Design Guide: System Neutral Earthing

TATA CONSULTING ENGINEERS
TCE.M6-EL-GL-8166307
SECTION: TITLE
SHEET (i) OF (iii)
SYSTEM NEUTRAL EARTHING
DESIGN GUIDE
FOR

73/1, ST. MARKS ROAD
BANGALORE 560 001
FLOPPY NO
FILE NAME
: TCE.M6-EL-FP-DOC-005
: M6-6307.DOC
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DATE
76-04-02
98-09-08
INITIALS
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99-05-14
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REV. STATUS
SHEET (ii) OF (iii)
REVISION STATUS SHEET
REV. NO.
DATE
DESCRIPTION
R1
1998-09-08
a)
Annexure-1 & 3 included
b)
rtificial grounding methods

designated as Annexure-2
c)
Generally revised
R2
1999-05-14
Table-I Sl.No. 1.d and 1.e revised

and a note is added in annexure-1
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SECTION: CONTENTS
SHEET (iii) OF (iii)
CONTENTS
SL.NO.
TITLE
SH. NO.
1.0
SCOPE
2.0
DEFINITION OF SYSTEM EARTHING
3.0
RECOMMENDED PRACTICE
4.0
DISCUSSION
5.0
EQUIPMENT RATING
6.0
REFERENCES
TABLE 1
RECOMMENDED TYPES OF
SYSTEM EARTHING
10
TABLE 2
RECOMMENDED GENERATOR EARTHING
APPLICATIONS
12
ANNEXURE-1
SAMPLE CALCULATION OF GROUNDING TRF.
13
ANNEXURE-2
ARTIFICIAL GROUNDING METHODS
15
ANNEXURE-3
16
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SCOPE
This design guide covers methods of neutral earthing to be adopted
for various systems and incorporates calculations for earthing
equipment ratings.
2.
DEFINITIONS OF SYSTEM EARTHING
2.1
Effectively Earthed
A system earthed through an earthing connection of sufficiently low
impedance (inherent or intentionally added or both) such that ground
faults that may occur cannot build up voltages in excess of limits
established for apparatus circuits, or systems so earthed. The criteria
for meeting these requirements are
i)
ii)
2.2
R 0 < X1
X0 < 3X1 The coefficient of earthing (cl.2.8) of such systems
< 0.8
Where, R0= Zero sequence resistance of the system
X0= Zero sequence impedance of the system
X1= Positive sequence impedance of the system
Solidly Earthed
A system earthed through an adequate earth connection, in which no
impedance has been inserted intentionally, (i.e. a solid metallic
connection from system neutral to earth).
2.3
Unearthed
A system, circuit or apparatus without an intentional connection to
earth except through potential indicating or measuring devices or
other very high impedance devices.
2.4
Medium Resistance Earthed

A system where a resistance is intentionally added into the system
earthing connection such that R0 2X0.
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High Resistance Earthed

A system where nearly the highest permissible resistance is inserted
in the earthing connection such that R0 < XCO / 3,Where XCO is the
Zero sequence capacitive reactance of the system.
2.6
Reactance Earthed
A system where a reactor is intentionally added into the system
earthing connection such that XO < 10X1.
2.7
Earthed for Serving Line to Neutral loads

System so earthed that Z0 < Z1.
2.8
Co-efficient of Earthing
Coefficient of earthing is the ratio ELG/ELL expressed as percentage of
the highest r.m.s. line to earth power frequency voltage ELG on a
sound phase at a selected location, during a fault to earth affecting
one or more phases, to the line to line power frequency voltage ELL
which would be obtained at the selected location, with the fault
removed.
3.0
RECOMMENDED PRACTICE
3.1
It is necessary to provide system neutral earthing at each voltage

level except where a certain voltage level is intentionally kept
unearthed.
3.2
Recommended type of earthing for various systems is given in TableI.
3.3
Recommended generator earthing applications are given in Table-II.
4.0
DISCUSSION
4.1
Location of Earthing Connection

