EG2040-Wind Power Systems,

Grid lecture 1-2

Lennart Söder
Professor in Electric Power Systems

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Solution:

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New (?) words to be treated Single-phase alternating voltage
in the lectures:
• Voltage
• Weak grid
• Short circuit capacity
• Feeding grid is ”purely inductive”
• Voltage regulating equipment
• Line capacitance
• Line impedance
• Power factor equal to 0.9 inductive

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RMS-value of voltage and current

Sinusoidal voltage and current ⇒

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 Complex power With phase angles on voltage and current
i.e. arg( ) = 0 and arg ( ) =

The complex power is defined as which implies that

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Example: Two series connected impedances a) Calculate the power consumed by

are fed by a voltage having an RMS-value of
1 V according to the figure
as well as the power factor (cosφ) at
bus 1 and 2 where φk is the phase
angle between the voltage and the
current at bus k.

b) Calculate U2 when is capacitive :

= 0.7 - j0.5.

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 Symmetrical three-phase alternating voltage
Time domain expressions

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Line-to-line voltage

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Three phase complex values Three phase complex values - 2

+ + =0
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Symmetrical three-phase power

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 Symmetrical three phase systems Connection to a network

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Example 7.1 Overhead transmission lines

20 kV 220 kV

At a bus with a short circuit capacity of 500

MVA and cosφk= 0, inductive, an impedance
load of 4 MW, cosφLD=0.8 at nominal voltage,
is
connected. Calculate the change in bus
voltage when the load is connected.

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 Transmission line - 1
One phase equivalent of a transmission line at
symmetrical three phase transmission

Shunt conductance
h
The shunt conductance g is neglected in
Resistance this course.
The resistance of a conductor with the cross-
section area A mm2 and the resistivity
ρ Ωmm2/ km is

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Transmission line - 2 Figure 4.2

Inductance:

where Ground level

Geometrical mean distance according to the figure below.

Diameter of the conductor, m

Number of conductors per phase

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 Transposed line
Transposed three-phase overhead line

Locations of transposing

Transposing cycle

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Alternativ to transposed line Transmission line - 3

Multiple conductor

Cross-section of a multiple conductor

with three conductors per phase

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Overhead transmission lines Transmission line - 4
Multiple conductor

where
n = number of conductors per phase
D/2 = radius in the circle formed by the
conductors

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Example 4.1 One conductor/phase

Example 4.1

Determine the reactance of a 130 kV overhead

line where the conductors arc located in a plane
and the distance between two closely located
conductors is 4 m. The conductor diameter is 20
mm. Repeat the calculations for a line with two
conductors per phase, located 30 cm from one
phase
another.

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 Example 4.1 Multiple conductor Transmission line - 5
Shunt capacitance
Multiple conductor
For a transposed overhead line and
symmetrical conditions :

phase phase

The reactance is in this case reduced by

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Figure 4.2 where

Geometrical mean height for
the conductors
Geometrical mean distance
between the conductors and their image
Ground level conductors.
The shunt susceptance of a line is

S/km, phase
Common value : 3•10-6 S/km,phase

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 Transmission line - 6
Approximatively it can be shown that

Example

Assume that a line has a shunt susceptance of

3•10-6 S/km,phase. Use equation 4.6 to estimate
the reactance of the line

Where v = speed of light in vacuum in km/s.

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Transmission line - 7
Model for a medium long line
Model for a short line

phase

Where s = length of line in km.

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 Power flow on a line - 1
π-model for a transmission line

Example 8.1 Assume a line where the voltage in

the sending end is U1 = 225⎣0° kV and in the
receiving end U2 = 213.08⎣ −3.572° kV. The line
has a length of 100 km and has x = 0.4 Ω/km, r =
0.04 Ω/km and b = 3 ×10-6 S/km. Calculate the
amount of power transmitted from bus 1 to bus 2.

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Power flow on a line - 2 Line losses

At U > 70 kV, R << X =>
One phase losses

i.e. “active power flows towards a lower angle” Symmetrical three phase system

With the same phase for Uk and Uj

The squared current can be expressed as

i.e. “reactive power flows towards a lower

voltage”

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 Line losses Load flow analysis - 1

The losses for a medium line can Notation at bus k in a network

now be expressed as

or

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 Solution:
Assume that voltage is known in one
end of a line and P+Q in the other.

Based on this information:

Calculate the voltage in the other end.

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