cleared over a length 31-35 and AnatSt 23
(i973) 13-14.
of 62 m. It is supported by retaining walls of quar- Patnos. Prof. Baki Ogiin kindly reports the fol-
ried stone with mud mortar. In the area between lowing concerning the salvage program undertaken
the E and W citadels, a 52 m. stretch of the N by the Adilcevaz staff in 1973to rescue a plundered
fortification wall was exposed. The wall was plas- Urartian cemetery in the Patnos area:
tered and whitewashed; it protected the building "Near the village of Liv, 15 km. SE of Patnos,
with piers excavated in 1972. A postern to the NE six built chamber tombs were opened. They were
of the palace was partly cleared and traced. Near part of a cemetery on a rocky hill 250 m. to the
the lower exit lay much debris of the first destruc- NW of the village. The sizes vary; the largest
tion level, including stacks of skeletons, one of tomb measures 2.80 x 1.62 m. in plan and 2 m. in
which had an Urartian bronze belt of fine work- height; it had walls of sizable blocks set below
manship with engravings of animals and deities surface level; it was roofed with large slabs of
standing on animals in panels with floral borders. 2.50-3.00m. in length. One tomb had two niches
The S wall was traced over a distance of 87 m. in in the rear wall. A built dromos gives access to
the palace and temple area. Fragments of wall the door of the tomb; the dromos of the large tomb
paintings and timber lay in the debris. From fur- measures 1.83 x 1.30 m.; it was filled with rubble
ther E along the wall came an inscription relating and earth. All six of these tombs had been plun-
to storage, unbaked clay tablets and an Urartian dered. Among remnants of the tomb gifts were a
stone seal. A storage building with pithos maga- bronze bull's hoof, part of furniture; two fragments
zines is being excavated between the temple and of gold foil with embossed diamond patterns; in a
the entrance fortress. Much progress was made in niche, an urn and a plate. Isolated burials were also
the recording of the plan of the fortifications (see found in the cemetery; among them a buried urn
Belleten 151 [I9741 547-49; TiirkArkDerg 21:1 and beddings for urns with stone settings.
[1974] 21-24). "An Urartian citadel was noticed near Dedeli, 22
Van. In 1972-1973Prof. Afif Erzen also did some km. NE of Patnos on the road to Ercis. On a slope
work in the area of the citadel of Van. He cleared between Dedeli and the citadel we noticed more
away the debris in front of the so-called tomb of plundered Urartian tombs. These are chamber
Menua and exposed a series of rockcut steps. In tombs cut in soft sandstone bedrock ca. 1-1.20 m.
front of the tomb of the "founders" a level plat- below the surface. Here too a dromos gives access
form was found. The so-called bastion of Sarduri to the door. Two tombs remained unplundered.
to the NW of the citadel was exposed along the One had contracted burials of a man and woman
E, N, and NW sides. Six copies of an identical in- facing each other; a small girl was buried in a
scription were found. The bastion consists of two corner. A niche contained an urn with remnants of
parts; only the S part (37.oo00x 10.30 m.) is of a cremation. Among the tomb gifts were various
Urartian date; the N part was built in medieval agricultural tools of iron, bronze bowls, a bronze
times with the aid of re-used Urartian blocks (Bel- situla, weapons for the man, jewelry for the woman
leten 151 [i974] 549; see AnatSt 24 [19741 57). among which were a wooden cosmetic box with the
1975] ARCHAEOLOGYIN ASIA MINOR 209
design of a bull, a bronze belt, and various frag- levels. Again the upper level was of the Byzantine
ments of textile." era. The architectureis not well preservedbut there
Altintepe. Two studies have appeared concern- are many small finds of iron, bronze, stone, ivory,
ing the hieroglyphic graffiti on the storage jars glass, pottery, and coins. The second level is Ro-
found at Altintepe. The notations in hieroglyphic man-Late Hellenistic. A coin hoard of 26 silver
are those written in cuneiform on the jars at To- coins found in 1973 will be published by Saadet
prakkale and Karmir Blur. E. Laroche, Anadolu Taner in Anadolu; the coins belong to the Cappa-
15 (1971) 55-61; J.J.Klein, AnatSt 24 (I974) 77-94; docian kings Ariobarzanes II (63-52 B.C.) and
for Urartian hieroglyphs, see also R.D. Barnett, AriarathesX (42-26 B.C.). The pottery of this level
Festschrift Giiterbock 43-55. is partly of a local Hellenistic variety with painted
Decorated bronze strips or belts from the tombs floral designs (petals, vines in white on red). Level
at Altintepe are discussed by Nimet O*zgiig in III is earlier Hellenistic; level IV probably goes
Melanges Mansel II, 847-60. back to the fifth century. This level produced an-
Urartian Helmet. A decorated bronze helmet in other stone alabastron, this one with a flat base.
the Gaziantep Museum is published by Dr. O. The excavation now has gone down about 4 m. and
Tasyiirek in TiirkArkDerg 21:1 (i974) 179- is approachingthe Iron Age levels which were sam-
81.
Aytu, pled on the N slope of the mound in 1973. See for
Norsuntepe. Dr. Harald Hauptmann kindly adds the 1973 season, Belleten 151
(I974) 551-53-
the following concerning the Iron Age levels of Porsuk-Ulukltla. A report on the 1971 campaign
the large site (for the main report, see above under appeared in TuirkArkDerg20:2 (1973) 167-70.The
Bronze Age sites): excavations are to be resumed in 1975-
"The excavation of the large Middle Iron Age Kizzldag-Karadag. In Festschrift Giiterbock 17-
pit cutting in P-Q/2I-23 was completed. Below the 27 Sedat Alp publishes a newly discovered Hittite
layers of reeds the lowest layers are horizontal Hieroglyphic inscription found at Burunkaya near
strata of silt; these contain fragmentary pottery, Mamasin, 14 km. NE of Aksaray. This inscription
human skeletal and skull fragments. The lowest belongs to the series of rockcut inscriptions of
part of the pit is a cutting of 8 x 6 m. with rounded Kizildag-Karadag (N of Karaman) first discovered
corners. A staircaseruns along the walls of the pit by W.M. Ramsay and Gertrude Bell. Prof. Alp
to the 14 m. deep bottom. Webbed stakes formed publishes a complete set of new photographs and
the roof of the lowest section. A square stone foun- drawings of the five Kizilda4 and two Karadag
dation of 2 x 2 m. existed in the lower pit. On its inscriptions which belong to a king Hartapus, son
South side rested a base made of severalblocks, with of Murshili. This king must have ruled in the
scattered animal bones (sheep, goat, cattle). This Kizildag area.
points to some kind of ritual use of the pit but there Karatepe. Further studies of the Hittite Hiero-
is no evidence for a tomb. Middle Iron Age habita- glyphic text by F. Steinherrappearedin Miinchener
tion was found on a mound to the West of Nor- Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft 32 (0974) 103-48,
suntepe; this period is that of the greatest expan- see Die Welt des Orients 7 (0973) 153-
sion of the site." Carchemish.Progress in the history and chronol-
ogy of Carchemish is made by J.D. Hawkins in
NEO-HITTITE AND PHRYGIAN SITES
Iraq 39 (0974) 67-83.
Bogazk6y. Peter Neve discusses the post-Hittite Gordion. Gordion lost its excavator on October
levels of Biiyiikkale in Melanges Mansel II, 873-91- 25, 1974. Rodney Stuart Young, who started his
Zile-Masat. For the Phrygian period of this pro- campaigns at Gordion in 195o,had completed most
ductive site see above under Bronze Age sites. The of the first volume of the final Gordion publica-
site is listed as No. 137 in Gail E.S. Durbin's article tions. This will contain the reports on Tumuli
AnatSt 21 (197I) 99-124. MMT (the largest burial mound), P and W.
In June 1974, Prof. Nimet For a brief report on the 1973season by Keith de
Nide-Tepebalart.
Ozgiig continued her excavations on this mound Vries, see AJA 78 In 1974, Prof. de
near Nigde. She kindly reports that the trench of Vries inspected remnants (i974) 164.
of stone structures re-
1972-1973 was widened in order to prepare an area cently exposed in the streambed of the Sakarya-
of sufficient size for the excavation of Iron Age Sangarios. Future investigations will be needed to
210 MACHTELD J. MELLINK [AJA 79
study the preservationof a bridge serving the main ognizable. Evidence for cross-dating between sites
