AC and DC Circuit Analysis Using Laplace Transform With

Multisim Simulations
By
Buquis, Merrelyn.
Castillo, Emmanuel D.
Ilagan, May Ann Rose B.
Padua, Samuel C.
Santoyo, Ren Christian E.
Umali, Ian Ray R.

Problem set number 4 submitted to Engr. Justiano B. Menes Jr. of the College of
Engineering Architecture and Fine Arts, Department of Electrical Engineering in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for
Advanced Mathematics for Electrical Engineering
In
Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering

Batangas State University Main Campus II

Alangilan, Batangas City, Batangas

2016

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page..i
Table of Contents.ii
Introduction..1
Mathematical References, Notations, and Definitions....2
Sample Solved Exercises.6
References..16

INTRODUCTION
An RL Series Circuit consists basically of an inductor of inductance L connected
in series with a resistor of resistance R. An RL series circuit is connected across a
constant voltage source (the battery) and a switch. Assume that the switch, S is open until
it is closed at a time t = 0, and then remains permanently closed producing a step
response type voltage input. The current, I begins to flow through the circuit but does
not rise rapidly to its maximum value of I max as determined by the ration of V / R (Ohms
Law). After a time, the voltage source neutralizes the effect of the self-induced emf, the
current flow becomes constant and the induced current and field are reduced to zero.
Kirchoffs Voltage Law (KVL), is used to define individual voltage drops that
exist around the circuit and then hopefully use it to give an expression for the flow of
current. In general, transient phenomena occur whenever a circuit is suddenly connected
or disconnected to/from the supply, there is a sudden change in the applied voltage from
one finite value to another, a circuit is short circuited.
In Electrical Engineering, a transient response or a natural response is the
electrical response of a system to a change from equilibrium. The condition prevailing in
an electric circuit between two steady-state conditions is known as the transient state; it
lasts for a very short time. The currents and voltages during the transient state are called
transients. A transient state will exist in a circuit containing one or more energy storage
elements whenever the energy conditions in the circuit change, until the new steady-state
condition is reached. Transients are caused by changing the applied voltage or current, or
by changing any of the circuit elements; such changes occur due to opening and closing
switches. In this paper, such equations are developed analytically using Laplace
transforms for different waveform supply voltages. In transient analysis, also called timedomain transient analysis, Multisim computes the circuits response as a function of time.
This analysis divides the time into segments and calculates the voltage and current levels
for each given interval. Finally, the results, current versus time, are presented in the
grapher view. Multisim performs transient analysis using the following process: each
input cycle is divided into interval, a DC and AC operating point analysis is performed
for each time point in the cycle and the solution for the current waveform at a node is
determined by the value of the current at each time point over one complete cycle.
1

MATHEMATICAL REFERENCES, NOTATIONS AND DEFINITIONS

The following theorems and properties are the theorems used in this paper and
their corresponding proofs.
Linearity
The linearity property of the Laplace Transform states:
a f ( t ) +b g ( t ) L a F ( s )+ b G(s)

This is easily proven from the definition of the Laplace Transform

L [ a f ( t ) +b g ( t ) ]= [ a f ( t )+ b g ( t ) ] est dt
0

a f ( t ) e dt +b g ( t ) est dt
st

a F ( s )+ b G( s)

This property can be easily extended to more than two functions as shown from
the above proof. With the linearity property, Laplace transform can also be called
the linear operator.
First Shifting
If

L [ f ( t ) ]=F (s) , when

s >a

then,

L [ eat f ( t ) ]=F (sa)

In words, the substitution s a for s in the transform corresponds to the
multiplication of the original function by eat.
Proof of First Shifting Property

F ( s )= est f (t ) dt
0

F ( sa )= e( sa) t f ( t ) dt
0

F ( sa )= est +at f ( t ) dt
0

F ( sa )= est e at f ( t ) dt
0

F ( sa )= eat f ( t ) dt
0

Second Shifting Property

If L [ f ( t ) ]=F ( s ) , and

g ( t )= [ f ( t a ) ]

