Moroccan Summer School for Solar Energy

Introduction to CSP

Program Overview
-

Introduction to CSP
Build a power plant
Optical Properties of CSP Concentrators and Potential for Optimization
Heat Transfer Fluids, Storage, and Grid Integration
Yield Analysis and Introduction to Greenius
Application of CSP in Marocco

Not part of the program

- Project planning
- CSP specific solar ressource assesment

Solar Energy / Three Technologies

Image:
SolEs
Image:
wikipedia

Image: DLR

Concentrating
Solar Power
(CSP)

Photovoltaics
(PV)

Sunlight

Sunlight
Concentration
Heat
Turbine

Electricity

Thermal Heat
Storage

Electricity

-wik

Solar Energy / Three Technologies

Image:
SolEs
Image:
wikipedia

Image: DLR

Concentrating
Solar Power
(CSP)

Flat Plate Solar

Photovoltaics
Collectors
(PV)

Sunlight

Sunlight
Concentration
Heat
Turbine

Heat

Thermal Heat
Storage

Electricity

-wik

Concentrating Solar Power Technologies

CSP Technologies
Overview

Type

-Parabolic Trough

PSA

Track
C
TOut
MWel

-Abengoa

CSP Technologies
Parabolic Trough Collector
-

Irradiance is concentrated by a
parabolic reflector
The receiver is located in the
focal line of the mirrors
The heat transfer fluid is heated
up to 400C, Rankine cycles
are used as power cycle
Single axis tracking system
Most mature CSP system

PSA

CSP Technologies
Overview

Type

Parabolic Trough

PSA

-Line Focus

Track
C
TOut
MWel

1-axis
~ 80
200 - 500
50 - 280

Linear Fresnel

MAN Ferrostaal

CSP Technologies
Linear Fresnel Collector
Fresnel Lens

Fresnel Collector
-Focal point

Lens

Mirrors instead of
Lens Facets

Mirrors

-Image: MAN Ferrostaal / DLR

CSP Technologies
Linear Fresnel Collector
-

Line-focusing systems
The receiver is fixed
Only primary mirrors are tracked
A secondary mirror is mounted
above the receiver tube
Compared to parabolic trough:
Lower investment costs
but also lower efficiency
Process parameters and plant
capacity are similar to those of PTC
Commercial plants up to 30 MWel
are being built.

CSP Technologies
Overview

Type

Parabolic Trough

PSA

Track
C
TOut
MWel

Linear Fresnel

MAN Ferrostaal

Line Focus

Line Focus

1-axis
~ 80
200 - 500
50 - 280

1-axis
~ <80
200 - 500
50 - 280

Solar Tower

Abengoa

Image: PS-20 Plant Abengoa Solar, Spain

CSP Technologies
Solar Tower
-

The irradiance is concentrated on a

central receiver by heliostats
Two-axes tracking
The heliostats have a mirror area
between a few and 150 m
Higher operation temperatures due to
higher concentration ratio
Besides the Rankine cycle (Steam
Turbine) also the Brayton cycle (Gas
Turbine) is applicable
Up to now commercial plants up to 20
MWel exist and several plants around
130 MWel are under construction

CSP Technologies
Overview

Type

Parabolic Trough

Linear Fresnel

MAN Ferrostaal

Track
C
TOut
MWel

Line Focus

Line Focus

1-axis
~ 80
200 - 500
50 - 280

1-axis
~ <80
200 - 500
50 - 280

Solar Tower

Abengoa

Point Focus
2-axis
~ 200 - 1000
600 1100
10 - 100

Dish Systems

PSA

CSP Technologies
Parabolic Dish
-

Two-axes tracking
The receiver is mounted in
the focal point of the reflector
Often used in combination
with a Stirling engine
Capacity is limited to approx.
10-25 KW per unit
For small to medium sized
installations
Either grid connected or offgrid

CSP Technologies
Overview
Type

Parabolic Trough

PSA

Track
C
TOut
MWel

Linear Fresnel

MAN Ferrostaal

Line Focus

Line Focus

1-axis
~ 80
200 - 500
50 - 280

1-axis
~ <80
200 - 500
50 - 280

Solar Tower

Dish Systems

Abengoa

PSA

Point Focus

Point Focus

2-axis
~ 200 - 1000
600 1100
10 - 100

2-axis
>1000
700
< 0.025

CSP Characteristics
- Uses only direct radiation (DNI vs. GHI)
- Energy (heat) storage is possible
- Various applications

Quaschning

Solar Thermal Magazine

DNI vs. GHI

- CSP accepts only radiation from a relatively small solid angle cone
- Radiation coming from outside that cone is not used
CSP needs accurate tracking
- PV or flate plate collectors accept radiation from the entire half-space
Consider cosine losses, projected area is relevant

Acceptance function for CSP

aperture

- parallel rays incident on the aperture at an angle

- Angular Acceptance Function ()
f() =

number of rays () which reach the absorber

number of all rays ()

Angular Acceptance Functions

DNI
Direct Normal Irradiance

-~2.5

is whats interesting for CSP!

- DNI = Intensity (W/m)
- caused by light coming directly from
the sun
- measured in a plane normal to the
beams coming from the center of the
sun
- Tracking imperfections of DNI
measurement instruments exists

World Meteorological Organization

defines: opening angle of 2.5 for DNI

measurements

- DNI

DHI
Diffuse Horizontal Irradiance

-~2.5

- Intensity (W/m)
- caused by light coming from the upper
hemisphere
- but excluding light which is coming
directly from the sun
- measured in a horizontal plane
- Atmospheric Scattering
- WMO:
- Exclude 2.5 around the sun
-

-DHI

-DHI

GHI
Global Horizontal Irradiance

- Intensity (W/m)
- caused by light which is coming from
the upper hemisphere
- measured in a horizontal plane

GHI

Storage and Grid

- Energy demand does not match with renewable power
generation
- Solar Peak at Solar Noon
- Demand Peak is later (late afternoon, early evening)
- Base load and Net integration is an important Issue
- Limited storage capacity for electricity
- Base load power plants
- Are inefficient (expensive) under part load
- Can not handle steep ramps (MW/h)
- Peak load power plants
- Provide expensive (inefficient) electrical energy
- Quick start / handle steep ramps (MW/h)
- CSP with storage
- Base load and peak load
- Flexibility regarding solar resource variations

CSP Can Increase Solar Power Penetration Using

its Thermal Storage: 20% solar
-California:
-Load
-Curtailed

-10 % Wind

PV

-20 % PV

-P

-No CSP

-4% of annual PV

generation is
curtailed

-Denholm, P.; Mehos, M.: Enabling Greater Penetration of Solar Power, NREL/TP-6A20-52978, 2011

CSP Can Increase Solar Power Penetration Using

its Thermal Storage: 25% solar
-California:
-Load
-Curtailed

-PV

-P

-10 % Wind
-20 %15 % PV
-0 %10 % CSP

-CS

with storage
-only 2% of annual

PV generation is
curtailed

-Denholm, P.; Mehos, M.: Enabling Greater Penetration of Solar Power, NREL/TP-6A20-52978, 2011

Source: Flagsol GmbH, 16. Klner Sonnenkolloqium 2013

Source: Flagsol GmbH, 16. Klner Sonnenkolloqium 2013

Applications
-

Electricity
Process Heat
Desalination
Solar Fuels

Description of Exercises
- Motivation
- What to do?
- Organisation
- 4 Groups a 6.25 students
- 2 groups SPT
- 2 groups PTC
- Switch after lunch
- Presentation of final results in todays last session