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Aerodynamics
Introduction Aircraft
Main Parts
Wings
Power plane (Engine)
Tail plane
Fuselage
1
BASIC AERODYNAMICS
Landing Gear
Functions of Parts of Small Aircraft
Fuselage
o Main body of a plane
o Connected to other part of the plane
o Carries passenger and pilot
Wings
o To produce lift force (Main function)
o Stores fuel
o Stability (Lateral left right (Rolling))
American English
Wings
Left
Right
British English
Main plane
Port
Starboard
BASIC AERODYNAMICS
Rudder
o To produce directional stability (Directional left right (Yawing))
o Controlled by rudder paddle
o To go right, push the right side rubber pedal forward, rudder will go
the right
Elevators
o To produce pitching stability (Longitudinal up down (Pitching))
o When one goes up, the other will go up (Moves together)
o To go down, elevator must down, tail go up, nose go down
o Push control tower to go down
Ailerons
o To overcome stability (Lateral left right (Rolling))
o To produce rolling movement
o When one goes up, the other will go down (Interconnected left and
right)
Flaps
o
o
o
o
Propeller
o To produce thrust (Mechanical > Kinetic energy)
o To produce air movement around the plane
o Propeller engine, jet engine, piston engine
Landing gear
o For landing purposes
o To support plane on the ground
o Consist of brakes
o Must be kept back to avoid drag that uses more fuel
BASIC AERODYNAMICS
The
Parts
Control
Wheel
(Yoke)
Control
Column
(Elevator)
Rudder/
Brake
Pedals
Function
To control the ailerons and the
roll axis (Roll)
Description
When the control
wheel is turned
LEFT, the plane
will roll LEFT
When the control
column is pulled
UP, the plane will
elevate UP
When the LEFT
rudder pedal is
pressed, the plane
will yaw to the left
BASIC AERODYNAMICS
Position of Aileron
Aileron down
Aileron up
Explanation
MORE lift due to higher pressure
at the bottom
LESS lift due to lower pressure at
the bottom
BASIC AERODYNAMICS
Nacelle
Engine housing (casing)
Cowling
Panel of nacelle that can be opened
Fixed on the nacelle
Pylon
Mounts the engine
Takes the thrust of engine
Take the rotation of engine
Takes vertical load (weight)
Protects the wing against fire (fire wall steel & titanium)
Spoilers
Kill lift
Slow the aircraft
Fixed almost 90o
BASIC AERODYNAMICS
Spoilers
Flight Spoilers
Speed Brakes
Ground Spoilers
On top of wing
spanwise
Flight spoiler
panel with
different mode
(Simultaneous
operation)
Ground spoiler
panels
Move in
conjunction with
UPGOING (one
aileron that goes
up only)
Moves up to
about 70 degree
and stays there
Moves up to 87
degrees and stays
there
Effective
ROLLING
movement
Operated by
speed brake lever
Operated by flight
control (yoke)
Most civil aircraft operate between Sea Level (SL) and 45,000 feet.
(Troposphere region 36000ft)
Composition of air
o Nitrogen (78%)
o Oxygen (21%)
o Carbon dioxide (0.03%)
o Inert gases (0.97%)
Sea Level Temperature (15oC)
7
BASIC AERODYNAMICS
Flight:
Speedbrakes
Armed:
None