Biodiesel

PIERALISI Deutschland GmbH
May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
Biodiesel
PIERALISI Group Knowledge Base

May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
Why BIODIESEL
Resources
- limited resources of petroleum and natural gas,
- unequal distribution of this resources:
-- Petroleum 78% in OPEC area,
-- natural gas 32% Russia, 39% OPEC.
Price
- price for petrolum is constantly rising,
- price is influenced by many almost un-controlable factors.

May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
Why BIODIESEL (contd)

Environment
- fully renewable energy, does not entail CO2 emission,
- CO2 emission from transport sector expected
to keep rising worldwide,
biofuels are the only alternative.
Human health
- reduction of partiuculate matter emission
- Biodiesel particulate is much less cancerogenic
Security and Independence of supply

- transport sector almost 100% depending on oil
Rural development
May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
Biodiesel Production
Today Europe is the biggest Producer of Biodiesel
(2004: > 2 mt), mainlyGermany, France and Italy.
Legislation in the EU (triggered by the Kyoto-Protocoll) is
boosting Biodiesel production (B5).
Big development in the US
(today ~ 1/10th of the EU production)
Biodiesel program in Brazil
Biodiesel is a way to acchieve development in many
countries: investment programs in Malaysia, India, Philipines
Thailand, Australia, Canada...
May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
Biodiesel Production
Today Europe is the biggest Producer of Biodiesel ....

May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop

May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
..... and biodiesel production capacity in the US will have to

double by 2010 to keep up with demand....

May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
..... Demand and sales are predicted to increase a lot....

May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
Conclutions
Biodiesel and biofuels are the only way to reduce emmisons
from the transport sector.
Biodiesel industry is well established in EU and will continue to
increase its production.
Biodiesel is becoming a worldwide reality.
Production capacity worldwide is expected to triple in the next
5 years.
So, there is definitely a market for PIERALISI to devellop

May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
10
Vision 2010
Legislation: 5,75 % Market-share of biofules in 2010
In consequence:
100 new Biofuel plants will be needed only in the EU.
Approx. 40 new Biodiesel plants with a capacity of 100.000 t/y
and 60 new Bioethanol plants also with capacity of 100.000 t/y .
Investment will be approx. 3 bn Euro !
USA will act accordingly.

May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
11
Most probably this vehicle will never be powered by BIODIESEL

May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
12
.....but this one IS already !
.....and its a FERRARI too !

May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
13
Biodiesel
Basics, Process, Sources, ....

May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
14
Outline
Biodiesel whats that?
Biodiesel how its made
Biodiesel Process Steps
Biodiesel Process Variants
Biodiesel Influences from Triglyceride
Source

May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
15
Outline
9 Biodiesel whats that?
Biodiesel how its made
Source

May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
16
Biodiesel whats that ?

Biodiesel is:
A result of the Transesterification of Triglycerides.
A mixture of Methylesters of different Fatty Acids (FA).
Produced via a viriaty of processes and processtechnologies.
Produced from a wide variety of natural triglyceride
sources.
A fuel which is able to partly substitute the mineral
diesel fuel.
May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
17

Biodiesel is defined as the mono-alkyl esters of
fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal
fats.
In simple terms, biodiesel is the product you get when a
vegetable oil or animal fat is chemically reacted with an
alcohol to produce a new compound that is known as a fatty
acid alkyl ester.
A catalyst such as sodium or potassium hydroxide is required.
Glycerol is produced as a by-product.

May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
18

Biodiesel Process Target
Amongst others, the main target of the process is
to drop the viscosity of the triglycerides
(oil/fat; example rapeseed oil 74 mm/s)
to the level of mineral diesel fuels

(2 - 7 mm/s at 20 C)
to make it suitable for the injection system of serial

diesel engines.

May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
19

The approximate proportions of the reaction are:
100 kg of oil + 10 kg of methanol
100 kg of biodiesel + 10 kg of glycerol

May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
20
Biodiesel can be made from triglycedride sources like:

1. Vegetable oils such as soybean oil, corn oil, canola
(an edible variety of rapeseed) oil, cottonseed oil,
mustard oil, palm oil, etc.
2. Restaurant waste oils such as frying oils
3. Animal fats such as beef tallow or pork lard.
4. Trap grease (from restaurant grease traps), float
grease (from waste water treatment plants), etc.

May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
21
Outline
Biodiesel whats that?
9 Biodiesel how its made
made?
Biodiesel Influences from Triglyceride Source

May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
22
Biodiesel Transesterification of Triglycerides

It is not necessary to be a chemist to understand where
biodiesel comes from and how it is used.
However, it is useful to review some of the fundamental

chemical principles that are behind biodiesel to give a
better understanding of the production process and the
properties of this green fuel.
May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
23

All vegetable oils and animal fats consist primarily of triglyceride
molecules as shown below.
Extending away from this
backbone are the three long
A three carbon
fatty acid chains.
chain called
glycerol backbone
runs along the left
side of the molecule.

