CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants:

2014
Peter J. Mohr , David B. Newell , Barry N. Taylor
National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8420, USA

arXiv:1507.07956v1 [physics.atom-ph] 21 Jul 2015

(Dated: July 30, 2015)

This document gives the 2014 self-consistent set of values of the constants and conversion factors
of physics and chemistry recommended by the Committee on Data for Science and Technology
(CODATA). These values are based on a least-squares adjustment that takes into account
all data available up to 31 December 2014. The recommended values may also be found at
physics.nist.gov/constants.

This

report was prepared by the authors under the auspices of the

CODATA Task Group on Fundamental Constants. The members
of the task group are:
F. Cabiati, Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Italy
J. Fischer, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Germany
J. Flowers (deceased), National Physical Laboratory, United Kingdom
K. Fujii, National Metrology Institute of Japan, Japan
S. G. Karshenboim, Pulkovo Observatory, Russian Federation
E. de Mirand
es, Bureau international des poids et mesures
P. J. Mohr, National Institute of Standards and Technology, United
States of America
D. B. Newell, National Institute of Standards and Technology,
United States of America
F. Nez, Laboratoire Kastler-Brossel, France
K. Pachucki, University of Warsaw, Poland
T. J. Quinn, Bureau international des poids et mesures
C. Thomas, Bureau international des poids et mesures
B. N. Taylor, National Institute of Standards and Technology,
United States of America
B. M. Wood, National Research Council, Canada
Z. Zhang, National Institute of Metrology, China (Peoples Republic of)
Electronic

address: mohr@nist.gov
address: dnewell@nist.gov
Electronic address: barry.taylor@nist.gov
Electronic

TABLE I An abbreviated list of the CODATA recommended values of the fundamental constants of physics and chemistry
based on the 2014 adjustment.
Quantity

Symbol

speed of light in vacuum

magnetic constant

c, c0
0

electric constant 1/0 c2

Newtonian constant of gravitation
Planck constant
h/2
elementary charge
magnetic flux quantum h/2e
conductance quantum 2e2/h
electron mass
proton mass
proton-electron mass ratio
fine-structure constant e2/40
hc
inverse fine-structure constant
Rydberg constant 2 me c/2h
Avogadro constant
Faraday constant NA e
molar gas constant
Boltzmann constant R/NA
Stefan-Boltzmann constant
(2 /60)k4/
h3 c2

0
G
h
h

e
0
G0
me
mp
mp /me

1
R
NA , L
F
R
k

electron volt (e/C) J

(unified) atomic mass unit

Numerical value

Unit

Relative std.
uncert. ur

299 792 458

4 107
= 12.566 370 614... 107
8.854 187 817... 1012
6.674 08(31) 1011
6.626 070 040(81) 1034
1.054 571 800(13) 1034
1.602 176 6208(98) 1019
2.067 833 831(13) 1015
7.748 091 7310(18) 105
9.109 383 56(11) 1031
1.672 621 898(21) 1027
1836.152 673 89(17)
7.297 352 5664(17) 103
137.035 999 139(31)
10 973 731.568 508(65)
6.022 140 857(74) 1023
96 485.332 89(59)
8.314 4598(48)
1.380 648 52(79) 1023

m s1
N A2
N A2
F m1
m3 kg1 s2
Js
Js
C
Wb
S
kg
kg

5.670 367(13) 108

W m2 K4

2.3 106

J
kg

6.1 109
1.2 108

Non-SI units accepted for use with the SI

eV
1.602 176 6208(98) 1019
1
m(12 C)
u
1.660 539 040(20) 1027
12

m1
mol1
C mol1
J mol1 K1
J K1

exact
exact
exact
4.7 105
1.2 108
1.2 108
6.1 109
6.1 109
2.3 1010
1.2 108
1.2 108
9.5 1011
2.3 1010
2.3 1010
5.9 1012
1.2 108
6.2 109
5.7 107
5.7 107

3
TABLE II: The CODATA recommended values of the fundamental constants of physics and chemistry based on the 2014 adjustment.

Quantity
speed of light in vacuum
magnetic constant
electric constant 1/0 c2
characteristic impedance of vacuum 0 c
Newtonian constant of gravitation
Planck constant
h/2

Planck mass (
hc/G)1/2
energy equivalent
Planck temperature (
hc5 /G)1/2 /k
Planck length h
/mP c = (
hG/c3 )1/2
Planck time lP /c = (
hG/c5 )1/2
elementary charge
magnetic flux quantum h/2e
conductance quantum 2e2/h
inverse of conductance quantum
Josephson constant1 2e/h
von Klitzing constant2 h/e2 = 0 c/2
Bohr magneton e
h/2me

nuclear magneton e
h/2mp

fine-structure constant e2/40

hc
inverse fine-structure constant
Rydberg constant 2 me c/2h

Bohr radius /4R = 40

h2/me e2
2
Hartree energy e /40 a0 = 2R hc = 2 me c2
quantum of circulation

Symbol

Numerical value

UNIVERSAL
299 792 458
4 107
= 12.566 370 614... 107
0
8.854 187 817... 1012
Z0
376.730 313 461...
G
6.674 08(31) 1011
G/
hc
6.708 61(31) 1039
h
6.626 070 040(81) 1034
4.135 667 662(25) 1015
h

