Conc Code 2001

CICIND
Model Code for

Concrete Chimneys
Part A: The Shell
Second Edition, Revision 1
Revised and reprinted in loose leaf format
August 2001
Copyright CICIND 2001

ISBN 1-902998-13-8
Office of the Secretary

14 The Chestnuts, Beechwood Park, Hemel Hempstead, Herts. HP3 0DZ, UK
Tel: +44 (0)1442 211204 Fax: +44 (0)1442 256155 email: secretary@cicind.org
page 1
CICIND Model Code for Concrete Chimneys, 2001
www.cicind.org
page 2
DISCLAIMER
CICIND documents are presented to the best of the knowledge of its members as guides only.CICIND is not,
nor are any of its members, to be held responsible for any failure alleged or proved to be due to adherence to
recommendations, or acceptance of information, published by the association in a Model Code or other
publication or in any other way.
page 1
Foreword
The first edition of the CICIND Model Code for
Concrete Chimneys published in October 1984
presented the combined views of acknowledged
international experts in the specialist field of concrete
chimneys and represented a valiant attempt to
combine the best features of the various and
disparate national codes . At that time all concrete
chimney codes were based on elastic theory and the
CICIND Code reflected this to some extent.
Subsequently both DIN and ACI made progress in
introducing a more consistent limit state approach
making it desirable for CICIND to follow suit. This
Second Edition is the result.
This document has been prepared by the CICIND

Concrete Committee.This Committee consists of
N. R. Bierrum, Chairman (UK)
J. Davenport (UK)
C. Gonzalez-Florez (Spain)
H. van Koten (Netherlands)
A. P. Krichevsky (Ukraine)
V. Matej (Czech Republic)
P. Noakowski (Germany)
B. N. Pritchard (UK)
V. Rosetnic (Romania)
R. W. Snook (USA)
T. N. Subba Rao (India)
J. L. Wilson (Australia)
This Model Code was accepted by the General

Assembly of the CICIND Association in April 1998.
Table of Contents
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
Introduction............................................................2
General
Commentary
Philosophy
Scope ......................................................................3
Field of Application...............................................3
References ............................................................3
4
Notations and Definitions ...................................3
4.1
General
4.2
Notations and Subscripts
4.2.1
Notations
4.2.2
Subscripts
4.2.3
Examples
4.3
Units
4.4
The Sign Rule
5
Basis of Design.....................................................5
5.1
Methods
5.1.1
Limit States
5.1.2
Design Conditions and Values
5.1.3
Load Combinations
5.1.4
Action Effects and Resistances
5.2
Partial Safety Factors
5.2.1
General
5.2.2
Importance Classes
5.2.3
Material Properties
5.2.4
Actions
5.3
Modelling
5.3.1
General
5.3.2
Radial Wind Pressure
6
Material...................................................................6
6.1
Concrete
6.1.1
General
6.1.2
Material Law
6.2
Reinforcement
6.2.1
General
6.2.2
Geometry
6.2.3
Tensile Properties
6.2.4
Steel Grades
6.2.5
Ductility
6.2.6
Material Law
7
Actions ................................................................... 8
7.1
Permanent Load
7.2
Wind
7.2.1
General
7.2.2
Wind Speed
7.2.2.1
Basic Wind Speed
7.2.2.2
Representative Wind Speed
7.2.3
Inline Wind Load
7.2.3.1
Principles
7.2.3.2
Mean Hourly Wind Load
7.2.3.2.1
Main Formula
7.2.3.2.2
Air Density
7.2.3.2.3
Shape Factor
7.2.3.3
Static Equivalent of the Wind Load
due to Gusts
7.2.3.3.1
Main Formula
7.2.3.3.2
Gust Factor
7.2.4
Ovalling
7.2.5
Wind Loads on Ladders and other
Projections
7.2.6
Wind Loads during Construction
7.2.7
Vortex Shedding
7.3
Seismic Action
7.3.1
Design Basis Earthquake
7.3.1.1
Typical Design Response Spectrum
7.3.2
Elastic Response
7.3.2.1
Design Basis
7.3.2.2
Vertical Forces
7.3.3
Seismic Design Actions
7.3.3.1
Importance Factor
7.3.3.2
Structural Response Factor
7.3.4
Seismic Design and Detaling
7.3.4.1
Design Approach
7.3.4.2
General Capacity Design Principles
7.3.4.3
Specific Detailing Requirements for
Capacity Design
7.4
Temperature Effects
7.5
Explosions
7.5.1
External Explosions
7.5.2
Internal Explosions
8
8.1
Design Calculations for Ultimate

Limit State ........................................................11
General
page 2
8.2
8.2.1
8.2.2
8.2.2.1
8.2.2.2
8.2.3
8.2.4
8.2.4.1
8.2.4.2
8.2.4.3
8.2.4.4
8.2.5
8.3
8.3.1
8.3.2
8.4
8.4.1
8.4.2
8.4.3
8.4.3.1
8.4.3.2
Horizontal Cross-Sections
Definition of the Ultimate Limit State
Design
Equations
Algorithm
Thermal Effects
Moments of Second Order
Material Laws
Calculation of the Moments of Second
Order
Rotation of the Foundation
Approximation of the Moments of
Second Order
Dimensioning Diagrams
Vertical Cross-Sections
Wind
Temperature
Openings
General
Virtual Openings
Dimensioning
General
Tensile Forces above and below an
Opening
8.4.3.3
8.5
9
Bending
Moment
in
Vertical
Cross-Sections above and below an
Opening
Local Point Loads
9.2.1
9.2.2
9.2.3
Design Calculations for the

Serviceability Limit State..............................15
Cracking
Deflections in Serviceability Limit
State
Deflection of the Shell
Response to Sun Exposure
Deflections of Support Elements
10
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
Details of Design................................................16
Vertical Reinforcement
Horizontal Reinforcement
Reinforcement around Openings
Cover to the Reinforcement
Minimum Wall Thickness
11
Tolerances ..........................................................17
9.1
9.2
there are still significant differences between