Earthing should normally be provided at the source end. This is
necessary because loads may consist of transformers with delta
primaries or delta connected motors and neutral point may not be
readily available. Also earthing at load end may result in wide
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variation in fault current depending upon system operating condition

and selective relaying may be difficult.
4.2
Generator Earthing
The maximum stress, which a generator is normally designed to
withstand, is that associated with the currents of a three phase fault at
the machine terminals. Because of relatively low zero sequence
impedance inherent in most synchronous machines, a solid line to
earth fault at machine terminals results in a machine winding current
higher than three phase fault current. Therefore, some impedance in
the generator neutral earthing is necessary.This impedance will be
used to limit the generator ground fault currents within the safe limits
as specified /recommended by the generator manufacturer.
4.3
Multiple Power Source
4.3.1
When there are two or more major bus sections, each bus section
should have at least one earthed neutral point.
4.3.2
When there are two or more generators,without the generator

transformers at one station, which operate in parallel, only one neutral
earthing resistor is some times used. Each power source is then
connected to the resistor through a neutral bus and neutral switching
equipment (preferably load break switch). It is desirable in such cases
to operate with only one generator neutral switch closed at a time to
eliminate any circulating harmonic or zero sequence currents (Refer
fig 1 in Annexure-3). In the case of multiple transformers all neutral
isolating devices may be normally closed because presence of delta
connected windings (which are nearly always present on at least one
side of each transformer) minimises circulation of harmonic current
between transformers.However,in the case of an emergency DG
set,normally they do not operate in parallel,in which case seperate
neutral grounding resistor is necessary for each generator.
4.4
Artificial Grounding
Where one machine only is tied to a bus with feeders requiring a
permanent system earthing, generator neutral earthing of any type is
usually inadequate,as removal of the generator from service for any
reason also removes the only earth point. This also may be the case
with several machines on the bus where, for most economic
scheduling of generation or other reasons, all the generators on that
bus may at some time be shut down. In such cases, when generator
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neutral is inaccessible and for delta connected systems, an earthing

transformer should be provided on the generator bus(one for each
bus section/island). Either a zig-zag or wye-delta transformer may be
used. These grounding transformers provide a low impedance path
for the flow of zero sequence currents associated with ground fault
conditions.The impedance of grounding transformer to a normal 3
phase current is high so that when no fault exists on the system, only
small magnetising current flows in the transformer winding.
4.4.1
Zig Zag Transformers

Zig Zag transformers provide a stable neutral point which makes them
suitable for grounding an isolated system neutral. A commonly used
zig-zag transformer is a 3 phase transformer without a secondary
winding. The neutral of this transformer is then connected solidly or
through a resistance or reactance to ground. For a given short time
rating, a zig-zag earthing transformer is somewhat lower in cost and
more frequently used.Zig Zag transformers with a star connected
secondary winding can be used as a grounding cum substation
transformer.
4.4.2
Wye-delta earthing transformer

Wye-delta Earthing Transformer is also used for obtaining a neutral
point for delta connected systems and it is usually recommended for
existing systems. A more readily available star/delta transformer of
adequate rating (probably in stock) may be used.
In case of single phase to ground fault on non effectively earthed
systems, earthing transformer used on delta side of power system
shall be either 3 nos. of single phase transformers used in star/open
delta formation with secondary loading resistor or a 3 phase earthing
transformer with 5 limbed construction. As far as possible single
phase earthing transformer should be recommended for this
application. In case adequate space is not available then 3 phase, 5limb transformer should be specified. For secondary resistor loaded
on open delta side of start/open delta earthing transformer,Power loss
shall be made equal to 1.5 times the system. capacitive kVAR with a
10% positive tolerance on the capacitance of the system. This will
form the basis for arriving at the rating of grounding transformer and
associated loading resistor(Refer Annexure-1 for sample sizing
calculations). Each phase of the high voltage winding (i.e. Primary)
shall be designed to continuously withstand the system phase-phase
voltage. The calculated max. Zero sequence current in each phase
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(both in primary as well as in secondary) shall be clearly specified

instead of specifying kVA rating of the transformer. It is recommended
that broken delta winding shall have only two terminals.
4.5
Parallel Operation of Transformers

