Professional Documents
Culture Documents
[Tables or other self--supporting sections may be quoted or extracted. Credit lines should
read: Extracted from AGMA 925--A03, Effect of Lubrication on Gear Surface Distress, with
the permission of the publisher, the American Gear Manufacturers Association, 500 Montgomery Street, Suite 350, Alexandria, Virginia 22314.]
Approved March 13, 2003
ABSTRACT
AGMA 925--A03 is an enhancement of annex A of ANSI/AGMA 2101--C95. Various methods of gear surface
distress are included, such as scuffing and wear, and in addition, micro and macropitting. Lubricant viscometric
information has been added, as has Dudleys regimes of lubrication theory. A flow chart is included in annex A,
Gaussian theory in annex B, a summary of lubricant test rigs in annex C, and an example calculation in annex D.
Published by
ii
AGMA 925--A03
Contents
Page
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
1
Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
3
Symbols and units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
4
Gear information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
5
Lubrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
6
Scuffing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
7
Surface fatigue (micro-- and macropitting) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
8
Wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Annexes
A
B
C
D
Flow chart for evaluating scuffing risk and oil film thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Normal or Gaussian probability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Test rig gear data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
39
41
43
Figures
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Tables
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
iii
AGMA 925--A03
Foreword
[The foreword, footnotes and annexes, if any, in this document are provided for
informational purposes only and are not to be construed as a part of AGMA Information
Sheet 925--A03, Effect of Lubrication on Gear Surface Distress.]
The purpose of this information sheet is to provide the user with information pertinent to the
lubrication of industrial metal gears for power transmission applications. It is intended that
this document serve as a general guideline and source of information about conventional
lubricants, their properties, and their general tribological behavior in gear contacts. This
information sheet was developed to supplement ANSI/AGMA Standards 2101--C95 and
2001--C95. It has been introduced as an aid to the gear manufacturing and user community.
Accumulation of feedback data will serve to enhance future developments and improved
methods to evaluate lubricant related wear risks.
It was clear from the work initiated on the revision of AGMA Standards 2001--C95 and
2101--C95 (metric version) that supporting information regarding lubricant properties and
general tribological knowledge of contacting surfaces would aid in the understanding of
these standards. The information would also provide the user with more tools to help make
a more informed decision about the performance of a geared system. This information
sheet provides sufficient information about the key lubricant parameters to enable the user
to generate reasonable estimates about scuffing and wear based on the collective
knowledge of theory available for these modes at this time.
In 1937 Harmon Blok published his theory about the relationship between contact
temperature and scuffing. This went largely unnoticed in the U.S. until the early 1950s
when Bruce Kelley showed that Bloks method and theories correlated well with
experimental data he had generated on scuffing of gear teeth. The Blok flash temperature
theory began to receive serious consideration as a predictor of scuffing in gears. The
methodology and theories continued to evolve through the 1950s with notable
contributions from Dudley, Kelley and Benedict in the areas of application rating factors,
surface roughness effects and coefficient of friction. The 1960s saw the evolution of gear
calculations and understanding continue with computer analysis and factors addressing
load sharing and tip relief issues. The AGMA Aerospace Committee began using all the
available information to produce high quality products and help meet its long--term goal of
manned space flight. R. Errichello introduced the SCORING+ computer program in 1985,
which included all of the advancements made by Blok, Kelley, Dudley and the Aerospace
Committee to that time. It became the basis for annex A of ANSI/AGMA 2101--C95 and
2001--C95 which helped predict the risk of scuffing and wear. In the 1990s, this annex
formed the basis for AGMAs contribution to ISO 13989--1.
Just as many others took the original Blok theories and expanded them, the Tribology
Subcommittee of the Helical Gear Rating Committee has attempted to expand the original
annex A of ANSI/AGMA 2001--C95 and 2101--C95. Specifically, the subcommittee
targeted the effect lubrication may have on gear surface distress. As discussions evolved, it
became clear that this should be a stand alone document which will hopefully serve many
other gear types. This should be considered a work in progress as more is learned about the
theories and understanding of the various parameters and how they affect the life of the
gear. Some of these principles are also mentioned in ISO/TR 13989--1.
AGMA 925--A03 was was approved by the AGMA Technical Division Executive Committee
on March 13, 2003.
Suggestions for improvement of this document will be welcome. They should be sent to the
American Gear Manufacturers Association, 500 Montgomery Street, Suite 350, Alexandria,
Virginia 22314.
iv
AGMA 925--A03
G. Lian . . . . . . . . .
J.V. Lisiecki . . . . .
L. Lloyd . . . . . . . .
J.J. Luz . . . . . . . .
D.R. McVittie . . . .
A.G. Milburn . . . .
G.W. Nagorny . . .
M.W. Neesley . . .
B. OConnor . . . .
W.P. Pizzichil . . .
D.F. Smith . . . . . .
K. Taliaferro . . . .
I. Laskin . . . . . . . .
J. Maddock . . . . .
J. Escanaverino .
G.P. Mowers . . . .
R.A. Nay . . . . . . .
M. Octrue . . . . . .
T. Okamoto . . . . .
J.R. Partridge . . .
J.A. Pennell . . . . .
A.E. Phillips . . . . .
J.W. Polder . . . . .
E. Sandberg . . . .
C.D. Schultz . . . .
E.S. Scott . . . . . .
A. Seireg . . . . . . .
Y. Sharma . . . . . .
B.W. Shirley . . . .
L.J. Smith . . . . . .
L. Spiers . . . . . . .
A.A. Swiglo . . . . .
J.W. Tellman . . . .
F.A. Thoma . . . . .
D. Townsend . . . .
L. Tzioumis . . . . .
F.C. Uherek . . . . .
A. Von Graefe . . .
C.C. Wang . . . . .
B. Ward . . . . . . . .
R.F. Wasilewski .
Consultant
The Gear Works -- Seattle, Inc.
ISPJAE
Consultant
UTC Pratt & Whitney Aircraft
CETIM
Nippon Gear Company, Ltd.
Lufkin Industries, Inc.
Univ. of Newcastle--Upon--Tyne
Rockwell Automation/Dodge
Delft University of Technology
Det Nordske Veritas
Pittsburgh Gear Company
The Alliance Machine Company
University of Wisconsin
Philadelphia Gear Corporation
Emerson Power Transmission
Invincible Gear Company
Emerson Power Trans. Corp.
IIT Research Institute/INFAC
Dodge
F.A. Thoma, Inc.
NASA/Lewis Research Center
Dodge
Flender Corporation
MAAG Gear AG
3E Software & Eng. Consulting
Recovery Systems, LLC
Arrow Gear Company
AGMA 925--A03
vi
G. Lian . . . . . . . . .
D. McCarthy . . . .
D.R. McVittie . . . .
A.G. Milburn . . . .
G.W. Nagorny . . .
B. OConnor . . . .
D.F. Smith . . . . . .
K. Taliaferro . . . .
Effect of Lubrication on
Gear Surface Distress
1 Scope
This information sheet is designed to provide
currently available tribological information pertaining
to oil lubrication of industrial gears for power
transmission applications. It is intended to serve as
a general guideline and source of information about
gear oils, their properties, and their general tribological behavior in gear contacts. Manufacturers and
end--users are encouraged, however, to work with
their lubricant suppliers to address specific concerns
or special issues that may not be covered here (such
as greases).
The equations provided herein allow the user to
calculate specific oil film thickness and instantaneous contact (flash) temperature for gears in
service. These two parameters are considered
critical in defining areas of operation that may lead to
unwanted surface distress. Surface distress may be
scuffing (adhesive wear), fatigue (micropitting and
macropitting), or excessive abrasive wear (scoring).
Each of these forms of surface distress may be
influenced by the lubricant; the calculations are
offered to help assess the potential risk involved with
a given lubricant choice. Flow charts are included as
aids to using the equations.