May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
24

Note that this molecule contains the ester group three times. Thus, it
is called a triester.
Sometimes people refer to the reaction that converts oil or fat

(triglyceride) to methyl esters (biodiesel) as "esterification" as if the
reaction were converting something that is not an ester into an ester.
In reality, the reaction converts one type of ester into another type of
ester. This is why the reaction is corectly named Transesterification.
May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
25

Transesterification is the process of reacting a triglyceride
molecule with an excess of alcohol in the presence of a
catalyst (KOH, NaOH, NaOCN3, etc.) to produce fatty esters
and glycerin. The chemical reaction with methanol is
schematically shown below.
Triglyceride + methanol

May 15, 2006
fatty esters + glycerol
Biodiesel Workshop
26
Outline
9 Biodiesel Process Steps
Source

May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
27
Energea Demonstrastion and production facility

Zistersdorf, Austria

May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
28
The Biodiesel Process an Overview

Important Note:
The process shown (and subsequently the all
process steps) is only one out of a variety of
different process variants utilised to produce
Biodiesel.
Discussing with the client, will result in an altered
process scheme meeting the individual needs and
reflecting the regional and political conditions.

May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
29

May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
30
Biodiesel Transesterification of
Triglycerides
Crude Oil
Methanol
Transesterification
Catalyst
p-FA-ME
Methanol
Glycerine
The reaction is reversible !

As long as we have excess methanol present,
we are forcing the reaction to the methyl ester side !

May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
31
Triglycerides
Reaction rate
Extent of
Reaction
Time
Reaction: proceeding through time from

reactants to product
May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
32
Triglycerides
Transesterification reaction will proceed at
ambient temperture (21C), but needs 4 8 hours
to come to completion.
Reaction time shortend to 2 4 h at ~ 40 C and
1 2 hour at 60 C.
Higher temp. will further decrease reaction time
but requires pressure vessels due to methanol
boiling at 65 C.
High shear is also decreasing necessary reaction
time.
May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
33

May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
34
The Biodiesel Process

Separation after Transesterification
After the Transesterification reaction has taken place, two major
products exist:
Glycerine and fatty acid methly ester (Biodiesel) both containing a
substantial amount of excess methanol that was used in the
reaction.
Using difference in specific gravity, the Glycerine phase and the
Biodiesel phase can be separated.
As an example this separation could be achieved in a fast
separation process with high efficiency using Pieralisi Vertical Disc
Separator.

May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
35
Nit
ro
ge
nb
l an
ket
ed
Separation after Transesterification

p-FA-ME
Methanol
p-FA-ME
Methanol
Glycerine
(10%)
(Traces of
Solids)
Glycerine
Methanol
Solids
p-FA-ME, ME: ~ 880 kg/m
~ 50-70C
In case of ideal
reaction, no solids
will be present.
Glycerine, ME: ~ 1050 kg/m

p-FA-ME: partly esterified FA-methyl ester
May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
36

May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
37
The Biodiesel Process Washing
Once separated from the Glycerine, the Biodiesel is sometimes
purified by gently washing with warm water.

This step results in the removal of residual catalyst and soaps.
After the addition and the mixing with water, the two-phase mixture
can easily be separated by Pieralisi Vertical Disc Separator
Centrifuges.

May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
38

ed
t
e
k
n
a
l
b
n
Nitroge
Biodiesel
Methanol
Washing
Biodiesel
(Traces of
Solids)
Water,
3 6%,
acidified
Biodiesel
Water
(~ < 3500 ppm)
Methanol
Water
Methanol
Impurities:
Soaps
Triglycerides
Ions
Phosphates
Solids
Usually no
solids
present.
Biodiesel ~ 880 kg/m