European and North American codes which are not
going to be reconciled by CEN.
0 Introduction
0.1 General
The International Symposium on Chimney Design
held in Edinburgh in 1973 highlighted common
problem s in existing industrial concrete chimneys. It
also identified significant differences between the
requirements of the various national codes covering
chimney design. As a result, a committee was
founded with the aims of improving the knowledge of
chimney design and harmonising the various national
chimney standards. This committee took the name
Comit International des Chemines Industrielles"
(CICIND).
Following many years of study, the committee
published in 1982 a report entitled "Proposal for a
Model Code for the Design of Chimneys". This
admirable document contained the committee's
model codes for the design of concrete chimneys and
their lining systems. Unfortunately the code was not
acceptable to the Comit Euro-lnternational du Bton
(CEB) because it was not based on limit state
analysis . On the other hand the changes resulting
from a true limit state code were not at the time
acceptable to many chimney experts,
so a
compromise was sought. This was found in the socalled gliding material law which is at the heart of
the 1984 CICIND code.
The subsequent publication of two more consistent
limit-state codes, namely DIN 1056(1984) and ACI
307-88(1988) left CICIND in an isolated position
which was felt to be untenable. Further investigation
having shown the conservatism of the First Edition to
be somewhat exaggerated, the Second Edition is
much more in line with current thought. Nevertheless,
This Second Edition is intended to present the current

state of the art of the design of reinforced concrete
chimney shells in as simple manner as possible
given the complexity of the subject, and to make
recommendations on aspects which are not
satisfactorily covered by existing national codes.
CICIND will continue to try to improve the
understanding of the behaviour of chimneys. Further
revisions of this Model Code will therefore be
published from time to time.
0.2 Commentary
The Model Code is accompanied by rather extensive
commentaries. The Commentaries have the following
objectives:
a)
Justification of the regulations of the Model Code
b)
Simplification of the use of the Model Code
c)
Understanding of the meaning of the regulations

of the Model Code
d)
Documentation of the areas in the Model Code

where the present knowledge is sparse so that
the regulations are possibly or probably not
optimal
The following items are not objectives of the CICIND

Commentaries:
page 3
e)
Change of the meaning of certain regulations of

the Model Code where these are falsely
expressed or obviously wrong
f)
Definition of the meaning of certain regulations of

the Model Code where these are badly or
ambiguously expressed
g)
Expression in a different way of certain

regulations of the Model Code which are badly
formulated so that they could easily be
misinterpreted even by experts.
Since the Commentaries were written simultaneously

with the Model Code, any such deficiencies, wherever
discovered, were immediately corrected. CICIND asks
everybody using or reading the Model Code who
discovers deficiencies of type e) f) or g) still left in
the Model Code to write to CICIND so that the
situation can be improved, either with an amendment
to the Model Code - if the situation is serious - or with
the next revision.
Certain information from the Model Code is repeated
in the Commentaries when this simplifies the
presentation of the ideas.
0.3 Philosophy
One of the main objectives of any code for
construction is the creation of a model which
sufficiently resembles reality. The model should be
sufficiently "safe, simple, true", and since e.g.
"sufficiently simple" cannot be rationally judged on its
own, the predominant objective of this model is to find
an optimum compromise between the three
properties "safe, simple, true".
The concept "sufficiently safe" was interpreted in the
light of economic and social consequences of
damage. This normally leads to the adoption of a
nominal probability of approximately 10-4 of collapse
for the main structure in a 50 years period. If however
the economic or social consequences of collapse
would be catastrophic it is recommended that this
nominal probability be reduced to 10-5.
CICIND has departed from generally accepted
principles of reinforced concrete design only when
this was necessitated by the specific requirements of
chimneys.
1 Scope
This Model Code deals with the design of reinforced
concrete industrial chimneys above their foundations.
It does not deal with architectural aspects or those
aspects of reinforced concrete technology which are
not peculiar to chimneys, such as generally accepted
principles of detailing reinforcement or technology of
concrete mix design.
3 References
Because
of
the
rather
extensive
official"
Commentaries to the Model Code, references are not
provided in the Model Code itself. References to
literature which is useful for an improved
understanding of the justification, meaning and
consequences of the application of the Model Code
are given in the Commentaries.
2 Field of Application
The Model Code is valid for all chimneys of circular
cross-section in reinforced concrete, placed in situ.
The Model Code does not deal with prefabricated
chimneys, either of reinforced or prestressed
concrete.
Other aspects of chimney design, construction and
maintenance may be covered by other Model Codes
published by CICIND.
It has been assumed in the drafting of the Model Code
that the design of reinforced concrete chimneys and
their lining systems is entrusted to appropriately
qualified structural or civil engineers for whose
guidance it has been prepared. It has also been
assumed that the execution of the work is carried out
by experienced chimney builders under the direction
of appropriately qualified supervisors.
4 Notations and Definitions

4.1 General
The meaning of the various symbols used is
explained extensively in the text of the Model Code.
Normally, wherever a symbol is used in a chapter, its
meaning is defined within that chapter. Certain
repetitions could thus not be avoided. The following
list of symbols defines the use of symbols in a
general way only. For example, the letter means
"stresses", and this may mean concrete stresses or
steel stresses. The subscript 'c' means concrete, and
thus c means concrete stress, but c may mean
many different concrete stresses, e.g. in horizontal or
vertical cross-sections under various load cases.
Further specifications of the type of stress with further
subscripts and the like are explained in the body of the
Model Code.
4.2 Notations and Subscripts
page 4
4.2.1 Notations
4.2.2 Subscripts
The following list shows only the principles by which

the notations and their meanings are related. The
actual notations are explained in the text of the Model
Code after each given formula.
Materials
c
for concrete
s
for steel
Safety factors
partial safety factor
States
k
u
s
Material properties
f
strength
E
modulus of elasticity
strain
stress
Loading
P
W
T
v
w
Loading
W
X
P
T
E
2
permanent load
wind
temperature
wind speed
wind force per unit height
C
D
Cross-sectional forces
M
bending moment
N
normal force
e
eccentricity
Dimensions
h
height
z
height above ground level
d
diameter
t
wall thickness
ratio of reinforcement area

concrete area
c
concrete cover
A
area of cross-section
I
2nd moment of area
Deflections
k
curvature
rotation
y
deflection
w
crack width
characteristic value
ultimate limit value
serviceability limit value
from wind in the direction of the wind
(inline)
from wind due to vortex-shedding
(crosswind)
from permanent load
from temperature
from earthquake
from deflection (moment of 2nd order, due
to the action of gravity on the deformed
shape)
from corbel
design value
Kind of Stress
c
compression
t
tension
Directions
v
vertical
h
horizontal
to
gross
Locations
t
at the chimney top
b
at the chimney base
4.2.3 Examples
Safety factors
cu partial factor of safety for concrete, ultimate
limit state
Material properties
fck characteristic strength of concrete
Cross-sectional forces
Mw bending moment from wind
Dimensions
v
ratio of vertical reinforcement
4.3 Units
Generally, the units of the Sl system are used.
Examples:
-
m (metre) and mm (millimetre) for dimensions
MN (MegaNewton) and N (Newton) for forces.
MPa (MegaPascal) for stresses.
GPa (GigaPascal) for elastic moduli.
Where other units are used, they are explained in the

text.
4.4 The Sign Rule
Strengths are defined as positive values.