E-W road passing through Gordion. is expected to become available soon."
G.K. Sams discusses animal designs on painted
LYCIAN, CARIAN, LYDIAN? GREEK, HELLENISTIC,
Phrygian pottery in AnatSt 24 (1974) 169-96.
ROMAN SITES
Yenidog'an-Hacitu'rul. Excavations at this large
mound 15 km. to the NE of Polath were continued Perge. The report which follows was the last
by Director Burhan Tezcan who kindly provided received from Prof. Arif Miifid Mansel who died
the following details concerning the 1974campaign. on January 18, 1975. The energy, scholarship, and
The work on the fortificationsalong the NNE side enthusiasm with which he resurrected Perge and
of the mound exposed more of the stone circuit Side as major ancient sites will continue to be ad-
wall which is over 3 m. thick. The well preserved mired by scholars and visitors alike.
mudbrick walls in this area also have been traced "Agora. The work here was finished in 1973-
over a large distance. A topographic survey of these New details came to light concerning the construc-
walls was made by architectMahmut Akok. On the tion of the central tholos. Its podium had a revet-
mound, some houses of the Persian period have ment of limestone slabs; 16 columns stood on its
been excavated. They are of rectangular plans and solid upper part; these had shafts of coarse-grained
have stone foundations. There is as yet no evidence yellowish marble; the entablaturewas decoratedon
that this very large Phrygian site was occupied in the exterior and interior. The drainage system was
the Hellenistic or Roman period. also studied; covered conduits run in front of the
Phrygian Language. In Melanges Mansel I, 239- stoas; the main drain runs to the South; a latrine
50 Claude Brixhe discusses the old Phrygian ele- was built under one of the South shops.
ment iman. "Intersection of the colonnaded streets: a single
arch stood in the line of the E-W street; its piers
DENDROCHRONOLOGY
measuring 1.75 x 1.47 m. Through it passed a
Peter I. Kuniholm of the American Research 4.90 m. wide paved road; the entire monument
Institute in Turkey writes the following concern- measures 9.22 m. in width; its height is not yet
ing his current project: certain. The superstructurehad Ionic half-columns
"Using the 8o6-year sequence of tree-rings pro- and a monumental inscription of four lines on each
vided by the logs in the Midas Tumulus at Gordion side, with letters 10-13 cm. high and a length of
as a starting point, I have been trying to build a 7.50 m. The texts are approximately identical; the
relative (and eventually, perhaps,an absolute) mas- monument was dedicated to Apollo Epekoos and
ter tree-ring chronology for the Anatolian plateau. Artemis Pergaia; the founders were Demetrios and
With the cooperation of the Turkish Department Apollonions, sons of Apollonios. Demetrios was
of Antiquities and Museums, the Museum of Ana- priest of Artemis, demiourgos and gymnasiarchos.
tolian Cultures at Ankara, the Turkish Depart- The date is probablythe first half or middle of the
ment of Forestry, and MASCA at the University second century A.D.
Museum, equipment has been set up at the Ankara "A tetrapylon (?) stands on four piers over the
Museum, and over i io wood and charcoal samples water channel of the street South of the Nymphae-
have been collected. Some are modern long-lived um, 4.05 m. wide. Its superstructure is not yet
trees; there also are Ottoman and Selcuk examples known. Shortly before the main intersection a
of timber from mosques; samples have come from large ashlar podium (7.27 m. long) was built over
the following excavations: Gordion, Bogazk6y and the canal which passes under it through a vaulted
channel. Four steps gave accessto the podium from
Eskiyapar (Phrygian), Adilcevaz (Urartian), Ma- the W.
Perhaps an altar or shrine stood on it origi-
sat (Hittite Empire), AcemhiiyVik (Karum Ib pe- but a Byzantine chapel replacedthis. A small
nally,
riod); specimens from other sites are arriving. This church was built to the S of the
podium. By this
is necessarily a long project. We will need many time the channel was no longer functional. In
By-
Byzantine and Roman samples to achieve an ab- zantine times large water pipes carried the water
solute chronology. As the 'wood library' builds up from the aqueduct behind the Nymphaeum."
and the ring readings are filed (some 16,ooo so Reports on the 1971 and 1972 excavations at
far), local and regional patterns are becoming rec- Perge appeared in TiirkArkDerg 20:2 (i973) 143-
1975] ARCHAEOLOGYIN ASIA MINOR
53 and 21:i (i974) 109-23. Adnan Pekman pub-
lished a monograph History of Perge (Ankara
1973, Tuirk Tarih Kurumu Series VII, 64). Jale
Inan discussed portrait statues found in Perge in
the years 1967-1973in Melanges Mansel II, 643-61.
Sarcophagus from Perge. In the spring of 1973,
clandestine diggers excavated parts of a mid-second
century A.D. sarcophaguswith reliefs of Herakles.
These fragments were sold piecemeal by art dealers;
some were confiscated in Istanbul and taken to the
Istanbul Museum. Other pieces wandered to art
dealers in the United States and Germany. Prof.
Jale Inan and Dr. Nusin Asgari noticed that the
stray fragments belonged together and directed
their attention to Perge. Director Tanju Ozoral of
the Antalya Museum made an investigation on the
spot in the Western necropolis of Perge and found
the lower part of the sarcophagus with its base
mouldings and the lower edge of the reliefs in situ,
he also recovered the lid. Most of the sarcophagus
has thus been rescued and identified. The pieces still
astray will, it is expected, be returned by their il-
legitimate owners once the evidence is published.
Pamphylia. The problem of the earliest settle-
ments in the Pamphylian plain is discussed by Afif
Erzen in AA 1973, 388-401.
Anamur. Prof. James Russell kindly reports the
following on the one-week campaign of 1974, inter-
rupted by the Cyprus events:
"The campaign aimed at restoring the structure
of four tombs in the necropolis and cleaning and
conserving the painted decoration. At the end of
one week, the vaults of two tombs had been pre-
pared for pointing and a suitable mix devised for
the mortar rendering. In the third tomb salt in-
crustations and mould were removed from con-
siderable areas of the painted wall surface. The
colors emerged far fresher than was anticipated.
This was especially true of the inscribed male bust
of Winter (XELU;v) enclosed in a wreath medal-
lion in the NW corner of the vault of the anteroom
(pl. 42, fig. 20). For a description before cleaning,
see E. Alf6ldi-Rosenbaum, The Necropolis of Ane-
murium (Ankara 1971) 112-16, 179-80.
"Two mosaic pavements were discovered in the
course of clearing the two tombs and their environs.
Both had polychrome geometric designs and may
be dated to the third century A.D. A further dis-
covery is a seven-line grave inscription found part-
ly in situ on the lintel of the side chamber of a
tomb. Four lines record various members of the
211
family while the remainder constitutes a brief epi-
taph in verse."For reports, see TiirkArkDerg 20:I
(I973) 201-19;
AnatSt 24
(I974) 18-20;Phoenix 27
(1973) 319-37; AnatSt 24 (I974) 95-102for the mo-
saic inscriptions of the palaestra.
Sagalassos. Dr. R. Fleischer kindly reports the
following about the work of the Austrian Archaeo-
logical Institute at Sagalassos in 1974 (this work
started in 1972, see AJA 77 [1973] i8i and JOAI
50 [1972-1973] I17-24):
"When a road was built for the transportation
of the seven known frieze slabs we found parts of
the relevant monument, perhaps a heroon, mea-
suring 8.37 x 7.52 m. It has a socle of at least four
courses of ashlar with a crowning moulding; on
top of this, three steps lead to a large base mould-
ing. The frieze slabs probably belonged on this;
three sides of the frieze were carved; the fourth,
NE side faced the mountain and was left plain.
The building was partly covered by a later fortifica-
tion wall; near this, frieze slab No. 8 appeared (pl.
40, fig. 13), again with the design of a dancing
girl. She belonged to the N corner, followed to the
right by slab 2 (JOAI 50 [1972-1973] 120, fig. 2).
Three additional female heads from the frieze were
recovered (pl. 40, fig. 14), one belonging to frieze
slab 5. The total recovered frieze length so far is
9.88 m. A large marble lion, its right front paw
resting on a bull's head, lay in three pieces W of the
monument (pl. 41, fig. 15). The sculptures will be