1.054 571 800(13) 1034

6.582 119 514(40) 1016
hc

197.326 9788(12)
mP
2.176 470(51) 108
2
mP c
1.220 910(29) 1019
TP
1.416 808(33) 1032
lP
1.616 229(38) 1035
tP
5.391 16(13) 1044

c, c0
0

ELECTROMAGNETIC
e
1.602 176 6208(98) 1019
e/h
2.417 989 262(15) 1014
0
2.067 833 831(13) 1015
G0
7.748 091 7310(18) 105
1
G0
12 906.403 7278(29)
KJ
483 597.8525(30) 109
RK
25 812.807 4555(59)
B
927.400 9994(57) 1026
5.788 381 8012(26) 105
B /h
13.996 245 042(86) 109
B /hc
46.686 448 14(29)
B /k
0.671 714 05(39)
N
5.050 783 699(31) 1027
3.152 451 2550(15) 108
N /h
7.622 593 285(47)
N /hc
2.542 623 432(16) 102
N /k
3.658 2690(21) 104

ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR

General

7.297 352 5664(17) 103

1

137.035 999 139(31)

R
10 973 731.568 508(65)
R c
3.289 841 960 355(19) 1015
R hc
2.179 872 325(27) 1018
13.605 693 009(84)
a0
0.529 177 210 67(12) 1010
Eh
4.359 744 650(54) 1018
27.211 386 02(17)
h/2me
3.636 947 5486(17) 104
h/me
7.273 895 0972(33) 104
Electroweak

1
2

Unit
m s1
N A2
N A2
F m1

m3 kg1 s2
(GeV/c2 )2
Js
eV s
Js
eV s
MeV fm
kg
GeV
K
m
s
C
A J1
Wb
S

Hz V1

J T1
eV T1
Hz T1
m1 T1
K T1
J T1
eV T1
MHz T1
m1 T1
K T1

m1
Hz
J
eV
m
J
eV
m2 s1
m2 s1

Relative std.
uncert. ur
exact
exact
exact
exact
4.7 105
4.7 105
1.2 108
6.1 109
1.2 108
6.1 109
6.1 109
2.3 105
2.3 105
2.3 105
2.3 105
2.3 105
6.1 109
6.1 109
6.1 109
2.3 1010
2.3 1010
6.1 109
2.3 1010
6.2 109
4.5 1010
6.2 109
6.2 109
5.7 107
6.2 109
4.6 1010
6.2 109
6.2 109
5.7 107
2.3 1010
2.3 1010
5.9 1012
5.9 1012
1.2 108
6.1 109
2.3 1010
1.2 108
6.1 109
4.5 1010
4.5 1010

See Table IV for the conventional value adopted internationally for realizing representations of the volt using the Josephson eect.
See Table IV for the conventional value adopted internationally for realizing representations of the ohm using the quantum Hall eect.

4
TABLE II: (Continued).
Quantity

GF /(
hc)3

1.166 3787(6) 105

sin2 W

0.2223(21)

electron mass

me

electron-muon mass ratio

electron-tau mass ratio
electron-proton mass ratio
electron-neutron mass ratio
electron-deuteron mass ratio
electron-triton mass ratio
electron-helion mass ratio
electron to alpha particle mass ratio
electron charge to mass quotient
electron molar mass NA me
Compton wavelength h/me c
C /2 = a0 = 2/4R
classical electron radius 2 a0
Thomson cross section (8/3)re2
electron magnetic moment
to Bohr magneton ratio
to nuclear magneton ratio
electron magnetic moment
anomaly |e |/B 1
electron g-factor 2(1 + ae )
electron-muon magnetic moment ratio
electron-proton magnetic moment ratio
electron to shielded proton magnetic
moment ratio (H2 O, sphere, 25 C)
electron-neutron magnetic moment ratio
electron-deuteron magnetic moment ratio
electron to shielded helion magnetic
moment ratio (gas, sphere, 25 C)
electron gyromagnetic ratio 2|e |/
h
muon mass
energy equivalent
muon-electron mass ratio
muon-tau mass ratio
muon-proton mass ratio
muon-neutron mass ratio
muon molar mass NA m
muon Compton wavelength h/m c
C, /2