Forces, stresses and strains from compression are
negative.
Forces, stresses and strains from tension are
positive.
page 5
page 6
a) on the first occasion if no exceedance is

acceptable
5 Basis of Design
5.1 Methods
b) if the duration of the undesirable state is longer

than specified.
5.1.1 Limit States

The structural performance of the chimney shell in
whole or part is described with reference to specified
limit states which separate desired states from
undesired states. The limit states are divided into two
categories:
-
the ultimate limit states which concern the

maximum load carrying capacity.
the serviceability limit states which concern the

normal use.
The exceedance of a limit state may be reversible or

irreversible. In the irreversible case the damage
associated with the exceedance will remain until the
structure has been repaired. In the reversible case
the damage or malfunction will remain only while the
cause of the exceedance is present.
Ultimate limit states include:
-
overturning of the structure.
attainment of the maximum resistance capacity of

sections.
5.1.2 Design Conditions and Values

The calculation model for each limit state should
consider a specific set of basic variables representing
physical quantities which characterise actions,
material properties and geometrical quantities.
Given the random nature of variables the purpose of
design calculations is to keep the probability of failure
below an acceptable value. The present Model Code
aims to achieve this by the method of partial factors in
which influences of uncertainties and variabilities
arising from different causes are separated by means
of design values assigned to basic variables.
The design values of actions FD are obtained from
FD = f Fr
(5.1)
where Fr are the representative values of actions and

f are the partial factors for actions. The representative
values of actions are specified with reference to a
prescribed probability of being exceeded.
The exceedance of an ultimate limit state is always

irreversible and the first occurrence causes failure.
For simplicity some states prior to structural collapse
may be considered ultimate limit states.
The design values of material properties fD are

obtained from
Serviceability limit states include:
where fk are the characteristic values of material

properties, m are the partial factors for materials and
are supplementary factors.
local damage including excessive cracking which

may reduce the durability of the structure or affect
the appearance of structural elements.
unacceptable deformations which affect the
efficacy or appearance of structural or nonstructural elements.
In the cases of permanent local damage the

exceedance of a serviceability limit state is irreversible
and the first occurrence constitutes failure.
In other cases the exceedance of a serviceability limit
state may be reversible but non-compliance occurs:
action
Permanent
wind normal
wind hurricane
crosswind
temp. gas4)
temp. ambient 4)
Earthquake
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
fd = fk / m
(5.2)
For concrete and steel the characteristic strengths are

the 5% lower fractiles of the statistical strength
distributions of the supplied materials .
The
supplementary factors account for uncertainties in
the calculation models.
In the general form the design condition should also
include design values of geometrical quantities, a
serviceability limit where appropriate, and a factor by
which the importance of the structure and the
consequences of failure are taken into account.
Table 5.1 Load Combinations and Partial Safety Factors

Ultimate Limit States
Serviceability Limit States
horizontal sections
vertical
sections
symbol inline
crossearthquake
wind
wind
earth
crack
wind
wind
quake
width
G
1.0
1.0
1.0
-1.0
1.0
-W
1.61)
1.23)
-1.4
1.3
--W
1.82)
1.23)
-1.6
1.3
--X
-1.2
-----Tg
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
Ta
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
E
--1.45
--1.0
--
1.8 for importance class 2

2.0 for importance class 2
To be applied to alongwind effects accompanying vortex shedding.
Thermal effects appear in the calculation models as temperature differences between the inner and outer faces of the shell
An importance factor usually greater than unity is incorporated in the design value of the seismic action (see 7.3)
page 7
Model uncertainties may also have to be represented.
fsu = fsk / su
(5.6)
5.1.3 Load Combinations
taking su = 1.15 in both compression and tension
A load combination is an assemblage of the design

values of a set of different actions considered
simultaneously in the verification for a given limit state.
It is assumed that if construction tolerances remain

within the limits specified in section 11 the material
factors also account for the variability of geometrical
quantities.
5.1.4 Action Effects and Resistances

In many cases the basic variables and the factors
which describe the uncertainties in the calculation
models can be separated into groups so that some
groups give action effects S and others give
resistances R.
In the simplest case the ultimate limit state design
condition can be written as
RD SD
(5.3)
where RD and SD are derived from the design values

of the variables introduced in (5.1) and (5.2) above.
For the serviceability limit states the design condition
is of the type
SD C
whereby an action effect
serviceability requirement.
(5.4)
is
compared
to
The actions, symbolically Sd, to be considered in the

investigation of the limit states shall be obtained from
the combinations described in Table 5.1.
It is
assumed that the partial safety factors in Table 5.1
also account for modelling uncertainties.
For each limit state the load combinations concerned
are to be found in the corresponding columns in the
table. As an example the actions effect for the ultimate
limit state in horizontal cross-sections is found under
Inline Wind to be
Sd = 1.0G + 1.6W + 1.0TG + 1.0TA
In hurricane wind zones 1.6W in this expression is to
be replaced by 1.8W.
The factor of safety against overturning due to
unfactored actions shall be not less that 1.5.
The partial safety factor for the design of lining
supports and corbels shall be 1.4
5.2 Partial Safety Factors

5.2.1 General
The numerical values of the partial safety factors have
been calibrated using a probabilistic method with the
aim of achieving predictable levels of safety.
See Commentary no. 1 for a discussion of the safety
concept in this model code and the numerical values
of the partial safety factors.
5.2.2 Importance Classes

Two importance classes are recognised. Class 2
comprises those cases where collapse would result
in a large number of deaths or consequential costs
exceeding 100 times the cost of construction. All
others fall into Class 1. The corresponding failure
probabilities in 50 years are 10-5 for Class 2 and 10-4
for Class 1.
The importance class should be specified by the
owner.
5.2.3 Material Properties

The design strength of concrete in compression shall
be
fcu = fck / cu
5.2.4 Actions
5.3 Modelling
5.3.1 General
The loading patterns and usual proportions of
concrete chimney shells allow beam theory to be
used in analysis. For overall horizontal forces and
gravity the shell is modelled as a cantilever fixed at
foundation level.
Local discontinuities such as
openings shall be considered in the evaluation of
sectional properties.
Effects of second order shall be taken into account.
The dynamic characteristics of the chimney may be
determined by an equivalent discrete system. The
number of masses considered shall be sufficient to
ensure stability of the results.
5.3.2 Radial Wind Pressure

The effects of radial wind pressure are analysed for
unit height rings considered independentl y of each
other except in the neighbourhood of openings .
(5.5)
with = 0.85 and cu = 1.5, where fck is the

characteristic strength of concrete cylinders as
defined in Eurocode 2 or ACI 318.
6 Material
The design values of other concrete properties such

as tensile strength or modulus of elasticity are given
in the relevant sections of the text.
6.1.1 General
The design strength of the reinforcement shall be
6.1 Concrete
The characteristic cylinder strength of the concrete

shall be not less than 25 MPa.
page 8
6.1.2 Material Law

The stress-strain relationship for determining the
resista nce capacity of cross-sections is given by (6.1).
0
=0
6.2.4 Steel Grades
= 1000 (1 + 250 ) fcu

= f cu
0. 002 < 0
cu < 0 .002
defined on the basis of standard tests are normally

used in the definition of steel qualities.
(6.1)
The steel grade denotes the value of the specified

characteristic yield stress in MPa This Model Code
does not consider reinforcing steel grades in excess
of 500.
where fcu is given by (5.5)
6.2.5 Ductility
The ultimate strain for concrete, cu is defined as

0.0030 at the centre of the wall for horizontal sections
and 0.0035 at the edge for vertical sections.
Two ductility classes are defined for design purposes.