Water, ME: ~ 960 kg/m
~ > 40 C
May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
39
ATEX
Water Content.... Part of Biodiesel specifications
Specification
Applies to
EUROPE
GERMANY
USA
EN 14214:2003
DIN V 51606
ASTM D6751
FAME
FAME
FAAE
g/cm
0.86-0.90
0.875-0.90
Viscosity 40C
mm/s
3.5-5.0
3.5-5.0
Distillation
% @ C
Flashpoint
120 min
110 min
CFPP
* country specific
summer 0 spr/aut -10 winter -20
Cloud point
Sulphur
mg/kg
CCR 100%
%mass
Carbon residue (10%dist.residue)
%mass
0.3 max
0.3 max
Sulphated ash
%mass
0.02 max
0.03 max
0.02 max
Oxid ash
%mass
Water
mg/kg
500 max
300 max
500 max
Total contamination
mg/kg
24 max
20 max
Cu corrosion max
3h/50C
Oxidation stability
hrs;110C
6 hours min
51 min
49 min
47 min
0.82-0.845
0.8 max
1.9-6.0
2.0-4.5
90%,360C
85%,350C - 95%,360C
130 min
55 min
* country specific
* report
10 max
10 max
15 max
0.05 max
0.05 max
0.1 max
1
N/A (25 g/m3)
0.5 max
0.5 max
Methanol
%mass
0.20 max
0.3 max
Ester content
%mass
96.5 min
Monoglyceride
%mass
0.8 max
0.8 max
Diglyceride
%mass
0.2 max
0.4 max
Triglyceride
%mass
0.2 max
0.4 max
Free glycerol
%mass
0.02 max
0.02 max
0.02 max
Total glycerol
%mass
0.25 max
0.25 max
0.24 max
120 max
115 max
Linolenic acid ME
%mass
12 max
C(x:4) & greater unsaturated esters
%mass
1 max
Phosphorus
mg/kg
10 max
Alkalinity
mg/kg
Gp I metals (Na,K)
mg/kg
5 max
GpII metals (Ca,Mg)
mg/kg
5 max
PAHs
%mass
Lubricity / wear
m at 60C
200 max
24 max
mgKOH /g
10 max
51 min
10 max
5 max
11 max
460 max
EUROPE

May 15, 2006
350 max
0.3 max
Acid value
Iodine value
EN 590:1999
Diesel
Density 15C
Cetane number
PETROLEUM DIESEL
GERMANY
Biodiesel Workshop
USA
DIESEL
40

Water Content....
In the Biodiesel, different Water portions are present:
- free water,
- emulsified water,
- disolved water.
Biodiesel Specification: ASTM 6751-02, EN 14213 tells us:

< 500 ppm water in the final product.
Question of anlysing method !
US ASTM D 2709: only free water by centrifuging
Europe ISO 12937: total water by Karl-Fischer titration.
May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
41

Water Content....
Since Europe leads the biodiesel market, EN 14213 will be the
specification to fulfill.
Water means total water
Test Method will be Karl-Fischer.
We always refer to total water !
Note:
There is an important difference between Biodiesel and mineral diesel:
- Biodiesel can host disolved water !

May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
42

May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
43
The Biodiesel Process Polishing
In some systems, the Biodiesel is distilled in an additional step to

remove small amounts of coloured bodies to produce a colourless
Biodiesel.
After the distillation, a final polishing may be required to minimise the
amount of residual particles to comply with the setted standard.
These very fine particles cannot be removed by gravity, the extremely
high g-force of more than 9.000 x earth gravity in PIERALISI
Vertical Disc Clarifier Centrifuges is necessary.

May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
44
The Biodiesel Process Polishing
Biodiesel
Biodiesel
Solids
In case of ideal process

conditions, only traces solids
will be present.

May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
45

May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
46
The Biodiesel Process Neutralising /

Catalyst Removal / Salt Washing
Glycerine acidification and potassium sulphate washing process I
The glycerine by-product contains unused catalyst, fatty acid and soaps
that are neutralized with an acid. In some cases, the salt formed during
this phase is recovered for use as fertilizer. The salt and fatty acid can
be separated from the glycerine by Pieralisi 3-Phase Decanter
Centrifuges to achieve a highly dehumidified salt.
Glycerine acidification and potassium sulphate washing process II
The purity and dryness of the salt discharged in the potassium sulphate
washing process I is sometimes not good enough for further treatment
or selling to the buyer. In these cases, a washing of the solids with
methanol in a remixing tank with a subsequent second liquid solid
separation by a Pieralisi Decanter Centrifuge results in a white and
dry fertilizer that can either be packed or dried for final use.
May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
47
The Biodiesel Process Neutralising /

Catalyst Removal / Salt Washing
Glycerine
Methanol
FFA
FFA
Light phase:
-Fatty acid
-3 - 5%-v/v Glycerin
-< 0.5%-v/v salt
Methanol
Glycerine
Methanol
Salt
FFA
Sulphoric
Acid
Glycerine
Heavy phase:
-Glycerin with
-1% -v/v fatty acid
and < 1%-v/v salt
Methanol
Salt
Methanol
Feed:
-40 50% glycerin
-20 30% free fatty acid
-10 30% salt
~ 40-50C
May 15, 2006
Methanol
Impurities
Feed:
-75% methanol
-25% salt,
Biodiesel Workshop
pure Salt
n
e
g
o
Nitr
d
e
t
e
k
n
a
l
b
48
Outline
9 Biodiesel Process Variants
Source

May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
49
The Biodiesel Process Reaction Types
The transesterification reaction can be handled in different ways:

Batch type reaction,
Continuously Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR), single / multi-step,
Continuous Flow Pipe Reactor,
.
Lets have a look !