Numerical value

Fermi coupling constant3

weak mixing angle4 W (on-shell scheme)
sin2 W = s2W 1 (mW /mZ )2

energy equivalent

Symbol

Electron, e
9.109 383 56(11) 1031
5.485 799 090 70(16) 104
2
me c
8.187 105 65(10) 1014
0.510 998 9461(31)
me /m
4.836 331 70(11) 103
me /m
2.875 92(26) 104
me /mp
5.446 170 213 52(52) 104
me /mn
5.438 673 4428(27) 104
me /md
2.724 437 107 484(96) 104
me /mt
1.819 200 062 203(84) 104
me /mh
1.819 543 074 854(88) 104
me /m
1.370 933 554 798(45) 104
e/me
1.758 820 024(11) 1011
M (e), Me
5.485 799 090 70(16) 107
C
2.426 310 2367(11) 1012
C
386.159 267 64(18) 1015
re
2.817 940 3227(19) 1015
e
0.665 245 871 58(91) 1028
e
928.476 4620(57) 1026
e /B
1.001 159 652 180 91(26)
e /N
1838.281 972 34(17)

Unit
GeV2

Relative std.
uncert. ur
5.1 107
9.5 103

kg
u
J
MeV

C kg1
kg mol1
m
m
m
m2
J T1

1.2 108
2.9 1011
1.2 108
6.2 109
2.2 108
9.0 105
9.5 1011
4.9 1010
3.5 1011
4.6 1011
4.9 1011
3.3 1011
6.2 109
2.9 1011
4.5 1010
4.5 1010
6.8 1010
1.4 109
6.2 109
2.6 1013
9.5 1011

ae
ge
e /
e /p

1.159 652 180 91(26) 103

2.002 319 304 361 82(52)
206.766 9880(46)
658.210 6866(20)

2.3 1010
2.6 1013
2.2 108
3.0 109

e /p
e /n
e /d

658.227 5971(72)
960.920 50(23)
2143.923 499(12)

1.1 108
2.4 107
5.5 109

e /h
e
e /2

864.058 257(10)
1.760 859 644(11) 1011
28 024.951 64(17)

Muon,
m
1.883 531 594(48) 1028
0.113 428 9257(25)
m c2
1.692 833 774(43) 1011
105.658 3745(24)
m /me
206.768 2826(46)
m /m
5.946 49(54) 102
m /mp
0.112 609 5262(25)
m /mn
0.112 454 5167(25)
M (), M
0.113 428 9257(25) 103
C,
11.734 441 11(26) 1015
C,
1.867 594 308(42) 1015

s1 T1
MHz T1
kg
u
J
MeV

kg mol1
m
m

1.2 108
6.2 109
6.2 109
2.5 108
2.2 108
2.5 108
2.3 108
2.2 108
9.0 105
2.2 108
2.2 108
2.2 108
2.2 108
2.2 108

Value recommended by the Particle Data Group (Olive et al., 2014).

Based on the ratio of the masses of the W and Z bosons mW /mZ recommended by the Particle Data Group (Olive et al., 2014).
The value for sin2 W they recommend, which is based on a particular variant of the modified minimal subtraction (MS) scheme, is
sin2 W (MZ ) = 0.231 26(5).

5
TABLE II: (Continued).
Quantity
muon magnetic moment
to Bohr magneton ratio
to nuclear magneton ratio
muon magnetic moment anomaly
| |/(e
h/2m ) 1
muon g-factor 2(1 + a )
muon-proton magnetic moment ratio

Symbol

/B
/N

Numerical value
4.490 448 26(10) 1026
4.841 970 48(11) 103
8.890 597 05(20)

a
g
/p
Tau,

tau mass5
energy equivalent
tau-electron mass ratio
tau-muon mass ratio
tau-proton mass ratio
tau-neutron mass ratio
tau molar mass NA m
tau Compton wavelength h/m c
C, /2
proton mass
energy equivalent
proton-electron mass ratio
proton-muon mass ratio
proton-tau mass ratio
proton-neutron mass ratio
proton charge to mass quotient
proton molar mass NA mp
proton Compton wavelength h/mp c
C,p /2
proton rms charge radius
proton magnetic moment
to Bohr magneton ratio
to nuclear magneton ratio
proton g-factor 2p /N
proton-neutron magnetic moment ratio
shielded proton magnetic moment
(H2 O, sphere, 25 C)
to Bohr magneton ratio
to nuclear magneton ratio
proton magnetic shielding correction
1 p /p (H2 O, sphere, 25 C)
proton gyromagnetic ratio 2p /
h
shielded proton gyromagnetic ratio
2p /
h (H2 O, sphere, 25 C)

neutron mass

m
m c2
m /me
m /m
m /mp
m /mn
M (), M
C,
C,

Unit
J T1

1.165 920 89(63) 103

2.002 331 8418(13)
3.183 345 142(71)
3.167 47(29) 1027
1.907 49(17)
2.846 78(26) 1010
1776.82(16)
3477.15(31)
16.8167(15)
1.893 72(17)
1.891 11(17)
1.907 49(17) 103
0.697 787(63) 1015
0.111 056(10) 1015