These are normal (A) and high (S) as follows:
c
0.002
Class A :
(ft / fy)k 1.08 and e uk 0.05
Class S :
(ft / fy)k 1.15 and e uk 0.15
where (ft / fy)k is the minimum characteristic value of

the ratio and uk is defined in 6.2.3.
cu
stress
f cu
In seismic regions high ductility steel should be used

for vertical reinforcement.
6.2.6 Material Law

The idealised stress-strain relation to be considered
in the determination of the resistance capacity of
sections follows from figure 6.2 .
strain
Fig. 6.1: Material law for concrete
6.2 Reinforcement
6.2.1 General
The products to be used as reinforcement are steel
bars defined by geometrical, mechanical and
technological properties.
These properties are
generally specified by Product Standards and are
usually assured by compliance certification schemes.
6.2.2 Geometry
The geometrical properties are the size and surface
characteristics. The nominal cross-sectional area to
be considered in design is derived from the nominal
diameter of the bar. The difference between actual
and nominal area should not exceed the limiting
values specified in relevant standards. Ribbed highbond bars satisfying the projecting rib factors should
normally be used for main reinforcement.
for
for
<
for
6.2.3 Tensile Properties

The characteristic values of
fsk
su Es
fsk
su Es
= Es
=
f sk
su
- the yield stress (fsk)

- the tensile strength (ftk)
- the total elongation at maximum load (uk)
An average value of 210 GPa may be used for the

modulus of elasticity of steel, Es.
page 9
The stress-strain diagram of figure 6.2 is valid for both

tension and compression.
The determination of the effective wind pressure is

based on the basic wind speed.
For earthquake analysis the limit strain for steel class

S may be taken as su = 0.04 in sections in which there
are no significant openings . Otherwise the limit strain
is su = 0.01.
The basic wind speed vb appropriate to the location of

the chimney is defined as the mean hourly wind
speed at 10 m above ground level in open flat country
without obstructions having probability 0.02 of being
exceeded in any one year.
Detailed evaluation of sectional properties such as

may be required for time-history analysis for
earthquake loading or second order analysis shall be
conducted in line with generally accepted laws within
the strain limits set above. Results of relevant tests
may be taken into account where available.
7 Actions
7.1 Permanent Load
Both a maximum and a minimum permanent load
must be determined for the calculation of the limit
states of horizontal sections and foundations. The
maximum permanent load shall include the estimated
weight of all permanent structures and structural
elements, fittings, insulation, dust loads, clinging ash,
present and future coatings, etc.
7.2 Wind
7.2.1 General
The wind load on a chimney depends in the first
instance on the magnitude of the wind speeds in the
area where the chimney is to be erected and their
variation with respect to height. Apart from that, the
wind loads in the direction of the wind will be
influenced by some or all of the following:
The value of the basic wind must be established by

meteorological measurement. An indication of values
of the basic wind speed for various parts of the world
is given in Commentary No. 3.
Where the terrain of the location of the chimney is hilly
or built-up, measurem ents for the determination of vb
should be taken as near as possible at a place which
is flat and open.
7.2.2.2 Representative Wind Speed

This section deals with the influences on the wind
speed due to changes in the terrain elevation or local
obstructions. The influence of mountains around the
chimney site must be determined by local
measurements.
The basis for the determination of the wind loads is
the representative wind speed, which equals the
basic wind speed corrected by three factors which
take into consideration the speed variation over the
height of the chimney, the topography of its
surroundings and the existence of adjacent objects.
These three factors are the height factor k(z), the
topographical factor k t, and the interference factor k j.
The representative wind speed is calculated by the
following expression:
v(z) = v b k(z ) k t k i
(7.1)
where
a)
the local topography
b)
the level of turbulence
v(z) hourly mean wind speed at level z
c)
the presence of nearby structures
height above ground level (m)
d)
the air density
vb
basic wind speed
e)
the drag coefficient (shape factor)
k(z) = k s(z/10)
f)
the natural frequencies of oscillations of the

chimney
ks
scale factor, equal to 1.0 in open flat country
terrain factor.
g)
the amount of structural damping

the shapes of the first few modes of vibration
kt
topographical factor (see Commentary No. 3)
h)
ki
interference factor (see Commentary No. 3)
7.2.2 Wind Speed

This section is included primarily for the benefit of
engineers designing chimneys to be constructed in
locations where local codes of practice do not treat
these structures in sufficient detail.
7.2.2.1 Basic Wind Speed
exposure factor
The terrain factor should normally be taken as 0.14,

corresponding to open flat country, unless there is no
possibility of all nearby buildings being subsequently
demolished. A different value of may be used if its
suitability can be proved, in which case k s and the
gust factor G in 7.2.3.3.2 should be modified
accordingly with reference to background literature.
page 10
The determination of k t and k i, if these are different

from 1, is complicated and may require wind tunnel
tests. Commentary No. 3 contains suggestions for
the determination of these factors.
The shape factor CD depends on the slenderness of

the chimney. For a chimney with circular crosssection, CD is given by the following formula:
C D = 0.6
7.2.3 Inline Wind Load
C D = 0.1
7.2.3.1 Principles
The wind load w(z) per unit height at height z is
determined by the following expression:
log10 (h/d)
log10 (5)
+ 0.5
C D = 0.7
if
h/d < 5
if
5 h / d < 25
if
h / d 25
(7.5)
where
w (z ) = w m (z ) + w g (z )
(7.2)
height of the top of the shell above ground

level
chimney diameter at 0.75 h
where
wm(z) is the mean hourly wind load per unit

height, see formula 7.3
wg (z) is the static equivalent of the wind load

per unit height due to gusts, see 7.2.3.3.1
7.2.3.3 Static Equivalent of the Wind Load due

to Gusts
7.2.3.3.1 Main Formula
The static equivalent of the wind load due to gusts is
assumed to vary linearly with the height. This causes
an increase of the bending moment at high levels in
the chimney compared with the normal gust-loading
method.
7.2.3.2 Mean Hourly Wind Load
The wind load due to gusts can be determined by
7.2.3.2.1 Main Formula
w g (z ) =
The mean wind load per unit height is
wm (z ) = 0.5a v(z )2 CD d(z )
(7.3)
3 (G 1) z
w m (z) z dz
h 0
h2
h
(7.6)
where
where
gust factor, see 7.2.3.3.2
height of the top of the shell above ground

level
height above ground level
density of air, see 7.2.3.2.2.
v(z)
wind speed at height z, see (7.1)
CD
shape factor, see 7.2.3.2.3.
d(z)
outside diameter of the chimney at

height z
wm(z) mean hourly wind load per unit height at

height z, see 7.2.3.2.
7.2.3.2.2 Air Density
7.2.3.3.2 Gust Factor
The density of air a is to be taken as:
The gust factor is
a = 1.25 kg/ m 3
G = 1 + 2gi B +
at sea level in temperate climates. Transient

variations in the density due to atmospheric changes
need not be taken into account.
The air density relevant to a chimney situated at an
altitude of h 1 (m) can be found from the expression:
a = 1. 25 -
h1
8000
(7.7)
where
peak factor:
0.577
g = 2loge T +
2loge T
(7.4)
with
7.2.3.2.3 Shape Factor
ES
T =
3600 f1
B
1 +
SE
page 11
i = 0.311 0.089 log10 h
turbulence intensity
h 0.63
B = 1 +