May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
50
The Biodiesel Process Reaction Type

M
100 % complete
Extent of
Reaction
Stirred tank batch reactor
Progress
Time
Reaction proceeding with time

P
Recirculating reactor
May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
51

Continuously Stirred Tank Reactor = CSTR
M
p-FA-ME
Methanol
Crude Oil
Methanol
Glycerine
Catalyst
100 % complete
Extent of
Reaction
Single operating point for CSTR

Time*
May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
* Average hydraulic
residence time
52

To acheive a complete reaction requires two or more
stages.
M
Crude Oil
Methanol
p-FA-ME
Methanol
Methanol
Catalyst
Biodiesel
Methanol
100 % complete
Extent of
Reaction
Glycerine
Methanol
1st. Stage, 2nd Stage

May 15, 2006
Time* Biodiesel Workshop
Glycerine
Methanol
53

Reactants in
Catalyst
Products out
Crude Oil
Biodiesel
Methanol
Turbulent Flow
Methanol
100 % complete
Glycerine
Methanol
Extent of
Reaction
Time
Length
Reaction proceeds as the reactants move down the pipe.

May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
54

High Shear Multy Channel
Pumping the reactants trough

small (high shear) channels
High Pressure Inlet

May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
55

Batch vs. Continuous Flow
Batch type reaction provides better flexibility to
adapt the process to different feedstocks.
Batch type reaction does not require a 24/7
operation.
Continuous reaction is better suited for high
volume separation-equipment (centrifuges).
Batch type reaction is the better solution for
smaller plants (capacity < 10-15.000 t/y).
Continuous reaction is the better solution for
larger plants (capacity > 15.000 t/y).
May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
56
Outline
9 Biodiesel Influences from Triglyceride
Source

May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
57
Triglyceride Sources
Vegatable oils: soybean, canola, palm, etc.
Inedible oils: jatropha, etc.
Rendered animal fats: beef tallow, lard,
chicken fat
Recovered materials:
trap grease, soap-stock

May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
58
Influences of Triglyceride source:

Most important differences:
Saturation Level, FFA Level, Water Content, Phosphatide
Level, Salt /solids level
High Saturation Level:
Winterization
High FFA Level:
Pre-esterification
High Water Content:
Flash-Drying
High Phosphatide Level:
Degumming
High Salt / Solids level:
Fat-Washing

May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
59
Influences of high Saturation Level :

Potential risk of forming crystals in the
Biodiesel:
Out of specification.
Treatment: Winterization by cooling and crystall
separation.
( only in very few cases)

May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
60
Influences of high FFA Level :

Free Fatty Acids potentially react with alkali
catalyst:
- Loss of catalyst,
- Formation of soap,
Resulting in increased water content.

May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
61
Dealing with high FFA level: Pre-esterification

The Pre-esterification also sometimes called
Neutralisation is often done via crude Glycerine /
Methanol.
Oil / FAT
Glycerine
Neutralisation
Crude oil
Methanol
Solids
Glycerine
Methanol
Catalyst
Crude Glycerine / Methanol / Catalyst

from Separation after transesterification.
May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
Sent to separation.
62
Dealing with high FFA level: Pre-esterification

After Pre-esterification the mixture is separeted in e.g.
centrifuges.
Crude oil
Crude oil
Methanol
Sent to
transesterification
Solids
Glycerine
Glycerine
Methanol
Solids
Sent for further treatment to reach

higher Glycerine Quality
May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
63

May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
64
Influences of high Water Content :

Water potentially hydrolizes fats:
- Formation of FFA,
Resulting in increased water content and,
Formation of soap.
Treatment: Flach Drying

May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
65
Influences of high Phosphatide Level:

High phosphatide level leads to high gum level
and disturbs the transesterification.
Gums potentially form gels at ambient
temperature.
Rising of viscosity,
Problems with separation after
transesterification (intermediate liquid phase).

May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
66
Dealing with high Phosphatide Level: Degumming

There are many different degumming processes on the
market.
Crude oil
Crude oil
Phosphatides
Water
Degumming
Acid / Lye
Gums
Water
Solids
Two step Degummimg with Acid

(1) and Lye (2) dosing.
Sent to separation.
Note: Degumming is part of the oil refining process.

Pieralisi only offers Sparators for low capacities !
May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
67
Dealing with high Phosphatide Level: Degumming

After initial Degumming the mixture is separated in e.g.
centrifuges.
Gums
Water
Crude oil
Sent to
washing step.
Crude oil
Gums
Water
Solids
Gums
Water
Solids
Waste
Gums (heavy phase) needs special outlet (big C.P.) !