; t> a then,

L [ g ( t ) ] =eas F (s )

Proof of Second Shifting Property

L [ g ( t ) ]= est g ( t ) dt
0

L [ g ( t ) ]= e

st

( 0 ) dt+ est f (ta ) dt

a

L [ g ( t ) ]= est f ( ta ) dt
0

Let:

z=ta

when t = a, z = 0

t=z+a

when t = , z =

dt = dz

L [ g ( t ) ]= es ( z+a ) f ( z ) dz
0

L [ g ( t ) ]= eszsa f ( z ) dz
0

L [ g ( t ) ]= esz esa f ( z ) dz
0

L [ g ( t ) ]=eas esz f ( z ) dz
0

L [ g ( t ) ]=e

sa

L [ g ( t ) ]=e

sa

L[ f ( z ) ]

L[ f ( ta ) ]

L [ g ( t ) ]=esa F ( s)

Laplace Transform of Derivatives

Let f(t) and f(t) be continuous for t > 0 and be of exponential order. Then,
L [ f ' ( t ) ]=sF ( s )f ( 0 ) ,
Where
F ( s )=L [f (t ) ]
Proof
Let K be large enough that both f(t) and f(t) are of exponential order K. If Re(s) >
K, then L(f(t)) is given by

L ( f ( t ) ) = f ' (t) est dt

'

Next, using integration by parts, we rewrite this equation as

L [ f ( t ) ]= lim [ f ( t ) e
'

st

]+ s f ( t ) est dt
0

sR

As f(t) is of exponential order K and Re(s) > K, we have

lim f ( R ) e

R +

=0

Hence the preceding equation becomes

L ( f ( t ) ) =f ( 0 ) + s f ( t ) est dt=sF ( s )f (0)

'

Proving the theorem.

Initial Value Theorem
If f(t) and F(s) are Laplace transform pairs. i.e.
f (t)( L) F (s )

Then Initial value theorem is given by

lim f (t)=lim sF ( s )=f (0)
t0

Proof of Laplace Initial Value Theorem

Laplace transform of a function f(t) is

Lf ( t )= est f ( t ) dt=F( s)
0

Then Laplace transform of its derivative f(t) is

L f ( t )= est f ' ( t ) dt=sF ( s )f ( 0 ) ( 1 ) [ time differentiationtheorem]

'

Consider the integral part first

0
+
0
st '
+ st '
st '
e f ( t ) dt = 0 e f ( t ) dt + e f ( t ) dt

lim est

is indeterminate and hence it is split into two integrals]

0
st '
[ f ( t ) ]+ e f ( t ) dt

[for 0+ < t < 0-, e-st = 1]

+
0

0 +
f
Substituting (2) in (1) we get
+
0

0+

0
st '
e f ( t ) dt=sF ( s ) f
f
Upon cancelling f(0-) on both sides we get
0+
+
0

st '
e f ( t ) dt + f

Considering (s) tends to infinity on both sides in (3)

+
0

+
0

sF ( s )=f
f ( t )=lim
s
+

t 0
lim

DEFINITION OF TERMS
Transient

- It is a momentary burst of energy induced upon power, data, and

communication lines, they are characterized by extremely high voltages.

Multisim

- It is an electronic schematic capture and simulation program employing

SPICE based software simulation.

NOTATIONS
L

Inductor/Inductance

Laplace Transform Operator

Resistor/Resistance

Electromotive Force

SAMPLE SOLVED EXERCISES

1. A series RL circuit has R = 10 ohms and L = 1 Henry. The circuit is connected across a
voltage source e(t)= 10e10t through a switch that is initially open. The switch is closed at
t=0. Determine the current after 0.01 second. Assume initial current to be zero.
MANUAL COMPUTATION
By Kirchoffs Voltage Law:
EiR L
10 e10 t i ( 10 )

i
=0
t

i
=0
t
7

{ it }=s ( I ( s ) )I (0)
L {10 i }=10(I ( s ))
L {10 e10 t } =

10
s+10

I ( s ) +10 I ( s )=

10
s+10

s
I ( s ) [ s+ 10 ] =

Is=

10
s+ 10

10
2
( s+10)