This information sheet is a supplement to ANSI/
AGMA 2101--C95 and ANSI/AGMA 2001--C95. It
has been introduced as an aid to the gear manufacturing and user community. Accumulation of feedback data will serve to enhance future developments
and improved methods to evaluate lubricant related
surface distress.
AGMA 925--A03
AGMA 925--A03
2 References
The following standards contain provisions which
are referenced in the text of this information sheet.
At the time of publication, the editions indicated were
valid. All standards are subject to revision, and
parties to agreements based on this document are
encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying
the most recent editions of the standards indicated.
ANSI/AGMA 2001--C95, Fundamental Rating Factors and Calculation Methods for Involute Spur and
Helical Gear Teeth
ANSI/AGMA 2101--C95, Fundamental Rating Factors and Calculation Methods for Involute Spur and
Helical Gear Teeth (Metric Edition)
ANSI/AGMA 1010--E95, Appearance of Gear Teeth
-- Terminology of Wear and Failure
ISO 10825:1995, Gears -- Wear and Damage to
Gear Teeth -- Terminology
Description
A
aw
B
BM
BM1, BM2
b
bH
Dimensionless constant
Operating center distance
Dimensionless constant
Thermal contact coefficient
Thermal contact coefficient (pinion, gear)
Face width
Semi--width of Hertzian contact band
CA ... CF
CR
c
cM1, cM2
Di
d
avgx
Units
-- -mm
-- -N/[mm s0.5K]
N/[mm s0.5K]
mm
mm
mm
-- --- -J/[kg K]
mm
-- --
Where first
used
Eq 61
Eq 4
Eq 61
6.2.3
Eq 84
Eq 23
Eq 57
4.1.2
Eq 85
Eq 69
Eq 89, 90
4.1.2
Eq 69
(continued)
AGMA 925--A03
Table 1 (continued)
Symbol
Description
E1, E2
Er
Ft
(Ft)nom
Fwn
G
g
Hc
h
hc
hmin
K
KD
Km
Ko
Kv
k
ksump
Lx
Lmin
mn
n1
N
na
nr
P
P(x)
p
pbn
pbt
px
Q
Q(x)
R avgx
Ra1x, Ra2x
Rqx
Rqx avg
Rq1x, Rq2x
r1, r2
ra1, ra2
rb1, rb2
rw1
Sf
s
Units
N/mm2
N/mm2
N
N
N
-- --- --- --
Where first
used
Eq 58
Eq 57
Eq 42
Eq 40
Eq 43
Eq 65
Eq 69
Eq 65
m
mm
Eq 59
Eq 75
mm
-- --- --- --- --- --- --- -mm
mm
mm
rpm
cycles
-- --- -kW
-- -N/mm2
mm
mm
mm
-- --- -mm
Eq 102
Eq 84
Eq 41
Eq 41
Eq 41
Eq 41
Eq 74
Eq 91
Eq 77
Eq 25
Eq 2
Eq 33
Fig 14
Eq 25
Eq 25
Eq 40
8.2.2
Eq 64
Eq 10
Eq 9
Eq 11
Eq B.2
8.2.2
Eq 87
Eq 78
Eq 79
Eq 99
Eq 99
Eq 2, 3
Eq 19, 16
Eq 6, 7
Eq 4
ms (sec 10--3) Eq 97
-- -Eq 74
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
(continued)
AGMA 925--A03
Table 1 (continued)
Symbol
T
U(i)
u
v
ve
Description
Absolute temperature
Speed parameter
Gear ratio (always 1.0)
Velocity
Entraining velocity
Units
K
-- --- -m/s
m/s
Where first
used
Eq 61
Eq 65
Eq 1
Eq 59
Eq 39
m/s
Eq 36, 37
m/s
Eq 38
m/s
-- -N/mm
-- --- --
Eq 35
Eq 65
Eq 44
Eq 96
4.3
mm
-- --- --- --- -mm2/N
degrees
degrees
degrees
degrees
degrees
degrees
degrees
radians
radians
-- --- -mPas
mPas
mPas
mPas
mPas
mPas
C
Eq 21
7.5
Eq B.3
Eq 1
Eq 1
Eq 64
Eq 5
Eq 5
Eq 14
Eq 8
Eq 2
Eq 12
Eq 13
Eq 29
Eq 28
Eq 22
Eq 23
Eq 59
Eq 64
Eq 64
Eq 67
Eq 70
Eq 71
Eq 92
vt
W(i)
wn
XW
X
Z
ZN
ZQ
z1
z2
n
t
wn
wt
b
w
(i)
A ... E
atm
P
M
1, 2
40, 100
B
B max
fl
C
C
Eq 93
Eq 84
fl max
fl max, test
M
M, test
C
C
C
C
Eq 91
Eq 96
Eq 69
Eq 96
(i)
(continued)
4
AGMA 925--A03
Table 1 (concluded)
Symbol
oil
S
S
C
C
-- --
Where first
used
Eq 91
Eq 94
Annex A
1, 2
min
2b
C
-- --- --
Eq 70
Eq 104
Eq 76
M1, M2
W&H
my
mm
N/[s K]
-- --- --- --
Eq 89, 90
Eq 102
6.5.5
Eq 84
mmet
mm const
m min
1, 2
40, 100
M1, M2
1 , 2
-- --- -mm
mm2/s
-- -mm2/s
kg/m3
kg/m3
mm
Annex A
Eq 85
Eq 109
Eq 60
Eq 58
Eq 62
Eq 60
Eq 89, 90
4.1.5
mm
Eq 32
mm
Eq 31
mm
mm
mm
Eq 77
Eq 109
Eq 76
met
H
i
x
min
2b
H
i
1, 2
Description
4 Gear information
N/mm2
rad/s
Eq 59
Eq 33, 34
r1 =
(2)
(3)
aw
u1
(4)
tancos
n
(5)
Base radii
Gear ratio
z
u = z2
1
Units
(1)
r b1 = r 1 cos t
r b2 = r b1 u
(6)
(7)
AGMA 925--A03
r
wt = arccos r b1
w1
(8)
2 r b1
z1
wt
(9)
ra2
rb2
aw
p bn = m n cos n
HPSTC
(10)
Axial pitch
px =
mn
sin
(11)
p
b = arccos pbn
bt
A
CA
(12)
EAP
pbt
LPSTC
SAP
pbt
CB
CC
ra1
CD
rb1
tan
w = arctan cos b
wt
CE
CF
(13)
(14)
C F = a w sin wt
C A = C F r 2a2 r 2b2
(16)
bt
nr
= pb
na
--
= 0.0
(24)
CF
CC =
u1
C D = C A + p bt
L min =
(25)
(18)
--
(19)
L min =
C B = C E p bt
(20)
--
Z = CE CA
(21)
L min = b
0.5
(23)
-(17)
(22)
D
NOTE: For internal gears r a2 = i .
2
C E = r 2a1 r 2b1
0.5
b 1 n a1 n r p x
cos b
(26)
AGMA 925--A03
1 2
i i
r =
i
2 1
(31)
i
(28)
b1
r
n =
where
(32)
cos b
j = A, B, C, D, E
1 r w1
1000
Rolling (tangential) velocities
vt =
1 1
1 2
i i
r =
2 1
i
i
v r1 =
2 2
v r2 =
(35)
(37)
1000
(34)
(36)
1000
(33)
r b1
v s = v r1 v r2
i
i
i
(38)
v e = v r1 + v r2
i
i
i
CF
(39)
F t
Figure 2 -- Transverse relative radius of
curvature for external gears
(29)
where
A (i) E
i
P
= 1000
v
t
(40)
(41)
where
1 = r b1 i
i
2 = CF 1
nom
(30)
i
Ko
is overload factor;
Km
Kv
is dynamic factor.