taken to Burdur or A'lasun."
Burdur Museum. Painted pottery of a local sixth
century style has been found at Uylupinar k6yui
near G61lhisarin the Cibyratis. This is related to
pottery from Diiver SW of Burdur, see C.H.
Greenewalt, California Studies in Classical An-
tiquity I (1968) 139-54.The pottery from Uylupi-
nar will be published by Selguk Baser of the Bur-
dur Museum.
Elmali. In 1974, the Bryn Mawr College cam-
paign was concerned with the construction of an
entrance building for the archaic painted tomb at
Kizilbel in cooperation with the Department of
Antiquities. The Graeco-Persiantumulus at Kara-
burun was further excavated. A monumental base
was found on its SE slope as part of the funeral
architecture. A report will appear in this journal,
for the 1973 season see AJA 78 (1974) 351-59.
Arycanda. Clearanceand restorationwork in this
Lycian site on the slope of the mountain E of the
212 MACHTELD J. MELLINK
Arycandus valley is continued annually by Dr. Cev-
det Bayburtluoglu of Ankara University.
Limyra. Dr. Jiirgen Borchhardt kindly reports
the following about his 1974 (and, for the time be-
ing, final) campaign:
"Lycian studies: NE of the theater we found to
our surprise a fragment of the E frieze of the he-
roon, showing the companions of the ruler who
looks back heading the cavalry. On the citadel,
between heroon and S bastion, remnants of a tomb
possibly of a Carian garrison commander came to
light, viz. a krepis of a tumulus ca. 5 m. in diameter,
a small rockcut terrace, an altar block, and frag-
ments of a stela of I.20o m. height with the Carian
double axe on all four sides. This would confirm
the new evidence from the trilingual stela of the
Letoon concerning Carian rule in Lycia after the
revolt of the Satraps. From the Byzantine wall of
Limyra a corner block with reliefs was recovered;
it shows a heavily armed warrior on one side, and
a view of a citadel in linear perspectiveon the other.
Two of the five terracesW of the theater must have
served for a cult; the date is fourth to second cen-
tury B.C. The recording of all the necropoleis was
completed.
"Roman Studies: the deep sounding along the S
side of the cenotaph of Gaius Caesar was achieved
with the aid of divers and a dredger. The founda-
tion course is 0.54 m. high; it stands on an artificial
stratum of gravel, sand, broken pottery and marble
chips. This foundation supported the 4.11 m. high
base of the tower-shaped monument. New frag-
ments of the frieze and of the architecturaldecora-
tion came to light. The frieze was ca. i.8o m. high
and probably stood just above the base. The frieze
with garlands and weapons probably belonged to
the superstructure.A second fragment of the origi-
nal building inscription shows the lettering to be
Latin. Re-used blocks from the wall of the lower
city prove the existence of a large round structure
of imperial date, ca. io m. in diameter. This build-
ing probably stood in the E part of the city. Mea-
sures were taken to protect the skene of the theater
because of new road construction; the architectural
ornament on newly found blocks dates the theater
to the time of Antoninus Pius. Storerooms have
now been installed in both entrance rooms of the
theater. A guide to the site is in preparation."
Interim reports appeared in TiirkArkDerg 20:I
(i973) 37-62 and 21:I (1974) 5-12.
Xanthos. P. Demargne has published Fouilles de
[AJA 79
Xanthos, V. Tombes-Maisons,Tombes Rupestreset
Sarcophages (Paris 1974). In this volume the Ly-
cian series of tomb forms (with the exception of the
pillars, discussed in Xanthos I) is analyzed and
given due prominence as a local phenomenon only
gradually affected by Hellenization. The house
forms are considered the earliest in the series. The
problemsof absolutechronology remain difficultbe-
cause of the thorough ancient looting of the tombs.
The new volume presentsa wealth of new observa
tions to the many participants in modern Lycian
studies. Especially welcome are the sarcophagiwith
reliefs including the one at Xanthos with the lions-
and-bull relief and the reconstruction of its lid
(chapter IV), the sarcophagus of Payava, that of
Merehi, and other pieces. The second part of the
volume is a study of the fourteen funeral inscrip-
tions in Lycian by E. Laroche. New fragments of
the inscribed pillar are discussed in this context.
For other studies of Lycian sculpture see P. De-
margne, Melanges Mansel I, 527-36; H. Metzger,
Melanges Mansel I ,I27-37;W.P. Childs, OpuscRom
9:12 (1(973) 105-I6.
Xanthos-Letoon. The texts of the trilingual stela
discovered in 1973have now been presented in pre-
liminary reports in CRAI January-March1973,the
Greek text by Henri Metzger (82-93), the Lycian
by E. Laroche (115-25), the Aramaic by A. Dupont-
Sommer (131-49). The mid-fourth century stela has
41 lines of Lycian on the obverse, 35 lines of Greek
on the reverse,and 27 of Aramaic on one of the nar-
row sides; the other narrow side would have been
set against a wall. The date is given by the satrapy
of Pixodaros in Lycia and year I of Artaxerxes III
Ochus (358). The historicalproblemsof the Carian
connection are pointed out in the preliminary re-
ports as well as the rich gains for the study of Ly-
cian language and culture, e.g. the names and cults
of the local gods and their Greek equivalents.
No campaign took place in 1974 due to the Cy-
prus events. A reporton the 1971season appearedin
TiirkArkDerg 20:I (973) 117-27; a summary of
the work in the 1970-1973 campaigns in RA 1974,
313-40 with a plan of the Letoon as it appeared at
the end of the 1973 season and a view of the tri-
lingual stela in situ (339). See also Kadmos 13
82-84.
(1974)
Patara. In the summer of 1974a preliminary sur-
vey was made of the site of Patara by a team from
the Middle East Technical University at Ankara
under the direction of Dr. Sevim Bulug and with
19751 ARCHAEOLOGYIN ASIA MINOR
the cooperation of Dr. Kenneth G. Sams of the
University of North Carolina.
Lycian Tombs. Jan Zahle of the University of
Copenhagen and architect Kjeld Kjeldsen traveled
in Lycia in the fall of 1973to preparetheir study of
the architectural and structural prototypes of Ly-
clan rockcut tombs and fagades. In the fall of 1974
they recorded and measured selected important evi-
dence. Mr. Zahle and Mr. Kjeldsen kindly report
the following:
"During the two surveys about ten new places
with Lycian tombs were found, the total of sites
recorded now numbering about 70. All over Lycia
we found evidence in the tombs as well as in pres-
ent-day storage units and dwellings that the tomb
fagades imitated two different construction prin-
ciples. The first is a pure wooden construction (the
storage house), the second consists of stone and
adobe walls reinforced and stabilized with timber
(the dwelling house).
"Among the new discoveries is a sarcophaguslid
in Phellos (9ukurbag) which on the normally
smooth curved sides, extraordinarilyreproducesthe
original clinker-built construction (pl. 45, fig. 31).
In Apollonia (Silak) we recorded a podium (11.40
m. long, 3 m. high) probably belonging to a he-
roon. On the facade the entrance is still preserved
opening into a small tomb chamber. In Antiphel-
los (Kas), Bayindir Liman, Tehnelli (pl. 40, figs.
11-12) and Muskar unknown tombs with reliefs
were recorded as well as a relief fragment from a
tomb house or sarcophagus in Trysa (Davazlar).
Unrecorded Lycian inscriptions were found in sev-
eral places. In Pinara, Sidyma (Dudurga Bogaz),
Phellos, Isinda (Belenli) and Tiize unknown pil-
lar tombs were discovered; the number of these
characteristicLycian monuments now amounting
to 31. A preliminary report will appear in AA 1975,
3."
Lycian Citadels and Towns. In the fall of 1974,
Dr. Wolfgang Wurster and Dr. Michael W6rrle
undertook a survey of Lycian citadels and habita-
tion sites to supplement their investigations of the
citadel of Limyra. The sites explored were in the
upper Xanthos valley and in the central coastal area
of Lycia, Dr. Wurster kindly reports.General plans
were made of the layout of the sites (large build-
ings, houses, tombs, roads of access, fortifications).
Tlos and Apollonia were singled out for detailed
work. A characteristictype of Lycian house set on
a rockcut terrace was recognized in many places,
213
although precisedating remains difficult.Dr. W6rr-
le took part in the survey as epigrapher.A continua-
tion of the survey is planned.