When an earthed star/star transformer with delta tertiary is operated in
parallel with similar transformer with neutral unearthed, the rating of
the tertiary of the former should be checked for being adequate to
carry zero sequence current under fault condition. The usual 33%
rating of the tertiary winding may not be adequate.
4.6
Expected Earth Fault Currents
4.6.1
The typical levels of available earth fault current that can be expected
from various types of system earthing are as follows :
(a) Solidly earthed, Effectively : Same order of fault current as is
earthed, Earthed for serving available for the three phase short
line to neutral loads
circuit current (more than 60% of
three phase fault current)
(b) Reactance earthed
: Nearly as high as the three phase

shortcircuit current (25% to 60% of
3 phase
fault current)
(c) Medium resistance earthed : 50A to several thousand amperes

depending on the value of
resistance
(d) High resistance earthed
4.6.2
Upto 15A level (current through

resistor more than system charging
current)
The medium resistance method has the advantage of immediate and

selective clearing of the earthed circuit but requires that the minimum
earth fault current be large enough, usually 400A or more, to
positively actuate earth fault relay. High resistance earthing is a
method that can be applied to limit transient over voltages without
requiring to add earth fault relays to each circuit.
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4.7
Criteria for Limiting Transient Over-voltages
4.7.1
In resistance earthed systems, the resistor earth fault current should

be at least equal to, but preferably greater than the capacitive
charging current of the system.
4.7.2
In reactance earthed system the ratio X0/X1 < 10 where X0 is the

zero sequence inductive reactance of the system including that of the
neutral reactor.
4.7.3
Where a combination of earthing transformer and neutral earthing

resistor is used, the earthing transformer impedance should be low
relative to the neutral resistance.
OF 16
R0/X0 2, where R0 and X0 are inclusive of neutral resistor and

earthing transformer.
4.8
Arrester Application
4.8.1
Arrester application discussed below is only to bring out arrester

ratings required with adoption of different methods of system neutral
earthing. For actual selection of arrester reference should be made to
TCE.M6-SY-G-LA-6702.
4.8.2
The minimum required arrester rating is the maximum operating

voltage times coefficient of earthing, which is 80% for effectively
earthed systems, and more than 80% for non-effectively earthed or
unearthed systems. The earth fault current in this case is more than
60% of three phase fault current.
4.8.3
Systems, which employ some form of resistance system earthing, are

non-effectively earthed system having coefficient of earthing of 100%
for arrester application purposes.
4.8.4
Many high voltage systems may exhibit coefficients of earthing as low

as 70% and certain multi-earthed distribution systems may be even
slightly less.
4.8.5
It may not be practicable to provide an earthing transformer of the size

and impedance necessary to achieve an X0/X1 ratio of 3 or less.
However, if the generator neutral is also earthed by means of a
suitable reactor, the earthed neutral type (80%) of arrester may be
applied at the machine terminals.
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System earthing in case of generator circuit breakers

In case of generator system having a generator circuit breaker and if
the generator circuit breaker is open for some reason, the zone
between generator circuit breaker and generator transformer primary
will be left ungrounded. In such cases a star-star voltage transformer
with an open delta tertiary winding loaded with resistor should be
used.(Refer fig-2 in Annexure-3)
5.0
EQUIPMENT RATING
5.1
Earthing Transformer
i)
Voltage - Line to Line voltage of the system
ii)
Reactance XET, Such that
(X0/X1) (System Line to Line voltage in kV)
XET = -----------------------------------------------------------------(System Symmetrical 3 phase short circuit level in MVA)

iii)
Current - Maximum neutral current
3E
Ie = ---------------------------X1 + X2 + X0 + 3 Xep
E = Line to Neutral voltage

Xep = Reactance of earth return
path
Note : Where resistor/reactor is inserted between the neutral and the earth
connection the transformer should be rated to carry the required
current for rated time.
iv)
Time Continuous rated if it is wired for Alarm