May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
68
Dealing with high Phosphatide Level: Washing

Purifing the oil by washing with water.
Gums
Water
Crude oil
Crude oil
Washing
Gums
Water
Water
Sent to separation.
Washing with water.

May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
69
Dealing with high Phosphatide Level: Washing

After washing the mixture is again separated in e.g.
centrifuges.
Crude oil
Gums
Water
Crude oil
Gums
Water
Sent to
transesterification
Waste

May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
70
Influences of high Salt and Solids Level :

Potential risk of disturbing the
transesterification
Inefficient reaction, formation of side-products.
Treatment: oil washing ( only for used edible oils)

May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
71
Dealing with high Salt and Solids Level in used edible

oils / fats : Washing
Washed fat
Crude fat
Water
~ 0,5 %-v/v
Static Mixer
Water
Salts
Solids
Salts
Water
~ 2 6%-v/v
Heavy phase:
Wastec
Solids
~ 95- 98C

May 15, 2006
Light phase:
sent to
transesterification
Solids: Waste
Biodiesel Workshop
72

May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
73
Biodiesel
PIERALISI Separation Equipment

May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
74
PIERALISI Machines for the BIODIESEL

Processes
3-Phase Separation: How does it work?
Decanter The Work Horse of our Separation
Equipment
Vertical Separator The Race Horse of our
Separation Equipment
Typical Decanter Flow Chart for Ex-proof Installations
Typical Flow Charts for Separators
Operation Modes of Gastight Machines
Capacity Overview
References
May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
75
3-Phase Separation:
How does it work?
Light Phase
Light Phase Weir
Sedimentation
Tank with 1 x g
or rotating Bowl with
high g-Force
May 15, 2006
3-Phase
Mixture
Interface
Inlet Barrier
Heavy Phase
Biodiesel Workshop
Sediment
76
Decanter The Work Horse of our Separation

Equipment for:
High solid concentration in feed
Separation of coarse solid particles
Operation with lower g-forces < 2500 x g
Good dewatering perfomance
Forced solid discharge by screw conveyor

May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
77
3-Phase Decanter
Conventional
Design
New
Design CP-A
Heavy Phase out
Light Phase out

May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
78
Decanter The New Generation in Operation
Adjusting device for

trimming the paring
radius of the heavy
liquid of CP-A

May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
79
3-Phase Decanter:
Where it is mainly used:
OIL / FAT
HIGH FFA
BIODIESEL DRYING
TRANSESTERIFICATION 2
CATALYST
SEPARATION
FURTHER
TREATMENT
FOR HIGHER
GLYCERIN
QUALITY
POLISHING
ACID
GLYCERIN / FATTY ACID / POTASSIUM SULPHATE SEPARATION
FATTY ACID
RECYCLING
GLYCERIN
SEPARATION
GLYCERIN
ACIDIFICATION
WASHING
POTASSIUM SULPHATE /
METHANOL SEPARATION
THERMAL DRYING
OF CLEAN FERTILIZER
POTASSIUM SULPHATE
POTASSIUMSULPHATE
WASHING
FURTHER TREATMENT FOR HIGHER GLYCERIN QUALITY

OR PRE-ESTERIFICATION (RE-NEUTRALISATION, THERMAL
PURIFICATION BY EVAPORATION)

May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
80
Remember the working Principle of 3-Phase

Separation:
Whats different for Vertical Disc Separators?
Light Phase
Interface
Light Phase Weir
3-Phase
Mixture
Sheets or
Discs
Sedimentation
Tank with 1 x g
or rotating Bowl with
high g-Force
May 15, 2006
Inlet Barrier
Heavy Phase
Biodiesel Workshop
Sediment
81
Vertical Separator The Race Horse of our

Separation Equipment for:
Low solid concentration in feed
Separation of fine solid particles
Operation with high g-forces > 6000 x g
Good separation perfomance
Increased separation efficiency due to disc
stack

May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
82
3-Phase Vertical Separator with manual Discharge

Product in
Non rotating In- and

Outlet Group
Light Phase out
Heavy Phase out
Rotating Bowl
Sediment

May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
83
S 300 BD 33
3-Phase Vertical Separator with manual Discharge
How it looks like
One of the most
succesful Biodiesel
machines in the last
three years

May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
84
3-Phase Vertical Separator with Manual Discharge:

OIL / FAT
HIGH FFA
BIODIESEL DRYING
CATALYST
SEPARATION
FURTHER
TREATMENT
FOR HIGHER
GLYCERIN
QUALITY
POLISHING
ACID
FATTY ACID
RECYCLING
GLYCERIN
SEPARATION
GLYCERIN
ACIDIFICATION
WASHING
METHANOL SEPARATION
THERMAL DRYING
OF CLEAN FERTILIZER
POTASSIUM SULPHATE
POTASSIUMSULPHATE
WASHING