Proton, p
1.672 621 898(21) 1027
1.007 276 466 879(91)
mp c2
1.503 277 593(18) 1010
938.272 0813(58)
mp /me
1836.152 673 89(17)
mp /m
8.880 243 38(20)
mp /m
0.528 063(48)
mp /mn
0.998 623 478 44(51)
e/mp
9.578 833 226(59) 107
M (p), Mp
1.007 276 466 879(91) 103
C,p
1.321 409 853 96(61) 1015
0.210 308 910 109(97) 1015
C,p
rp
0.8751(61) 1015
p
1.410 606 7873(97) 1026
p /B
1.521 032 2053(46) 103
p /N
2.792 847 3508(85)
gp
5.585 694 702(17)
p /n
1.459 898 05(34)
p
1.410 570 547(18) 1026
mp

Relative std.
uncert. ur
2.3 108
2.2 108
2.2 108
5.4 107
6.3 1010
2.2 108

kg
u
J
MeV

kg mol1
m
m
kg
u
J
MeV

C kg1
kg mol1
m
m
m
J T1

J T1

9.0 105
9.0 105
9.0 105
9.0 105
9.0 105
9.0 105
9.0 105
9.0 105
9.0 105
9.0 105
9.0 105
1.2 108
9.0 1011
1.2 108
6.2 109
9.5 1011
2.2 108
9.0 105
5.1 1010
6.2 109
9.0 1011
4.6 1010
4.6 1010
7.0 103
6.9 109
3.0 109
3.0 109
3.0 109
2.4 107
1.3 108

p /B
p /N

1.520 993 128(17) 103

2.792 775 600(30)

p
p
p /2

25.691(11) 106
2.675 221 900(18) 108
42.577 478 92(29)

s T
MHz T1

4.4 104
6.9 109
6.9 109

p
p /2

2.675 153 171(33) 108

42.576 385 07(53)

s1 T1
MHz T1

1.3 108
1.3 108

kg
u

1.2 108
4.9 1010

mn

Neutron, n
1.674 927 471(21) 1027
1.008 664 915 88(49)

1.1 108
1.1 108
1

This and all other values involving m are based on the value of m c2 in MeV recommended by the Particle Data Group (Olive et al.,
2014).

6
TABLE II: (Continued).
Quantity
energy equivalent
neutron-electron mass ratio
neutron-muon mass ratio
neutron-tau mass ratio
neutron-proton mass ratio
neutron-proton mass dierence
energy equivalent

Symbol
mn c2
mn /me
mn /m
mn /m
mn /mp
mn mp
(mn mp )c2

neutron molar mass NA mn

neutron Compton wavelength h/mn c
C,n /2
neutron magnetic moment
to Bohr magneton ratio
to nuclear magneton ratio
neutron g-factor 2n /N
neutron-electron magnetic moment ratio
neutron-proton magnetic moment ratio
neutron to shielded proton magnetic
moment ratio (H2 O, sphere, 25 C)
neutron gyromagnetic ratio 2|n |/
h

M (n), Mn
C,n
C,n
n
n /B
n /N
gn
n /e
n /p

deuteron mass

md

energy equivalent
deuteron-electron mass ratio
deuteron-proton mass ratio
deuteron molar mass NA md
deuteron rms charge radius
deuteron magnetic moment
to Bohr magneton ratio
to nuclear magneton ratio
deuteron g-factor d /N
deuteron-electron magnetic moment ratio
deuteron-proton magnetic moment ratio
deuteron-neutron magnetic moment ratio

n /p
n
n /2

Numerical value
1.505 349 739(19) 1010
939.565 4133(58)
1838.683 661 58(90)
8.892 484 08(20)
0.528 790(48)
1.001 378 418 98(51)
2.305 573 77(85) 1030
0.001 388 449 00(51)
2.072 146 37(76) 1013
1.293 332 05(48)
1.008 664 915 88(49) 103
1.319 590 904 81(88) 1015
0.210 019 415 36(14) 1015
0.966 236 50(23) 1026
1.041 875 63(25) 103
1.913 042 73(45)
3.826 085 45(90)
1.040 668 82(25) 103
0.684 979 34(16)
0.684 996 94(16)
1.832 471 72(43) 108
29.164 6933(69)

Deuteron, d
3.343 583 719(41) 1027
2.013 553 212 745(40)
md c2
3.005 063 183(37) 1010
1875.612 928(12)
md /me
3670.482 967 85(13)
md /mp
1.999 007 500 87(19)
M (d), Md
2.013 553 212 745(40) 103
rd
2.1413(25) 1015
d
0.433 073 5040(36) 1026
d /B
0.466 975 4554(26) 103
d /N
0.857 438 2311(48)
gd
0.857 438 2311(48)
d /e
4.664 345 535(26) 104
d /p
0.307 012 2077(15)
d /n
0.448 206 52(11)

triton-electron mass ratio

triton-proton mass ratio
triton molar mass NA mt
triton magnetic moment
to Bohr magneton ratio
to nuclear magneton ratio
triton g-factor 2t /N