By Partial Fraction Decomposition:

10
A
B
=
=
2
(s +10) (s +10) (s+ 10)2
10= A ( s+10 )+ B
s :0= A
c :10= A ( s +10 ) + B
A=0
B = 10

Plugging back the computed values to the previous equation:

{[

L1 L

]} {

10
10
=L1
2
( s+10 )
( s+10 )2
I ( s)=10te

10 t

Plugging the value for t:

Is=10 te10t
Is=10(0.1) e10 (0.1)
Is=90.5 mA

SIMULATION

2. A 10 ohm resistance R and a 1 Henry inductance L are connected in series.An AC

voltage e(t)= 100 sin377t is applied across the series circuit.The applicable diferrential
equation is:
Ri + L(di/dt) =e(t)
Determine the current 0.01 sec after the switch is closed. Assume all condition to be zero.
MANUAL COMPUTATION
By Kirchoffs Voltage Law:
EiR L

i
=0
t

100 sin (377 t )i ( 10 )

i
=0
t

100 L { sin ( 377 t ) }=100

377
37700
( s +377
)= s +142129
2

10 L {i }=I ( s)
L

( it )=s ( I ( s ) )I (0)

37700
10 I ( s )s ( I ( s ) )=0
s +142129
2

37700
=10 I ( s )+ s (I ( s ) )
s +142129
2

37700
=I ( s ) [10+ s ]
s +142129
2

s
( 2+142129)[10+ s ]=I ( s )
37700

By Partial Fraction Decomposition:

37700
Ax+B
C
= 2
+
s +142129 s +142129 10+ s
2

37700=( Ax+ B ) ( 10+ s ) +C ( s 2+142129 )

2

37700=10 As+10 B+ A s + Bs+C s 142129 C

s2:
s:
C:

0 =A+ C
0 = 10A + B

37700 = 10B +142129C

Plugging the values back:

i=

0( x)
3770
0
+ 2
+
10+s
s +142129 s + 142129
2

10

i=L1

3770
=10 sin ( 377 t )
s +142129
2

Plugging the value for t:

i=10 sin [ 377 ( 0.01 ) ]
i=0.6575 A

SIMULATION

3. In an RL circuit, Kirchhoffs Law gives the following relation : E= L di/dt + Ri where:

E= suppy voltage 200 V
R= resistance 20 ohms
L= inductance 1 Henry
t = time in seconds
i = current in amperes
if i =0 when t=0, find i,when t= .02 sec.
MANUAL SOLUTION
By Kirchoffs Voltage Law:

11

EiR L

i
=0
t
200i ( 20 )

L ( 200 )=

i
=0
t

200
s

20 L ( i )=I ( s )
L

{ it }=s ( I ( s ) )I ( 0)

200
20 I ( s )s ( I ( s ) ) =0
s
200
=20 I ( s )+ s ( I ( s ) )
s
200
=I ( s ) [ 20+ s ]
s
I ( s )=

200
s(20+ s)

By Partial Fraction Decomposition:

200
A
B
= +
s (20+s ) s 20+s
200= A ( 20+ s )+ B(s)

200=20 A+ As+ Bs
s:

0 =A+ B

c:

200 = 20A
A = 10
B = -10

Plugging the values back:

12

{[
L

]} {

200
10
1 10
=L
+
s 20+s
s ( 20+ s )

20t

I ( s )=1010 e
Plugging the value for t:

I ( s )=1010 e20(0.02)
I ( s )=3.3 A
SIMULATION

4. A 6.0 H coil whose resistance is 12 ohmsis connected in series with a 24 ohms resistor
and to a 144 V battery and a switch. The switch is closed at t=0. Determine the current at
t=0.1 sec.
MANUAL SOLUTION
By Kirchoffs Voltage Law:
EiR L

i
=0
t

144i ( 12+24 )6

i
=0
t

13

L {144 }=

144
s

L {36 i }=36 ( I ( s ) )