--10 or 60 Seconds if it is wired for Trip depending upon
fault clearing time.
5.2
Earthing Resistance
5.2.1
High Resistance
The resistor is designed to dissipate kW equal to 1.5 times charging
kVA of distributed capacitance continuously. In calculating the
capacitance to earth, the important items are the machine winding
capacitance, the surge protective capacitors and the load carrying
power cable and surge suppressor capacitance for HT Motor feeders,
if used. The capacitance to earth of bus duct, lightning arrester and
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transformer low voltage windings is relatively small (1 or 2 percent of

the total) and need not be considered.
Resistance Value
a) For direct connection to Neutral
RN = 706/C ohms for 50 Hz
b) For connection to secondary of distribution transformer
2
Rs = 706/C.N ohms for 50 Hz

c) Resistor kW rating
2
P = 0.472V C for 50 Hz
Where V = Line to line voltage
C = Distributed capacitance to earth in
f N = Turns ratio of distribution
transformer
iii)
Temperature rise of grounding resistors shall be specified as

per IEEE-2
iii)
Distribution transformer Voltage rating :

HV : Standard rating near generator Line to Line voltage
LV : 240 Volts
iv)
Distribution transformer kVA rating :

3 X Resistor kW rating.
v)
5.2.2
Time : Continuous rated ,if it is wired for alarm

10 or 60 seconds, if it is wired for trip depending upon
fault clearing time
Medium Resistance : (Earth fault current equal to full load current-I
of largest feeder or machine).
i)
Resistor
EL
R = --------3.I
EL.I
ohms, P = -------- Watts
3
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Where, EL= Line to Line voltage

ii)
Time 10 or 60 seconds depending upon fault clearing time
5.3
Reactor
5.3.1
X 1 X0 X 1 = Generator positive sequence sub

Reactance Xn = ---------transient reactance
3
X0= Generator zero sequence reactance
5.3.2
Thermal Current Rating
IE =
Note:
3E
-----------------------------------X1 + X2 + X0 + 3 (Xn + Xep)
For X1 of generators and synchronous motors use
subtransient reactance. For X2 of generators, synchronous
and induction motors, use transient reactance (X1, X2, X0 etc.
refer to source to point of fault reactances).
5.3.3
Time 10 or 60 seconds depending upon fault clearing time.
5.4
Earth Fault Neutralizer
5.4.1
Voltage : Line to Neutral voltage
5.4.2
Current I = 3E/XCO
5.4.3
Time 10 or 60 seconds depending upon fault clearing time.
6.0
REFERENCES
6.1
IEEE Standard 142-1982 (Revision)
E = Line to neutral voltage

XCO = Zero sequence capacitive reactance per
phase
IEEE Recommended Practice

Commercial Power System.
for
Grounding
of
Industrial
6.2
CET 1941 A (Xerox 261b) Generator neutral grounding
6.3
IEEE Standard-2.
&
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TABLE-I
Sl. System
No.
1.
Ref.
Fig.
Remarks
Industrial Plants
a) Upto 415V
2.
Recommended
Method of
Earthing
Solidly earthed
Earth connector should be of

adequate capacity
b) Above 415V up Medium

to 11 kV
resistance
earthed
Limit earth fault current to

largest feeder current rating &
permit tripping of circuit
c) Above 11 kV
Solidly earthed

adequate capacity
d) For
diesel High resistance
generator sets earthed
of
voltage
rating
above
415V
and
emergency DG
sets
of
all
voltages
High resistance grounding is

recommended for emergency
DG sets to enable continued
operation.
e) For
diesel Solidly earthed
generator sets
of
voltage
rating of 415V

adequate capacity
Power Plants
Adequate earth fault current

helps to locate faults and
isolating the faulty section by
means of residually connected
earth fault relays or fuses.
a) 415V Auxiliary
systems (New)
Solidly earthed
b) 415V Auxiliary
systems
(Extension)
c) Above 415V &
upto11 kV
Retain the existing system of

earthing
High resistance
earthed
Limit earth fault current to 1.5

times
capacitive
charging
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Current & permit tripping of the

circuit
3.
Synchronous
Generators
i) High
resistance
Earthed
Current limited to 1.5 times

capacitive
charging current
(usually distribution transformer
and secondary resistor)
a) Unit system &