Triton, t
5.007 356 665(62) 1027
3.015 500 716 32(11)
mt c2
4.500 387 735(55) 1010
2808.921 112(17)
mt /me
5496.921 535 88(26)
mt /mp
2.993 717 033 48(22)
M (t), Mt
3.015 500 716 32(11) 103
t
1.504 609 503(12) 1026
t /B
1.622 393 6616(76) 103
t /N
2.978 962 460(14)
gt
5.957 924 920(28)

helion mass

mh

triton mass
energy equivalent

energy equivalent
helion-electron mass ratio

mt

Helion, h
5.006 412 700(62) 1027
3.014 932 246 73(12)
mh c2
4.499 539 341(55) 1010
2808.391 586(17)
mh /me
5495.885 279 22(27)

Unit
J
MeV

kg
u
J
MeV
kg mol1
m
m
J T1

s1 T1
MHz T1
kg
u
J
MeV
kg mol1
m
J T1

kg
u
J
MeV
kg mol1
J T1

kg
u
J
MeV

Relative std.
uncert. ur
1.2 108
6.2 109
4.9 1010
2.2 108
9.0 105
5.1 1010
3.7 107
3.7 107
3.7 107
3.7 107
4.9 1010
6.7 1010
6.7 1010
2.4 107
2.4 107
2.4 107
2.4 107
2.4 107
2.4 107
2.4 107
2.4 107
2.4 107
1.2 108
2.0 1011
1.2 108
6.2 109
3.5 1011
9.3 1011
2.0 1011
1.2 103
8.3 109
5.5 109
5.5 109
5.5 109
5.5 109
5.0 109
2.4 107
1.2 108
3.6 1011
1.2 108
6.2 109
4.6 1011
7.5 1011
3.6 1011
7.8 109
4.7 109
4.7 109
4.7 109
1.2 108
3.9 1011
1.2 108
6.2 109
4.9 1011

7
TABLE II: (Continued).
Quantity
helion-proton mass ratio
helion molar mass NA mh
helion magnetic moment
to Bohr magneton ratio
to nuclear magneton ratio
helion g-factor 2h /N
shielded helion magnetic moment
(gas, sphere, 25 C)
to Bohr magneton ratio
to nuclear magneton ratio
shielded helion to proton magnetic
moment ratio (gas, sphere, 25 C)
shielded helion to shielded proton magnetic
moment ratio (gas/H2 O, spheres, 25 C)
shielded helion gyromagnetic ratio
2|h |/
h (gas, sphere, 25 C)
alpha particle mass
energy equivalent
alpha particle to electron mass ratio
alpha particle to proton mass ratio
alpha particle molar mass NA m
Avogadro constant
atomic mass constant
1
mu = 12
m(12 C) = 1 u
energy equivalent
Faraday constant6 NA e
molar Planck constant
molar gas constant
Boltzmann constant R/NA

Numerical value
2.993 152 670 46(29)
3.014 932 246 73(12) 103
1.074 617 522(14) 1026
1.158 740 958(14) 103
2.127 625 308(25)
4.255 250 616(50)
1.074 553 080(14) 1026

h /B
h /N

1.158 671 471(14) 103

2.127 497 720(25)

1.2 108
1.2 108

h /p

0.761 766 5603(92)

1.2 108

h /p

0.761 786 1313(33)

4.3 109

h
h /2

2.037 894 585(27) 108

32.434 099 66(43)

Alpha particle,
m
6.644 657 230(82) 1027
4.001 506 179 127(63)
m c2
5.971 920 097(73) 1010
3727.379 378(23)
m /me
7294.299 541 36(24)
m /mp
3.972 599 689 07(36)
M (), M
4.001 506 179 127(63) 103

PHYSICOCHEMICAL
NA , L
6.022 140 857(74) 1023

kg mol1
J T1

J T1

s1 T1
MHz T1

1.3 108
1.3 108

kg
u
J
MeV

1.2 108
1.6 1011
1.2 108
6.2 109
3.3 1011
9.2 1011
1.6 1011

kg mol1
mol1

1.2 108

1.660 539 040(20) 1027

1.492 418 062(18) 1010
931.494 0954(57)
96 485.332 89(59)
3.990 312 7110(18) 1010
0.119 626 565 582(54)
8.314 4598(48)
1.380 648 52(79) 1023
8.617 3303(50) 105
2.083 6612(12) 1010
69.503 457(40)

kg
J
MeV
C mol1
J s mol1
J m mol1
J mol1 K1
J K1
eV K1
Hz K1
m1 K1

1.2 108
1.2 108
6.2 109
6.2 109
4.5 1010
4.5 1010
5.7 107
5.7 107
5.7 107
5.7 107
5.7 107

Vm
n0

22.710 947(13) 103

2.651 6467(15) 1025

m3 mol1
m3

5.7 107
5.7 107

Vm
n0

22.413 962(13) 103

2.686 7811(15) 1025

m3 mol1
m3

5.7 107
5.7 107

S0 /R

1.151 7084(14)
1.164 8714(14)

mu
mu c2
F
NA h
NA hc
R
k
k/h
k/hc

molar volume of ideal gas RT /p

T = 273.15 K, p = 100 kPa
Loschmidt constant NA /Vm
molar volume of ideal gas RT /p
T = 273.15 K, p = 101.325 kPa
Loschmidt constant NA /Vm
Sackur-Tetrode (absolute entropy) constant7
5
+ ln[(2mu kT1 /h2 )3/2 kT1 /p0 ]
2
T1 = 1 K, p0 = 100 kPa
T1 = 1 K, p0 = 101.325 kPa
Stefan-Boltzmann constant