AGMA 925--A03
F t = F t nom K D
(42)
Ft
(43)
cos wn cos w
F wn
L min
(44)
i A
B A
X = 1 for B i D
i
X = 1 + 6
7 7
i
E i
E D
(49)
for D < i E
(50)
1
6
7
1
7
A
i A
B A
for A i < B
(45)
X = 1 for B i D
i
X = 1 + 1
3 3
i
E i
E D
(46)
for D < i E
(47)
i A
B A
for A i < B
(51)
X = 1 for B i D
i
X = 6
7
i
E i
E D
(52)
1
1
2
3
6
7
1
3
1
7
A
AGMA 925--A03
5 Lubrication
X =
i
i A
B A
(54)
for A i < B
X = 1 for B i D
i
X =
i
E i
E D
(55)
(56)
for D < i E
= 10 9
dv
dh
(59)
where:
4.4 Hertzian contact band
The semi--width of the rectangular contact band is
given by:
0.5
8 Xi wn ni
b H =
i
Er
i
Er
is velocity, m/s;
dv is
dh
sometimes listed as .
wn
(57)
where
X
Er = 2
1 21
E1
1 22
E2
(58)
where
1, 2 is Poissons ratio (pinion, gear);
E1, E2 is modulus of elasticity,
gear).
N/mm2
(pinion,
= 10 3
(60)
where:
is density, kg/m3.
AGMA 925--A03
then
Lubricant viscosity varies inversely with temperature. A truly ideal fluid would have a viscosity that is
constant over all temperature. ASTM method D341
[10] can be used to obtain the viscosity--temperature
relationship. A simplified form can be used to
estimate the kinematic viscosity of a fluid at a given
temperature if there is some viscometric information
available for the fluid at two other temperatures (see
equation 61).
(61)
where:
T
is absolute temperature, K;
10
where
P
atm is viscosity
mPas;
at
atmospheric
pressure,
(63)
P = atm e p
(62)
AGMA 925--A03
H c = 3.06
G 0.56U 0.69
W i
i
0.10
(65)
where
(i)
d=
(as a subscript) defines a point on the line of
action,
2E r n
10 6
log 10 40 + 0.9
d log 10 1 + 273.15)
(71)
(72)
M = 10 g 0.9
(69)
where
d
(73)
where
g = 10 c M + 273.15
Er n
(70)
(67)
X wn
+273.15
log 10 2
1+273.15
log 10 1+0.9
(66)
G = Er
W i =
log 10 2+0.9
d = 13.13525 log 10
materials parameter, G
U i =
log 10
= k sM
(74)
(75)
11
AGMA 925--A03
PAO -- based
synthetic non-VI improved oil
PAG -- based
synthetic2)
MIL--L--7808K
Grade 3
MIL--L--7808K
Grade 4
MIL--L--23699E
ISO VG1)
32
46
68
100
150
220
320
460
680
1000
1500
2200
3200
150
220
320
460
680
1000
1500
2200
3200
6800
100
150
220
320
460
680
1000
40
27.17816
39.35879
58.64514
86.91484
131.4335
194.2414
284.6312
412.0824
613.8288
909.4836
1374.931
2031.417
2975.954
128.5772
189.9828
278.3370
402.8943
600.0179
868.1710
1310.350
1933.070
2827.726
6077.362
102.630
153.950
225.790
328.430
472.130
697.920
1026.37
100
4.294182
5.440514
7.059163
9.251199
12.27588
15.98296
20.60709
26.34104
34.24003
38.56783
49.58728
62.69805
78.56109
16.17971
21.60933
28.66405
37.54020
53.20423
68.60767
91.03300
118.0509
151.2132
244.5559
19.560
27.380
40.090
56.710
77.250
113.43
163.30
c
10.20076
10.07933
9.90355
9.65708
9.42526
9.24059
9.09300
8.96420
8.84572
9.25943
9.19946
9.15646
9.13012
7.99428
7.79927
7.63035
7.49799
7.16434
7.12008
7.07678
7.06113
7.06594
7.11907
6.42534
6.19586
5.76552
5.49394
5.35027
5.06011
4.85075
d
--4.02279
--3.95628
--3.86833
--3.75377
--3.64563
--3.55832
--3.48706
--3.42445
--3.36585
--3.52128
--3.48702
--3.46064
--3.44157
--3.07304
--2.98154
--2.90169
--2.83762
--2.69277
--2.66528
--2.63766
--2.62221
--2.61561
--2.62091
--2.45259
--2.34616
--2.16105
--2.04065
--1.97254
--1.84558
--1.75175
k
0.010471
0.010471
0.010471
0.010471
0.010471
0.010471
0.010471
0.010471
0.010471
0.010471
0.010471
0.010471
0.010471
0.010326
0.010326
0.010326
0.010326
0.010326
0.010326
0.010326
0.010326
0.010326
0.010326
0.0047
0.0047
0.0047
0.0047
0.0047
0.0047
0.0047
s
0.1348
0.1348
0.1348
0.1348
0.1348
0.1348
0.1348
0.1348
0.1348
0.1348
0.1348
0.1348
0.1348
0.0507
0.0507
0.0507
0.0507
0.0507
0.0507
0.0507
0.0507
0.0507
0.0507
0.1572
0.1572
0.1572
0.1572
0.1572
0.1572
0.1572
12
11.35364
2.701402
9.58596
--3.82619
0.005492
0.25472
17
16.09154
3.609883
9.08217
--3.60300
0.005492
0.25472
23
22.56448
4.591235
8.91638
--3.51779
0.006515
0.16530
NOTES:
1) (mm2/s)
40
2) Copolymer of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide in 50% weight ratio.
12
H
i
H
i
2b
(76)
H
i
AGMA 925--A03
1 000 000
ISO VG
3200
2200
100 000
1500
1000
680
460
10 000
320
220
150
100
1000
68
46
32
100
10
1
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Temperature (K)
2b
H
i
0.5
Lx
x 2b
Hi
hc
x = Ra 21x + Ra 22x
0.5
(77)
(78)
where
2b
H
i
Lx
13
AGMA 925--A03
Rq 2x L x
where
also [25]:
Ra x =
(79)
2 Rqx
(80)
(81)
1 000 000
ISO VG
6800
100 000
3200
2200
1500
1000
680
10 000
460
320
220
150
1000
100
10
1
200
300
350
400
450
500
Temperature (K)
Figure 8 -- Dynamic viscosity versus temperature for PAO--based synthetic non--VI--improved oils
14
250
AGMA 925--A03
Ra 2b
H
i
= Ra 0.8
0.8
0.5
i
L0.8
2b H
= Ra
0.5
2
2
10.8 + Ra 2 0.8
yields equation 83
(82)
0.5
i L
2b
= 0.8
0.8 2b H
H
i
i
hc
(83)
1010000000
000 000
1000000
1 000
000
100
000
100000
1010000
000
1000
1000
100
100
ISO VG
1000
680
460
320
220
150
100
10
10
11
200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400 425 450 475 500
Temperature (K)
Figure 9 -- Dynamic viscosity versus temperature for PAG--based synthetic oils
15
AGMA 925--A03
1000
MIL--L--23699E
MIL--L--7808K Grade 4
100
Dynamic viscosity (mPas)
MIL--L--7808K Grade 3
10
0.1
200
250
300
350
Temperature (K)
400
450
500
Mineral oil
MIL--L--7808K
MIL--L--23699E
Synthetic oil (PAO)
Synthetic oil (PAG)
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.1
10
100
1000
Dynamic viscosity (mPas)
10 000
6 Scuffing
6.1 General
The term scuffing as used in this information sheet is
defined as localized damage caused by solid--phase
welding between surfaces in relative motion. It is
accompanied by transfer of metal from one surface
to another due to welding and subsequent tearing,
and may occur in any highly loaded contact where
the oil film is too thin to adequately separate the
surfaces. Scuffing appears as a matte, rough finish
due to the microscopic tearing at the surface. It
occurs most commonly at extreme end regions of the
contact path or near points of single tooth contact.