265
B background turbulence:
0. 88
This is the subject of further investigation. At the

present time it is recommended that the tip deflection
due to vortex shedding be calculated by the method of
ACI 307-95 section 4.2.3. The moments should be
calculated from the deflected shape.
E energy density spectrum
E=
f 0 .21
123 1 h
vb
7.3 Seismic Action

7.3.1 Design Basis Earthquake
330 f
1
1 +
h0 .42
vb
1.14
f
S size reduction factor S = 1 + 5. 78 1 h0 .98
vb
0 .83
0. 88
damping expressed as a fraction of critical

damping. For the calculation of wind loads in the
direction of the wind the value = 0.016 should
be used.
f1
natural frequency in Hz of the chimney oscillating

in its first mode.
height of shell above ground level in m
vb
basic wind speed in m/s, see 7.2.2.1.
sample period
effective cycling rate
The design basis earthquake is a representative

earthquake associated with a return period of 475
years (i.e. 10% chance of exceedence in 50 years).
7.3.1.1 Typical Design Response Spectrum

No single response spectrum can cover all types of
earthquake in all parts of the world. Reference must
be made to the codes of practice which apply at the
site of the chimney. An example of a normalised
acceleration response is provided in the commentary.
7.3.2 Elastic Response

7.3.2.1 Design Basis
The elastic response of the chimney is calculated by
the response spectrum method using the design
basis earthquake.
7.2.4 Ovalling
The uneven distribution of the wind pressure causes
bending moments in vertical cross-sections. These
moments are given in section 8.3.1.
7.2.5 Wind Loads on Ladders and other

Projections
Where a chimney is provided with external structures
such as projecting flues, platforms, ladders etc. due
account must be taken of these in establishing the
wind load on the chimney. A suitable addition to the
wind load on the chimney itself will normally suffice on
the assumption that the external structures will not
alter the wind flow round the chimney.
If an external ladder is relatively large compared to the
diameter, it may increase the shape factor of the
whole structure.
7.2.6 Wind Loads during construction

During construction or other temporary condition not
exceeding two years in duration, the wind loads may
be taken as 80% of those calculated in sections 7.2.3
to 7.2.5.
7.2.7 Vortex Shedding
Assume uncracked properties.
Use a response spectrum with 5% critical

damping and 50% shape bound probability.
Include sufficient modes to ensure that at least

90% of the chimney's gravity load is accounted
for in the modal analysis.
The maximum response in each mode does

occur simultaneously since the modes are not
exactly in phase. Consequently the overall
response of the chimney is found by
calculating
the square root of the sum of
squares of the
modal values.
not
The value Ec given by equation 8.3 must be

used for the calculation of the frequencies.
7.3.2.2 Vertical Forces

The effect of the vertical seismic forces is generally
small and may be ignored, because the peak vertical
responses are at a very high frequency and do not
occur
simultaneously
with
the
horizontal
accelerations.
7.3.3 Seismic Design Actions

The seismic design actions are obtained from the
elastic response by multiplying the actions by an
importance factor (i) and dividing by a structural
response factor (R).
page 12
7.3.3.1 Importance Factor

The importance factor depends on the importance
class of the chimney:
Class 1:
i = 1.0
Class 2:
i = 1.4
7.3.3.2 Structural Response Factor

The structural response factor depends on the level of
seismic detailing:
R = 1.0
No specific seismic detailing
R = 2.0
Seismic detailing in accordance with

Section 7.3.4 (this implies the use of
Capacity Design)
7.3.4.3 Specific Detailing Requirements for

Capacity Design
a)
Deformed reinforcement shall be class 'S', high

ductility steel with a fracture strain in excess of
15%.
b)
be
Maximum spacing of circumferential steel shall

10db (where db = vertical steel diameter) to
reduce the possibility of buckling of the vertical
steel under severe cyclic loading.
c)
Splice lengths for the vertical reinforcement shall

be 30% greater than the bond lengths of the
bars.
d)
of
7.3.4 Seismic Design and Detailing

In low seismic regions where the wind loads
predominate, design against wind loads provides
significant overstrength compared to the seismic
actions. In these cases an economical design will be
achieved by designing to resist the actions calculated
from the elastic response with R = 1.0. By contrast, in
high seismic regions it is difficult to develop an
efficient design without consideration of ductility and
the reduction of seismic actions through the
introduction of a structure behaviour or response
factor. Significant economies may be achieved by
following the approach given below.
7.3.4.1 Design Approach

The design approach described below is based on
performance criteria:
(a)
(b)
design the chimney elastically to resist the

earthquake
induced
loads
considered
reasonable for a serviceability limit state
earthquake event.
design the chimney with sufficient ductility so
that the chimney will survive an extreme
earthquake event without premature failure and
collapse at the structural stability limit state.
7.3.4.2 General Capacity Design Principles

The design of the chimney should be consistent with
the principles of capacity design. The foundation
system and the shell in the vicinity of the openings
should be designed for overstrength in both flexure
and shear so that inelastic flexural behaviour will
develop in the ductile regions of the shell and not near
the base or in the neighbourhood of significant
openings.
The vertical reinforcement should be sufficient to

ensure that the ultimate moment capacity of the
chimney at any cross section in the lower 80% of
the chimney is greater than the nominal cracking
strength. For this condition the tensile strength
concrete fcte may be assumed to be fcte = 0.6fck0.5
e)
In the ductile regions the vertical reinforcement

ratio
should
nowhere
exceed
N
0.024 0. 14
dtfck
7.4 Temperature Effects

The effects of temperature differences between the
inner and outer faces of the concrete shell should be
calculated for the steady state heat flow.
The characteristic value of the flue gas temperature
should be determined from the given operational
conditions and controls.
The characteristic value of the ambient temperature
should be taken as the regional average minimum
temperature for the two coolest months of the year.
The thermal characteristics of all materials in the heat
flow equations shall be decided by reference to the
product specifications.
Temperatures may for simplicity be calculated as for
plane walls.
The design provisions which follow assume that in
normal operating conditions the temperature drop
across the wall will not exceed 60K.
7.5 Explosions
7.5.1 External Explosions
The ability of a chimney to withstand wind and/or
earthquake loads will in most cases ensure sufficient
resistance to explosions and other high velocity
pressure waves with their sources a distance of more
than 100 m from the chimney. The provision of
guidelines on measures to adopt if explosions can
occur in the direct vicinity of a chimney is outside the
scope of this Model Code.
page 13
function of strain according to 6.2
7.5.2 Internal Explosions