Unit

Relative std.
uncert. ur
9.6 1011
3.9 1011
1.3 108
1.2 108
1.2 108
1.2 108
1.3 108

Symbol
mh /mp
M (h), Mh
h
h /B
h /N
gh
h

1.2 106
1.2 106

The numerical value of F to be used in coulometric chemical measurements is 96 485.3251(12) [1.2 108 ] when the relevant current
is measured in terms of representations of the volt and ohm based on the Josephson and quantum Hall eects and the internationally
adopted conventional values of the Josephson and von Klitzing constants KJ90 and RK90 given in Table IV.
The entropy of an ideal monoatomic gas of relative atomic mass Ar is given by S = S0 + 23 R ln Ar R ln(p/p0 ) + 52 R ln(T /K).

TABLE II: (Continued).

Quantity
Symbol
(2 /60)k4/
h3 c2

first radiation constant 2hc2

c1
first radiation constant for spectral radiance 2hc2 c1L
second radiation constant hc/k
c2
Wien displacement law constants
b = max T = c2 /4.965 114 231...
b
b = max /T = 2.821 439 372... c/c2
b
References
Olive, K. A., et al., and Particle Data Center, 2014, Chin.
Phys. C 38, 090001.

Numerical value
5.670 367(13) 108
3.741 771 790(46) 1016
1.191 042 953(15) 1016
1.438 777 36(83) 102

Unit
W m2 K4
W m2
W m2 sr1
mK

Relative std.
uncert. ur
2.3 106
1.2 108
1.2 108
5.7 107

2.897 7729(17) 103

5.878 9238(34) 1010

mK
Hz K1

5.7 107
5.7 107

TABLE III The variances, covariances, and correlation coecients of the values of a selected group of constants based on the
2014 CODATA adjustment. The numbers in bold above the main diagonal are 1016 times the numerical values of the relative
covariances; the numbers in bold on the main diagonal are 1016 times the numerical values of the relative variances; and the
numbers in italics below the main diagonal are the correlation coecients.1

h
e
me
NA
me /m
F
1

0.0005
0 .0176
0 .0361
0 .0193
0 .0193
0 .0202
0 .0745

h
0.0005
1.5096
0 .9998
0 .9993
0 .9993
0 .0004
0 .9957

me

0.0005
0.7550
0.3778
0 .9985
0 .9985
0 .0007
0 .9939

NA

0.0005
1.5086
0.7540
1.5097
1 .0000
0 .0004
0 .9985

me /m
0.0010
0.0010
0.0010
0.0011
0.0011
4.9471
0 .0015

0.0005
1.5086
0.7540
1.5097
1.5097
0 .0004
0 .9985

F
0.0010
0.7536
0.3763
0.7556
0.7557
0.0021
0.3794

The relative covariance is ur (xi , xj ) = u(xi , xj )/(xi xj ), where u(xi , xj ) is the covariance of xi and xj ; the relative variance is
u2r (xi ) = ur (xi , xi ): and the correlation coecient is r(xi , xj ) = u(xi , xj )/[u(xi )u(xj )].

TABLE IV Internationally adopted values of various quantities.

Quantity
relative atomic mass1 of 12 C
molar mass constant
molar mass of 12 C
conventional value of Josephson constant2
conventional value of von Klitzing constant3
standard-state pressure
standard atmosphere

Relative std.
uncert. ur

Symbol

Numerical value

Unit

Ar (12 C)
Mu
M (12 C)
KJ90
RK90

12
1 103
12 103
483 597.9
25 812.807
100
101.325

kg mol1
kg mol1
GHz V1

kPa
kPa

exact
exact
exact
exact
exact
exact
exact

1
The relative atomic mass Ar (X) of particle X with mass m(X) is defined by Ar (X) = m(X)/mu , where
mu = m(12 C)/12 = Mu /NA = 1 u is the atomic mass constant, Mu is the molar mass constant, NA is the Avogadro constant,
and u is the unified atomic mass unit. Thus the mass of particle X is m(X) = Ar (X) u and the molar mass of X is
M (X) = Ar (X)Mu .
2
This is the value adopted internationally for realizing representations of the volt using the Josephson eect.
3
This is the value adopted internationally for realizing representations of the ohm using the quantum Hall eect.