Scuffing is also known generically as severe
adhesive wear.
Scoring was a term commonly used in the U.S. to
describe the same phenomenon now defined as
scuffing (welding and tearing of mating surfaces).
See ANSI/AGMA 1010--E95 or ISO 10825:1995.
6.1.1 Mechanism of scuffing
The basic mechanism of scuffing is caused by
intense frictional heat generated by a combination of
high sliding velocity and high contact stress.
Scuffing occurs under thin film, boundary lubrication
conditions and can be affected by physical and
chemical properties of the lubricant, nature of the
oxide films, and gear material.
When gear teeth are separated by a thick lubricant
film, contact between surface asperities is minimized and there is usually no scuffing. As lubricant
film thickness decreases, asperity contact increases
and scuffing becomes more probable. A very thin
film, such as in boundary lubrication, together with a
high contact temperature suggests a high probability
of scuffing is possible in the absence of antiscuff
additives in the lubricant.
6.1.2 Probability of scuffing
Bloks [1] contact temperature theory states that
scuffing will occur in gear teeth that are sliding under
boundary--lubricated conditions, when the maximum contact temperature reaches a critical
magnitude. The contact temperature is the sum of
two components: the flash temperature and the
tooth temperature. See 6.4.
Scuffing most commonly occurs at one of the two
extreme end regions of the contact path or near the
points of single tooth contact.
AGMA 925--A03
formula
for
flash
bH
0.5
v r1 v r2
i
i
B M1 v r1
i
0.5
0.5
(84)
+ B M2 v r2
i
where
is 0.80, numerical factor valid for a semi-elliptic (Hertzian) distribution of frictional
heat over the instantaneous width, 2 bH, of
the rectangular contact band;
mm
X
wn
v r1
17
AGMA 925--A03
v r2
(85)
avgx
1.13
3.0
1.13 R avgx
(86)
29 700 Xiwn
log 10
m m = 0.0127 C R
2
i
avgx
Mvsivei
(88)
vs
ve
0.5
B M2 = M2 M2 c M2
0.5
(89)
(90)
AGMA 925--A03
(91)
B = M + fl
i
i
where
fl
Oil
Pinion
Case
Friction power
Gear
Air
Shafts
Bearings
Friction
power
Figure 12 -- Example of thermal network
19
AGMA 925--A03
B max
i
fl
fl max
i
S = 63 + 33 ln 40
where
40
(94)
(93)
where
fl max is maximum flash temperature, C (see
6.2).
6.5 Scuffing temperature
The scuffing temperature is the temperature in the
tooth contact zone at which scuffing is likely to occur
with the chosen combination of lubricant and gear
materials. The scuffing temperature is assumed to
be a characteristic value for the material--lubricant
system of a gear pair, to be determined by gear tests
with the same material--lubricant system.
When B max (see figure 13) reaches the scuffing
temperature of the system, scuffing is likely. The
mean scuffing temperature is the temperature at
which there is a 50% chance of scuffing.
6.5.1 Mean scuffing temperature for mineral oils
Scuffing temperatures for mineral oils with low
concentrations of antiscuff additives are independent of operating conditions. Viscosity grade is a
convenient index of oil composition, and thus of
scuffing temperature.
Equations 94 and 95 are approximate guides for
mineral oils and steels typical of IAE and FZG test
20
(95)
S = 118 + 33 ln 40
6.5.2 Mean scuffing temperature for oils and
steels typical of aerospace industry
Lubricant
MIL--L--7808
MIL--L--23699
DERD2487
DERD2497
DOD--L--85734
ISO VG 32 PAO
DexronR II1)
Mean scuffing
temperature, C
205
220
225
240
260
280
290
NOTE:
1) DexronR is a registered trademark of General
Motors Corporation.
(96)
where
XW
M, test
XW
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.50
1.15
1.00
0.85
0.45
y = B max
my = s
y = 0.15 s
Table 5 gives the evaluation of scuffing risk based on
the probability of scuffing [7].
Table 5 -- Scuffing risk
Probability of scuffing
<10%
10 to 30%
>30%
AGMA 925--A03
Scuffing risk
Low
Moderate
High
21
AGMA 925--A03
is Hertzian pressure;
is sliding velocity;
(97)
where
Sf
bH
vs
AGMA 925--A03
--
--
--
--
--
--
23
AGMA 925--A03
7.4.4 Regime I
This regime of lubrication, characterized by boundary lubrication, occurs mainly when gears have low
pitch line velocities, little care is taken to ensure that
an adequate supply of clean, cool oil is available (of
adequate viscosity and formulation), and relatively
rough surface finishes are achieved on the gearing.
Many types of gearing can fall into this range of
operation, including all types mentioned above.
Dudley used fatigue curves generated for ball and
roller bearings as a basis for regime I stress cycle
factor curves. These curves, first developed in the
1940s, indicated that with a ten--fold increase in
AGMA 925--A03
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
Regime III
Regime II
0.40
0.30
Regime I
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
1010
1011
1012
ZN =
3.83441 N 0.094
ZN =
7.82078 N 0.156
25
AGMA 925--A03
8 Wear
Wear is a term describing change to a gear tooth
surface involving removal or displacement of material, due to mechanical, chemical or electrical action.
In the boundary lubrication regime, some wear is
inevitable. Many gears, because of practical limits on
lubricant viscosity, speed and temperature, must
operate under boundary lubricated conditions.
Mild wear occurs during running--in and usually
subsides with time, resulting in a tolerable wear rate
and a satisfactory lifetime for the gearset. Wear that
occurs during running--in may be beneficial if it
smoothes tooth surfaces (increasing specific film
thickness) and increases the area of contact by
removing minor imperfections through local wear.
The amount of wear that is tolerable depends on the
expected lifetime for the gearset, and on requirements for noise and vibration. Wear rate may
become excessive if tooth profiles are worn to the
extent that high dynamic loads are encountered.
Excessive wear may also be caused by contamination of the lubricant by abrasive particles. When wear
becomes aggressive and is not preempted by
scuffing or bending fatigue, wear and pitting will likely
compete for the predominate failure mode.
8.1 Abrasive wear
Abrasive wear is removal or displacement of material due to the presence of hard particles suspended in
26
(98)
AGMA 925--A03
10
5%
40%
80%
0.1
0.01
0.1
10
Pitch line velocity (m/s)
100
1000
roughness
1.316 times the Dowson and Higginson [17] minimum film thickness, hmin, used by the Wellauer and
Holloway paper [20].
Rq x avg =
Rq1x + Rq 2x
2
surface
(99)
where
Rq1x, Rq2x is root mean square surface roughness, pinion and gear respectively, for
filter cutoff length, Lx, mm.
Composite surface roughness used in this information sheet is root mean square average of average
surface roughness, see equation 78.
If Rq1x = Rq2x and Ra1x = Ra2x (similar surface
roughnesses),
x = 2 Ra1x = 2 Ra 2x
(100)
Rq x avg = Rq 1x = Rq 2x
(101)
W&H =
h min
Rqx avg
(102)
(104)
x avg
(105)
min = 1.033 W&H
and is used to adjust the specific film thickness
provided by Wellauer and Holloway. This vertical
axis adjustment is now reflected in figure 15.