Dereazz. Dr. James Morganstern kindly reports
that in the course of his investigations at Dereagzi
in 1974 (see below under Byzantine sites) he found
the fort to have been of Lycian or Persian origin.
A plan is being made of the enclosure system. "A
rockcut tomb was found within the inner ring
and four pieces of relief sculpture in the wall of
the outer ring all date from the first period of oc-
cupation."
Oinoanda. In the summer of 1974 the British In-
titute of Archaeology at Ankara began a survey
of this mountain city in Northern Lycia under the
direction of Alan S. Hall. The site is best known
for the long Greek philosophical inscription set up
by the Epicurian Diogenes ca. 200 A.D. Fragments
of this inscription are scattered over the site. The
history of their finding and recent additional dis-
coveries were discussed by Martin F. Smith in AJA
74 (I970) 51-62 and 75 (1971) 357-89.The new ex-
pedition aims to make a systematic search for the
missing pieces and also to determine the original
location of the inscription and the nature of the
building in which they were carved. The site is on
a mountain overlooking the plain of Seki; its plan
was made by Lieutenant Spratt in 1842 but ar-
chaeologically no work had been done at the site
since then. The 1974 expedition, although inter-
rupted by the Cypriote events, managed to make
part of a new survey plan of the site while record-
ing and numbering the scattered pieces of the in-
scription. I am much obliged to Mr. Hall and Mr.
Smith for their kind explanations.
Lycian Coinage. Beiheft ii of IstMitt is a mono-
graph by Hans von Aulock, Die Miinzprdgung des
Gordian III und der Tranquillina in Lykien (Tii-
bingen 1974). In addition to numismatic discussions
of the sudden appearance of coinage under Gor-
dian III (238-44) the monograph has valuable in-
formation on the history and topography of indi-
vidual Lycian sites.
Fethiye-Telmessos. For the series of small guides
published by the Turkish Touring and Automobile
Club, Jane Laroche wrote an informative guide
Fethiye (text in French and German) with details
about history and excursions to the Xanthos valley.
Kaunos. In 1973, Prof. Baki Ogiin kindly reports,
preparationswere made for publication and resto-
ration. A local museum may be installed in the
214 MACHTELD J. MELLINK
Roman Baths, the large S hall of which was cleared.
To the N, heating installations came to light. New
excavation also took place in the area of the stoa
where additional inscriptions were found; among
the small objects were Hellenistic lamps and eight
coins. Interim reports appeared in TiirkArkDerg
20:1
(1973) 163-67and 21:1 (I974) 133-36.
Knidos. The progress of excavations at Knidos
will be reported upon by Prof. Iris C. Love in a
later issue of AJA. An interim report for 1974 is
kindly provided by Margot Marshall:
"Although the emphasis was on registration,con-
servation, draughting, and photography, we pro-
ceeded with excavation on four sites and with the
contour survey. In the sanctuary of Aphrodite Eu-
ploia we resumed investigation of the packing SE
of the monopteros. Two terraces below this sanc-
tuary we extended our examination of the relation-
ship between building A (the Roman building)
and the pit to the S which contained votaries. To
the S we began uncovering the foundations of a
fourth major structurein this area. Architect Sheila
Gibson has completed a tentative reconstructionof
the marble monumental altar located on this ter-
race and a preliminary reconstructionof the harbor
building N of the Trireme harbor. Harbor East
again produced a series of unstratified sherds of the
subgeometric period. Another terracotta bull frag-
ment was unearthedW of the harbor.At the houses
SE of street junction A three more rooms were
partially exposed, all having mosaic floors. We be-
gan the exploration of an extensive cistern opening
into the lower vaulted room. Finds at this site in-
clude the head of a bearded Herm and part of a
souvenir copy of the Knidia." See TiirkArkDerg
20:2 (1973) 91-142 for the 1971 season.
Bodrum-Halicarnassus.A progress report on the
Mausoleum excavations 1970-1973has appeared in
AJA 79 (1975) 67-79. Prof. K. Jeppesen and Jan
Zahle kindly report the following on the 1974 sea-
son of the Danish excavations:
"The so-called 'upper' and 'lower' galleries were
investigated and measured. Probing in the area im-
mediately to the N of the W staircase proved, be-
yond doubt, that the staircase is anterior to the
'lower gallery.' If the supposition that the staircase
is contemporary with the Mausoleum holds true
(see AIA 79 [I9751 71) the 'lower gallery' must also
have been made in connection with the work on
the Mausoleum, planned, presumably, in order to
prevent the intrusion of rain water or sub-soil water
[AJA 79
into the tomb chamber.It becameclear,moreover,
that the SE sectionof the 'uppergallery'takes a
coursedifferingmarkedlyfromthatshownin New-
ton's plan and that its originaldirectionhas been
changed, apparentlywhen the Mausoleumwas
built. It was observed,finally, that the so-called
'shortgallery'must have formed a branchof the
'uppergallery.'
"The excavationof the sacrificialareaof the W
staircasescheduledto take place in this campaign
had to be postponed.A large numberof architec-
tural fragmentson the site were classifiedand
measured."See also observationspublishedby K.
Jeppesenin MelangesManselII, 734-48-
Bodrum.UnderwaterArchaeology.The workof
the American Institute of Nautical Archaeology
was interrupteddue to the Cyprusevents. Some
new observationsweremadeon the fourthcentury
Roman wreck; the further projectof excavating
the newly discoveredarchaicwreckhad to be post-
poned. For the survey along the coast between
Bodrumand CapeGelidonya,see JohnA. Gifford,
Journal of Field Archaeology I (1974) 23-25-
lasos.In 1974,Prof.CleliaLaviosakindlyreports,
the workwasmuchrestrictedby the Cyprusevents:
"As a result,our effortswere largelyconcentrated
on recordingand restoration. In the excavations,
the
furtherclearanceof the pavementin the presumed
sanctuaryof ZeusMegistoshas yieldednew votive
bases (pl. 41, fig. 16). In the Agora,a new stretch
of the S stoawas cleared,includingthe doorwhich
gave accessto the areaof the sanctuaryof Artemis.
Along the E stoamoreof the stylobatewas exposed,
along the base of which lay more fallen blocksof
the architravewith the imperialdedicatoryinscrip-
tion.The recordingof monumentswas extendedto
the areaoutsideof the walls and on the mainland
where encroachmentby modern village construc-
tion is imminent.The buildingsvisibleon the sur-
face,largelyof lateRomanand Byzantinedate,will
thus be recordedand selectivelypreserved.Topo-
graphicalstudies were also devoted to the width
of the ancientchannelbetweenthe islandand the
mainland(now the isthmus),the laterconstruction
of embankments and the course of the Roman
aqueduct.
"Explorations in the vicinity of Iasos led to the
identification of a group of 'Lelegian' constructions
resembling those excavated in the first campaign
(ASAtene 39-40 [1961-I962] 515). One of the newly
discovered enclosures had been cut into by a mod-
1975] ARCHAEOLOGYIN ASIA MINOR
ern road. It consists of an oval flanked by a smaller,
square construction. Recording and at least partial
preservationhave been undertaken."
Prof. Laviosa kindly supplements her notes on
the previous campaign (AJA 78 [1974] 122-23)
with illustrations. Pl. 43, fig. 21 shows the Middle
Minoan building in the Agora soundings, under
two cist-graves and a corner of a geometric tomb
precinct. A fragment of the frieze of the Hadrianic
stoa is shown in pl. 42, fig. 17.
For interim reports see TuirkArkDerg 20:2
(1973) 91-95 and 21:I (1974) 103-108.
Pidasa. W. Radt discusses the plan of the Carian
hill town Pidasa SE of Miletus in IstMitt 23-24
(1973-1974) 169-74.
Didyma. A guide to Didyma by R. Naumann
appeared in the series of the Turkish Touring and
Automobile Club, Didyma Fiihrer (s.d., 1974). K.
Tuchelt reports on the excavation campaigns of
1972-1973 in IstMitt 23-24 (i973-1974) 139-68.
Miletus. Reports on the 1972and 1973campaigns
appeared in IstMitt 23-24 (1973-1974) 63-137. Med-
langes Mansel I contains two architecturalstudies
concerning Miletus: Klaus Tuchelt writes about the
Thermae of Capito (147-69); Erich Altenhofer
about the stoa of the theater (607-18).
Herakleia Under Latmos. Dr. Anneliese Pesch-
low of the German Archaeological Institute in Is-