Internal explosions in a chimney can occur due to the
presence of soot or explosive gases in the chimney.
Damage is, however, more often caused by
explosions in the installations leading to the chimney.
Protection of the chimney by explosion panels in these
installations may prevent serious damage to the shell
and lining.
8 Design Calculations for the Ultimate Limit

State
8.1 General
The resistance capacity of any horizontal or vertical
section in the shell calculated as specified herein
shall exceed the corresponding effect of factored
loads. The loading combinations and loading factors
are given in Table 5.1.
For each loading combination the design condition
(5.3) may be described in bending moment terms only
as
Mu Mmax
reinforcement ratio
wall thickness (zero in openings)
radius of the centre-line of the wall
perpendicular distance from the

centroid of the elemental area to
the diameter perpendicular to the
plane of bending
Equations (8.1.a) and (8.1.b) may be integrated

numerically assuming that the strain varies linearly
across the section. In the absence of openings the
strain at position x is given by
= c + (t c )(r x ) / 2r
(8.1.c)
where
c = maximum compressive strain in the section at

the wall centre
t = maximum tensile strain in the section at the

wall centre
(8.0)
In the case of inline wind Mmax is given by

Mmax = wMw +M2
where M2 is the moment due to deflection in the
ultimate limit state (see section 8.2.4).
8.2 Horizontal Cross-Sections

8.2.1 Definition of the Ultimate Limit State
The resistance capacity of the horizontal cross-section
is reached when either ultimate strain, cu or su , is
reached anywhere in that section.
8.2.2 Design
8.2.2.1 Equations
The ultimate sectional forces are given by
Nu =
( c + s ) t r d
(8.1.a)
Mu =
( c + s ) t r x d
(8.1.b)
8.2.2.2 Algorithm
where
1. c and t are set equal to the limiting values given

in 6.1 and 6.2.
Nu
ultimate normal force
Mu
ultimate bending moment
2. The corresponding axial force Nb is computed from

(8.1.a).
concrete stress at wall centre as a

3. If -Nb > -Nu then t is held constant, otherwise c is

held constant.
steel stress at wall centre as a

page 14
4. The depth of the neutral axis is varied by trial and

error to satisfy (8.1.a).
5. Mu is computed from (8.1.b)

6. The design variables in equations (8.1) are
adjusted until (8.0) is satisfied.
The action of temperature and loading from

permanent load and wind cannot be directly
superposed. The reason is that the moment from
temperature depends on the actual stiffness of the
cross-section, which decreases with an increase of
the loading. Therefore, loading causes the bending
moment from temperature to become smaller.
(8.4)
fct = 0.3fck 0 .66
(8.5)
1 = 0. 266
(8.6)
2 =
8.2.3 Thermal Effects
0. 5 fct
E s v cu
f sk
Es su
(8.7)
8.2.4.2 Calculation of the Moments of Second

Order
Moments of 2nd order are calculated numerically from
deflections of the shell as described in Commentary
No. 4.
Provided that the temperature drop in the wall is less

than 60K (see section 7.4) the thermal effects on the
limit strains and on the average stresses may be
disregarded.
In cases where the characteristic temperature drop
exceeds this limit the strain variation across the wall
must be taken into account.
8.2.4 Moments of Second Order

8.2.4.1 Material Laws
For the determination of the moments of 2nd order,
the deflections are needed. For the computation of the
deflections, the average material properties are used
as opposed to the minimum material properties
which are used in the calculation of stresses and
strains.
For the concrete in the compression zone, the
following linear material law shall be used:
c =
Ec
cu
(8.2)
where the modulus of elasticity is
Ec = 9500(fck + 8)
0. 33
(fck in MPa)
(8.3)
In the tension zone, the stiffening effect of the concrete

is important.
The effective tensile stress in the reinforcement may
be calculated by the following approximate method.
for
where
= 106
f
( but not exceeding sk
su
8.2.4.3 Rotation of the Foundation

Rotation of the fo undation causes moments of 2nd
order in the shell.
0 < < 1
1 < < 2
= Es( + )
2 < < su
f
= sk
su
The rotation of the foundation can be estimated

from the following formulae:
-
for a shallow circular raft on soil if there is no

uplift under the characteristic wind load
=
W MW
1. 5 E t rf
for a foundation on end bearing piles
(8.8)
page 15
W MW
(8.8)
p x p 2 Kp
8.2.5 Dimensioning Diagrams
where
Mw
wind moment acting on the underside of the

foundation
Et
dynamic modulus of elasticity of the soil
rf
the outer radius of the raft
xp
distance of a pile from the axis of rotation
Kp
spring constant of an end-bearing pile
bp
factor for pile interference
dp
pile diameter
sp
spacing of the piles
8.3 Vertical Cross-Sections

8.3.1 Wind
bp =
The uneven wind pressure distribution around the

circumference of a circular cylinder causes bending
moments acting on vertical cross-sections of the
shell.
The characteristic bending moment is given by
1 + 6 p
sp
MWh = 0.09k t
w m (z)
d(z )
CD
(8.10)
where
8.2.4.4 Approximation of the Moments of 2nd

Order
The moments of 2nd order can be estimated from
equation 8.9 (see Commentary No. 4).
M 2 ( z) = W M W
In order to simplify the dimensioning of chimneys,

dimensioning diagrams are given in Commentary No.
6.
85 0. 14h
h2 N
z
z
1 + 2.4 1
100
(E c cu ) I
h h
2.4
(8.9)
k t = 2.2
correction factor to convert the mean

hourly wind load to the corresponding
5-sec. wind
wm(z)
see formula (7.3)
d(z)
diameter of chimney at level z
CD
shape factor
The moment MWh causes tension at both faces of the

shell.
where
Mw
bending moment from wind at chimney base
wind load factor for ultimate limit state
height of chimney
height of the considered cross-section
M2(z)
moment of 2nd order at height z
normal force at the chimney base
Ec
rnodulus of elasticity from equation 8.3
cu
= 1.0 (safety factor for concrete)
= dm t / 8
3
8.3.2 Temperature
The maximum bending moment from the temperature
difference is calculated by:
MT = w fct
(8.11)
where w is the section modulus.