TG rating up
to 120 MW
Or
b) General
ii) Reactor
machines and /
earthed
or feeders on
the bus & TG
rating
above
200 MW
4.
Transmission
system
Earth fault current to be limited

to 25%-60% of three phase
fault current to prevent serious
transient over voltages (X0 <
10X1) and permit selective
relaying
a)Effectively
earthed
b) Earth
fault
neutralize
r
5.
Artificial grounding
a) Solidly
earthed
b) Resistance
earthed
c) High
resistance
earthed
d) Reactance
earthed
When it is desired to limit the

earth fault current and to
reduce switching surges to safe
value.
1
2
3
When generator neutral

inaccessible or for
Delta connected systems.
is
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ANNEXURE-1
CALCULATION OF SIZING OF GROUNDING TRANSFORMER FOR
PSEUDO GROUNDING FOR DELTA CONNECTED SYSTEM (3 NOS. OF
1
TRANSFORMERS)
System phase to phase voltage
= V Volts
System phase to earth capacitance

(Value of `C shall be inclusive of
10% +ve tolerance)
=C
Micro farads/phase
Capacitive charging current
IC = 3V/XC ,Where, XC = 1/2fC

= 3V2fC
-6
= 544.36 * 10 VC
Ampere
Required resistive current
IG = 1.5 * IC
-6
= 816.54 * 10 VC
Ampere
Zero sequence earth fault current/phase IO = IG/ 3 (Refer Fig-1) Ampere

-6
= 272.18 * 10 VC
Ampere
Grounding transformer voltage ratio
Voltage across Open Delta during
N = V/VS
Phase to ground fault
Vod = 3VS
Volts
Required secondary current
IS
Ampere
Ampere
Value of resistance across Open-Delta
RS = 3VS/ IS
= IO * N
-6
= 272.18 * 10 VCN
Ohms
2
Ohms
-3
kW
RS = 6364/(C * N )
Power rating of the resistor
PS = 3VSIS * 10
-6
PS = 0.471 * 10 CV
Rating of the transformer
= VSIS * 10
-3
-6
P = 0.272 * 10 CV
kW
kVA
kVA
Note : Where value of C ie system to earth capacitance also includes

capacitance of cables, surge suppressor capacitance for HT motor
feeders, if any.
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ANNEXURE-1 CONTINUED
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ANNEXURE
SHEET
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TCE.MS-EL-GL-816-
6307
ANNEXURE-2
ARTI FICIAL GROUNDING
METHODS
N/ B
A
-
A
-
N/
cA
c-
B C
-s
N /
\-
cA
fl_.,
C
A
8 C
B
N
B C
6.
c
A
A
A
N/
-----
DISTRIBUTION
TRANSFORME R
B
N
fl
RESISTOR
A
B C
-s
N/ ,
\c-
c
-
HIGH RESISTANCE
RESISTOR
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TCE.MS-EL-GL-8166307
SECTION
TABLE
SHEET
12 OF 16
TABLE - II
SUMMARY OF GENERATOR GROUNDING APPLICATIONS
REACTOR
RESISTOR
GENERATOR
GROUNDING
METHOD
INHERANTLY HIGH
FAULT CURRENT
PERMITS USE OF
GROUNDED NEUTRAL
ARRESTORS IF
GENERATOR
SYSTEM
GENERAL
COMMENTS
Xo/X1 :!> 3.
LOW VOLTAGE BUS NO DIRECT