tanbul kindly reports the following on her 1974
survey. "The two main objectives were the struc-
ture on the lake shore below tower 44 (see the plan
by F. Krischen in Milet III, 2) and the Athena
Temple. The low level of the lake had exposed
several architecturalfeatures. Below tower 44, two
buildings appeared, enclosed by one temenos wall.
One is a N-S temple (15.90 x 9.80 m.), Roman in
masonry style; the other is a rectangular building
with several rooms (13 x 16 m.). To the S, founda-
tions of smaller monuments were noticed; many
traces of late Roman and Byzantine habitation can
also be seen further S and on the shore E of the
city. A stone-by-stoneplan of the Athena Temple
was drawn. Stray architecturalmembers of the tem-
ple were found on the S and N slope; of special
importance are the anta blocks which have inscrip-
tions promising evidence for the incompletely
known history of the city."
Ephesus. In 1973, excavations were continued in
the fall season. Prof. Hermann Vetters kindly re-
ports the following:
"Artemis Temple. In the area between the altar
215
and the temple the oblique paved way and the wide
channel were traced farther East (see A. Bammer,
IstMitt 23-24 [1973-1974] 53-62). To the NE, a sol-
idly built platform of slate was partly cleared. The
stratigraphic analysis remains difficult; among the
finds were a bronze griffin attachment of a caul-
dron, a polychrome female terracotta head, and a
statuette of the same kind; several fragments of
ivory, perhaps furniture ornaments, and pieces of
a large ivory statuette (ca. 6o cm. high). C14 tests
(Vienna laboratory) give a date of ca. 350 B.C.;
it looks as if these archaic finds come from the lev-
els of the burning due to Herostratos. The anas-
tylosis of one of the temple columns was stopped
at 14 m. height; the remaining 4.30 m. and the
capital could not safely be added.
"Work continued to clear the square of Domi-
tian; Hanghaus II was cleared further; the record-
ing of mosaics was largely completed; in the Scho-
lastikia Thermae the foundations have now been
investigated; the first floor of the Celsus library has
been rebuilt. In Belevi the recording of the plan
continued."
In 1974, excavations did not continue due to the
Cyprus problem. Prof. Vetters kindly reports the
following progress in the study and publication of
Ephesus. Interim reports have appeared in Anz-
Wien IIi (1974) fasc. 8, 1-16, and are about to
appear in JOAI 50 (1972-1973) Beiblatt (reports
on 1960-i969 and inscriptions found in 1970-1973).
W. Alzinger, Augusteische Architektur in Ephesos
(Sonderschriften des OsterreichischenArchiiologi-
schen Instituts 16, 1974) and A. Bammer, R. Flei-
scher, D. Knibbe, Fiihrer durch das Archdologische
Museum in Selfuk-Ephesos (Vienna 1974) have ap-
peared; the latter presents provenance, description,
discussion, and bibliography for each entry. In the
series Forschungen in Ephesos the following vol-
umes are planned: VI (Belevi, in press); VIII:I
(Privathdiuser siidlich der Kuretenstrasse i: Die
Wandmalereien, in press); VIII:2 (Mosaics, in
preparation). The houses were also discussed by
H. Vetters in Melanges Mansel I, 69-92.A. Bammer
wrote about the Artemisium altar in Archaeology
27 (I974) 202-205and about Hellenistic capitals in
AthMitt 88 (1973) 219-34. Erol Atalay published a
late Hellenistic funeral relief in AA 1973,231-43.
Erythrai. The investigation of the temple area
was continued in 1974by Dr. Cevdet Bayburtluoplu.
The archaic material is rich and diverse but it is
not found in original stratification.Most of the ob-
216 MACHTELD J. MELLINK
jects come from dumps which were the results of
rebuildings and remodellings of the site. The in-
scriptions of the site appear in a new publication:
H. Engelmann and R. Merkelbach,Die Inschriften
von Erythrai und Klazomenai I-II (Bonn, 1972and
1973 - Inschriften griechischer Staidteaus Klein-
asien I-II), see L. and J. Robert, REG 86 (1973)
137-45.
Bayrakl. Prof. Ekrem Akurgal kindly reports
that in 1974 the excavations continued with the in-
vestigation of houses of the sixth century B.C. The
Attic and Corinthian pottery from Bayrakli are be-
ing prepared for publication. The third edition of
Ekrem Akurgal, Ancient Civilizations and Ruins
of Turkey (1973) gives an up-to-date description
and drawings of the Athena Temple (pp. 119-21).
Sardis. Prof. Crawford H. Greenewalt, Jr., and
Prof. George M.A. Hanfmann kindly report the
following on the seventeenth campaign of digging
at Sardis (August-September 1974):
"Erosion of the East scarp of the Pactolus re-
vealed a marble block bearing an inscription of
great interest for worship of local deities during the
Persian period and for the concern of the Persians
for the purity of their official cult (pl. 42, figs. I8-
19). According to a preliminary note kindly sup-
plied by Louis Robert, the inscription is complete
in 13 lines and was carved no earlier than the sec-
ond century A.D. It repeats an original document
in Ionian dialect dating to the thirty-ninth year of
the reign of Artaxerxes II Memnon (404-359B.C.)
recording the erection of a statue of Zeus Varadates
by the governor of Lydia, the Persian Droaphernes,
a previously unknown name. It goes on to enjoin
the participants of that cult from joining in the
mysteries of the local Anatolian gods, Sabazios,
Agdistis and Ma. That it was advisable to rein-
scribe this document in the Imperial period is of
particular interest. A detailed publication by Louis
Robert is planned for spring 1975 in CRAI.
"The inscribed block was reused in the top of the
E-W foundation of a building on the E bank of
the Pactolus (pl. 42, fig. 18). In the N section of the
structure three rooms contain a hypocaust system
of which nine rectangular pillars are visible. S of
the foundation with the inscribed block is a floor
mosaic which seems to extend over more than one
architectural unit. The study of the exposed re-
mains adds to our understanding of the direction
of the late Roman city and its extension to the S
[AJA 79
along the Pactolus, outside the area defined by the
fifth-sixth century city walls.
"On the acropolis we excavated near the top of
the N side to find out if there were remains of a
wall below the previously recorded pre-Hellenistic
walls (BASOR 206 [1972] 15-20, fig. 5). A long
trench reached bedrock at depths of 0.35 to 0.4 m.
An apparently artificial shelf of the conglomerate
contained a thick deposit of homogeneous, prob-
ably Hellenistic, dumped material. Solidly burnt
mudbrick and carbonized particles lay directly on
the conglomerate, also roof tiles, marble block frag-
ments, pottery and three catapult balls, one com-
plete (diam. 0.172 m.), inscribed IE (15?). Ten-
tatively it can be said that the trench produced
evidence for burning and siege which, through the
dating of the pottery, could be associated with the
attack by Antiochus III in 215-213 B.C. (Polybius
7.I5.Iff). No sign
of wall remains or bedding were
found.
"Our understanding of the gymnasium complex
has been advanced by a trench dug on the S side
of the W area. A door with marble jambs and
dentillated cornice was found to be part of a late
phase of rebuilding. The row of shops along the S
side of the gymnasium and synagogue was origi-
nally built in the second-thirdcentury A.D.
"Of the chance finds, the most important is a
round altar (pl. 43, fig. 22) dedicated to an emper-
or, whose name is incomplete (Hadrian?). It has
reliefs of an eagle with thunderboltsand two filleted
bucrania supporting a garland. Three paterae are
above the loops."
Note excavation summaries in Archaeology 27
(1974) 138-39 and TiirkArkDerg 20:1 (I973) 89-
105; and the 1972 report in BASOR 211 (i973) 14-
36. Volume III of the Sardis monographs is Rober-
to Gusmani, Neue epichorische Schriftzeugnisse
aus Sardis (I975). G.M.A. Hanfmann discussed a
Persian funeral pediment from the Pactolus area in
Melanges Mansel I, 289-302.
Pergamon. Dr. Wolfgang Radt kindly reportsthe
following results of the excavation campaign in
1974:
"Habitation area on the citadel (N of Demeter
terrace): The entire complex of Odeion and the
hall with pilasters (see AJA 78 [1974] 125-26) was
excavated (text ill. i). Next to the Hellenistic
Odeion stood a Hellenistic hall of ca. 8 x 8 m.; these
two units had a joint anteroom along the street.
Some remodelling took place in late Hellenistic
1975] ARCHAEOLOGYIN ASIA MINOR 217