TABLE V Values of some x-ray-related quantities based on the 2014 CODATA adjustment of the values of the constants.
Quantity
Cu x unit: (CuK1 )/1 537.400
Mo x unit: (MoK1 )/707.831

angstrom star: (WK1 )/0.209 010 0

lattice parameter1 of Si (in vacuum,
22.5 C)

{220} lattice spacing of Si a/ 8

(in vacuum, 22.5 C)
molar volume of Si M (Si)/(Si) = NA a3/8
(in vacuum, 22.5 C)
1

Symbol

Numerical value

Unit

Relative std.
uncert. ur

xu(CuK1 )
xu(MoK1 )

A
a
d220

1.002 076 97(28) 1013

1.002 099 52(53) 1013
1.000 014 95(90) 1010
543.102 0504(89) 1012
192.015 5714(32) 1012

Vm (Si)

12.058 832 14(61) 106 m3 mol1 5.1 108

m
m
m
m
m

2.8 107
5.3 107
9.0 107
1.6 108
1.6 108

This is the lattice parameter (unit cell edge length) of an ideal single crystal of naturally occurring Si free of impurities and
imperfections, and is deduced from measurements on extremely pure and nearly perfect single crystals of Si by correcting for
the eects of impurities.

10

TABLE VI The values in SI units of some non-SI units based on the 2014 CODATA adjustment of the values of the constants.
Quantity
electron volt: (e/C) J
(unified) atomic mass unit:

Symbol

Numerical value

Non-SI units accepted for use with the SI

eV
1.602 176 6208(98) 1019
12
1
m(
C)
u
1.660 539 040(20) 1027
12

n.u. of velocity
n.u. of action: h/2

n.u. of mass
n.u. of energy
n.u. of momentum
n.u. of length:
h/me c
n.u. of time

a.u. of charge
a.u. of mass
a.u. of action: h/2
a.u. of length: Bohr radius (bohr)
/4R
a.u. of energy: Hartree energy (hartree)
e2/40 a0 = 2R hc = 2 me c2
a.u. of time
a.u. of force
a.u. of velocity: c
a.u. of momentum
a.u. of current
a.u. of charge density
a.u. of electric potential
a.u. of electric field
a.u. of electric field gradient
a.u. of electric dipole moment
a.u. of electric quadrupole moment
a.u. of electric polarizability
a.u. of 1st hyperpolarizability
a.u. of 2nd hyperpolarizability
a.u. of magnetic flux density
a.u. of magnetic dipole moment: 2B
a.u. of magnetizability
a.u. of permittivity: 107 /c2

Natural units (n.u.)

299 792 458
1.054 571 800(13) 1034
6.582 119 514(40) 1016
hc

197.326 9788(12)
me
9.109 383 56(11) 1031
2
me c
8.187 105 65(10) 1014
0.510 998 9461(31)
me c
2.730 924 488(34) 1022
0.510 998 9461(31)
C
386.159 267 64(18) 1015

h/me c2
1.288 088 667 12(58) 1021
c, c0
h

e
me
h

Atomic units (a.u.)

1.602 176 6208(98) 1019
9.109 383 56(11) 1031
1.054 571 800(13) 1034

Unit

Relative std.
uncert. ur

J
kg

6.1 109
1.2 108

m s1
Js
eV s
MeV fm
kg
J
MeV
kg m s1
MeV/c
m
s

exact
1.2 108
6.1 109
6.1 109
1.2 108
1.2 108
6.2 109
1.2 108
6.2 109
4.5 1010
4.5 1010

C
kg
Js

6.1 109
1.2 108
1.2 108

a0

0.529 177 210 67(12) 1010

2.3 1010

Eh

h/Eh
Eh /a0
a0 Eh /
h

h/a0
eEh /
h
e/a30
Eh /e
Eh /ea0
Eh /ea20
ea0
ea20
e2 a20 /Eh
e3 a30 /Eh2
e4 a40 /Eh3

h/ea20
he/me

e2 a20 /me
e2 /a0 Eh

4.359 744 650(54) 1018

2.418 884 326 509(14) 1017
8.238 723 36(10) 108
2.187 691 262 77(50) 106
1.992 851 882(24) 1024
6.623 618 183(41) 103
1.081 202 3770(67) 1012
27.211 386 02(17)
5.142 206 707(32) 1011
9.717 362 356(60) 1021
8.478 353 552(52) 1030
4.486 551 484(28) 1040
1.648 777 2731(11) 1041
3.206 361 329(20) 1053
6.235 380 085(77) 1065
2.350 517 550(14) 105
1.854 801 999(11) 1023
7.891 036 5886(90) 1029
1.112 650 056 . . . 1010

J
s
N
m s1
kg m s1
A
C m3
V
V m1
V m2
Cm
C m2
C2 m2 J1
C3 m3 J2
C4 m4 J3
T
J T1
J T2
F m1

1.2 108
5.9 1012
1.2 108
2.3 1010
1.2 108
6.1 109
6.2 109
6.1 109
6.1 109
6.2 109
6.2 109
6.2 109
6.8 1010
6.2 109
1.2 108
6.2 109
6.2 109
1.1 109
exact