NO LOW VOLTAGE
FEEDERS
LOW VOLTAGE
BUS OVER HEAD LOW
VOLTAGE FEEDERS
tLOW
VOLTAGE
BUS
CABLE FEEDERS
t-
PREFERRED.
GENERALLY NOT
APPLICABLE BUT MAY
USED IF SELECTIVE
RELAYING OF
MACHINES IS NOT
REQUIRED OR IF
SPECIAL RELAYING IS
USED TO OBTAIN
SEl..ECTM1Y.
DIRECT EXPOSURE
TO LIGHTNING.
GROUND CURRENT
FOR SELECTIVE
RELAYING REQUIRED.
SUFFICIANT
MACHINES TO
PROVIDE
PERMANENT
GROUND.
PREFERRED WHERE
LIGHTNING
EXPOSURE IS
SLIGHT
MAY BE PREFERRED.
FOR VERY LARGE
MACHINES BECAUSE
OF DESIRE TO
RESTRICT FAULT
CURRENT.
NOT SUITABLE
BECAUSE OF LACK
OF RELAYING
SELECTMTY.
PREFERRED
WHERE PRIMARY
OBJECTIVE IS TO
KEEP FAULT
CURRENT TO
MINIMUM.
NOT SUITABLE
BECAUSE OF LACK
OF RELAYING
SELECTMTY.
DOES NOT
PROVIDE
PERMANENT
GROUND
DOES NOT
PROVIDE
PERMANENT
GROUND.
DOES NOT
PROVIDE
PERMANENT
GROUND.
NO DIRECT
EXPOSURE TO
LIGHTNING.
NO SELECTIVE
RELAYING
REQUIRED.
SATISFACTORY
BUT HIGH
GROUND FAULT
CURRENT.
SATISFACTORY
BUT HIGH
GROUND FAULT
CURRENT.
PREFERRED.
NO DIRECT
EXPOSURE TO
LIGHTNING.
NO SELEC1l\IE
RELAYING IS
REQUIRED.
GENERATOR NEUTRAL
NEED NOT BE
GROUNDED IF AUTO
TRANSF. l""5
TERTIARY AND
REQUIRED WHERE
AUTO-TRANS. HAS
NO TERTIARY
GENERATOR AND
AUTO-TRANS
SHOULD BE
CONNECTED TO
COMMON GROUND
POINT.
IMPEDANCE
UNDESIRABLY
HIGH, IF USED
WITH AUTO-TRANS .
HAVING NO
TERTIARY.
IMPEDANCE
UNDESIRABLY
HIGH, IF USED
WITH AUTO-TRANS.
HAVING NO
TERTIARY .
PREFERRED WHERE
LIGHTNING
EXPOSURE SEVERE.
REQUIRED FOR 4
WIRE SYSTEMS.
PREFERRED WHERE
NO DIRECT
PRIMARY OBJECTIVE
EXPOSURE TO
IS TO KEEP
LIGHTNING.
GROUND CURRENT
DYNAMIC OVER
FOR SELECll\IE
VOLTAGE ON CABLE
RELAYING REQUIRED. NETWORK TO
SUFFICIENT MACHINES MINIMUM.
TO PROYIDE
PERMANENT GROUND.
DESIRABLE TO KEEP
DYNAMIC VOLTAGES
AS WELL AS FAULT
CURRENTS LOW.
t-
o-1t-o-
GROUND FAULT
CURRENT VERYLOW.
NO CURRENT FOR
SELEC1l\IE RELAYING
UNGROUNDEDNEUTRAi.. ARRESTERS
REQUIRED.
SATISFACTORY
EXPOSURE TO
BUT FAULT
LIGHTNING.
CURRENT HIGH.
GROUND CURRENT
FOR SELECTIVE
RELAYING REQUIRED.
CANNOT DEPEND ON
SINGLE MACHINE
MACHINE NElJTRAL
LOW VOLTAGE FEEDERS FOR PERMANENT
GROUND.
GENERATOR NEUTRAL
GROUNDING DESIRABLE
TO
DETECT MACHINE
FAULTS BEFORE
SYNCHRONISING
UNIT SSYTEM
GROUND FAULT
CURRENT RESTRICTED
TO THAT REQUIRED
FOR RELAYING
UNGROUNDEDNEUTRAL ARRESTERS
REQUIRED.
610 d
DISTR TRANS. WITH
SEC. RESISTOR
GROUNDING TRANSF.
PROVIDES PERMANENT
GROUND SOURCE
GROUND FAULT CURREN!
RESTRICTED TO THAT
REQUIRED FOR RELAYING
UNGROUNDED-NEUTRAL
ARRESTERS USUALLY
REQUIRED
PREFERRED IN
ADDmON TO
REACTOR OR
DISTRIBUTION
TRANSF. GROUNDING
OF GENERATOR
NEUTRAL
b. ""'
STEP UP THROUGH
AUTO TRANSFORMER
o--1
=
Xo/)(1S.10.
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s_E_C_T_lO_N_A_N 1
SHEET
16 OF 16
ANNEXURE-3
NOTE:
1. EITHER 89N 1, OR 89N2 SHALL BE
OPEN TO AVOI D CIRCULATION OF
ZERO SEQUENCE CURRENTS
LOAD BREAK
SWITCH
89N1
THROUGH GENERATOR WINDINGS.
89N2
RN
FIG.-1
RN - NEUTRAL RESISTOR
Rs - SECONDARY
LOADING RESISTOR
GENERATOR
TRANSFORMER
Rs
UAT
FIG.-2
ISSUE
R2