PERGAMON1974 2
WOHNSTADT

vorr6misch
Zisterne N
r6misch _ _

10 20m I
0
0 --4--

1>~s

H i5

D , _ AN E
t/Kr- _~ 1 _.I "I•
- i STRASS

.. . ---7

-I
--------------
-t----------
-i- - --t--- '' .,..ir-GEZ GIS
FIL
E ~ ft?
ILL. I. Pergamon. Plan of habitation area

times; in the early Empire the Odeion was given a
new W wall and two piers setting off the orchestra;
the hall at this time was equipped with marble re-
liefs along three walls (pl. 44, fig. 25). The reliefs
projectedin pilasterfashion, crowned by rosettesand
mouldings; over these ran a narrow architrave,tri-
glyph frieze and floral sima at mid-height in the
hall. Above this order the walls were probablystuc-
coed. The Hellenistic niche in the rear wall was at
this time transformed into an apse crowned by a
pediment. On the raised floor of the apse stood the
foundation for a statue base, the latter was found
fallen nearby as was the head of the statue (pl. 43,
fig. 23). The proposeddate of the hall-Augustan-
agrees with the style of the portrait and the newly
found orthostat of a victorious rooster (pl. 44, fig.
26). Newly found inscriptions (on the base and the
architrave) are being studied for chronological
clues.
"Of the 18 orthostat reliefs, 4 have been found
in this excavation (see AJA 78 [1974] pl. 31, figs.
22-24). The upper part of the cuirass relief has long
been in the Pergamon Museum in Berlin; another
cuirass relief now seems to be lost (Altertiimer von
Pergamon VII.2, 278f, Beibl. 38, No. 348A, 348B).
Perhaps other reliefs will still be found reused in
218 MACHTELD J. MELLINK
Byzantine walls. More fragments of the statue of a
youth (AJA 78 [1974] pl. 31, fig. 25) were recov-
ered. This statue had been set up in a marble-
framed niche, W of the apse, above the entablature
of the orthostat course. The floor has a border mo-
saic with crenellations which may be Hellenistic;
the center has marble paving of Roman date. In the
anteroom of the complex traces of earlier occupa-
tion (Hellenistic, classical,archaicpottery) occurred
but no coherent architecture.
"Baths. In F-G/4-5, on higher ground, a Roman
bathing establishment was almost completely exca-
vated (pl. 44, figs. 27-28). It probably extended S
to the ancient street, with the rooms in E-F-G/6
serving as basements. The main entrance was in
E5. The hall measured 9 x 13 m., with a basin in
the central N apse, originally revetted with marble.
The mosaic in front was recessedbelow the paving
and served as a foot basin; to the right stood a
round marble basin for hand washing; the niche
above had a statuette of an Eros, the head of which
was found (pl. 43, fig. 24). A bronze coin of Trajan
came from the building (pl. 44, fig. 3oa, 3ob). The
monolithic marble columns, found fallen on the
pavement, had originally stood on an older stylo-
bate of trachyte, probablya remnant of a Hellenis-
tic peristyle court. Doric capitals of trachyte and
other reused architectural members confirm this
hypothesis.
"The complex of Odeion-hall of pilasters-
baths may be interpreted as a small gymnasium. A
protective roof was built over the Odeion and ad-
joining hall in 1974; casts of the reliefs, bases, and
capitals were installed in the hall. Further restora-
tion is planned.
"Excavation of a cistern in E/6 is proceeding
gradually. So far it has yielded a rich harvest of
well preserved Hellenistic pottery (pl. 44, fig. 29)
and terracottas (pl. 45, fig. 32).
"Clearing of the vaulted substructureof the Tra-
janeum has started. Many architectural fragments
came to light, also the foot of a colossal marble
statue with elaborately decorated shoe. The city
walls are being studied for a new recording and
publication. The 'Red Hall' (Kizilavlu, the Ro-
man temple of Egyptian gods) was measured with
the aid of photogrammetryin the spring of I974."
For a report on the 1972campaign, see AA 1973,
260o-69.
Assos. Excerpts from Francis H. Bacon's Assos
journals appeared in Archaeology 27 (i974) 83-95.
[AJA 79
Marmara-Prokonnesos.Dr. Nusin Asgari kindly
reports that the open air museum, arrangedby her,
Dr. Nezih Firath and Revza Ozil, now contains
149 inventoried items representing the working
techniques in the ancient quarries. Among them
are many half worked architectural pieces, e.g. a
Corinthian capital (pl. 45, fig. 33) partly in quarry
state, partly finished: "The detail shows an acanthus
leaf the right half of which is in the point-stage,on
the left half work with the drill has already formed
the tips of the leaf. The whole surface of the leaf
is in the claw-chisel stage. P1. 45, fig. 34 shows a
fragment of a gabled sarcophaguslid, in a stage of
near-completion; the medallion with the Medusa
head is still at the point-markedstage; details of the
hair are unfinished."
Dr. Asgari continued her studies of marble quar-
ries with travels in other parts of Anatolia in the
summer of 1974 (Afyon, Denizli, Aphrodisias,
Ephesus-Belevi).
Salmydessos (Thrace)-Kiyikoyii. Dr. Nezih Fi-
rath kindly reports that among antiquities brought
to the Istanbul Museum from this site is a marble
statuette of Kybele in a naiskos (pl. 45, fig. 35) of
archaictype; this was found in an area with Roman
tumuli (Toplaronii district), height 0.45 m.
Ainos-Enez. In 1971-1972,Prof. Afif Erzen of the
University of Istanbul undertook investigations and
soundings at Ainos-Enez on the Thracian shore.
The soundings went through Byzantine and Hel-
lenistic levels to strata which contained Kertsch
style vase fragments and, further down, East Greek
painted wares and gray monochrome ware. Tiirk-
ArkDerg20:2 (I973) 29-37; 2I : (1974) 25-30.
Gemlik. The tumulus and built chamber tomb at
Gemlik-Kios on the Propontis (AJA 71 [1967] 173)
was discussed in detail by Arif Milfid Mansel in
Belleten 150 (1974) 181-89.
Daskyleion. Further comments on the style and
date of the Graeco-Persian stelae are made by
Ekrem Akurgal in Melanges Mansel II, 967-70.
Aezani. In IstMitt 23-24 (1973-1974)R. Naumann
reports on his investigations of the heroon on the
agora the site of which became accessible after the
earthquake of I970, see also TiirkArkDerg 20:I
(1973) 155-62.
The Kocakizlar tumulus E of Eskise-
Eskisehir.
hir is published by Stimer Atasoy in AJA 78 (i974)
255-63?
Pessinus. Prof. Pierre Lambrechts, the director
and initiator of the Pessinus excavations who had
1975] ARCHAEOLOGYIN ASIA MINOR
completed his seventh campaign in 1973, died on
June 21, 1974. The work at Pessinus, to which he
devoted great energy and enthusiasm, has revealed
a large complex of previously unrecorded monu-
ments; the results of the excavations will be of
basic importance to the study of later Phrygian
architecture, history, and religion.
For interim reportssee
TiirkArkDerg 20:1 (1973)
o107-15with sections and elevations of the temple
area.
Galatian Forts. Stephen Mitchell makes a case
for the identification of a fortress near Tabanlloglu
as Peium, the treasury of Deiotarus (AnatSt 24
[1974] 61-75). For Karalar-Bluciumand Peium also
see the new Ankara Guide (1974) published by the
Ankara Society for the Promotion of Tourism,
Antiquities and Museums (publication No. 5).
Galatian Pottery. K. Bittel discusses the nature of
the so-called Galatian ware and its regional distri-
bution in Melanges Mansel I, 227-37.
Ereli-Herakleia Pontike. Dr. Nezih Firatll kind-
ly reports that in 1974 a large funeral marker was
found in the necropolis when the road from Istan-
bul was widened at the entrance to the city. The
monument is made of a single block of Proconne-
sian marble. It has the form of a pillar supporting
an ostotheke with pedimental
facade (pl. 45, fig.
36). In the niche, a bust of the deceased would have
been placed; in the rear were two compartments
for skeletal remains. A long metrical inscription is
carved on the pillar. Dr. Firatli and Dr. Asgari will
publish this monument which they compare to the
Bithynian funeral monuments in the shape of sar-
cophagi on high bases.
Kastamonu, Task6prii district. Between the vil-
lages of Dedekaraaga?and Haciahmet a number of
tumuli have recently been disturbed. One of them
had a barrel vaulted tomb chamber; it also pro-
duced a limestone model of a doorway made of five
separate blocks, still in working order so that the
door pivots in its frame. Coins found in the tumulus
suggest a date in the first century B.C. The coins
are from Sinope, Amisos, Neocaesarea, Gaziura.
The stone model of the doorway is now in the
Istanbul Museum, as Dr. Nezih Firatli kindly re-
ports.
Sanddklk-Afyon.In the village of Klrka (Alia) a
torso of a large imperial cuirass statue was found.
This has been taken to the museum at Afyon.
Aphrodisias. For the season of 1974 Prof. Kenan
Erim kindly reports the following:
219
"Theaterarea:Excavationsin the North theater
area concentratedon uncoveringthe layout N of
the piazzaand revealingthe buttressedfortification
wall. The precisefunctionof this wall, which was
eventuallycleareddown to its foundation,is still
