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Abstract Spectrum sensing performs major function in cognitive radio to efciently use the underutilized spectrum. It has to detect the presence of primary user
signal in a channel and has to utilize in primary users absence. In wideband
spectrum sensing, a wide frequency has to be sensed. In this paper, a recongurable
VLSI architecture is designed to perform cooperative spectrum sensing for wideband, this needs a local detection, which is fundamental for cooperative sensing.
Each and every individual secondary user has to perform energy detection. In this
paper, energy detection technique used is based on the Neyman Pearson criterion.
Then the cooperative decision is taken which increases the sensing performance.
The designed architecture is then implemented in Xilinx Virtex-4 Field programmable Gate array.
1 Introduction
Radio spectrum is a natural resource which is essential for wireless systems.
Progress in wireless communication system has increased the demand of radio
spectrum. Cognitive radio has become a reassuring approach to mitigate the
spectrum scarcity and to increase the efciency of the spectrum utilization. In
cognitive radio systems, the secondary user (unlicensed user) is allowed by primary
user to follow the dynamic spectrum access policy. Spectrum sensing is the basic
function of cognitive radio. In order to make use of the radio spectrum, CR has to
S. Gayathri (&) K.S. Sujatha
Department of ECE, Easwari Engineering College, Chennai, India
e-mail: gayathrisubramanian90@gmail.com
K.S. Sujatha
e-mail: sujatha.ks@srmeaswari.ac.in
Springer India 2016
L.P. Suresh and B.K. Panigrahi (eds.), Proceedings of the International
Conference on Soft Computing Systems, Advances in Intelligent Systems
and Computing 397, DOI 10.1007/978-81-322-2671-0_67
711
712
2 Related Works
The existing literature for wideband spectrum sensing for CR system is scarce or
little. A wavelet transform based spectrum sensing was introduced [1] which uses
wavelet transform to estimate power spectral density; however, it is not feasible in
real-time sensing. Thomson multitaper spectral estimation was proposed in [2] to
estimate PSD. Whereas, its dependency of eigenvalue decomposition, hardware
realization of this method is impractical. In [3], spectral estimator based on FFT is
proposed where lter banks are used to convert the wideband into narrowband and
then PSD is estimated for each narrowband. This method turns out to be impractical
because of improper ltering.
In [4], a sensing processor for wideband is designed using multitaper windowed
frequency domain power detector. It has a drawback of partial realization in FPGA.
In [5], a cooperative spectrum sensing design is implemented in FPGA but it is
restricted for narrowband sensing. In this paper, a wideband has to be sensed
henceforth a recongurable architecture with multiple direct down converter
channelized cognitive radios for multinode detection is designed. The proposed
architecture is then implemented in FPGA and its area requirements are reported.
713
3 System Architecture
This section proposes an architecture for cooperative spectrum sensing cognitive
radio for wideband sensing. As shown in Fig. 1, the cooperative sensing architecture of a cognitive radio consists of two units. The two units are as follows:
Local detection unit and hard decision logic unit. Local detection unit performs
local sensing using energy detection method. Whereas in the hard decision logic
unit along with the local decision of the cognitive radio, local decision form
multiple cognitive radios is compared with the threshold and gives out the nal
sensing output.
3.1
Received signal
Local detection
unit
Hard decision
logic unit
Local detection
from CR1
Local detection
from CR2
Local detection
from CR3
Final sensing output
714
x(t)
x(nTs)
RF
front
end
&
ADC
To
decision
logic
IQ DDC
channelizer
K
subband
binary
decision
I2 k(n) &Q2k(n)
Square
device
Add
I&Q
Average
N samples
demultiplexed to K subbands. Further operation takes place as narrowband channelization process. The samples are given to K IQ digital down converters where
samples are divided into inphase components, Ik(n) and quadrature components,
Qk(n) using a demultiplexer and followed by multiplying it with monobit multiplier
[7]. The computed samples undergo digital lowpass FIR ltering and digital
downsampling to decimate the sampling rate. The ltered samples are then squared
using a multipler. The squared inphase and quadrature samples are then added by
sum block and computes jxk nj2 . Finally, the average of N samples is taken using
the average FIR lter to take the mean of the sample which gives out the energy
P
statics of the signal in K subband, Nn1 jxk nj2 . The test static, Tk(xk) is compared
with the derived threshold value, rk for pf = 0.1. The threshold rk for local detection
is obtained from the formula [8] as follows:
rk Q1
p!
pf r2v 2N
Nr2v
3.2
Mult
+1/-1
ADC
Mult
+1/-1
715
LPF
LPF
Mult
+1/-1
LPF
Mult
+1/-1
LPF
K subband local detection sensing results in the form of vector which is represented
as Yk Tk;1 1; Tk;2 2; . . .Tk;m N . The 1 bit binary decision output for K subands
from local detection of M number of CRs are weighted and AND operation is
Q
k
T
performed, i.e., Zk M
i1 Wk;i Yk;i . Zk is then compared with threshold, r . The
threshold, rk value is 1 because of using hard decision AND logic. Finally, the
hard decision logic gives out 1 if the primary user is present and if 0 is obtained
then the band is identied as free, i.e., the primary user is absent at the particular
band. The binary decision for K subband from M CRs should be 0 for further data
transmission by cognitive radio.
716
4.1
717
solves the hidden terminal problem in the cognitive radio network and it can be
easily implemented in FPGA.
In future, the work will be focused on optimizing the power consumed by the
architecture by applying low power techniques like clock gating, etc. and furthermore, replacing lters with multiplierless lters.
Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank Dr. K. Kathiravan for his valuable suggestions to improve the quality of work.
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