The following formula may be used as an
approximation to the section modulus in the case of
equal reinforcement on each face:
2
t 2c E s
w = 1 / 6 +
h t 2
t Ecm
second moment of area of the
uncracked section at the chimney base

ignoring reinforcement
dm
mean shell diameter at the chimney base
notional wall thickness at the chimney base

(not the actual wall thickness, but rather the
thickness which would be required at the
chimney base if there were no openings at
the base).
(8.12)
where
t
wall thickness (m)
cover to reinforcement
Es
modulus of elasticity of steel
Ecm
modulus of elasticity of concrete for mean

material properties
Ecm = 850( fck + 8)
The effect of deflection caused by rotation of the

foundation is not considered in equation 8.9.
The more accurate method of section 8.2.4.2

recommended for final design.
ratio of one
reinforcement
fct
tensile strength of concrete
is
layer
of
circumferential
page 16
(8.13)
Sufficient reinforcement must be provided to satisfy
both the following equations
Muh > MT
(8.14a)
f ct = 0. 45 (0 . 85 0 .2 t )(f ck + 8 )0. 66
2 .6 + 24 t
1 . 0 + 40 t
(8.14b)
Muh > wh Mwh
where Muh is the ultimate moment of resistance of
The model of virtual openings will not adequately take

care of the flow of forces around the opening.
Additional reinforcement may be needed locally. The
following two cases are particularly important.
8.4.3.2 Tensile Forces in Vertical CrossSections above and below an Opening

The total tensile force in the horizontal direction above
and below an opening should be taken to be
f
f
Ft = 0.1b t ck + v sk
su
cu
the section, calculated using the material laws of

sections 6.1 and 6.2 with the appropriate material
factors.
(8.15)
where
8.4 Openings
8.4.1 General
The stresses around openings may be calculated
with a finite element method or approximated by the
method given in 8.4.2.
8.4.2 Virtual Openings
clear width of the opening
wall thickness
ratio of the vertical reinforcement
8.4.3.3
Bending
Moment
in
Vertical
Cross-Sections above and below an Opening
Parts of chimneys where openings occur do not

satis fy the basic assumption of Navier in beam theory,
namely that plane sections remain plane. This model
may still be applied for the dimensioning of horizontal
cross-sections if the openings are considered to be
enlarged as in figure 8.3 and in addition the following
conditions are fulfilled:
In the shell above and below an opening the bending

moment given by (8.16) should be assumed to
produce tension on the inside of the vertical sections
over the width of the opening:
a) No virtual opening has a width larger than 1.2

times the inner radius.
where d is the mean diameter of the shell, other

variables as in 8.4.3.2
b) For each horizontal section with more than one

opening, the circumferential distance a between any
two adjacent virtual openings with width b1 and b2
must be such that
a 0. 25(b1 + b2 )
where a, b1, b2 are measured at the mean radius .
c)
For the determination of the equilibrium when an

opening is in the compression zone, the vertical
reinforcement ratio existing within a distance of
0.5 b from the edges of the opening shall be
assumed to be 0.005 less than the actual
amount.
In the preparation of the dimensioning diagrams in

Commentary No. 6, half the vertical steel displaced by
the opening has been assumed placed close to the
opening on each side. The reduction in lever arm has
been taken into account.
8.4.3 Dimensioning
8.4.3.1 General
The ovalling moment due to wind acting over the
height of the opening may require additional horizontal
reinforcement above and below the opening.
tf
f
m = 0. 002b3 ck + v sk
d cu
su
(8.16)
page 17
9 Design Calculations for

Serviceability Limit State
9.1 Cracking
It is not necessary to check the width of horizontal
cracks because the dead weight of the chimney above
the section will tend to close any such cracks.
The
horizontal
reinforcement
must
prevent
unacceptable vertical cracks. The crack width must be
limited according to environmental conditions as
indicated in table 9.1, even if a protective coating is
provided.
Limit of crack width wk depending on

environment
Table 9.1
Environmental
conditions
Characteristic crack
width
aggressive
0.2 mm
normal
0.3 mm
The characteristic crack width determines the bar

diameter and spacing.
The maximum bar diameter is given by equation (9.1)
d s = 0 .4 10 6 (fck + 8 )0. 66 w k 1. 12 / s 2 (9.1)

Figure 8.3: relation of real opening (solid line) to
virtual opening (dashed line)
ds
8.5 Local Point Loads

Loads transmitted to the shell through separate
narrow supports will cause vertical bending and
torsion moments in the shell. The vertical bending
moment will have its largest values, positive and
negative, at the level of the support of:
mk =
0.6M
(8.17)
rt
where
mk
M
where
bar diameter in mm.
fck
characteristic strength of concrete.
wk
characteristic crack width in mm.
post-cracking steel stress resulting from

bending moment causing cracking.
The ratio 2 required on each face to limit the crack

width for the chosen bar diameter ds may be found by
assuming s 0.2fct 2 and rewriting (9.1) in the
form
maximum bending moment in the shell per

unit length
moment caused by the eccentricity of the
load measured to the centre of the shell
2 = 0 .2fct
ds
0.4 10 ( fck + 8) 0. 66 w k
6
1. 12
(9.2)
mean radius of the shell
The minimum ratio on each face is the greater of 2

and that required to satisfy section 8.3.2.
shell thickness
The maximum spacing is given by
Inner and outer reinforcement should be provided in

the vertical and the horizontal directions over a
minimum length and width of the shell of
1. 6 r t
(8.18)
See Commentary No. 5 concerning justification of

formulae (8.17) and (8.18).
s=
ds2
4000t
(9.3)
where s is the distance between bar centres in mm

and t is the shell thickness in metres.
9.2 Deflections in Serviceability Limit State
page 18
9.2.1 Deflection of the Shell

Deflection of the shell is only important in connection
with the effect on the lining. The calculated deflections
of the shell in the ultimate limit state may be so large
that the lining would be destroyed before the shell
reached the ultimate limit state. A reduced load factor
for this serviceability limit state is justified because the
probability of reaching the ultimate limit state is
extremely small and collapse of the lining is much
less serious than collapse of the shell,.
Other effects of interactions between the shell and the
lining may be of two kinds:
a) Forces caused by direct contact between shell and
lining.
The determination of the clearances
necessary to avoid this is treated in part B of the
CICIND Model Code for Concrete Chimneys.
b) Inertia forces induced in the lining by the motion of
the shell and, consequently, the lining support.
The determination of these forces is treated in
parts B and C of the CICIND Model Code for
Concrete Chimneys.
The deflections may be computed in the same way as
in the determination of the moments of 2nd order in
8.2.4 using the serviceability wind load factor.
9.2.2 Response to Sun Exposure