27
AGMA 925--A03
+ 0.47767
5% = 2.68863
vt
+ 0.64585
40% = 4.90179
vt
80% = 9.29210
+ 0.95507
vt
(106)
(107)
(108)
min m min
min
(ref [24])
(109)
where
x
min
P (x) = 20%
x 80% = 0.84163389
Use several film thickness values from figure 15 to
find how mean minimum specific film thickness,
m min, and standard deviation of the minimum
specific film thickness, min, vary with pitch line
velocity. An example is shown below:
v t = 5 ms
5% = 0.9849
40% = 0.6149
This gives the following equations that are solved for
min:
1.6449 =
0.2534 =
0.9849 m min
min
0.6149 m min
min
0.9849 m min
0.2659
m min = 0.9849 1.6449 (0.2659)
m min = 0.5475
This process was repeated for all data points along
the curves in the following combinations: 5%--40%,
40%--80% and 5%--80%. Results of these calculations were averaged and the values are shown in
table 7.
Q (x) = 5%
P (x) = 95%
x 5% = 1.64491438
40%:
Q (x) = 40%
P (x) = 60%
x 40% = 0.25335825
80%:
28
Q (x) = 80%
min
, and the
for vt 5 m/s
m min = 5.43389
+ 0.71012
vt
(110)
min =
(111)
m min = 5.47432
+ 0.70153
vt
min =
(112)
(113)
Association of a mean and standard deviation with
each pitch line velocity allows the probability of wear
distress to be assigned given specific EHL operating
conditions using the procedure of annex B and
using:
y = min
m y = m min
y = min
AGMA 925--A03
m min
0.04455408
0.08636353
0.16271966
0.23073618
0.29172511
0.34673387
0.39660952
0.44204486
0.48361240
0.52178951
0.55697759
0.80016431
0.93691698
1.02464932
1.08573704
1.13072662
1.16524421
1.19256659
1.21473204
1.23307514
1.32309469
1.35614631
1.37331023
1.38382249
min
0.02496302
0.04757665
0.08689583
0.11982298
0.14771523
0.17158123
0.19218459
0.21011292
0.22582491
0.23968331
0.25197825
0.32484801
0.35693985
0.37431229
0.38496185
0.39205782
0.39707727
0.40079104
0.40363655
0.40587858
0.41541491
0.41831071
0.41968741
0.42048785
29
AGMA 925--A03
30
AGMA 925--A03
Annex A
(informative)
Flow chart for evaluating scuffing risk and oil film thickness
[The foreword, footnotes and annexes, if any, are provided for informational purposes only and should not be
construed as a part of AGMA 925--A03, Effect of Lubrication on Gear Surface Distress.]
START
P1
Tip
profile modification
0 = none
1 = modified for high load capacity
2 = modified for smooth meshing
mmet
method
for
approximating
mean
coefficient of friction
1 = Kelley and AGMA 217.01 method
(constant)
2 = Benedict and Kelley method (variable)
Other = enter own value for mm (constant)
of
calculating
scuffing
S met method
temperature, s
0 = from test gears (need to also input
fl max, test, M, test and XW from table 4
1 = R&O mineral oil
2 = EP mineral oil
Other = enter own value of s (C), (see
table 3)
31
AGMA 925--A03
P1
u
r1
r2
rw1
t
rb1
rb2
wt
pbt
pbn
px
b
w
wn
(Eq 1)
(Eq 2)
(Eq 3)
(Eq 4)
(Eq 5)
(Eq 6)
(Eq 7)
(Eq 8)
(Eq 9)
(Eq 10)
(Eq 11)
(Eq 12)
(Eq 13)
(Eq 14)
CF
CA
CC
CD
CE
CB
Z
(Eq 15)
(Eq 16)
(Eq 17)
(Eq 18)
(Eq 19)
(Eq 20)
(Eq 21)
(Eq 23)
na = fractional part of
(1 n r) n a
yes
(Eq 22)
nr = fractional part of
Lmin
(Eq 25)
1
2
vt
(Ft)nom
KD
Ft
Fwn
wn
Er
(Eq 33)
(Eq 34)
(Eq 35)
(Eq 40)
(Eq 41)
(Eq 42)
(Eq 43)
(Eq 44)
(Eq 58)
R avg
(Eq 87)
CR
no
helical gear
yes
spur gear
32
(Eq 24)
Lmin
(Eq 27)
avgx
m m const
=0
no
(Eq 86)
(Eq 85)
(Eq 78)
P2
Lmin
(Eq 26)
AGMA 925--A03
P2
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
(Eq 28)
A, B, C, D, E = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
i=1
i>5
Xi
Xi
Xi
(Eq 45)
(Eq 46)
(Eq 47)
Xi
Xi
Xi
(Eq 54)
(Eq 55)
(Eq 56)
Xi
Xi
Xi
(Eq 48)
(Eq 49)
(Eq 50)
Xi
Xi
Xi
(Eq 51)
(Eq 52)
(Eq 53)
yes
no
i = A + (i 6 )
E A
(nop 1)
(Eq 29)
(Eq 30)
(Eq 31)
(Eq 32)
(Eq 36)
(Eq 37)
(Eq 38)
(Eq 39)
1i
2i
ri
ni
vr1i
vr2i
vsi
vei
yes
yes
no
(eq 57)
bH1
yes
Tip = 0
i = i+ 1
no
Tip = 2
no
i = nop + 6
yes
Driver = 1
no
P3
33
AGMA 925--A03
P3
K = 0.8
yes
M = 0
yes
no
(M input)
mmet = 2
no
yes
(Eq 85)
mm const
mm const = mmet
M = 0
M = 0
mmet = 1
no
no
(M & input)
yes
yes
no
(M &
input)
mm const
M*
(Eq 69)
(Eq 74)
(Eq 85)
Call subroutine
Max_Flash_Temp
fl max
Call subroutine
Max_Flash_Temp
fl max
Call subroutine
Max_Flash_Temp
fl max
(Eq 91)
P3A
yes
M = 0
(Eq 91)
no
(M input)
yes
M1 = M
Call subroutine
Max_Flash_Temp
fl max
M*
(Eq 69)
(Eq 74)
mm const = 0
M = 0
P3A
(Eq 69)
(Eq 74)
no
(o & input)
same
page
Call subroutine
Max_Flash_Temp
fl max
P4
yes
* See table 2 for constants in these equations calculated per 71 and 73.
34
(Eq 91)
no
AGMA 925--A03
P4
(Eq 66)
hmin = 100
no
i=1
U(i)
(Eq 67)
W(i)
(Eq 68)
min = 2bH(i)
i=i+1
no
i = nop + 6
yes
Hc(i)
(Eq 65)
hc(i)
(Eq 75)
(eq 93)
B max
P5
no
hmin = hc(i)
2bH(i)
(Eq 77)
35
AGMA 925--A03
P5
yes
S met = 0
Srisk = low
no
yes
S (eq 96)
no
yes
S (Eq 95)
no
s = S met
S risk = high
yes
S (eq 94)
no
Srisk = moderate
no
test gears
(need fl max, test,
M test & XW input)
S met = 1
yes
P scuff 0.30
Rq1x
(Eq 98)
Rq2x
(Eq 98)
Rqx avg
(Eq 99)
min
(Eq 105)
no
v t 5 ms
EP Mineral Oil
yes
m min
(Eq 110)
min
(Eq 111)
y = B max
m min
(Eq 112)
my = s
min
(Eq 113)
y = 0.15 s
Call subroutine
Probability
y = min
m y = m min
y = min
Return POF
Pscuff = POF
36
AGMA 925--A03
Subroutine Probability
y, m y, y input
x (eq B.1)
yes
Q = 0.05
no
t (eq B.4)
ZQ (eq B.3)
Q (eq B.2)
x>0
no
yes
POF = 1.0 -- Q
POF = Q
Return POF
37
AGMA 925--A03
Subroutine Max_Flash_Temp
i=1
fl max = 0
mm const = 0
no
yes
mm is a (given) constant
or calculated by equation
85 (AGMA 217.01 and
Kelley)
s(i) or X(i)
< mach**
yes
no
mm(i)
(Eq 88)
(Benedict and Kelley)
mm(i) = mm const
mm(i) = 0
yes
mm(i) or bH(i)
< mach**
yes
no
mm(i) = 0
no
yes
fl max = fl(i)
(Eq 84)
fl(i)
fl(i) = 0
i=i+ 1
i = nop + 6
yes
Return
**Eq 88 is not valid at vs(i) = 0 or X(i) = 0 or near zero, and Eq 84 is not valid at bH(i) = 0 or near zero.
mach is a small finite number (e.g., 10 --10). In case the calculated mm(i) < 0, set mm(i) = 0.