difficultto determine.Its originalconstructiondate
is surely late Hellenisticand contemporarywith
the theater.The unevensurfaceof its largeblocks
appearsto have been reworkedat a latertime. An
inscriptionextolling the dedicationof part of the
theaterby ArtemidorusMolossuswas surelycut in
the secondcentury.The surfacereworking,how-
ever,was done in Byzantinetimeswhen the acrop-
olis was transformedinto a fortress.Soundings
were made in the North porticoof the piazza.In
a deeppocketseveralarchaicsherdsand earlyIron
Age materialwere identified.It is likely that these
belongedto a fill and resultedfrombuildingopera-
tions that took placeherein Romantimes.
"Two trenchesweredug to the Eastof the South
post Scaenamarea.They wereaimedat the contin-
uationof the S porticoof the piazza. Its stylobate
provedto be well preserved,but no columnbases
were found in situ. Re-examination of the walls of
the irregularoblongroomin frontof the S half of
the Byzantinestage-blockingwall betrayedthe re-
use of many sculpturefragments.The piecesper-
tainedto a nudeAphroditeand to a lifesizedraped
female figure, includingpart of the artist'ssigna-
ture.
"Exploration of the aulatermalecomplexfocused
on the largehall, once labellednymphaeum.Large
amountsof marblerevetmentswere recoveredin
the excavation,amongthem well preservedcorner
Corinthiancapitalsas well as fragmentsbearing
monumentallettering.Manyof the latterinvolved
two differentinscriptionscarvedon oppositesides
of the slabs. This obviouslyimplied re-use.One
group of inscribedfragmentscut in a later hand
seemedto includepart of the name Ampelius.A
FlaviusAmpeliusof the fourth (?) centuryis al-
readyrecordedin Aphrodisiasas responsiblefor the
rebuildingof the West,or AntiochGate,and of the
Odeion.It may be he, again,who helpedrestoreor
transform the aula termale bathing complex. It
seems plausible that the complex was built in the
second or early third century. The most interesting
sculpture find was a small head of Helios. Its al-
most intact face was highly polished. Stylistic con-
siderations suggest a fifth century date.
"The state of preservation of the aula termale
220 MACHTELD J. MELLINK
complex, or Theater Baths, is remarkable.Most of
its walls stand to a height of 20 to 30 feet. Only a
portion of it has so far been excavated.
"Work was continued in the restorationprogram
in the theater, specifically on the stage and the N
parodos area. The consolidation of the W wing of
the archive wall was begun. The purpose is to
strengthen the walls in order to reset the architrave
blocks of the proskenion colonnade bearing the
Zoilos dedicatory inscription.
"Acropolis. The trench on the N slope, intended
to determine Iron Age and archaic occupation, was
continued down to Late Bronze Age levels. The
archaic material included Lydian type sherds as
well as local variations. In an adjacent sondage a
segment of the Byzantine fortification wall was
cleared. A round bronze box was found secreted at
its foot with a cache of gold and silver jewelry, ten-
tatively dated to the thirteenth century.
"Surveying along the western portion of the city
wall led to the discovery of three large reliefs. Two
of these represented sphinxes in frontal position.
The third and best preserved portrayeda male fig-
ure in barbarianor Persian dress, grasping a tragic
mask in his right hand and holding out his left in
a hailing gesture. All three panels probably be-
longed to the same building, a monumental tomb
or heroon, and were dismantled to be re-used in
building the city wall."
Interim reports have appeared in TiirlArkDerg
20:1 (1973) 63-87and 21:I (1974) 37-57.A Lydian
inscription from Aphrodisias was published by O.
Carruba in JHS 90 (1970) 195-96;numismatic evi-
dence by D.J. MacDonald in AJA 78 (1974) 279-86.
Kenan T. Erim published Satyr and Dionysos
groups from Aphrodisias in Melanges Mansel II,
767-75.In Belleten 151 (i974) 351-60 Siimer Atasoy
discusses four late Hellenistic-Roman tumuli in the
vicinity of Aphrodisias.
Hierapolis. The restoration and excavation pro-
gram is reported upon by Prof. Paolo Verzone in
TiirkAr(Derg 20:1 (i973) I95-99 and AnatSt 23
(1973)
Cilicia. A study of the date of the temple of Zeus
40-41?
Olbios by Caroline Williams appeared in AJA 78
(i974) 405-14. Alois Machatschekdiscussed a group
of Roman funeral monuments in Dosene N of
Silifke, Milanges Mansel I, 251-61, see also Max
Wegner, 575-83. A fourth century B.C. funeral
stela from Soloi is published by Almut von Gladiss
in IstMitt 23-24 (1973-1974) 175-81.
[AJA 79
Cilicia. Anavarza. The site of Anazarbus-Ana-
varza in the NE of Cilicia was studied in 1949-1951
by Michael Gough, see AnatSt 2 (1952) 85-150. The
cemetery near the modern village of Anavarza has
been under excavation by the staff of the District
Museum of Adana since 1972 under the direction
of Dr. Aytu' Tasyiirek. He kindly reports that
among the rockcut chamber tombs explored in
1973, one was remarkable for its wall paintings.
The chamber measured 3.1o x 1.90 m. with an aver-
age height of about i m.; the door was in the long
side. The five burials in the tomb date to the Ro-
man period, first century A.D., as presumably do
the wall paintings which are in a popular local
style. They represent human and animal figures in
a landscape of plants and trees, including a palm
tree. Peacocks flank the door; the opposite wall has,
in a landscapewith plants, trees, and birds, a female
figure on a pedestal and a Hermes with kerykeion
and rhabdos. More human figures appear on the
right wall. Another cemetery near Anavarza has
built stone tombs of the third century A.D. See
AnatSt 24 (1974) 26-27.
Roman Roads. Dr. David H. French is continu-
ing his study and exploration of the Roman road
system in Anatolia. He discusses the Roman road
from Caesarea (Kayseri) to Tavium (Biiyiik
Nefes) in AnatSt 24 (1974) 143-49 and compares
the results of his explorations with the preserved
ancient itineraries.Part of the Kayseri-Taviumroad
was also studied by the Italian expedition of Prof.
Luigi Polacco; see a recent article by Maria Trojani
in AttiVen 132 (1973-1974) 141-54-
Kiiltepe. In Belleten 152 (1974) 583-95 Saadet
Taner published 18 Hellenistic and Roman coins
from the recent excavations at Kiiltepe.
Erzurum. The 1965 excavation of three Hellenis-
tic tumuli at Ikiztepeler is reported by Dr. Halmit
Z. Kosay and Hermann Vary in Tiir/Ar/Derg
21:1 (1974) 75-101.
Keban Area. Asvan. The results of the 1968-1972
excavations in the Asvan area are discussed in an
interim report in AnatSt 23 (1973). Asvan kale
(121-51) has Hellenistic and Roman levels, see the
hoard of 47 silver coins of Cappadocian kings Ari-
obarzanes I (96-63 B.C.) and Ariarathes IX (ior-
87 B.C.) published by Anthony McNicoll (181-86).
Keban Area. Haraba. Prof. Baki Opiin kindly
reports that excavations continued in 1973. In level
III a Late Hellenistic or Early Roman building
with column bases was further excavated; among
 1975] ARCHAEOLOGYIN ASIA MINOR
the Hellenistic pottery from level IV were black-
glazed Attic sherds; extrusive Iron Age ware also
occurs in these levels.
Commagene. R.D. Sullivan discusses Comma-
genian coinage and matters related to Nemrud Dag
in NC Seventh Series 13 (1973) 19-39.
Samosata-Samsat. A report on Theresa Goell's
excavations of 1967 appeared in the series of 1967
projects of National Geographic Society Research
Reports (1974) 83-109.
BYZANTINE SITES
Marmara-Prokonnesos.On the island of Mar-
mara Dr. Nusin Asgari and Dr. Nezih Firath
found architecturaldecorative members of a sixth
century Byzantine church.
Yalova-Engin. A report on an investigation by
Mehmet I. Tunay appeared in TiirkArkDerg 20:1
(1973) 185-93. A seventh century (?) building was
partly exposed.
Iznik-Nicaea. The early Christian hypogaeum
with frescoes discovered in 1967 is published by
Nezih Firath in Melanges Mansel II, 919-32.
221
Pergamon. In the habitation area on the citadel,
Dr. Wolfgang Radt found several Late Byzantine
building levels with remnants of sizable residen-
tial complexes including courts, storage rooms, and
staircases.They date to the thirteenth-twelfth cen-
turies B.C.; there is no evidence of Islamic occu-
pation.
Sardis. A Byzantine brass lamp from Sardis was
published in AJA 78 (I974) 291-94.
Herakleia Under Latmos. Dr. Anneliese Pesch-
low reports the presence of "many remnants of late
antique and Byzantine habitation along the shores
of the lake. Among the hitherto unrecorded struc-
tures are well preserved remnants of houses below
tower 29 and, at the foot of the Byzantine castle,
the partly submerged foundations of a Christian
basilica datable to the fifth-sixth centuries by its
ornamental mosaics."
Selfikler. Dr. Nezih Firath kindly reports that
the excavation of the large church continued in
1974. This sixth century church was built over a
Roman structure, Baths rather than a temple to
judge by recently discovered water conduits and