{ didt }=6 [ s ( I ( s) )I ( 0) ]

L 6

144
36 ( I ( s ) ) 6 s ( I ( s ) )=0
s
144
=I ( s ) [6 s+36]
s
I ( s )=

144
s(6 s+36)

By Partial Fraction Decomposition:

144
A
B
= +
s (6 s +36) s 6 s +36
144=A ( 6 s+ 36 ) + Bs
144=6 As+ 36 A +Bs
s:

0 = 6A + B

c:

144 = 36A
A=4
B = -24

Plugging the values back:

{[

L1 L

]} [

144
4 24
=L +
s 6 s +36
s ( 6 s +36 )

]
14

{[
L

]} [

144
4
4
=L
s s+6
s ( 6 s +36 )

6 t

I ( s )=44 e
Plugging the value for t:

I ( s )=44 e6 ( 0.1)
I ( s )=1.805 A

SIMULATION

5. A certain welder has a basic circuit equivalent to a series RL with R= 0.01 ohm and L=
1mH. It is connected to an AC source e through a switch s operated by an automatic
timer, which closes the circuit at the desired point. Calculate the magnitude of the
transient current 0.03 secs. after the switch is closed. Passing through its peak value of
100 volts.
MANUAL SOLUTION
By Kirchoffs Voltage Law:
EiR L

i
=0
t

100i ( 0.1 )( 0.001 )

i
=0
t

15

L {100 }=

100
s

L {i }=I ( s )
L

{ it }=0.001( s ( I ( s ) )I ( 0) )

100
=0.1 I ( s )+ 0.001 sI (s )
s
100
= [ 0.1+ 0.001 ] I ( s)
s
I ( s )=

100
s ( 0.1+0.001 )

By Partial Fraction Decomposition

100
A
B
= +
s ( 0.1+0.001 ) s 0.1+ 0.001 s
100= A ( 0.1+0.001 ) + Bs
100=0.1 A+0.001 A+ Bs
s:

0 = 0.001A + B
c:

100 = 0.1A
A = 1000
B = -1

Plugging the values back:

{[

L1 L

]} [

100
1000
1
=L1
+ 1000
s
s+ 100
s ( 0.1+0.001 )

)]

I ( s )=10001000 e100 t
Plugging the value for t:
100 ( 0.03 )
I ( s )=10001000 e

16

I ( s )=950.2129 A

SIMULATION

6. In an RL circuit, Kirchoffs Law gives the following relation: E=L di/dt +Ri where:
E = Supply Voltage (200 volts)
R = Resistance (20 ohms)
L = Inductance (1 henry)
t = time in seconds
i = current in amperes
if i = 0 when t = 0, find I when t = 0.12 seconds.
MANUAL SOLUTION
EiR L

i
=0
t

17

200i ( 20 )

L ( 200 )=

i
=0
t

200
s

20 L ( i )=I ( s )
L

{ it }=s ( I ( s ) )I ( 0)

200
20 I ( s )s ( I ( s ) ) =0
s
200
=20 I ( s )+ s ( I ( s ) )
s
200
=I ( s ) [ 20+ s ]
s
I ( s )=

200
s(20+ s)

By Partial Fraction Decomposition:

200
A
B
= +
s (20+s ) s 20+s
200= A ( 20+ s )+ B(s)

200=20 A+ As+ Bs
s:

0 =A+ B

c:

200 = 20A
A = 10
B = -10

Plugging the values back:

{[

L1 L

]} {

200
10 10
=L1
+
s 20+s
s ( 20+ s )

}
18

I ( s )=1010 e20t
Plugging the value for t:
20(0.12)

I ( s )=1010 e

I ( s )=9.0928 A
SIMULATION

REFERENCES
[1]

http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/inductor/lr-circuits.html

[2]

http://www.ni.com/tutorial/12774/en/

[3]

http://uqu.edu.sa/files2/tiny_mce/plugins/filemanager/files/4310333/Electrical_
Circuit_Theory_and_Technology_2E.pdf

19