38
no
AGMA 925--A03
Annex B
(informative)
Normal or Gaussian probability
[The foreword, footnotes and annexes, if any, are provided for informational purposes only and should not be
construed as a part of AGMA 925--A03, Effect of Lubrication on Gear Surface Distress.]
where
y m y
y
(B.1)
ZQ
Probability of failure:
if x > 0, then:
probability of failure = 1 -- Q;
where
else
probability of failure = Q
my
where
Evaluation of Q:
ZQ
0.5(x )
= 0.3989422804 e
(B.3)
b 1 = 0.319381530
b 2 = 0.356563782
b 3 = 1.781477937
b 4 = 1.821255978
Q = 0.05;
b 5 = 1.330274429
else
Q = Z Q b 1t + b 2t 2 + b 3t 3 + b 4t 4 + b 5t 5
(B.2)
p = 0.2316419
1
t=
1 + p|x|
(B.4)
39
AGMA 925--A03
40
AGMA 925--A03
Annex C
(informative)
Test rig gear data
[The foreword, footnotes and annexes, if any, are provided for informational purposes only and should not be
construed as a part of AGMA 925--A03, Effect of Lubrication on Gear Surface Distress.]
41
42
Pinion torque
range
Primary wear
assessment
a
mn
n
wt
z1
z2
b
ra1
ra2
x1
x2
Quality number
Quality standard
Ra1
Ra2
n1
oil
Ref document
Symbol
AGMA 925--A03
Nm
mm
mm
rpm
deg C
-- --
mm
mm
deg
deg
deg
-- --- -mm
mm
mm
-- --- --- --
Units
91.5
4.5
20
0
22.44
16
24
20
44.385
56.25
0.8635
-- 0.5103
5
ISO 1328
0.3 -- 0.7
0.3 -- 0.7
2170
90--140
ISO 14635--1
ASTM
D5182--97
CEC
L--07--A--95
3.3 -- 534.5
Scuffing
FZG A
3.3--534.5
91.5
4.5
20
0
22.44
16
24
10
44.385
56.25
0.8635
--0.5103
5
ISO 1328
0.3 -- 0.7
0.3 -- 0.7
2170
90--120
ISO/WD
14635--2
Scuffing
FZG A10
135 -- 376
Pitting (micro
& macro)
91.5
4.5
20
0
22.44
16
24
14
41.23
59.18
0.1817
0.1715
5
DIN 3962
0.3 -- 0.5
0.3 -- 0.5
2250
90--120
FVA Info
Sheet
54/7
FZG C
28 -- 265
91.5
4.5
20
0
22.44
16
24
14
41.23
59.18
0.1817
0.1715
5
DIN 3962
0.4 -- 0.6
0.4 -- 0.6
2250
90
FVA Info
Sheet
54/I--IV
FZG
C -- GF
Micropitting
0 -- 100
88.9
3.175
20
0
20
28
28
6.35/2.8
47.625
47.625
0
0
13
AGMA 2000
0.3 -- 0.4
0.3 -- 0.4
10000
49 -- 77
NASA
TP -- 2047
(1982)
Pitting
NASA
0 -- 270
88.9
3.175
22.5
0
22.5
28
28
6.35
47.22
47.22
0
0
13
AGMA 2000
0.46 -- 0.64
0.46 -- 0.64
10000
74
ASTM
D1947--83
(1984)
Scuffing
Ryder
250 -- 400
Pitting (micro
& macro)
91.5
3.629
20
0
21.31
20
30
14
40.82
58.18
0.2231
0.0006
12--13
AGMA 2000
0.5 -- 0.8
0.5 -- 0.8
2250
80
-- --
AGMA
20 -- 407
82.55
5.08
20
0
26.25
15
16
4.76
45.02
47.69
0.3625
0.3875
5
ISO 1328
0.3 -- 0.8
0.3 -- 0.8
4K -- 6K
70 -- 110
IP166/77
(1992)
Scuffing
IAE
AGMA 925--A03
Annex D
(informative)
Example calculations
[The foreword, footnotes and annexes, if any, are provided for informational purposes only and should not be
construed as a part of AGMA 925--A03, Effect of Lubrication on Gear Surface Distress.]
******************************************************************************
SCUFFING AND WEAR RISK ANALYSIS ver 1.0.9 -- AGMA925--A03
SCORING+ EX.#1
DATE:2002/04/18
TIME:08:08:23
******************************************************************************
***** GENERAL AND GEOMETRY INPUT DATA *****
SCORING+ EX.#1
Input unit (=1 SI, =2 Inch)
(iInputUnit)
1.000000
Output unit (=1 SI, =2 Inch)
(iOutputUnit)
1.000000
Gear type (=1 external, =2 internal)
(iType)
1.000000
Driving member (=1 pinion, =2 gear)
(iDriver)
2.000000
Number of pinion teeth
(z1)
21.000000
Number of gear teeth
(z2)
26.000000
Normal module
(mn)
4.000000 mm
Helix angle
(Beta)
0.000000 deg
Operating center distance
(aw)
96.000000 mm
Normal generating pressure angle
(Alphan)
20.000000 deg
Standard outside radius, pinion
(ra1)
46.570900 mm
Standard outside radius, gear
(ra2)
57.277000 mm
Face width
(b)
66.040000 mm
Profile mod (=0 none, =1 hi load, =2 smooth)
(iTip)
1.000000
***** Material input data *****
Modulus of elasticity, pinion
(E1) 206842.718795 N/mm^2
Modulus of elasticity, gear
(E2) 206842.718795 N/mm^2
Poissons ratio, pinion
(Nu1)
0.300000
Poissons ratio, gear
(Nu2)
0.300000
Average surface roughness at Lx, pinion
(Ra1x)
0.508000 mu m
Average surface roughness at Lx, gear
(Ra2x)
0.508000 mu m
Filter cutoff of wavelength x
(Lx)
0.800000 mm
Method for approximate mean coef. friction
(Mumet)
1.000000
Welding factor
(Xw)
1.000000
***** Load data *****
Pinion speed
(n1)
308.570000 rpm
Transmitted power
(P)
20.619440 kW
Overload factor
(Ko)
1.000000
Load distribution factor
(Km)
1.400000
Dynamic factor
(Kv)
1.063830
***** Lubrication data *****
Lubricant type (=1 Mineral, =2 Synthetic,
=3 MIL--L--7808K, =4 MIL--L--23699E)
(iLubeType)
1.000000
ISO viscosity grade number
(nIsoVG)
460.000000
Kinematic viscosity at 40 deg C
(Nu40)
407.000000 mm^2/s
***** Input temperature data *****
Tooth temperature
(ThetaM)
82.222222 deg C
Thermal contact coefficient, pinion
(BM1)
16.533725 N/[mm s^.5K]
Thermal contact coefficient, gear
(BM2)
16.533725 N/[mm s^.5K]
Oil inlet or sump temperature
(Thetaoil)
71.111111 deg C
Parameter for calculating tooth temperature
(ksump)
1.000000
Dynamic viscosity at gear tooth temperature
(EtaM)
43.000000 mPas
Pressure--viscosity coefficient
(Alpha)
0.022045 mm^2/N
Method of calculating scuffing temperature
(Thetasmet)
2.000000
Maximum flash temperatrue of test gears
(Thetaflmaxtest)
0.000000
Tooth temperature of test gear
(ThetaMtest)
0.000000
Number of calculation points
(nNop)
25.000000
43
AGMA 925--A03
******************************************************************************
SCUFFING AND WEAR RISK ANALYSIS ver 1.0.9 -- AGMA925--A03
SCORING+ EX.#1
DATE:2002/04/18
TIME:08:08:23
******************************************************************************
***** GEOMETRY CALCULATION *****
Gear ratio
(u)
1.238095
Standard pitch radius, pinion
(r1)
42.000000 mm
Standard pitch radius, gear
(r2)
52.000000 mm
Pinion operating pitch radius
(rw1)
42.893617 mm
Transverse generating pressure angle
(Alphat)
20.000000 deg
Base radius, pinion
(rb1)
39.467090 mm
Base radius, gear
(rb2)
48.864016 mm
Transverse operating pressure angle
(Alphawt)
23.056999 deg
Transverse base pitch
(pbt)
11.808526 mm