The top of a chimney will move under sun exposure.
This may affect the setting-out of the chimney during
construction.
The maximum displacement of the top can, for a
cylinder, be estimated from the formula.
ymax =
h 2 T T
2d
(9.4)
where
T difference between the mean temperatures on
the sunny and shady sides of the chimney, the
mean temperatures varying linearly across the
diameter.
T coefficient of linear thermal expansion of
concrete = 10-5 K-1
d
mean d iameter of a cylindrical chimney
10 Details of Design
10.1 Vertical Reinforcement
The minimum ratio v of the vertical reinforcement to
the gross cross-sectional area should be not less
than 0.003 for fsk less than 300 MN/m 2 or 0.0025 for fsk
greater than 300 MN/m 2. Over a height of 0.2
diameters or 2.5 m, whichever is greater, below the
top of the shell, this minimum reinforcement should
be increased by 50%.
The reinforcement should be distributed in layers
towards the inner and the outer face with not less than
half the reinforcement in the layer (or layers) towards
the outer face. The diameter of vertical reinforcement
should not be less than 12 mm and the spacing
should not exceed 300 mm.
Laps should be
staggered so that not more than half the bars are
spliced at any cross-section.
10.2 Horizontal Reinforcement

Equal layers of horizontal reinforcement should be
provided towards both faces of the shell. The
minimum ratio h of the horizontal reinforcement on
each face to the gross cross-sectional area will
usually be determined by the requirement of section
8.3.2 but should in no case be less than 0.001. The
bar diameter should be not less than 8 mm. Laps
should be staggered so in any three adjacent layers
no splice is within 150 mm of another.
The maximum spacing is determined by the
requirement of section 9.1 but should not exceed the
lesser of the wall thickness or 300 mm or (in seismic
areas) 10 times the diameter of the vertical
reinforcement. If the shell top is not stiffened by a
concrete roof slab this minimum reinforcement ratio
should be doubled over a distance of 0.2 diameters or
2.5 m, whichever is greater, below the top of the shell.
To ensure that cracking due to early thermal
contraction is properly controlled the minimum
horizontal reinforcement ratio should also be doubled
over a height of 2m above the base.
10.3 Reinforcement around Openings
The bending moments due to this movement may be

ignored.
The minimum vertical reinforcement should be 0.0075

in a distance of half the width of the opening on each
side of the opening.
9.2.3 Deflections of Support Elements
Both horizontal and vertical additional reinforcement at

openings should extend beyond the edge of the
opening by at least half the width of the opening plus
the bond length of the bars.
Deflections of support elements (e.g. supporting

platforms) are particularly important in the case of
brick linings. A lining section constructed of brickwork
is very stiff in respect of vertical deformation of
cross-sections. Undue flexibility of the supporting
structure may cause extremely high local stresses in
the brickwork resulting in large cracks.
10.4 Cover to the Reinforcement
The nominal concrete cover to the reinforcement

should be 40 mm minimum with tolerances of +20
mm and -10 mm.
10.5 Minimum Wall Thickness

The wall thickness of cast in situ shells should be not
less than 200 mm.
In the presence of openings the wall thickness should
not be less than 0.04 times the height of the opening
unless properly designed buttresses or other means
of stiffening are provided, in which case the
buttresses are to be ignored when calculating the
moment resistance of the horizontal section.
11 Tolerances
Tolerances in the concrete work are defined in a
statistical way and expressed in terms of
a)
the mean inaccuracy m between a specified

dimension Ln and the real dimension L
measured at several points chosen at random
b)
the standard deviation S of the measurements.
The values m and S shall not exceed the appropriate

values given in table 11.1.
Table 11.1
Wall
Thickness
(m)
Upper limit for absolute value of mean

inaccuracy m and standard deviation S
m (m)
S(m)
t < 0.3 m
0.005
0.01
t > 0.3 m
0.002 + 0.01 t
0.004 + 0.02 t
0.05 + 0.01 d
0.05 + 0.01 d
h < 50 m
0.05
0.05
h > 50 m
0.001 h
0.001 h
Shell
Diameter(m)
Deviation
from
Vertical
Axis (m)
Note 1: The mean value of the wall thickness at one

level over a 60 degree arc shall be taken to
represent one measurement.
Note 2: This table 11.1 is only valid if the variables
are random. In the event of systematic
inaccuracies, special investigations are
required.
Note 3: The inaccuracies of the vertical axis are
determined from conditions of stresses
produced by these inaccuracies and the
practicability of observing these tolerances.
Architectural considerations may lead to
closer limits for the inaccuracies of the
vertical axis.
page 19
Note 4: Locally the centre point of the shell shall not

change by more than 25mm per 3m vertically.

Conc Code 2001

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Conc Code 2001

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CICIND

Model Code for

Copyright CICIND 2001

Office of the Secretary

CICIND Model Code for Concrete Chimneys, 2001

CICIND Model Code for Concrete Chimneys, 2001

CICIND Model Code for Concrete Chimneys, 2001

This document has been prepared by the CICIND

This Model Code was accepted by the General

Design Calculations for Ultimate

CICIND Model Code for Concrete Chimneys, 2001

Design Calculations for the

there are still significant differences between

This Second Edition is intended to present the current

Justification of the regulations of the Model Code

Simplification of the use of the Model Code

Understanding of the meaning of the regulations

Documentation of the areas in the Model Code

The following items are not objectives of the CICIND

CICIND Model Code for Concrete Chimneys, 2001

Change of the meaning of certain regulations of

Definition of the meaning of certain regulations of

Expression in a different way of certain

Since the Commentaries were written simultaneously

4 Notations and Definitions

4.2 Notations and Subscripts

CICIND Model Code for Concrete Chimneys, 2001

The following list shows only the principles by which

partial safety factor

ratio of reinforcement area

m (metre) and mm (millimetre) for dimensions

MN (MegaNewton) and N (Newton) for forces.

MPa (MegaPascal) for stresses.

GPa (GigaPascal) for elastic moduli.

Where other units are used, they are explained in the

4.4 The Sign Rule

CICIND Model Code for Concrete Chimneys, 2001

Strengths are defined as positive values.

CICIND Model Code for Concrete Chimneys, 2001

a) on the first occasion if no exceedance is

b) if the duration of the undesirable state is longer

5.1.1 Limit States

the ultimate limit states which concern the

the serviceability limit states which concern the

The exceedance of a limit state may be reversible or

overturning of the structure.

attainment of the maximum resistance capacity of

5.1.2 Design Conditions and Values

where Fr are the representative values of actions and

The exceedance of an ultimate limit state is always

The design values of material properties fD are

Serviceability limit states include:

where fk are the characteristic values of material

local damage including excessive cracking which

In the cases of permanent local damage the

For concrete and steel the characteristic strengths are

Table 5.1 Load Combinations and Partial Safety Factors

1.8 for importance class 2

CICIND Model Code for Concrete Chimneys, 2001

Model uncertainties may also have to be represented.

5.1.3 Load Combinations

taking su = 1.15 in both compression and tension

A load combination is an assemblage of the design

It is assumed that if construction tolerances remain