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ILL. 2. Selhikler.Largechurch,plan and drawingof ambo by Olkii Izimirligil

222 MACHTELD J. MELLINK
heating installations. The plan of the church was
drawn by architect Olkii Izmirligil. Text ill. 2
shows the plan and elevation of the ambo, see also
pl. 46, fig. 37. The church was destroyed in a con-
flagration and temporary squatters'huts were built
over its ruins. In the tenth century a new church
was erected on the site. Many fragments of sculp-
ture have been found in the church and in the vil-
lage (pl. 46, fig. 39); a remarkablepiece has part of
an incised relief of a semi-nude male figure with a
chlamys around his shoulders (pl. 46, fig. 38, from
the later church).
Acmonia-Ahat k6yii. For this site, ca. 35 km. E
of Usak, Byzantine architectural and sculptural
fragments were reported by Dr. Nezih Firatli, see
MAMA VI. P1. 46, fig. 41 gives a sample of the
newly found relief ornament. The site of Eldeniz
(Palaeosebaste), 7 km. N of Selgikler, has several
Byzantine churches.
Herakleia Pontike. A sample of the Byzantine
sculpture fragments from the cave of Herakles, re-
ported by Dr. Nezih Firath AJA 78 (1974) 129, is
shown here in pl. 46, fig. 40.
Lycia. Dereagzi. Dr. James Morganstern kindly
reports that he resumed work on the Byzantine
church in 1974; previous work was done in 1967-
1969. "The church was restudied. An important
hoard of nineteen lintels, jambs and thresholds
[AJA 79
probablyfrom the church was discovered in a mod-
ern graveyard. The major object of our investiga-
tions, however, was the fort. This was built by the
Lycians or Persians and altered and expanded in
the Byzantine period. Eleven fragments of Byzan-
tine architecturalsculpture were recorded."
Lycia. Limyra. Dr. U. Peschlow kindly reports
the following on the third and final campaign of
excavation in the Bishop's church in the East part
of the city. "The apse and bema were cleared.In the
synthronon the foundation of a cathedra came to
light. The base of the altar table and the revetment
of the bema are largely preserved.The room on the
N side of the apse had a well preserved floor with
ornamental mosaics and inscription. Among the
architecturalmembers are two pillar capitals, four
column capitals of a smaller order, fragments of
parapetslabs, partly inscribedalong the upper edge,
also of wall revetment slabs and leaf mouldings.
Soundings in the Bishop's palace showed that it is
preserved to a height about 6 m. above that of the
church."
Myra. In IstMitt 23-24 (1973-I1974) 225-31Dr. U.
Peschlow published fragments of a marble sarcoph-
agus of late second century A.D. date, re-usedin the
church of St. Nicholas quite probablyfor the inter-
ment of the famous Bishop of Myra himself.
BRYN MAWR COLLEGE
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 FIG. 5. Nor~untepe. Early
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for axe, level VIII vessel, Late Bronze Age
PLATE 40 MELLINK

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FIG. 12. Lycia, Tehnelli. Detail of relief
 MELLINK PLATE 41

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 MELLINK PLATE 43

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PLATE 44 MELLINK

FIG. 25. Pergamon. Hall of Pilasters

with casts of reliefs FIG. 26. Pergamon. Relief of
cock triumphant

FIG. 27. Pergamon. Roman Bath, from South FIG. 29. Pergamon. Hellenistic
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FIG. 3oa, b. Pergamon. Coin of Hadrian from Roman Bath

FIG. 28. Pergamon. Northeast corner FIG. 3oa FIG. 3ob

of Roman Bath
 MELLINK PLATE 45

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L',~i

rS
; ii-
" u ?^
b B le ~"
B -ii?:~-? I:?
:;i
~
FIG. 35. Salmydessos. Kybele

;???

FIG. 33. Marmara-Prokonnesos.

Partly finished Corinthian capital

ii :

i?

"-NO
lli

i, ?iiii

sl::e

i;
"::~2- " ;-r;?? -
?-"
- -ii-i?
;i_

FIG. 36. Herakleia Pontike.

FIG. 34. Marmara-Prokonnesos. Inscribed funeral pillar
Sarcophagus lid, partly finished
PLATE 46 MELLINK

FIG. 37. Selikler. Largechurch,ambo

FIG. 39. Selikler church.

Part of screen wall
FIG.38. Selgikler
church.Incised
relief fragment

40. HerakleiaPontike. Parapetfragment

FroIG. FIc. 41. Akmonia.Iconostatisfragment