May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
85
Manual Discharge
of Solids

May 15, 2006
Automatic Discharge
of Solids
Biodiesel Workshop
86
3-Phase Vertical Separator with automatic Discharge

Discharge
Production
Product in
Light Phase out

Heavy Phase out
Sediment
Discharge
Operating
Water in
May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
87
FPC 12 BD 32
3-Phase Vertical Separator with automatic
Discharge
How it looks like
In operation
since 2003

May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
88
3-Phase Vertical Separator with automatic Discharge:

OIL / FAT
HIGH FFA
BIODIESEL DRYING
CATALYST
SEPARATION
FURTHER
TREATMENT
FOR HIGHER
GLYCERIN
QUALITY
POLISHING
ACID
FATTY ACID
RECYCLING
GLYCERIN
SEPARATION
GLYCERIN
ACIDIFICATION
WASHING
METHANOL SEPARATION
THERMAL DRYING
OF CLEAN FERTILIZER
POTASSIUM SULPHATE
POTASSIUMSULPHATE
WASHING


May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
89
Whats left? The two Clarification Jobs:

Final polishing,
CATALYST
OIL / FAT
HIGH FFA
vertical clarifier
B IO D IE S E L D RY IN G
T R A N S E S T E R IF IC AT IO N 2
T R A N S E S T E R IF IC AT IO N 1
typically by
with manual
discharge.
Pre-drying of
SEPARATION
FURTHER
TREATMENT
FOR HIGHER
GLYCERIN
QUALITY
POLISHING
ACID
FATTY ACID
RECYCLING
GLYCERIN
SEPARATION
GLYCERIN
ACIDIFICATION
POTASSIUMSULPHATE
WASHING
WASHING
sulphate after
METHANOL SEPARATION
washing typically
THERMAL DRYING
OF CLEAN FERTILIZER
POTASSIUM SULPHATE


May 15, 2006
potassium
Biodiesel Workshop
by regular
gastight
decanter.
90
Typical Decanter Flow Chart for Ex-proof Installations

Sperrgas fr ZulaufrohrDichtung/
Inert blanketing
feed pipe sealing
314.1
PV 220.4
315.1
317.1
224
Inert gas,
max. 6 bar
Sperrgas fr Wellendichtung
hintere Nabe/
Inert gas blanketing
small hub sealing
Sperrgas fr Wellendichtung
vordere Nabe/
Inert gas blanketing
big hub sealing
VENT
Druckberwachung Gehuse
Pressure supervision of casing
P 220.3
314.1
316.1
FLC 224.1
Inertgassplung
ber Zulaufrohr /
Inert gas pre-purging
via feed pipe
FIS 220.2
318.1
FLC 220.1
ZST 710
ZST 709
ST 701
TT 704
CV 318.1a
PRODUCT IN
PV 224.2
ST 702
Local control board

start
stop inerted
stop not inerted
stand by
production
alarm reset
lamp test
DECANTER FP 600 2 RS
220
PRODUCT IN
pre-purging
stop inerted
stop not inerted
stand by
production
common alarm
start
stand still inerted
stand still not inerted
emergency stop
Control board with

PLC
TT 711
SAFE AREA
FLC 221.1
FLC 222.1
FLC 223.1
LS 223.2
M 223.3
LIGHT LIQUID PHASE
DRAIN
HEAVY LIQUID PHASE
M 705
SOLIDS
TT 706
Nitrogene
221
222
223
VENT
Screw conveyor
Lieferumfang Pieralisi
Pieralisi scope of supply:
LS 222.4
LS 221.4
LS 222.3
LS 221.3
LS 222.2
LS 221.2
221.1
P 221.6
V 222.5
CV 221.6
Espey MultiChamber-Seal
V 221.5
222.1
P 222.6

May 15, 2006
CV 222.6
Biodiesel Workshop
91
Inertgassplung
ber Zulaufrohr /
via feed pipe
ZONE 1
Druckberwachung
Gehuse
Pressure supervision
of casing
Local control board