Design Guide: System Neutral Earthing

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Design Guide: System Neutral Earthing

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TATA CONSULTING ENGINEERS

SHEET (i) OF (iii)

SYSTEM NEUTRAL EARTHING

TATA CONSULTING ENGINEERS

TATA CONSULTING ENGINEERS

SYSTEM NEUTRAL EARTHING

SHEET (ii) OF (iii)

REVISION STATUS SHEET

Annexure-1 & 3 included

rtificial grounding methods

Table-I Sl.No. 1.d and 1.e revised

TATA CONSULTING ENGINEERS

SHEET (iii) OF (iii)

SYSTEM NEUTRAL EARTHING

DEFINITION OF SYSTEM EARTHING

TATA CONSULTING ENGINEERS

SYSTEM NEUTRAL EARTHING

DEFINITIONS OF SYSTEM EARTHING

Medium Resistance Earthed

TATA CONSULTING ENGINEERS

SYSTEM NEUTRAL EARTHING

High Resistance Earthed

Earthed for Serving Line to Neutral loads

It is necessary to provide system neutral earthing at each voltage

Recommended type of earthing for various systems is given in TableI.

Recommended generator earthing applications are given in Table-II.

Location of Earthing Connection

TATA CONSULTING ENGINEERS

SYSTEM NEUTRAL EARTHING

variation in fault current depending upon system operating condition

Multiple Power Source

When there are two or more generators,without the generator

TATA CONSULTING ENGINEERS

SYSTEM NEUTRAL EARTHING

neutral is inaccessible and for delta connected systems, an earthing

Zig Zag Transformers

Wye-delta earthing transformer

TATA CONSULTING ENGINEERS

SYSTEM NEUTRAL EARTHING

(both in primary as well as in secondary) shall be clearly specified

Parallel Operation of Transformers

Expected Earth Fault Currents

: Nearly as high as the three phase

(c) Medium resistance earthed : 50A to several thousand amperes

Upto 15A level (current through

The medium resistance method has the advantage of immediate and

TATA CONSULTING ENGINEERS

SYSTEM NEUTRAL EARTHING

Criteria for Limiting Transient Over-voltages

In resistance earthed systems, the resistor earth fault current should

In reactance earthed system the ratio X0/X1 < 10 where X0 is the

Where a combination of earthing transformer and neutral earthing

R0/X0 2, where R0 and X0 are inclusive of neutral resistor and

Arrester application discussed below is only to bring out arrester

The minimum required arrester rating is the maximum operating

Systems, which employ some form of resistance system earthing, are

Many high voltage systems may exhibit coefficients of earthing as low

It may not be practicable to provide an earthing transformer of the size

TATA CONSULTING ENGINEERS

SYSTEM NEUTRAL EARTHING

System earthing in case of generator circuit breakers

XET = -----------------------------------------------------------------(System Symmetrical 3 phase short circuit level in MVA)