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1.1 Definitions
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Microprocessor Architectures
Functional Components
CPU: the hardware block which processes data and
Microprocessor Architectures
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Example 2:
using a 20-bit address, one can form 220 different addresses,
corresponding to 220 different memory locations
consequently, a memory with a 20-bit address will comprise
220 memory locations (1 MB).
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Input/Output Devices
I/O Devices hardware blocks that form the interface
The ports map all ports that can be addressed by the CPU
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Through this bus the CPU sends addresses to the Memory and
I/O Devices
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Summary
The CPU: executes instructions (processes data) and controls the system
The Memory: stores both the data and the instructions
The I/O Devices: interconnect the microcomputer with the outside world
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Information Representation in
Computer Systems
Information is stored using electronic circuits, called flip-
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decimal
Conversion algorithms
hex
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Numbers representation
Unsigned (positive) integer numbers
Natural binary representation
Signed integer numbers
Sign & magnitude representation
1s complement representation
2s complement representation
Signed real numbers
Fixed point representation
Floating point representation
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1s complement
2s complement
-5
12
-12
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Characters representation
Coding
conventions:
ASCII
UTF-8
UTF-16
Unicode
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Programs representation
Instructions are represented using sequences of bytes;
Some processors have fixed-size instructions
8086 has variable-size instructions (1-6 bytes)
The instruction codes
are formed of several fields:
<=>
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