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Density Measurement
Technology: Pressure
INTRODUCTION atm
Pressure and differential pressure transmitters are
often used to measure the density of a fluid. Both
types of transmitters measure level based on the
principle that pressure (P) is proportional to the
L=100"
level (L) of the liquid multiplied by its specific Smin = 1.0
gravity (S):
P = LS Smax = 1.2
atm
Since specific gravity is the ratio of a fluid’s density HL
to the density of water, any change in density will
FIGURE 1. Open tank (vented), constant level
result in a change in pressure. For example, if the
height of the fluid is 100 inches and the specific Calibration for an open tank (vented) as shown in
gravity changes from 0.9 to 1.3, the pressure Figure 1 is:
reading changes correspondingly from 90 to 130 4 mA = LSmin
inH2O. Since the density of water is 63.4 pounds = 100 x 1.0
per cubic foot, the density of a material with a = 100 inH2O
specific gravity of 0.9 is 57.1 lb/ft3, and the density
20 mA = LSmax
of a material with a specific gravity of 1.3 is 82.4
= 100 x 1.2
lb/ft3. Thus, the density of a material can be
= 120 inH2O
determined using a variation of the basic level
measurement. Calibration: 100 to 120 inH20
The following information describes how to measure In Figure 1, the span is the difference between the
the density of a material for constant and varying specific gravities of the fluid, multiplied by the
level applications, using basic level measurements. height. Therefore, in order to get a large enough
span to measure, the height must be large. With
CONSTANT LEVEL APPLICATIONS this arrangement though, the 4 mA setpoint is not 0
inH2O of pressure, but the height times the smaller
Open Tank (vented) Options specific gravity. While this calibration is possible
for transmitters with wide rangeability, it can
In open tank applications, level can be measured sometimes be difficult to calibrate a small span
with either gauge or differential pressure (DP) when the lower calibrated value is not near zero, or
transmitters, using the assumption that P = LS. If when a sufficiently large difference cannot be
specific gravity needs to be measured, then the obtained.
equation can be modified to S = L/P. For this to
work, the level must stay constant so that any In such cases, a reference column of an equivalent
pressure changes reflect the specific gravity change. pressure as the measured fluid height, times the
This works well in a tank where there is no change smaller specific gravity could be installed on the low
in level, such as when it is desirable to measure a pressure side of the transmitter (Figure 2). The
density change as a way of monitoring a reaction, or reference column must contain a fluid with a
as the fluid’s temperature changes. constant specific gravity.
Density Measurement
Where:
HP = high pressure side
LP = low pressure side
DP = differential pressure
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Density Measurement
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KEY TO NOTATIONS
Notation Description
Lmax maximum level
Lmin minimum level
S specific gravity of process fluid
Sref specific gravity of reference leg fluid
Sf specific gravity of fill fluid
L process level
h reference level
HP high pressure
LP low pressure
DP differential pressure
d distance between tap and transmitter
span maximum level: minimum level
x specific gravity of process
Smin minimum process specific gravity
Smax maximum process specific gravity
I interface
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Rev. BA,
5/01