Normal base pitch
(pbn)
11.808526 mm
Axial pitch
(px)
---------------Base helix angle
(Betab)
0.000000 deg
Operating helix angle
(Betaw)
0.000000 deg
Normal operating pressure angle
(Alphawn)
23.056999 deg
Distance along line of action -- Point A
(CA)
7.715600 mm
Distance along line of action -- Point B
(CB)
12.913884 mm
Distance along line of action -- Point C
(CC)
16.799142 mm
Distance along line of action -- Point D
(CD)
19.524126 mm
Distance along line of action -- Point E
(CE)
24.722409 mm
Distance along line of action -- Point F
(CF)
37.598080 mm
Active length of line of action
(Z)
17.006810 mm
Transverse contact ratio
(EpsAlpha)
1.440214
Fractional part of EpsAlpha
(nr)
0.440214
Axial contact ratio
(EpsBeta)
0.000000
Fractional part of EpsBeta
(na)
0.000000
Minimum contact length
(Lmin)
66.040000 mm
***** GEAR TOOTH VELOCITY AND LOADS *****
Rotational (angular) velocity, pinion
(Omega1)
32.313375
Rotational (angular) velocity, gear
(Omega2)
26.099264
Operating pitch line velocity
(vt)
1.386038
Nominal tangential load
(Ftnom)
14876.538066
Combined derating factor
(KD)
1.489362
Actual tangential load
(Ft)
22156.550486
Normal operating load
(Fwn)
24080.178937
Normal unit load
(wn)
364.630208
rad/s
rad/s
m/s
N
N
N
N/mm
44
AGMA 925--A03
**********************************************************************************
SCUFFING AND WEAR RISK ANALYSIS ver 1.0.9 -- AGMA925--A03
SCORING+ EX.#1
DATE:2002/04/18
TIME:08:08:23
**********************************************************************************
***** LOAD SHARING RATIO AND bH *****
Index
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
Roll
Ang(rad)
0.19549
0.32721
0.42565
0.49469
0.62641
XGamma
0.14286
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
0.00000
Rhon(mm)
6.13226
8.47833
9.29314
9.38554
8.46633
bH
0.05982
0.18610
0.19484
0.19581
0.00000
Index
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
(
(
(
(
(
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
0.19549
0.21345
0.23140
0.24936
0.26731
0.14286
0.25970
0.37654
0.49339
0.61023
6.13226
6.53669
6.91441
7.26541
7.58971
0.05982
0.08327
0.10313
0.12101
0.13755
(
(
(
(
(
( 6)
( 7)
( 8)
( 9)
( 10)
( 11)
( 12)
( 13)
( 14)
( 15)
0.28527
0.30322
0.32118
0.33913
0.35709
0.37504
0.39300
0.41095
0.42890
0.44686
0.72708
0.84392
0.96076
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
7.88729
8.15816
8.40233
8.61978
8.81052
8.97455
9.11187
9.22247
9.30637
9.36356
0.15306
0.16770
0.18160
0.18765
0.18971
0.19147
0.19293
0.19410
0.19498
0.19558
( 6)
( 7)
( 8)
( 9)
( 10)
( 11)
( 12)
( 13)
( 14)
( 15)
( 16)
( 17)
( 18)
( 19)
( 20)
0.46481
0.48277
0.50072
0.51868
0.53663
1.00000
1.00000
0.81791
0.70106
0.58422
9.39403
9.39780
9.37485
9.32520
9.24883
0.19589
0.19593
0.17698
0.16342
0.14857
( 16)
( 17)
( 18)
( 19)
( 20)
( 21)
( 22)
( 23)
( 24)
( 25)
0.55459
0.57254
0.59050
0.60845
0.62641
0.46737
0.35053
0.23369
0.11684
0.00000
9.14575
9.01596
8.85946
8.67625
8.46633
0.13214
0.11362
0.09196
0.06435
0.00000
( 21)
( 22)
( 23)
( 24)
( 25)
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
(Eta40C)
(Eta100C)
(c_coef)
(d_coef)
(k_coef)
(s_coef)
(Mumet)
(CRavgx)
(Mumconst)
412.082400
26.341040
8.964201
--3.424449
0.010471
0.134800
1.000000
1.816720
0.109003
mPas
mPas
45
AGMA 925--A03
**********************************************************************************
SCUFFING AND WEAR RISK ANALYSIS ver 1.0.9 -- AGMA925--A03
SCORING+ EX.#1
DATE:2002/04/18
TIME:08:08:23
**********************************************************************************
**** Calculate flash temperature ****
Index
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
K
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
Mum
0.1090
0.1090
0.1090
0.1090
0.0000
XGamma
0.1429
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0000
bH (mm)
0.059822
0.186102
0.194840
0.195806
0.000000
vs (m/s)
0.5306
0.2269
0.0000
0.1592
0.4628
vr1 (m/s)
0.2493
0.4173
0.5428
0.6309
0.7989
vr2 (m/s)
0.7799
0.6442
0.5428
0.4717
0.3360
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.1090
0.1090
0.1090
0.1090
0.1090
0.1429
0.2597
0.3765
0.4934
0.6102
0.059822
0.083275
0.103129
0.121010
0.137549
0.5306
0.4892
0.4478
0.4064
0.3650
0.2493
0.2722
0.2951
0.3180
0.3409
0.7799
0.7614
0.7429
0.7244
0.7059
13.6320
19.2004
22.7228
24.7713
25.6466
(
(
(
(
(
( 6)
( 7)
( 8)
( 9)
( 10)
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.1090
0.1090
0.1090
0.1090
0.1090
0.7271
0.8439
0.9608
1.0000
1.0000
0.153056
0.167704
0.181595
0.187648
0.189713
0.3236
0.2822
0.2408
0.1995
0.1581
0.3638
0.3867
0.4096
0.4325
0.4554
0.6874
0.6689
0.6505
0.6320
0.6135
25.5359
24.5661
22.8276
19.2753
15.1349
( 6)
( 7)
( 8)
( 9)
( 10)
( 11)
( 12)
( 13)
( 14)
( 15)
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.1090
0.1090
0.1090
0.1090
0.1090
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.191471
0.192930
0.194098
0.194979
0.195577
0.1167
0.0753
0.0339
0.0075
0.0489
0.4783
0.5012
0.5241
0.5470
0.5699
0.5950
0.5765
0.5580
0.5395
0.5210
11.0832
7.1033
3.1799
0.7011
4.5531
( 11)
( 12)
( 13)
( 14)
( 15)
( 16)
( 17)
( 18)
( 19)
( 20)
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.1090
0.1090
0.1090
0.1090
0.1090
1.0000
1.0000
0.8179
0.7011
0.5842
0.195895
0.195934
0.176983
0.163420
0.148569
0.0903
0.1317
0.1731
0.2145
0.2559
0.5928
0.6157
0.6386
0.6615
0.6844
0.5025
0.4840
0.4655
0.4470
0.4285
8.3886
12.2201
13.8125
15.2621
15.9136
( 16)
( 17)
( 18)
( 19)
( 20)
( 21)
( 22)
( 23)
( 24)
( 25)
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.1090
0.1090
0.1090
0.1090
0.0000
0.4674
0.3505
0.2337
0.1168
0.0000
0.132141
0.113623
0.091964
0.064352
0.000000
0.2973
0.3386
0.3800
0.4214
0.4628
0.7073
0.7302
0.7531
0.7760
0.7989
0.4100
0.3915
0.3730
0.3545
0.3360
15.6888
14.4671
12.0443
7.9953
0.0000
( 21)
( 22)
( 23)
( 24)
( 25)
(
(
(
(
(
Thetafl (C)
13.6320
22.0835
0.0000
14.7688
0.0000
Index
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