Control board with
PLC
start
stop inerted
stop not inerted
stand by
production
alarm reset
lamp test
pre-purging
stop inerted
stop not inerted
stand by
production
common alarm
start
stand still inerted
316.1
Inertgas-Beschleierung /
Inertgas blanketing
314.1
Inertgassplung
Getriebe /
to gearbox
315.1
emergency stop
SAFE AREA
Typical Flow Chart for Separator

with Manual Solid Discharge
for Ex-proof Installations
May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
92
221.2
FIS 221.4
PRODUKT EIN/
PRODUCT IN
V 221.3
V 220.5
V 220.3
220.2
PV 220.4
P 220.6
CV 221.7
PCV 221.5
Siphon/
Syphon
1300 mm
Inert gas,
max. 6 bar
PV 221.6
G 221.2
316
221.1
220.1
FLC 316.1
314
FLC 221.1
FLC 220.1
V 320.2
G 220.2
SPLANSCHLUSS F R
M AN. SPLUNG /
M AN. FLUSHING
CO NNEC TION
SCHWERE PHASE
EIN (WASSER)
HEAVY PHASE IN
(WATER)
320
FLC 318.1
315
PV 320.1
Druckberwachung Gehuse
Pressure supervision of casing
FLC 314.1
Inertgas-Beschleierung /
Inertgas blanketing
FLC 315.1
Inertgassplung Getriebe /
Inert gas pre-purging to gearbox
221
220
ZONE 1
SV 220.5a
Control board with

PLC
SV 320.1a
S 114.7
PCV.114.6
222
114.2
STEUERWASSER
EIN/
OPERATING
WATER IN
Inertgassplung
ber Zulaufrohr /
via feed pipe
SV 221.6a
PCV 221.5
FLC222.1
SV 114.1a
PV 114.1
114.1
FLC 114.3
114
G 222.3
OLT 114.5 P 114.4
Local control board

pre-purging
stop inerted
stop not inerted
stand by
production
discharge
common alarm
start
stand still inerted
FLC 310.1
FLC 223.1
FLC 401.1
emergency stop
DN 25
PV 223.6
DN 50
V 412.1
LS 222.6
Lieferumfang Pieralisi
Pieralisi scope of supply:
SAFE AREA
start
stop inerted
stop not inerted
stand by
production
manual discharge
alarm reset
lamp test
222.1
310
223
410
LS 223.2
LS 223.3
Enlftung/
Vent
STEUERLUFT/
COMPRESSED AIR
V 222.2
V 114.2
SCHLAMM AUSTRAG/
SLUDGE OUT LET
TT 901
Zwischenbehlter,
ca. 300 - 400 l/
Intermediat tank
LS 222.5
WASSER ZUM
WASSERSCHLOSS/
WATER FOR SEAL
POT UNIT
Typical Flow Chart for Separator

with Automatic Solid Discharge
LS 222.4
222.2
V 222.10
P 222.8
V 222.7
PV 223.4
223.2
CV 222.9
SCHWERE PHASE +
STEUERWASSER/
HEAVY PHASE +
OPERATING WATER
In Ex-proof Installations
Zum Feststoffsammelbehlter
P 223.5

May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
93
Type Size Process Version Execusion
The PIERALISI Vertical

Separators
200
BD
300
BD
300
BD
300
BD
FPC
12
BD
FPC
18
BD
Design
A Summary:

May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
94
Operation Modes of gastight Machines

STAND STILL
INERTED
STAND STILL
NON-INERTED
PRE-PURGING
START
POWER ON
*1)
STOP INERTED
STAND BY
STOP NONINERTED
PRODUCTION
*2)
From all Operation

Modes
EMERGENCY STOP
*2)
Via pre-defined
Alarms
*1)
During regular Operation*:

Transition between 2 Operation Modes by manual command
Transition between 2 Operation Modes by automatic action
Transition between 2 Operation Modes by alarm action
*Certain malfunctions / alarms automatically lead to transition
actions which during regular operation can be chosen manually.

May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
95
Examples of Capacities of PIERALISI Centrifuges

for various Applications in Biodiesel Processes
Process
Machine
S 200
S 300
Pre-Esterification Transesterification
Washing
Polishing
Neutralising / Catalyst Removal /

Salt Washing
Methanol/PotasGlycerin/fatty
Separation of Final Polishing
Separation of
Separation of
acid/Potassium- siumsulphate
Biodiesel and of Biodiesel
Triglycerides and Biodiesel and
sulphate separa- separation after
Water after
Glycerin after
Glycerin after
tion for Glycerin washing
Pre-Esterification Transesterification Washing
recovery line
[m3/h]
[m3/h]
[m3/h]
[m3/h]
[m3/h]
[m3/h]
Centrifugal Disc Separators with manual discharge of solids
2-4
3-5
5-8
6 - 12
11 - 15
14 - 20
Centrifugal Disc Separators with automatic discharge of solids
FPC 6
FPC 12
FPC 18
1,5 - 2,5
3-5
7 - 10
2 - 3*
5 - 7*
10 - 14*
3 - 4*
6 - 9*
12 - 16*
Centrifugal Decanters
3-5
8 - 12
15 - 20
Baby 2
FP 600 RS/M
FP 600 2 RS/M
Jumbo 2
Jumbo 3
Jumbo 4
Mammoth 2
Mammoth 3
0,5 - 0,8
1,5 2,5**
2 3**
5 8**
6 10**
10 14**
- 0,5
-2
-2
-4
-6
-6
-9
-9
Remarks:
The capacities in the particular processes may deviate from the figures mentioned in this table!
* Due to absence of solids usually no automatic solid discharge machines are used for this process step
** Capacities achievable with special new design CP-A with adjustable liquid-liquid interface