11

TABLE VII The values of some energy equivalents derived from the relations E = mc2 = hc/ = h = kT , and based on the
1
m(12 C) = 103 kg mol1/NA , and
2010 CODATA adjustment of the values of the constants; 1 eV = (e/C) J, 1 u = mu = 12
Eh = 2R hc = 2 me c2 is the Hartree energy (hartree).
Relevant unit
J

kg

m1

Hz

1J

(1 J) =
1J

(1 J)/c =
1.112 650 056 . . . 1017 kg

(1 J)/hc =
5.034 116 651(62) 1024 m1

(1 J)/h =
1.509 190 205(19) 1033 Hz

1 kg

(1 kg)c2 =
8.987 551 787 . . . 1016 J

(1 kg) =
1 kg

(1 kg)c/h =
4.524 438 411(56) 1041 m1

(1 kg)c2 /h =
1.356 392 512(17) 1050 Hz

1 m1

(1 m1 )hc =
1.986 445 824(24) 1025 J

(1 m1 )h/c =
2.210 219 057(27) 1042 kg

(1 m1 ) =
1 m1

(1 m1 )c =
299 792 458 Hz

1 Hz

(1 Hz)h =
6.626 070 040(81) 1034 J

(1 Hz)h/c2 =
7.372 497 201(91) 1051 kg

(1 Hz)/c =
3.335 640 951 . . . 109 m1

(1 Hz) =
1 Hz

1K

(1 K)k =
1.380 648 52(79) 1023 J

(1 K)k/c2 =
1.536 178 65(88) 1040 kg

(1 K)k/hc =
69.503 457(40) m1

(1 K)k/h =
2.083 6612(12) 1010 Hz

1 eV

(1 eV) =
1.602 176 6208(98) 1019 J

(1 eV)/c2 =
1.782 661 907(11) 1036 kg

(1 eV)/hc =
8.065 544 005(50) 105 m1

(1 eV)/h =
2.417 989 262(15) 1014 Hz

1u

(1 u)c2 =
1.492 418 062(18) 1010 J

(1 u) =
1.660 539 040(20) 1027 kg

(1 u)c/h =
7.513 006 6166(34) 1014 m1

(1 u)c2 /h =
2.252 342 7206(10) 1023 Hz

1 Eh

(1 Eh ) =
4.359 744 650(54) 1018 J

(1 Eh )/c2 =
4.850 870 129(60) 1035 kg

(1 Eh )/hc =
2.194 746 313 702(13) 107 m1

(1 Eh )/h =
6.579 683 920 711(39) 1015 Hz

TABLE VIII The values of some energy equivalents derived from the relations E = mc2 = hc/ = h = kT , and based on the
1
m(12 C) = 103 kg mol1/NA , and
2010 CODATA adjustment of the values of the constants; 1 eV = (e/C) J, 1 u = mu = 12
2
2
Eh = 2R hc = me c is the Hartree energy (hartree).
Relevant unit
K

eV

u
2

Eh

1J

(1 J)/k =
7.242 9731(42) 1022 K

(1 J) =
6.241 509 126(38) 1018 eV

(1 J)/c =
6.700 535 363(82) 109 u

(1 J) =
2.293 712 317(28) 1017 Eh

1 kg

(1 kg)c2 /k =
6.509 6595(37) 1039 K

(1 kg)c2 =
5.609 588 650(34) 1035 eV

(1 kg) =
6.022 140 857(74) 1026 u

(1 kg)c2 =
2.061 485 823(25) 1034 Eh

1 m1

(1 m1 )hc/k =
1.438 777 36(83) 102 K

(1 m1 )hc =
1.239 841 9739(76) 106 eV

(1 m1 )h/c =
1.331 025 049 00(61) 1015 u

(1 m1 )hc =
4.556 335 252 767(27) 108 Eh

1 Hz

(1 Hz)h/k =
4.799 2447(28) 1011 K

(1 Hz)h =
4.135 667 662(25) 1015 eV

(1 Hz)h/c2 =
4.439 821 6616(20) 1024 u

(1 Hz)h =
1.519 829 846 0088(90) 1016 Eh

1K

(1 K) =
1K

(1 K)k =
8.617 3303(50) 105 eV

(1 K)k/c2 =
9.251 0842(53) 1014 u

(1 K)k =
3.166 8105(18) 106 Eh

1 eV

(1 eV)/k =
1.160 452 21(67) 104 K

(1 eV) =
1 eV

(1 eV)/c2 =
1.073 544 1105(66) 109 u

(1 eV) =
3.674 932 248(23) 102 Eh

1u

(1 u)c2 /k =
1.080 954 38(62) 1013 K

(1 u)c2 =
931.494 0954(57) 106 eV

(1 u) =
1u

(1 u)c2 =
3.423 177 6902(16) 107 Eh

1 Eh

(1 Eh )/k =
3.157 7513(18) 105 K

(1 Eh ) =
27.211 386 02(17) eV

(1 Eh )/c2 =
2.921 262 3197(13) 108 u

(1 Eh ) =
1 Eh