46
(EtaM)
(Alpha)
43.000000
0.022045
mPas
mm^2/N
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
AGMA 925--A03
**********************************************************************************
SCUFFING AND WEAR RISK ANALYSIS ver 1.0.9 -- AGMA925--A03
SCORING+ EX.#1
DATE:2002/04/18
TIME:08:08:23
**********************************************************************************
********** P4 -- Specific film thickness **********
Material parameter (eq 66)
(G)
5010.821688
Index
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
U
1.587561e--11
1.184300e--11
1.105036e--11
1.111223e--11
1.267961e--11
W
0.000037
0.000189
0.000173
0.000171
0.000000
Hc
3.539329e--05
2.458469e--05
2.365326e--05
2.376807e--05
0.000000e+00
hc (mu m)
0.217041
0.208437
0.219813
0.223076
0.000000
Lambda2bH
0.781203
0.425354
0.438395
0.443804
0.000000
Index
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
(
(
(
(
(
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
1.587561e--11
1.495710e--11
1.420027e--11
1.357156e--11
1.304655e--11
0.000037
0.000064
0.000087
0.000109
0.000129
3.539329e--05
3.220166e--05
3.010396e--05
2.854084e--05
2.730927e--05
0.217041
0.210492
0.208151
0.207361
0.207269
0.781203
0.642142
0.570609
0.524768
0.491992
(
(
(
(
(
( 6)
( 7)
( 8)
( 9)
( 10)
1.260712e--11
1.223958e--11
1.193348e--11
1.168076e--11
1.147515e--11
0.000148
0.000166
0.000183
0.000186
0.000182
2.630903e--05
2.548198e--05
2.479093e--05
2.439213e--05
2.414785e--05
0.207507
0.207886
0.208301
0.210255
0.212755
0.466937
0.446895
0.430320
0.427292
0.430014
( 6)
( 7)
( 8)
( 9)
( 10)
( 11)
( 12)
( 13)
( 14)
( 15)
1.131183e--11
1.118707e--11
1.109806e--11
1.104277e--11
1.101981e--11
0.000179
0.000176
0.000174
0.000172
0.000171
2.395433e--05
2.380784e--05
2.370556e--05
2.364541e--05
2.362595e--05
0.214979
0.216934
0.218624
0.220053
0.221223
0.432510
0.434789
0.436856
0.438717
0.440375
( 11)
( 12)
( 13)
( 14)
( 15)
( 16)
( 17)
( 18)
( 19)
( 20)
1.102840e--11
1.106830e--11
1.113982e--11
1.124380e--11
1.138168e--11
0.000171
0.000171
0.000140
0.000121
0.000101
2.364633e--05
2.370628e--05
2.428942e--05
2.481221e--05
2.546118e--05
0.222134
0.222787
0.227710
0.231379
0.235486
0.441830
0.443084
0.476505
0.503875
0.537840
( 16)
( 17)
( 18)
( 19)
( 20)
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
( 21)
1.155550e--11
0.000082
2.627996e--05
0.240350
0.582071
( 21)
( 22)
1.176804e--11
0.000062
2.735014e--05
0.246588
0.644006
( 22)
( 23)
1.202294e--11
0.000042
2.885557e--05
0.255645
0.742128
( 23)
( 24)
1.232482e--11
0.000022
3.139471e--05
0.272388
0.945273
( 24)
( 25)
1.267961e--11
0.000000
0.000000e+00
0.000000
0.000000
( 25)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Minimum film thickness found at point(5)
(hmin)
0.207269 mu m
Min. specific film thk. found at point (B)
(LambdaMin)
0.425354
Tooth temperature
(ThetaM)
82.222222 deg C
Max. flash temperature
(Thetaflmax)
25.646608 deg C
Minimum film thickness
(hmin)
0.207269 mu m
Maximum contact temperature
(ThetaBmax)
107.868830 deg C
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
47
AGMA 925--A03
**********************************************************************************
SCUFFING AND WEAR RISK ANALYSIS ver 1.0.9 -- AGMA925--A03
SCORING+ EX.#1
DATE:2002/04/18
TIME:08:08:23
**********************************************************************************
**** P5 -- Calculate risk of scuffing and wear ****
***** Risk of scuffing *****
Method of calculating scuffing temperature
Mean scuffing temperature
(Thetasmet)
(Thetas)
2.000000
316.290835
deg C
0.508000
0.508000
0.563880
0.563880
0.563880
0.425354
1.386038
0.215956
0.112623
mu m
mu m
mu m
mu m
mu m
m/s
48
AGMA 925--A03
Bibliography
The following documents are either referenced in the text of AGMA 925--A03, Effect of Lubrication on Gear
Surface Distress, or indicated for additional information.
1.
Blok, H., Les Tempratures de Surface dans les Conditions de Graissage sans Pression Extrme,
Second World Petroleum Congress, Paris, June, 1937.
2.
Kelley, B.W., A New Look at the Scoring Phenomena of Gears, SAE transactions, Vol. 61, 1953,
pp. 175--188.
3.
4.
Kelley, B.W., The Importance of Surface Temperature to Surface Damage, Chapter in Engineering
Approach to Surface Damage, Univ. of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 1958.
5.
Benedict, G. H. and Kelley, B. W., Instantaneous Coefficients of Gear Tooth Friction, ASLE transactions,
Vol. 4, 1961, pp. 59--70.
6.
Lemanski, A.J., AGMA Aerospace Gear Committee Gear Scoring Project, March 1962.
7.
AGMA 217.01, AGMA Information Sheet -- Gear Scoring Design for Aerospace Spur and Helical Power
Gears, October, 1965.
8.
9.
ASTM D445--97, Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (the
Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity).
10.
ASTM D341--93(1998), Standard Viscosity -- Temperature Charts for Liquid Petroleum Products.
11. ASTM D2270--93(1998), Standard Practice for Calculating Viscosity Index From Kinematic Viscosity at
40 and 100C.
12. So, B. Y. C. and Klaus, E. E., Viscosity--Pressure Correlation of Liquids, ASLE Transactions, Vol. 23, 4,
409--421, 1979.
13. Novak, J. D. and Winer, W. O., Some Measurements of High Pressure Lubricant Rheology, Journal of
Lubricant Technology, Transactions of the ASME, Series F, Vol. 90, No. 3, July 1968, pp. 580 591.
14. Jones, W. R., Johnson, R. L., Winer, W. O. and Sanborn, D. M., Pressure--Viscosity Measurements for
Several Lubricants to 5.5x10 8 N/m 2 (8x10 4 psi) and 149C (300F), ASLE Transactions, 18, pp. 249 262,
1975.
15. Brooks, F. C. and Hopkins, V., Viscosity and Density Characteristics of Five Lubricant Base Stocks at
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49
AGMA 925--A03
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50
AGMA 925--A03
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51
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