May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
96
References
Biodiesel Reference List (Abstract)
May 2006
Machine
Engineering company (our customer)
Final customer
Decanter Sharples P 3400 3-Phase

Decanter PIERALISI FP 600 2 RS/M 3-Phase
Separator FPC 12 Purifier
Separator S 300 Purifier
4 x Separator S 300 Purifier
Separator S 300 Clarifier
Decanter PIERALISI Jumbo 3 3-Phase CP-A
Decanter PIERALISI FP 600 2 RS 3-Phase CP-A
S 300 Purifier
Energea, Austria
Petrotec, Germany
ENA Biodiesel, Austria
Agrar-Technik, Germany
Agrar-Technik, Germany
Petrotec, Germany
Petrotec, Germany
Petrotec, Germany
Energea, Austria
Energea, Austria
Energea, Austria
Energea, Austria
Energea, Austria
Agrar Technik
Agrar Technik
Campa Diesel
Agrar Technik
Agrar Technik
Petrotec
GHP
PTI, Austria
Solvent Dwory
Euroservice
GHP
Energea, Austria
Petrotec, Germany
Elbe l Prignitz, Germany
Biodiesel Kyritz, Kyritz, Germany
Bionet, Spain
Petrotec, Germany
Petrotec, Germany
Petrotec, Germany
Arfuel, Australia I
Arfuel, Australia I
Arfuel, Australia II
Arfuel, Australia II
Biodiesel plant Teeside, UK
Biodiesel plant Brunsbttel, Germany
Biodiesel plant Brunsbttel, Germany
Campa Diesel, Germany
Emmtec Service, Netherlands
Inter-Tram KFT, Hungary
Petrotec, Germany
GHP, Oranienburg, Germany
Biodiesel Zistersdorf
Solvent Dwory, Poland
Euro Service, Poland
GHP, Oranienburg, Germany

May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
97

May 15, 2006
Biodiesel Workshop
98

Biodiesel

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Biodiesel

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

PIERALISI Deutschland GmbH

May 15, 2006

PIERALISI Deutschland GmbH

PIERALISI Deutschland GmbH

Why BIODIESEL (contd)

Security and Independence of supply

PIERALISI Deutschland GmbH

PIERALISI Deutschland GmbH

..... and biodiesel production capacity in the US will have to

PIERALISI Deutschland GmbH

..... Demand and sales are predicted to increase a lot....

PIERALISI Deutschland GmbH

PIERALISI Deutschland GmbH

PIERALISI Deutschland GmbH

Most probably this vehicle will never be powered by BIODIESEL

PIERALISI Deutschland GmbH

.....but this one IS already !

.....and its a FERRARI too !

PIERALISI Deutschland GmbH

PIERALISI Deutschland GmbH

PIERALISI Deutschland GmbH

Biodiesel whats that ?

Biodiesel whats that ?

PIERALISI Deutschland GmbH

Biodiesel whats that ?

to the level of mineral diesel fuels

to make it suitable for the injection system of serial

PIERALISI Deutschland GmbH

Biodiesel whats that ?

PIERALISI Deutschland GmbH

Biodiesel whats that ?

Biodiesel can be made from triglycedride sources like:

PIERALISI Deutschland GmbH

PIERALISI Deutschland GmbH

Biodiesel Transesterification of Triglycerides

However, it is useful to review some of the fundamental

Biodiesel Transesterification of Triglycerides

PIERALISI Deutschland GmbH

Biodiesel Transesterification of Triglycerides

Sometimes people refer to the reaction that converts oil or fat

Biodiesel Transesterification of Triglycerides

PIERALISI Deutschland GmbH

fatty esters + glycerol

PIERALISI Deutschland GmbH

Energea Demonstrastion and production facility

PIERALISI Deutschland GmbH

The Biodiesel Process an Overview

PIERALISI Deutschland GmbH

The Biodiesel Process an Overview

PIERALISI Deutschland GmbH

The reaction is reversible !

PIERALISI Deutschland GmbH

Reaction: proceeding through time from

The Biodiesel Process an Overview

PIERALISI Deutschland GmbH

The Biodiesel Process

PIERALISI Deutschland GmbH

The Biodiesel Process

Separation after Transesterification

p-FA-ME, ME: ~ 880 kg/m

Glycerine, ME: ~ 1050 kg/m

The Biodiesel Process an Overview

PIERALISI Deutschland GmbH

The Biodiesel Process Washing